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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Germinal</i> (novel)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal" title="Germinal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Germinal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(rom%C3%A1n)" title="Germinal (román) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germinal (román)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(Roman)" title="Germinal (Roman) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germinal (Roman)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ekaevurid" title="Söekaevurid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Söekaevurid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB_(%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Ζερμινάλ (μυθιστόρημα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζερμινάλ (μυθιστόρημα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(novela)" title="Germinal (novela) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germinal (novela)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal" title="Germinal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germinal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ژرمینال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمینال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(roman)" title="Germinal (roman) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Germinal (roman)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(nobhail)" title="Germinal (nobhail) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Germinal (nobhail)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%A5%B4%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%A0" title="제르미날 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제르미날" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal" title="Germinal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germinal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinale_(romanzo)" title="Germinale (romanzo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germinale (romanzo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C_(%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F)" title="ז'רמינל (רומן) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'רמינל (רומן)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(suterot)" title="Germinal (suterot) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Germinal (suterot)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(woman)" title="Germinal (woman) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Germinal (woman)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(pirt%C3%BBk)" title="Germinal (pirtûk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Germinal (pirtûk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жерминаль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жерминаль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Жерминал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жерминал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(roman)" title="Germinal (roman) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Germinal (roman)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC)" title="ジェルミナール (小説) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェルミナール (小説)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2)" title="ਜਰਮੀਨਲ (ਨਾਵਲ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮੀਨਲ (ਨਾਵਲ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(roman)" title="Germinal (roman) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Germinal (roman)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(powie%C5%9B%C4%87)" title="Germinal (powieść) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Germinal (powieść)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal" title="Germinal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Germinal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(roman)" title="Germinal (roman) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germinal (roman)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Жерминаль (роман) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жерминаль (роман)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(roman)" title="Germinal (roman) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Germinal (roman)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Жерминал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жерминал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal" title="Germinal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germinal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_stora_gruvstrejken" title="Den stora gruvstrejken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Den stora gruvstrejken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_(roman)" title="Germinal (roman) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Germinal (roman)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Жерміналь (роман) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жерміналь (роман)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8C%E8%8A%BD_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4)" title="萌芽 (小说) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萌芽 (小说)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q137869#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Germinal <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germinal&rft.author=%5B%5B%C3%89mile+Zola%5D%5D&rft.date=1885&rft.pub=%5B%5BGeorges+Charpentier%7CG.+Charpentier%5D%5D&rft.place=France&rft.pages=592+%28paperback%29&rft.series=%27%27%5B%5BLes+Rougon-Macquart%5D%5D%27%27"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Germinal_first_edition_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Germinal_first_edition_cover.jpg/220px-Germinal_first_edition_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Germinal_first_edition_cover.jpg/330px-Germinal_first_edition_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Germinal_first_edition_cover.jpg/440px-Germinal_first_edition_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First edition, 1885</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data">Havelock Ellis (1894), Peter Collier (1993), Roger Pearson (2004)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Rougon-Macquart" title="Les Rougon-Macquart">Les Rougon-Macquart</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpentier" title="Georges Charpentier">G. Charpentier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1885</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1894</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (<a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardback</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">592 (paperback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">843.8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_humaine" title="La Bête humaine">La Bête humaine</a> </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(novel)" title="Nana (novel)">Nana</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1424" data-mwtitle="Germinal_01_zola_128kb.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Germinal_01_zola_128kb.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Germinal_01_zola_128kb.mp3/Germinal_01_zola_128kb.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Germinal_01_zola_128kb.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><i>Germinal</i>, by Émile Zola, in French. Part I - Chapter 1. LibriVox recording by Françoise.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Germinal</b></i> is the thirteenth novel in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>'s twenty-volume series <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Rougon-Macquart" title="Les Rougon-Macquart">Les Rougon-Macquart</a></i>. Often considered Zola's masterpiece and one of the most significant novels in the French tradition, the novel – an uncompromisingly harsh and realistic story of a coalminers' strike in northern France in the 1860s – has been published and translated in over one hundred countries. It has also inspired five film adaptations and two television productions. </p><p><i>Germinal</i> was written between April 1884 and January 1885. It was first serialized between November 1884 and February 1885 in the periodical <i><a href="/wiki/Gil_Blas_(periodical)" title="Gil Blas (periodical)">Gil Blas</a></i>, then in March 1885 published as a book. </p><p>The title (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɛʁminal]</a></span>) refers to <a href="/wiki/Germinal_(French_Republican_Calendar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germinal (French Republican Calendar)">the name of a month</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar#Months" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>, a spring month. <i>Germen</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word which means "seed"; the novel describes the hope for a better future that seeds amongst the <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a>. As the final lines of the novel read: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Des hommes poussaient, une armée noire, vengeresse, qui germait lentement dans les sillons, grandissant pour les récoltes du siècle futur, et dont la germination allait faire bientôt éclater la terre.</i><br />Men were springing forth, a black avenging army, germinating slowly in the furrows, growing towards the harvests of the next century, and their germination would soon overturn the earth.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>1885 translation<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot_summary">Plot summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germinal_(novel)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_page_GERMINAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/First_page_GERMINAL.jpg/220px-First_page_GERMINAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/First_page_GERMINAL.jpg/330px-First_page_GERMINAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/First_page_GERMINAL.jpg/440px-First_page_GERMINAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>The title page of the 1885 <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> edition</figcaption></figure> <p>The novel's central character is Étienne Lantier, previously seen in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Assommoir" title="L'Assommoir">L'Assommoir</a></i> (1877), and originally to have been the central character in Zola's "murder on the trains" thriller <i><a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_humaine" title="La Bête humaine">La Bête humaine</a></i> (1890) before the overwhelmingly positive reaction to <i>Germinal</i> persuaded him otherwise. The young migrant worker arrives at the forbidding coal mining town of Montsou in the bleak area of the far north of France to earn a living as a miner. Sacked from his previous job on the railways for assaulting a superior, Étienne befriends the veteran miner Maheu, who finds him somewhere to stay and gets him a job pushing the carts down the pit. </p><p>Étienne is portrayed as a hard-working idealist but also a naïve youth; Zola's genetic theories come into play as Étienne is presumed to have inherited his Macquart ancestors' traits of hotheaded impulsiveness and an <a href="/wiki/Addictive_personality" title="Addictive personality">addictive personality</a> capable of exploding into rage under the influence of drink or strong passions. Zola keeps his theorizing in the background and Étienne's motivations are much more natural as a result. He embraces socialist principles, reading large amounts of working class movement literature and fraternizing with Souvarine, a Russian anarchist and political émigré who has also come to Montsou to seek a living in the pits, and Rasseneur, a pub owner. Étienne's simplistic understanding of socialist politics and their rousing effect on him are very reminiscent of the rebel Silvère in the first novel in the cycle, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Fortune_des_Rougon" title="La Fortune des Rougon">La Fortune des Rougon</a></i> (1871). </p><p>While this is going on, Étienne also falls for Maheu's daughter Catherine, also employed pushing carts in the mines, and he is drawn into the relationship between her and her brutish lover Chaval, a prototype for the character of Buteau in Zola's later novel <i><a href="/wiki/La_Terre" title="La Terre">La Terre</a></i> (1887). The complex tangle of the miners' lives is played out against a backdrop of severe poverty and oppression, as their working and living conditions continue to worsen throughout the novel; eventually, pushed to breaking point, the miners decide to strike and Étienne, now a respected member of the community and recognized as a political idealist, becomes the leader of the movement. While the anarchist Souvarine preaches violent action, the miners and their families hold back, their poverty becoming ever more disastrous, until they are sparked into a ferocious riot, the violence of which is described in explicit terms by Zola, as well as providing some of the novelist's best and most evocative crowd scenes. The rioters are eventually confronted by police and the army that repress the revolt in a violent and unforgettable episode. Disillusioned, the miners go back to work, blaming Étienne for the failure of the strike; then, Souvarine sabotages the entrance shaft of one of the Montsou pits, trapping Étienne, Catherine and Chaval at the bottom. The ensuing drama and the long wait for rescue are among some of Zola's best scenes, and the novel draws to a dramatic close. After Chaval is killed by Étienne, Catherine and Étienne are finally able to be lovers before Catherine dies in his arms. Étienne is eventually rescued and fired but he goes on to live in Paris with Pluchart, an organizer for <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">the International</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germinal_(novel)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angiolillo_died_bravely.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Angiolillo_died_bravely.png/220px-Angiolillo_died_bravely.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Angiolillo_died_bravely.png/330px-Angiolillo_died_bravely.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Angiolillo_died_bravely.png/440px-Angiolillo_died_bravely.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michele_Angiolillo" title="Michele Angiolillo">Michele Angiolillo</a> uttered the word "Germinal" before he died.</figcaption></figure> <p>The title, <i>Germinal</i>, is drawn from the springtime seventh month of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolutionary Calendar">French Revolutionary Calendar</a> and is meant to evoke imagery of germination, new growth and fertility. Accordingly, Zola ends the novel on a note of hope and one that has provided inspiration to socialist and reformist causes of all kinds throughout the years since its first publication: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Beneath the blazing of the sun, in that morning of new growth, the countryside rang with song, as its belly swelled with a black and avenging army of men, germinating slowly in its furrows, growing upwards in readiness for harvests to come, until one day soon their ripening would burst open the earth itself.</p></blockquote> <p>By the time of Zola's death, the novel had come to be recognized as his undisputed masterpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-Impact_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Impact-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his funeral crowds of workers gathered, cheering the cortège with shouts of "Germinal! Germinal!". Since then the book has come to symbolize working class causes and to this day retains a special place in French mining-town folklore. </p><p>Zola was always very proud of <i>Germinal</i> and was always keen to defend its accuracy against accusations of hyperbole and exaggeration (from the conservatives) or of slander against the working classes (from the socialists). His research had been typically thorough, especially the parts involving lengthy observational visits to northern French mining towns in 1884, such as witnessing the after-effects of a crippling miners' strike first-hand at <a href="/wiki/Anzin" title="Anzin">Anzin</a> or actually going down a working coal pit at <a href="/wiki/Denain" title="Denain">Denain</a>. The mine scenes are especially vivid and haunting as a result. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Tom Wolfe</a> described one incident from Zola's research:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In 1884 Zola went down into the mines at Anzin to do the documentation for what was to become the novel <i>Germinal</i>. Posing as a secretary for a member of the French Chamber of Deputies, he descended into the pits wearing his city clothes, his frock coat, high stiff collar, and high stiff hat (this appeals to me for reasons I won’t delay you with), and carrying a notebook and pen. One day Zola and the miners who were serving as his guides were 150 feet below the ground when Zola noticed an enormous workhorse, a Percheron, pulling a sled piled with coal through a tunnel. Zola asked, “How do you get that animal in and out of the mine every day?” At first the miners thought he was joking. Then they realized he was serious, and one of them said, “Mr. Zola, don’t you understand? That horse comes down here once, when he’s a colt, barely more than a foal, and still able to fit into the buckets that bring us down here. That horse grows up down here. He grows blind down here after a year or two, from the lack of light. He hauls coal down here until he can’t haul it anymore, and then he dies down here, and his bones are buried down here.” When Zola transfers this revelation from the pages of his documentation notebook to the pages of <i>Germinal</i>, it makes the hair on your arms stand on end. You realize, without the need of amplification, that the horse is the miners themselves, who descend below the face of the earth as children and dig coal down in the pit until they can dig no more and then are buried, often literally, down there.</p></blockquote> <p>A sensation upon original publication, it is now by far the best-selling of Zola's novels, both in France and internationally. A number of modern translations are currently in print and widely available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germinal_(novel)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1885 Carlynne Belford (Clarke & Co.)</li> <li>1886 Albert Vandam (Vizetelly & Co.)</li> <li>1894 Dr. Henry <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a> (Lutetian Society)</li> <li>1954 Leonard W. Tancock (Penguin Books)</li> <li>1962 Willard Ropes Trask (<a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>)</li> <li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hochman" title="Stanley Hochman">Stanley Hochman</a> and Eleanor Hochman (<a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>)</li> <li>1993 Peter Collier (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>)</li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(literary_scholar)" title="Roger Pearson (literary scholar)">Roger Pearson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germinal_(novel)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The novel has been filmed a number of times, including: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strike_(1904_film)" title="The Strike (1904 film)">The Strike</a></i> (1904), directed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zecca" title="Ferdinand Zecca">Ferdinand Zecca</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Au_Pays_Noir" title="Au Pays Noir">Au Pays Noir</a></i>, (1905), directed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zecca" title="Ferdinand Zecca">Ferdinand Zecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nonguet" title="Lucien Nonguet">Lucien Nonguet</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1913_film)" title="Germinal (1913 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1913), directed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Capellani" title="Albert Capellani">Albert Capellani</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Henry_Krauss" title="Henry Krauss">Henry Krauss</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1963_film)" title="Germinal (1963 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1963), directed by <a href="/wiki/Yves_All%C3%A9gret" title="Yves Allégret">Yves Allégret</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Jean_Sorel" title="Jean Sorel">Jean Sorel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthe_Granval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthe Granval (page does not exist)">Berthe Granval</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthe_Granval" class="extiw" title="fr:Berthe Granval">fr</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Brasseur" title="Claude Brasseur">Claude Brasseur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Blier" title="Bernard Blier">Bernard Blier</a>.</li> <li><i>Germinal</i> (1970), a BBC five-part serial with <a href="/wiki/Mark_Jones_(actor)" title="Mark Jones (actor)">Mark Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Leach" title="Rosemary Leach">Rosemary Leach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1993_film)" title="Germinal (1993 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1993), a large-scale production directed by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Berri" title="Claude Berri">Claude Berri</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miou-Miou" title="Miou-Miou">Miou-Miou</a>, at that time the most expensive feature film ever made in France. Much of Berri's film was shot on location in the <a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a> regions of northern France, and the extensive unemployment and poverty the cast and crew still witnessed there led to the formation of a society, "Germinal l'association", headed by Depardieu, to alleviate the suffering caused by crippling unemployment in the <i><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">départements</a></i> comprising the region of <a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a>.</li> <li><i>Germinal</i> (2021), a six-episode series for France 2 directed by David Hourrègue, starring Luis Peres, Alix Poisson, and Guillaume de Tonquédec.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes">Tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germinal_(novel)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Les Enfants de Germinal</i>. (<i>The children of Germinal</i>). - text by Cavanna, images by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Doisneau" title="Robert Doisneau">Robert Doisneau</a>. Hoëbeke Editions. Paris. 1993</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KFC_Germinal_Beerschot" class="mw-redirect" title="KFC Germinal Beerschot">KFC Germinal Ekeren</a>, a Belgian football club took its name after the novel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Elysium" title="Disco Elysium">Disco Elysium</a>, (2019) is a Role Playing Video Game featuring a dispute and unsolved murder between the stevedoring Labor movement and the private company who works with them. The creators <i><a href="/wiki/ZA/UM" class="mw-redirect" title="ZA/UM">ZA/UM</a></i> have cited <i>Germinal</i> as a source of major inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This game won the 2019 BAFTA game awards for best narrative, soundtrack, and debut game from a company.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germinal_(novel)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/ez/g76.html">"7-6, Germinal, Emile Zola, 1885"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span> – via www.ibiblio.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7-6%2C+Germinal%2C+Emile+Zola%2C+1885&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Feldritch%2Fez%2Fg76.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerminal+%28novel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Impact-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Impact_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurst_Johnson2002" class="citation book cs1">Durst Johnson, Claudia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XA3ct_HebxsC&q=Germinal+Zola+influence&pg=PA150"><i>The Social Impact of the Novel: A Reference Guide</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313318184" title="Special:BookSources/9780313318184"><bdi>9780313318184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Impact+of+the+Novel%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313318184&rft.aulast=Durst+Johnson&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXA3ct_HebxsC%26q%3DGerminal%2BZola%2Binfluence%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerminal+%28novel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Wolfe, Tom (November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.org/archive/1989/11/stalking-the-billion-footed-beast/">"Stalking the billion-footed beast -A literary manifesto for the new social novel"</a>. <i>Harper's Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Stalking+the+billion-footed+beast+-A+literary+manifesto+for+the+new+social+novel&rft.date=1989-11&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharpers.org%2Farchive%2F1989%2F11%2Fstalking-the-billion-footed-beast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerminal+%28novel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.steampowered.com/news/app/632470/view/3334287173823797600">"Disco Elysium - FAQ - Inspiration & Recommendations"</a>. January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disco+Elysium+-+FAQ+-+Inspiration+%26+Recommendations&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.steampowered.com%2Fnews%2Fapp%2F632470%2Fview%2F3334287173823797600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerminal+%28novel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germinal_(novel)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/5711">Germinal</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817032755/http://www.eldritchpress.org/ez/germinal.html"><i>Germinal</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 17, 2000), English translation by <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a> (1894) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manybooks.net/titles/zolaemilother06germinal.html#">other formats</a>)</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Germinal&author=ZOLA&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Germinal</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/zola-emile-germinal.html/">Germinal, audio version</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speaker_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/40px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Template:Émile Zola"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Template talk:Émile Zola"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Émile Zola"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Émile_Zola137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Rougon-Macquart" title="Les Rougon-Macquart">Les Rougon-Macquart</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Fortune_des_Rougon" title="La Fortune des Rougon">La Fortune des Rougon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cur%C3%A9e" title="La Curée">La Curée</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Ventre_de_Paris" title="Le Ventre de Paris">Le Ventre de Paris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Conqu%C3%AAte_de_Plassans" title="La Conquête de Plassans">La Conquête de Plassans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Faute_de_l%27Abb%C3%A9_Mouret" title="La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret">La Faute de l'Abbé Mouret</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Son_Excellence_Eug%C3%A8ne_Rougon" title="Son Excellence Eugène Rougon">Son Excellence Eugène Rougon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Assommoir" title="L'Assommoir">L'Assommoir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Une_page_d%27amour" title="Une page d'amour">Une page d'amour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(novel)" title="Nana (novel)">Nana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pot-Bouille" title="Pot-Bouille">Pot-Bouille</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Au_Bonheur_des_Dames" title="Au Bonheur des Dames">Au Bonheur des Dames</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_joie_de_vivre" title="La joie de vivre">La joie de vivre</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germinal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre" title="L'Œuvre">L'Œuvre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Terre" title="La Terre">La Terre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%AAve_(novel)" title="Le Rêve (novel)">Le Rêve</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_humaine" title="La Bête humaine">La Bête humaine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Argent" title="L'Argent">L'Argent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9b%C3%A2cle" title="La Débâcle">La Débâcle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Docteur_Pascal" title="Le Docteur Pascal">Le Docteur Pascal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Myst%C3%A8res_de_Marseille" title="Les Mystères de Marseille">Les Mystères de Marseille</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin" title="Thérèse Raquin">Thérèse Raquin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_F%C3%A9rat" title="Madeleine Férat">Madeleine Férat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Inondation" title="L'Inondation">L'Inondation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/J%27Accuse...!" title="J'Accuse...!">J'Accuse...!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libretti</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Messidor_(opera)" title="Messidor (opera)">Messidor</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ouragan_(opera)" title="L'Ouragan (opera)">L'Ouragan</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_roi" title="L'Enfant roi">L'Enfant roi</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Quatre_journ%C3%A9es" title="Les Quatre journées">Les Quatre journées</a></i> (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Assommoir_(film)" title="L'Assommoir (film)">L'Assommoir</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1913_film)" title="Germinal (1913 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maddalena_Ferat" title="Maddalena Ferat">Maddalena Ferat</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Earth_(1921_film)" title="The Earth (1921 film)">The Earth</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1926_film)" title="Nana (1926 film)">Nana</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Argent_(1928_film)" title="L'Argent (1928 film)">L'Argent</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin_(1928_film)" title="Thérèse Raquin (1928 film)">Thérèse Raquin</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_(1931_film)" title="The Struggle (1931 film)">The Struggle</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1934_film)" title="Nana (1934 film)">Nana</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_B%C3%AAte_Humaine_(film)" title="La Bête Humaine (film)">La Bête Humaine</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shop_Girls_of_Paris" title="Shop Girls of Paris">Shop Girls of Paris</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1944_film)" title="Nana (1944 film)">Nana</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin_(1953_film)" title="Thérèse Raquin (1953 film)">Thérèse Raquin</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Desire" title="Human Desire">Human Desire</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1955_film)" title="Nana (1955 film)">Nana</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gervaise_(film)" title="Gervaise (film)">Gervaise</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Bestia_humana" title="La Bestia humana">La Bestia humana</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_Paris" title="Lovers of Paris">Lovers of Paris</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1963_film)" title="Germinal (1963 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Is_Over" title="The Game Is Over">The Game Is Over</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demise_of_Father_Mouret" title="The Demise of Father Mouret">The Demise of Father Mouret</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana,_the_True_Key_of_Pleasure" title="Nana, the True Key of Pleasure">Nana, the True Key of Pleasure</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(1985_film)" title="Nana (1985 film)">Nana</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germinal_(1993_film)" title="Germinal (1993 film)">Germinal</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirst_(2009_film)" title="Thirst (2009 film)">Thirst</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Secret_(film)" title="In Secret (film)">In Secret</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%AAve_(opera)" title="Le Rêve (opera)">Le Rêve</a></i> (1891 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27attaque_du_moulin" title="L'attaque du moulin">L'attaque du moulin</a></i> (1893 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lazare_(Bruneau)" title="Lazare (Bruneau)">Lazare</a></i> (1903 oratorio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFs_Micoulin" title="Naïs Micoulin">Naïs Micoulin</a></i> (1907 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thou_Shalt_Not_(musical)" title="Thou Shalt Not (musical)">Thou Shalt Not</a></i> (2001 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raquin_(opera)" title="Thérèse Raquin (opera)">Thérèse Raquin</a></i> (2001 opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruel_Train" title="Cruel Train">Cruel Train</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Paradise_(TV_series)" title="The Paradise (TV series)">The Paradise</a></i> (2012 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ladies%27_Paradise_(TV_series)" title="The Ladies' Paradise (TV series)">The Ladies' Paradise</a></i> (2015 series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Zola" title="François Zola">François Zola</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Emile_Zola" title="Portrait of Emile Zola">Portrait of Emile Zola</a></i> (1868 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Studio_at_Les_Batignolles" title="A Studio at Les Batignolles">A Studio at Les Batignolles</a></i> (1870 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Emile_Zola" title="The Life of Emile Zola">The Life of Emile Zola</a></i> (1937 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9zanne_and_I" title="Cézanne and I">Cézanne et Moi</a></i> (2016 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/181861235">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4221251-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91015887">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12011567j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12011567j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007595280105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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