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Because email injection is based on injecting end-of-line characters, it is sometimes considered a type of CRLF injection attack.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.invicti.com\/learn\/crlf-injection\/\">Learn more about CRLF injections.<\/a><\/p>\n"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"How dangerous is email injection?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<p>Email injection vulnerabilities are considered a severe cybersecurity issue. 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id="menu-item-27218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27218"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/clp/managed-security-service-provider/">MSSP</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-38" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/support/">Support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="content"> <div class="container flex"> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-contents">Table of Contents</div> <div class="sidebar-menu"> <div class="menu-learn-sidebar-menu-container"><ul id="menu-learn-sidebar-menu" class="menu"><li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children' data-val='Vulnerabilities'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerabilities/">Vulnerabilities</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote code execution (RCE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">Remote code execution (RCE)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='OS command injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection/">OS command injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Server-side request forgery (SSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf/">Server-side request forgery (SSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='SQL injection (SQLi)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">SQL injection (SQLi)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='In-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/in-band-sql-injection/">In-band SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-sql-injection/">Blind SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-sql-injection-oob-sqli/">Out-of-band SQL injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Local file inclusion (LFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Local file inclusion (LFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote file inclusion (RFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">Remote file inclusion (RFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory traversal'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/">Directory traversal</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Cross-site scripting (XSS)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Cross-site scripting (XSS)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Stored/persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/stored-xss-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Stored/persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reflected/non-persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Reflected/non-persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DOM-based cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dom-based-cross-site-scripting-dom-xss/">DOM-based cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-cross-site-scripting/">Blind cross-site scripting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='XML external entity (XXE)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xml-external-entity-xxe/">XML external entity (XXE)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-xml-external-entity-oob-xxe/">Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='CRLF injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-item' data-val='Email injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/email-injection/">Email injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTML injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='NoSQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/nosql-injection/">NoSQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='JSON Injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/json-injection/">JSON Injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Insecure direct object references (IDOR)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/">Insecure direct object references (IDOR)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Unvalidated redirects and forwards'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards/">Unvalidated redirects and forwards</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Open redirect'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/open-redirect-open-redirection/">Open redirect</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory listing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Directory listing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Password reset poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/password-reset-poisoning/">Password reset poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Buffer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Integer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/integer-overflow/">Integer overflow</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/attacks/">Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-hijacking/">Session hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session fixation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-fixation/">Session fixation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session prediction'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-prediction/">Session prediction</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-hijacking/">Cookie hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-poisoning/">Cookie poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Clickjacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/">Clickjacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Forced browsing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/forced-browsing/">Forced browsing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='XSS filter evasion'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xss-filter-evasion/">XSS filter evasion</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Source code disclosure'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/source-code-disclosure/">Source code disclosure</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Host header attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/host-header-attacks/">Host header attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web cache poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-cache-poisoning/">Web cache poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Privilege escalation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">Web shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reverse shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">Reverse shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-frame scripting (XFS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-frame-scripting-xfs/">Cross-frame scripting (XFS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Broken link hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/broken-link-hijacking-blh/">Broken link hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SEO poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/seo-poisoning/">SEO poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/low-orbit-ion-cannon-loic/">Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/high-orbit-ion-cannon-hoic/">High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Slowloris attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/slowloris-attack/">Slowloris attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='R.U.D.Y. attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/rudy-attack/">R.U.D.Y. attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/">Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='ARP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-arp-spoofing/">ARP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='IP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ip-spoofing-ip-address-spoofing/">IP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DNS cache poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-dns-spoofing-dns-cache-poisoning/">DNS cache poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-https-spoofing-idn-homograph-attack/">HTTP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-hijacking/">SSL hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL stripping'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-stripping/">SSL stripping</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Protection'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/protection/">Protection</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Same-origin policy (SOP)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/">Same-origin policy (SOP)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie security flags'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-security-flags/">Cookie security flags</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Tools'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/tools/">Tools</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Dynamic application security testing (DAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">Dynamic application security testing (DAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Static application security testing (SAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/static-application-security-testing-sast/">Static application security testing (SAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Interactive application security testing (IAST)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/interactive-application-security-testing-iast/">Interactive application security testing (IAST)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Software composition analysis (SCA)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/">Software composition analysis (SCA)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web application firewall (WAF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-application-firewall-waf/">Web application firewall (WAF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web asset discovery'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-asset-discovery/">Web asset discovery</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Vulnerability management'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-management/">Vulnerability management</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Vulnerability assessment'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerability-assessment/">Vulnerability assessment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='About Invicti Learn'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">About Invicti Learn</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="sidebar-button"> </div> </aside> <main class="main entry-content col-span-9"> <h1 class="wp-block-heading">Email injection</h1> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner-1024x131.webp 1024w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner-300x38.webp 300w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner-768x98.webp 768w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner.webp 1053w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner-1024x131.png" height="131" width="1024" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner-1024x131.png 1024w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner-300x38.png 300w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner-768x98.png 768w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/03/15153929/Learn_04_banner.png 1053w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" class="wp-image-37079 sp-no-webp" alt="" fetchpriority="high" > </picture></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What is email injection?</h2> <p><em>Email injection</em> is a vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker abuse email-related functionality, such as email contact forms on web pages, to send malicious email content to arbitrary recipients. Because email injection is based on injecting end-of-the-line characters, it is sometimes considered a type of <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection attack</a>. Email injection is also called <em>email header injection</em>, <em>SMTP header injection</em>, or <em>mail command injection</em>.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-default" style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0px"> <table class="has-text-color" style="color:var(--color-nsdark)"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Severity:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">severe</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Prevalence:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">discovered rarely</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Scope:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">only in email-related functionality</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Technical impact:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">sending arbitrary emails to any address</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Worst-case consequences:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">becoming an accomplice in crime, phishing</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Quick fix:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">do not pass user input to mail functions</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </figure> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">How SMTP works</h3> <p>To understand SMTP header injection, we need to start by looking at SMTP – the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.</p> <p>SMTP is one of the oldest protocols of the Internet, first defined in 1981 in <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc788" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow">RFC 788</a>. Initially, it accepted a small set of commands that declared the email sender and recipients. As email communication became more complex over time, additional headers were added.</p> <p>The first crucial SMTP concept is the difference between the envelope and the email body. The envelope is the initial part of the communication and is defined by the SMTP protocol itself. The following commands make up the envelope:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><em>MAIL FROM</em>: Sets the envelope sender.</li> <li><em>RCPT TO</em>: Sets the envelope recipient. This command can be used multiple times if you are sending a message to multiple addresses.</li> <li><em>DATA</em>: Begins the email payload, which consists of email headers and the message body, separated by a single empty line. The message is terminated by sending a line that contains a period (<em>.</em>) only.</li> </ul> <p>The email headers are not part of the SMTP protocol. They are interpreted by mail clients (to display the email correctly) and by dedicated email libraries available in various programming languages. The two most common headers are:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><em>From</em>: This header sets the visible sender, which can be a different address than set using the <em>MAIL FROM</em> command. In most email clients, the sender information obtained from the <em>MAIL FROM</em> command is placed in the <em>Return-Path</em> header, which is hidden by default from the user.</li> <li><em>To</em>: This header sets the visible recipient, which can differ from the address set using <em>RCPT TO</em>. In most email clients, the recipient information from the <em>RCPT TO</em> command is placed in the <em>Delivered-To</em> header, which is hidden by default from the user.</li> </ul> <p>Here is an example of a simple SMTP dialogue (<code>></code> = sent, <code><</code> = received):</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-smtp"><code>> MAIL FROM:<postmaster@invicti.com> < 250 OK > RCPT TO:<anna@example.com> < 250 OK > RCPT TO:<barbara@example.com> < 250 OK > DATA < 354 Send message content; end with <CRLF>.<CRLF> > Content-Type: text/html > Date: Wed, 25 Dec 2019 00:00:01 > From: Santa Claus <santaclaus@invicti.com> > Subject: Your Gifts Are Here > To: Not Naughty <notnaughty@example.com> > > Hello! > Your gifts are here, <a href="https://malicioushackersdomain.com/">come to the tree</a>! > -- > Santa > . < 250 OK</code></pre> <p>The above email from <em>postmaster@invicti.com</em> would be received by <em>anna@example.com</em> and <em>barbara@example.com</em>. However, to the users, it would appear that the message was sent by <em>Santa Claus <santaclaus@invicti.com></em> (not <em>postmaster@invicti.com</em>). Instead of their own address, they would also see that the recipient is <em>Not Naughty <notnaughty@example.com></em>. Unless Anna and Barbara manually open email headers in their email client, they would not see the true sender at all.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">How email injection works</h3> <p>Email injection works by inserting newline characters into user input. If the input is not sanitized, a malicious hacker can add email headers or modify the body of the message. By ending their malicious payload with a line that contains only a period, attackers can signal the end of the message, tricking the email server into disregarding any legitimate content that the back-end script is meant to send.</p> <p>Most email libraries in web programming languages will not let you add envelope commands directly. Instead, they take the email headers you supply and often convert them into equivalent SMTP commands. For example, if you add a <em>BCC</em> header, your email library may take the header content and create additional <em>RCPT TO</em> commands. If an attacker is able to add email headers using that specific library, the headers will be converted into equivalent SMTP commands.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="example">Example of an email injection attack</h2> <p>The following PHP example is a typical contact form (<em>contact.php</em>) vulnerable to email header injection. It takes the name and email address directly from the input fields and prepares a list of headers for the email.</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-code-highlighter language-php"><code><?php if(isset($_POST['name'])) { $name = $_POST['name']; $replyto = $_POST['replyTo']; $message = $_POST['message']; $to = 'root@localhost'; $subject = 'My Subject'; // Set SMTP headers $headers = "From: $name \n" . "Reply-To: $replyto"; mail($to, $subject, $message, $headers); } ?></code></pre> <p>A non-malicious POST request submitted by a user would be as follows:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-default"><code>POST /contact.php HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example2.com name=Anna Smith&replyTo=anna@example.com&message=Hello</code></pre> <p>An attacker could abuse this contact form and inject email data by sending the following POST request:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code is-style-default"><code>POST /contact.php HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example2.com name=Best Product\r\nbcc: everyone@example3.com&replyTo=blame_anna@example.com&message=Buy my product!</code></pre> <p>The attacker inserts a newline (<em>\r\n</em> –carriage return and line feed, <em>CRLF</em>) and appends a <em>BCC</em> header containing additional email addresses. The email library converts these addresses into <em>RCPT TO</em> commands and delivers the message not only to the intended recipient but also to these extra addresses. This attack also involves spoofing a <em>replyTo</em> header to make the recipient believe the email came from someone else (<em>blame_anna@example.com</em>).</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Potential consequences of an email injection attack</h2> <p>Email injection vulnerabilities are considered a severe cybersecurity issue. While they are not directly harmful to the web application that has the security vulnerability or to its web server, email injections can allow attackers to send emails with arbitrary content to arbitrary recipients in a wide variety of attacks.</p> <p>The most common email injection attack vectors include:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><em>Spam</em>: A malicious user could use email injection to send spam messages. One line of code with a successful email injection could allow them to force the victim’s email server to send multiple emails with the same content to many recipients.</li> <li><em>Phishing</em>: An attacker could send phishing email messages that appear to originate from the victim’s mail server, domain, and IP. As such, the attacker would be untraceable, and the blame would lie with the victim. If the victim’s application also has a<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/"> cross-site scripting (XSS)</a> vulnerability and the links in the phishing email point to this vulnerable application, the email appears even more legitimate.</li> <li><em>Spear phishing</em>: Going a step further, attackers could send legitimate-looking spear-phishing email messages to selected employees at the company that runs the vulnerable application. For example, they could send the financial department a convincing email that appears to come from the CFO and urgently asks for a large bank transfer to the attacker’s account.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="detect">How to detect email injection vulnerabilities?</h2> <p>The best way to detect email injection vulnerabilities depends on whether they are already known or unknown.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>If you only use commercial or open-source software and do not develop software of your own, it may be enough to identify the exact version of the system or application you are using. If the identified version is susceptible to email injection, you can assume that your software is vulnerable. You can identify the version manually or use a suitable security tool, such as a<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/"> software composition analysis (SCA)</a> solution for web applications or a network scanner for networked systems and applications.</li> <li>If you develop your own software or want the ability to potentially find previously unknown email injection vulnerabilities (zero-days) in known applications, you must be able to successfully exploit the email injection vulnerability to be certain that it exists. This requires either performing manual penetration testing with the help of security researchers or using a vulnerability scanner tool that can automatically exploit web vulnerabilities. Examples of such tools are<a href="https://www.invicti.com/"> Invicti</a> and<a href="https://acunetix.com/"> Acunetix by Invicti</a>. We recommend using this method even for known vulnerabilities.</li> </ul> <p>Note that email injection is an out-of-band vulnerability, meaning that the attacker does not receive a direct response to their actions. To detect out-of-band vulnerabilities automatically, the vulnerability scanner needs an intermediary service. Invicti products use dedicated intermediary services to detect out-of-band vulnerabilities, including email header injections.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="prevent">How to prevent email injection vulnerabilities?</h2> <p>To prevent email injection, developers should follow the application security best practice of treating all user input as untrusted and sanitizing it using input filtration and/or output encoding. This advice applies not just to email injection but also to most other web security vulnerabilities, including cross-site scripting, <a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a>, and<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/"> SQL injection</a>. The recommended practices for email injection are:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Ensure that your code never directly uses content supplied by the user when specifying command parameters for functions used to send email, such as <em>mail()</em> in PHP.</li> </ul> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Automatically sanitize user input and remove all newline characters before passing content to mail functions. For input validation, use a whitelist of allowed characters and remove any that are not on the list.</li> <li>Encode all data passed to mail functions. This will scramble any CR and LF codes that attackers attempt to inject.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="mitigate">How to mitigate email injection attacks?</h2> <p>You can mitigate email injection attacks on several levels, even if email header injection vulnerabilities exist in your web applications:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Mitigation at the development environment level: Allow your programmers to use only safe development environments, libraries, and functions. Some email libraries are naturally resistant to email injection. For example,<a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/smtplib.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> SMTPLIB</a> in Python is safe because <em>SMTP.sendmail()</em> requires you to specify an explicit list of recipients. If an attacker adds headers, it will only change the way the email appears.</li> <li>Mitigation at the web server level: Completely block unsafe email functions and create a safe email API that your developers are required to use. For example, you can disable the unsafe PHP<em> mail()</em> function using the <em>disable_functions</em> directive in <em>php.ini</em>. Another option is to completely block server-side email functionality and require your developers to send emails through specialized services, like AWS Amazon Simple Email Service (SES).</li> <li>Mitigation at the SMTP server level: Use a separate SMTP server for custom web applications. On that server, you can limit your email throughput and block emails that have, for example, more than 10 recipients. Set up alerts to warn the administrator about blocked attempts and any other unusual conditions. Remove these limits only for trusted applications. While this will not protect you against spear phishing through email injection, it will eliminate the risk of email injections leading to mass mailing attacks, such as spam or phishing.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_67481bfa7ca30"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What is email injection?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Email injection is a vulnerability that lets a malicious hacker abuse email-related functionality, such as email contact forms on web pages, to send malicious email content to arbitrary recipients. Because email injection is based on injecting end-of-line characters, it is sometimes considered a type of CRLF injection attack.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">Learn more about CRLF injections.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How dangerous is email injection?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Email injection vulnerabilities are considered a severe cybersecurity issue. While they are not directly harmful to a vulnerable web application or its web server, email injections can allow attackers to send emails with arbitrary content to arbitrary recipients in a wide variety of attacks, including phishing, especially when combined with cross-site scripting.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Find out more about cross-site scripting.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How to avoid email injection?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>To prevent email injection, developers should follow the application security best practice of treating all user input as untrusted and sanitizing it using input filtration and/or output encoding. This advice applies not just to email injection but also to most other web security vulnerabilities, including cross-site scripting, HTML injection, and SQL injection.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/secure-coding-practices-web-applications/">Read more about fostering best practices for secure programming.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes ccfg-unique-7c8240-92"><table><thead><tr><th>Classification</th><th>ID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>CAPEC</td><td>183</td></tr><tr><td>CWE</td><td>77</td></tr><tr><td>WASC</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>OWASP 2021</td><td>A3</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <p class="has-small-font-size"><em><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">Written by: Tomasz Andrzej Nidecki, reviewed by: Aleksei Tiurin</a></em></p> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="container 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e={value:null,prev:null,next:null},n={value:null,prev:e,next:null};e.next=n,this.head=e,this.tail=n,this.length=0}function u(e,n,t){var r=n.next,a={value:t,prev:n,next:r};return n.next=a,r.prev=a,e.length++,a}function c(e,n,t){for(var r=n.next,a=0;a<t&&r!==e.tail;a++)r=r.next;n.next=r,r.prev=n,e.length-=a}if(e.Prism=a,i.stringify=function e(n,t){if("string"==typeof n)return n;if(Array.isArray(n)){var r="";return n.forEach((function(n){r+=e(n,t)})),r}var i={type:n.type,content:e(n.content,t),tag:"span",classes:["token",n.type],attributes:{},language:t},l=n.alias;l&&(Array.isArray(l)?Array.prototype.push.apply(i.classes,l):i.classes.push(l)),a.hooks.run("wrap",i);var o="";for(var s in i.attributes)o+=" "+s+'="'+(i.attributes[s]||"").replace(/"/g,""")+'"';return"<"+i.tag+' class="'+i.classes.join(" ")+'"'+o+">"+i.content+"</"+i.tag+">"},!e.document)return e.addEventListener?(a.disableWorkerMessageHandler||e.addEventListener("message",(function(n){var t=JSON.parse(n.data),r=t.language,i=t.code,l=t.immediateClose;e.postMessage(a.highlight(i,a.languages[r],r)),l&&e.close()}),!1),a):a;var g=a.util.currentScript();function f(){a.manual||a.highlightAll()}if(g&&(a.filename=g.src,g.hasAttribute("data-manual")&&(a.manual=!0)),!a.manual){var h=document.readyState;"loading"===h||"interactive"===h&&g&&g.defer?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",f):window.requestAnimationFrame?window.requestAnimationFrame(f):window.setTimeout(f,16)}return a}(_self);"undefined"!=typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=Prism),"undefined"!=typeof global&&(global.Prism=Prism); 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s={};s["language-"+e]={pattern:/(^<!\[CDATA\[)[\s\S]+?(?=\]\]>$)/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages[e]},s.cdata=/^<!\[CDATA\[|\]\]>$/i;var t={"included-cdata":{pattern:/<!\[CDATA\[[\s\S]*?\]\]>/i,inside:s}};t["language-"+e]={pattern:/[\s\S]+/,inside:Prism.languages[e]};var n={};n[a]={pattern:RegExp("(<__[^>]*>)(?:<!\\[CDATA\\[(?:[^\\]]|\\](?!\\]>))*\\]\\]>|(?!<!\\[CDATA\\[)[^])*?(?=</__>)".replace(/__/g,(function(){return a})),"i"),lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0,inside:t},Prism.languages.insertBefore("markup","cdata",n)}}),Object.defineProperty(Prism.languages.markup.tag,"addAttribute",{value:function(a,e){Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside["special-attr"].push({pattern:RegExp("(^|[\"'\\s])(?:"+a+")\\s*=\\s*(?:\"[^\"]*\"|'[^']*'|[^\\s'\">=]+(?=[\\s>]))","i"),lookbehind:!0,inside:{"attr-name":/^[^\s=]+/,"attr-value":{pattern:/=[\s\S]+/,inside:{value:{pattern:/(^=\s*(["']|(?!["'])))\S[\s\S]*(?=\2$)/,lookbehind:!0,alias:[e,"language-"+e],inside:Prism.languages[e]},punctuation:[{pattern:/^=/,alias:"attr-equals"},/"|'/]}}}})}}),Prism.languages.html=Prism.languages.markup,Prism.languages.mathml=Prism.languages.markup,Prism.languages.svg=Prism.languages.markup,Prism.languages.xml=Prism.languages.extend("markup",{}),Prism.languages.ssml=Prism.languages.xml,Prism.languages.atom=Prism.languages.xml,Prism.languages.rss=Prism.languages.xml; !function(s){var e=/(?:"(?:\$?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^"\\\r\n])*"|'(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^'\\\r\n])*')/;s.languages.css={comment:/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//,atrule:{pattern:RegExp("@[\\w-](?:[^;{\\s\"']|\\s+(?!\\s)|"+e.source+")*?(?:;|(?=\\s*\\{))"),inside:{rule:/^@[\w-]+/,"selector-function-argument":{pattern:/(\bselector\s*\(\s*(?![\s)]))(?:[^()\s]|\s+(?![\s)])|\((?:[^()]|\([^()]*$)*\))+(?=\s*\))/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"selector"},keyword:{pattern:/(^|[^\w-])(?:and|not|only|or)(?![\w-])/,lookbehind:!0}}},url:{pattern:RegExp("\\burl\$(?:"+e.source+"|(?:[^\\\\\r\n()\"']|\\\\[^])*)\$","i"),greedy:!0,inside:{function:/^url/i,punctuation:/^$|$$/,string:{pattern:RegExp("^"+e.source+"$"),alias:"url"}}},selector:{pattern:RegExp("(^|[{}\\s])[^{}\\s](?:[^{};\"'\\s]|\\s+(?![\\s{])|"+e.source+")*(?=\\s*\\{)"),lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:e,greedy:!0},property:{pattern:/(^|[^-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])(?!\s)[-_a-z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*:)/i,lookbehind:!0},important:/!important\b/i,function:{pattern:/(^|[^-a-z0-9])[-a-z0-9]+(?=\()/i,lookbehind:!0},punctuation:/[(){};:,]/},s.languages.css.atrule.inside.rest=s.languages.css;var t=s.languages.markup;t&&(t.tag.addInlined("style","css"),t.tag.addAttribute("style","css"))}(Prism); Prism.languages.clike={comment:[{pattern:/(^|[^\\])\/\*[\s\S]*?(?:\*\/|$)/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0},{pattern:/(^|[^\\:])\/\/.*/,lookbehind:!0,greedy:!0}],string:{pattern:/(["'])(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|(?!\1)[^\\\r\n])*\1/,greedy:!0},"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:class|extends|implements|instanceof|interface|new|trait)\s+|\bcatch\s+\()[\w.\\]+/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:{punctuation:/[.\\]/}},keyword:/\b(?:break|catch|continue|do|else|finally|for|function|if|in|instanceof|new|null|return|throw|try|while)\b/,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,function:/\b\w+(?=\()/,number:/\b0x[\da-f]+\b|(?:\b\d+(?:\.\d*)?|\B\.\d+)(?:e[+-]?\d+)?/i,operator:/[<>]=?|[!=]=?=?|--?|\+\+?|&&?|\|\|?|[?*/~^%]/,punctuation:/[{}[\];(),.:]/}; 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Prism.languages.aspnet=Prism.languages.extend("markup",{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@\s*(?:Assembly|Control|Implements|Import|Master(?:Type)?|OutputCache|Page|PreviousPageType|Reference|Register)?|%>/i,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside}},directive:{pattern:/<%.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{directive:{pattern:/<%\s*?[$=%#:]{0,2}|%>/,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.csharp}}}),Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.pattern=/<(?!%)\/?[^\s>\/]+(?:\s+[^\s>\/=]+(?:=(?:("|')(?:\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1|[^\s'">=]+))?)*\s*\/?>/,Prism.languages.insertBefore("inside","punctuation",{directive:Prism.languages.aspnet.directive},Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.inside["attr-value"]),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet","comment",{"asp-comment":{pattern:/<%--[\s\S]*?--%>/,alias:["asp","comment"]}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet",Prism.languages.javascript?"script":"tag",{"asp-script":{pattern:/(<script(?=.*runat=['"]?server\b)[^>]*>)[\s\S]*?(?=<\/script>)/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:["asp","script"],inside:Prism.languages.csharp||{}}}); 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Prism.languages.graphql={comment:/#.*/,description:{pattern:/(?:"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")(?=\s*[a-z_])/i,greedy:!0,alias:"string",inside:{"language-markdown":{pattern:/(^"(?:"")?)(?!\1)[\s\S]+(?=\1$)/,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages.markdown}}},string:{pattern:/"""(?:[^"]|(?!""")")*"""|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*"/,greedy:!0},number:/(?:\B-|\b)\d+(?:\.\d+)?(?:e[+-]?\d+)?\b/i,boolean:/\b(?:false|true)\b/,variable:/\$[a-z_]\w*/i,directive:{pattern:/@[a-z_]\w*/i,alias:"function"},"attr-name":{pattern:/\b[a-z_]\w*(?=\s*(?:\((?:[^()"]|"(?:\\.|[^\\"\r\n])*")*$)?:)/i,greedy:!0},"atom-input":{pattern:/\b[A-Z]\w*Input\b/,alias:"class-name"},scalar:/\b(?:Boolean|Float|ID|Int|String)\b/,constant:/\b[A-Z][A-Z_\d]*\b/,"class-name":{pattern:/(\b(?:enum|implements|interface|on|scalar|type|union)\s+|&\s*|:\s*|\[)[A-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0},fragment:{pattern:/(\bfragment\s+|\.{3}\s*(?!on\b))[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-mutation":{pattern:/(\bmutation\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},"definition-query":{pattern:/(\bquery\s+)[a-zA-Z_]\w*/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"function"},keyword:/\b(?:directive|enum|extend|fragment|implements|input|interface|mutation|on|query|repeatable|scalar|schema|subscription|type|union)\b/,operator:/[!=|&]|\.{3}/,"property-query":/\w+(?=\s*$)/,object:/\w+(?=\s*\{)/,punctuation:/[!(){}\[\]:=,]/,property:/\w+/},Prism.hooks.add("after-tokenize",(function(n){if("graphql"===n.language)for(var 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