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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Single locus typing of MHC class I and class II B loci in a population of red jungle fowl | Immunogenetics</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Single locus typing of MHC class I and class II B loci in a population of red jungle fowl"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Immunogenetics - In species with duplicated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, estimates of genetic variation often rely on multilocus measures of diversity. It is possible that such..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="251"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Single locus typing of MHC class I and class II B loci in a population of red jungle fowl"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Immunogenetics 2008 60:5"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2008-04-04"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2008 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2008 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="In species with duplicated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, estimates of genetic variation often rely on multilocus measures of diversity. It is possible that such measures might not always detect more detailed patterns of selection at individual loci. Here, we describe a method that allows us to investigate classical MHC diversity in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken, using a single locus approach. This is possible due to the well-characterised gene organisation of the ‘minimal essential’ MHC (BF/BL region) of the domestic chicken, which comprises two differentially expressed duplicated class I (BF) and two class II B (BLB) genes. Using a combination of reference strand-mediated conformation analysis, cloning and sequencing, we identify nine BF and ten BLB alleles in a captive population of jungle fowl. We show that six BF and five BLB alleles are from the more highly expressed locus of each gene, BF2 and BLB2, respectively. An excess of non-synonymous substitutions across the jungle fowl BF/BL region suggests that diversifying selection has acted on this population. Importantly, single locus screening reveals that the strength of selection is greatest on the highly expressed BF2 locus. This is the first time that a population of red jungle fowl has been typed at the MHC region, laying the basis for further research into the underlying processes acting to maintain MHC diversity in this and other species."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1432-1211"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Immunogenetics"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2008-04-04"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="60"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="5"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="233"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="247"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2008 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Immunogenetics"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Immunogenetics"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1432-1211"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Single locus typing of MHC class I and class II B loci in a population of red jungle fowl"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="60"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2008/05"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2008/04/04"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="233"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="247"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Paper"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0"/> <meta name="size" content="270357"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="In species with duplicated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, estimates of genetic variation often rely on multilocus measures of diversity. It "/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Worley, K."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Gillingham, M."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jensen, P."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kennedy, L. J."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Pizzari, T."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kaufman, J."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Richardson, D. S."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Immunology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Human Genetics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Gene Function"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Cell Biology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Allergology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Fel Med Surg; citation_title=Feline leucocyte antigen class II polymorphism and susceptibility to feline infectious peritonitis; citation_author=DD Addie, LJ Kennedy, R Ryvar, K Willoughby, RM Gaskell, WER Ollier, P Nart, AD Radford; citation_volume=6; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=59-62; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jfms.2003.12.010; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Tissue Antigens; citation_title=Frequency and distribution of alleles of canine MHC-II DLA-DQB1, DLA-DQA1 and DLA-DRB1 in 25 representative American Kennel Club breeds; citation_author=J Angles, L Kennedy, N Pedersen; citation_volume=66; citation_publication_date=2005; 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citation_title=The homozygosity test of neutrality; citation_author=GA Watterson; citation_volume=88; citation_publication_date=1978; citation_pages=405-417; citation_id=CR60"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci; citation_title=Associations between malaria and MHC genes in a migratory songbird; citation_author=H Westerdahl, J Waldenstrom, B Hansson; citation_volume=272; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1511-1518; citation_doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3113; citation_id=CR61"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Ecol; citation_title=Detecting the signature of selection on immune genes in highly structured populations of wild sheep (Ovis dalli); citation_author=K Worley, J Carey, A Veitch, DW Coltman; citation_volume=15; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=623-637; citation_doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02829.x; citation_id=CR62"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Am Nat; citation_title=An MHC component to kin recognition and mate choice in birds: Predictions, progress, and prospects; citation_author=B Zelano, SV Edwards; citation_volume=160; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=S225-S237; citation_doi=10.1086/342897; citation_id=CR63"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biotechniques; citation_title=PCR analysis of alternative splicing pathways: identification of artifacts generated by heteroduplex formation; citation_author=AM Zorn, PA Krieg; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=180-184; citation_id=CR64"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Worley, K."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Gillingham, M."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jensen, P."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kennedy, L. J."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, England"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Pizzari, T."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kaufman, J."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, England"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Richardson, D. S."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="david.richardson@uea.ac.uk"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2008/05/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Single locus typing of MHC class I and class II B loci in a population of red jungle fowl - Immunogenetics"/> <meta property="og:description" content="In species with duplicated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, estimates of genetic variation often rely on multilocus measures of diversity. It is possible that such measures might not always detect more detailed patterns of selection at individual loci. Here, we describe a method that allows us to investigate classical MHC diversity in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken, using a single locus approach. This is possible due to the well-characterised gene organisation of the ‘minimal essential’ MHC (BF/BL region) of the domestic chicken, which comprises two differentially expressed duplicated class I (BF) and two class II B (BLB) genes. Using a combination of reference strand-mediated conformation analysis, cloning and sequencing, we identify nine BF and ten BLB alleles in a captive population of jungle fowl. We show that six BF and five BLB alleles are from the more highly expressed locus of each gene, BF2 and BLB2, respectively. An excess of non-synonymous substitutions across the jungle fowl BF/BL region suggests that diversifying selection has acted on this population. Importantly, single locus screening reveals that the strength of selection is greatest on the highly expressed BF2 locus. This is the first time that a population of red jungle fowl has been typed at the MHC region, laying the basis for further research into the underlying processes acting to maintain MHC diversity in this and other species."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig1_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" 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It is possible that such measures might not always detect more detailed patterns of selection at individual loci. Here, we describe a method that allows us to investigate classical MHC diversity in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken, using a single locus approach. This is possible due to the well-characterised gene organisation of the ‘minimal essential’ MHC (BF/BL region) of the domestic chicken, which comprises two differentially expressed duplicated class I (BF) and two class II B (BLB) genes. Using a combination of reference strand-mediated conformation analysis, cloning and sequencing, we identify nine BF and ten BLB alleles in a captive population of jungle fowl. We show that six BF and five BLB alleles are from the more highly expressed locus of each gene, BF2 and BLB2, respectively. An excess of non-synonymous substitutions across the jungle fowl BF/BL region suggests that diversifying selection has acted on this population. Importantly, single locus screening reveals that the strength of selection is greatest on the highly expressed BF2 locus. This is the first time that a population of red jungle fowl has been typed at the MHC region, laying the basis for further research into the underlying processes acting to maintain MHC diversity in this and other species.","datePublished":"2008-04-04T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2008-04-04T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"233","pageEnd":"247","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0","keywords":["B locus","BF/BL region","Diversifying selection","Chicken","\n Gallus gallus\n ","RSCA","Immunology","Human Genetics","Gene Function","Cell Biology","Allergology"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig1_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig2_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig3_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig4_HTML.gif","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig5_HTML.gif"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Immunogenetics","issn":["1432-1211","0093-7711"],"volumeNumber":"60","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer-Verlag","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"K. Worley","affiliation":[{"name":"University of East Anglia","address":{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, England","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"University of Oxford","address":{"name":"Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"M. Gillingham","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford","address":{"name":"Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"P. Jensen","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Linköping","address":{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"L. J. Kennedy","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester","address":{"name":"Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, England","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"T. Pizzari","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford","address":{"name":"Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"J. Kaufman","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Health","address":{"name":"Institute of Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, England","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"University of Cambridge","address":{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"D. S. 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class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Immunogenetics</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/251/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/immu/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-K_-Worley-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-K_-Worley-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Worley, K.">K. Worley</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-M_-Gillingham-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-M_-Gillingham-Aff2" data-author-search="Gillingham, M.">M. Gillingham</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P_-Jensen-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-P_-Jensen-Aff3" data-author-search="Jensen, P.">P. Jensen</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-L__J_-Kennedy-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-L__J_-Kennedy-Aff4" data-author-search="Kennedy, L. J.">L. J. Kennedy</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-T_-Pizzari-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-T_-Pizzari-Aff2" data-author-search="Pizzari, T.">T. Pizzari</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-J_-Kaufman-Aff5-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-J_-Kaufman-Aff5-Aff6" data-author-search="Kaufman, J.">J. Kaufman</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup><sup class="u-js-hide"> <a href="#nAff6">nAff6</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 7 authors for this article" title="Show all 7 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-D__S_-Richardson-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-D__S_-Richardson-Aff1" data-author-search="Richardson, D. S." data-corresp-id="c1">D. S. Richardson<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>606 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>54 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>In species with duplicated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, estimates of genetic variation often rely on multilocus measures of diversity. It is possible that such measures might not always detect more detailed patterns of selection at individual loci. Here, we describe a method that allows us to investigate classical MHC diversity in red jungle fowl (<i>Gallus gallus</i>), the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken, using a single locus approach. This is possible due to the well-characterised gene organisation of the ‘minimal essential’ MHC (BF/BL region) of the domestic chicken, which comprises two differentially expressed duplicated class I (BF) and two class II B (BLB) genes. Using a combination of reference strand-mediated conformation analysis, cloning and sequencing, we identify nine BF and ten BLB alleles in a captive population of jungle fowl. We show that six BF and five BLB alleles are from the more highly expressed locus of each gene, <i>BF2</i> and <i>BLB2</i>, respectively. An excess of non-synonymous substitutions across the jungle fowl BF/BL region suggests that diversifying selection has acted on this population. Importantly, single locus screening reveals that the strength of selection is greatest on the highly expressed BF2 locus. This is the first time that a population of red jungle fowl has been typed at the MHC region, laying the basis for further research into the underlying processes acting to maintain MHC diversity in this and other species.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dac49ede3-05e4-409f-95d3-19a9cbf62e82" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dac49ede3-05e4-409f-95d3-19a9cbf62e82" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s00251-008-0288-0"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1432-1211"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Single locus typing of MHC class I and class II B loci in a population of red jungle fowl"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2008"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2008"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="K. 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src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig1_HTML.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig2_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig2_HTML.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig3_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig3_HTML.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig4_HTML.gif?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00251-008-0288-0/MediaObjects/251_2008_288_Fig4_HTML.gif" alt="" loading="lazy"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 5</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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All polymerase chain reaction amplifications, cloning and sequencing was carried out at the University of East Anglia while the running of the reference strand-mediated conformation analysis procedure was done with LJK at the University of Manchester.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><span class="c-article-author-information__subtitle u-visually-hidden" id="author-notes">Author notes</span><ol class="c-article-author-information__list"><li class="c-article-author-information__item" id="nAff6"><p class="c-article-author-information__authors-list">J. Kaufman</p><p class="js-present-address">Present address: Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK</p></li></ol><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">K. Worley & D. S. Richardson</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, England</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">K. Worley, M. Gillingham & T. Pizzari</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Biology, University of Linköping, Linköping, 581 83, Sweden</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">P. Jensen</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, England</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">L. J. Kennedy</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, England</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">J. Kaufman</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-K_-Worley-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">K. 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