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class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Ferdinand_Lassalle skin-vector action-view vector-animateLayout"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>  <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>  <div id="siteNotice"><script> mw.loader.using( 'ext.centralNotice.bannerController', function() { mw.centralNotice.initialize(); } ); </script> </div>   <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Ferdinand Lassalle</span></h1>   <div id="bodyContent">  <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>   <div id="contentSub"></div>   <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div>   <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Lassalle.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ferdinand_Lassalle.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Lassalle.jpg" width="220" height="323" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Ferdinand_Lassalle.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Ferdinand_Lassalle.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Lassalle.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf8/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–64)</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Ferdinand Johann Gottlieb Lassalle</b> (1825–1864) was a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jews" title="German Jews" class="mw-redirect">German-Jewish</a> <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, and <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> political <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist" title="Activist" class="mw-redirect">activist</a>. Lassalle is best remembered as an initiator of international-style socialism in Germany.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_1848_revolution_and_its_aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The 1848 revolution and its aftermath</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Political_activism"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Political activism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Relations_with_Bismarck"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Relations with Bismarck</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Personality"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Personality</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Death_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Death and legacy</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Political_ideas"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Political ideas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#The_state"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">The state</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Iron_law_of_wages"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Iron law of wages</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#German_editions"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">German editions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#English_translations"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">English translations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h3> <p>Ferdinand Lassalle was born on 11 April 1825 in <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a> (Wrocław), <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a> to a prosperous <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jewish</a> family descending from the Upper Silesian town <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Loslau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891114_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891114-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> The original spelling of the family name was "Lassal" – changed by Ferdinand as a young man to deemphasize his ethnic origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891114_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891114-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ferdinand's father was a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> merchant and intended his son for a business career, sending him to the commercial school at <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Lassalle soon transferred to university, studying first in the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Breslau</a> and later at the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> There Lassalle studied <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> and <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and became an devotee of the philosophical system of <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Hegel</a>.</p> <p>Lassalle passed his university examinations with distinction in 1845 and thereafter traveled to <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to write a book on <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> There Lassalle met the poet <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>, who wrote of his intense young friend in 1846: "I have found in no one so much passion and clearness of intellect united in action. You have good right to be audacious – we others only usurp this divine right, this heavenly privilege."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891115_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891115-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Back in <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to work on his book, Lassalle soon found himself ceasing his project in favor of a different mission. Lassalle met Countess Sophie von <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hatzfeld" title="House of Hatzfeld">Hatzfeldt</a>, a woman in her early 40s who had been separated from her husband for many years, and had ongoing difficulties with him regarding an equitable division of property. Lassalle volunteered himself to the countess's cause, an offer which was accepted readily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891117_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891117-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Lassalle first challenged the nobleman to a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>, an offer which was rejected immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891117_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891117-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>An extensive legal case ensued in which Lassalle represented Countess von Hatzfeldt's interests, performed in 36 courtrooms during the period of 8 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891118_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891118-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, a compromise was negotiated, bringing the countess a substantial fortune, from which she paid Lassalle an annual income of 5000 thalers (about £750) for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891118.E2.80.939_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891118.E2.80.939-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The 1848 revolution and its aftermath">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_1848_revolution_and_its_aftermath">The 1848 revolution and its aftermath</span></h3> <p>Lassalle was a committed <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> from an early age and during the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">German Revolutions of 1848</a> he spoke at public meetings for the revolutionary-democratic cause and urged the citizens of <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> to prepared themselves for armed resistance to the November decision of the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian government</a> to dissolve the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891120_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891120-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Lassalle was subsequently arrested in conjunction with this activity and charged with inciting armed opposition to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891120.E2.80.931_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891120.E2.80.931-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>While Lassalle was ultimately acquitted of this serious charge, he was kept in prison until he could be tried on a lesser charge of inciting resistance against public officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891121_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891121-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Lassalle was ultimately convicted of this subsidiary charge, for which the 23-year old served a sentence of six months in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891121_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891121-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Banned from residence in Berlin in the aftermath of his conviction, Lassalle began residence in the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, where he continued to pursue the law suit of the Countess von Hatzfeldt (settled in 1854) and finished his work on the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> of Heraclitus, which was completed in 1857 and published in two volumes the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891123_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891123-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Reaction to the book was mixed, with some declaring the work seminal while others considered it as a recitation of Hegelian axioms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189329_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189329-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Even the book's detractors admired the scope of the work, however, and the publication gave Lassalle lasting cachet among the German intelligentsia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189329_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189329-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>During this interval Lassalle was not active politically, although he retained an interest in labour affairs. Instead his interests changed again, abandoning legal practice and philosophy in favor of drama, authoring a play called "Franz von Sickingen, a Historical Tragedy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Sent in anonymously the Royal Theatre, the play was rejected by a manager, causing Lassalle to publish it by his own name in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> The work was characterized by <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernstein" title="Edward Bernstein" class="mw-redirect">Edward Bernstein</a>, an early and sympathetic biographer, as awkward and prone to excessive oratory – unsuited for the stage despite several effective scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Lasalle longed to reside in Berlin and in 1859 he surreptitiously made his return, disguised as a wagon driver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Lassalle appealed to his friend the aging scholar <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> to intercede with the king on his behalf to formally permit his return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> This was successfully accomplished and Lassalle was again officially allowed to reside in the Prussian capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Lassalle avoided revolutionary activity for several years thereafter, seeking to avoid official repercussions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Instead Lassalle next became political commentator in writing a short work on the war in <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in which he warned Prussia against rushing to the aid of the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> in its war with <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</p> <p>Lassalle followed this with a hefty work on legal theory, a two volume treatise published in 1861 entitled <i>Das System der erworbenen Reichte</i> (The System of Acquired Rights).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> In this book Lassalle sought, in the words of Edward Bernstein, "to establish a legal and scientific principle which shall once for all determine under what circumstances, and how far laws may be retroactive without violating the idea of right itself" – that is, determining the circumstances under which laws may be made retroactive when they come into conflict with previously established laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189380_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189380-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the 1850s and '60s, <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> was in regular contact with Lassalle. Their relationship was superficially cordial, and Marx asked for a loan of £30.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Yet in letters to <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, Marx made disparaging and racist comments about Lassalle, speculating that his dark complexion and coarse hair were evidence that "he is descendant from the negroes who joined in the flight of Moses from Egypt (unless his mother or grandmother on the father’s side was crossed with a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger_(word)" title="Nigger (word)" class="mw-redirect">nigger</a>)" and declaring that "the importunity of the fellow is also niggerlike."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political activism">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Political_activism">Political activism</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lassalle-RussianCDV.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Lassalle-RussianCDV.jpg/200px-Lassalle-RussianCDV.jpg" width="200" height="313" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Lassalle-RussianCDV.jpg/300px-Lassalle-RussianCDV.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/71/Lassalle-RussianCDV.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lassalle-RussianCDV.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf8/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Photo of Ferdinand Lassalle on a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">carte de visite</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p>Only briefly engaged in the revolutionary struggle during 1848, Lassalle reentered public politics in 1862, motivated by a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> struggle in Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> King Wilhelm I, who became king on 2 January 1861, had repeatedly clashed with the liberal Chamber of Deputies, resulting in multiple dissolutions of the Diet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> As a recognized legal scholar, Lassalle was asked to make public addresses dealing with the nature of the constitution and its relationship to the social forces within society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891128_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891128-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In a published speech delivered in Berlin on 12 April 1862, Lassalle assigned primacy in society to the press over the state itself in the aftermath of the 1848 revolution – an assertion regarded as dangerous by the Prussian censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> The entire print run of 3000 copies of the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a> of Lassalle's speech was seized by the authorities, who issued a legal charge against Lassalle for allegedly endangering the public peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Lassalle was brought to trial to answer this accusation in Berlin on 16 January 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> After a widely publicized trial at which he presented his own defense, Lassalle was convicted of the charges levied against him, sentenced to four months' imprisonment and assessed the costs of the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891131_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891131-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> This term was later replaced by a fine upon appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891131_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891131-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Lassalle soon began a new career as a political agitator, traveling around Germany, giving speeches and writing pamphlets, in an attempt to organise and rouse the working class.</p> <p>Although Lassalle was a member of the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a>, his politics were strongly opposed by <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>; indeed Marx's essay <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a> is written in part as a reaction to Lassalle's conception of the socialist state. Marx and Engels thought that Lassalle was not a true Communist as he directly influenced Bismarck's government (albeit in secret) in favor of <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal manhood suffrage</a>, among other issues. <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Élie Halévy">Élie Halévy</a> would later write on this situation:</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="Bug6200">Lassalle was the first man in Germany, the first in Europe, who succeeded in organising a party of socialist action. Yet he viewed the emerging bourgeois parties as more inimical to the working class than the aristocracy and hence he supported universal manhood suffrage at a time when the liberals preferred a limited, property-based suffrage which excluded the working class and enhanced the middle classes. This created a strange alliance between Lassalle and Bismarck. When in 1866 Bismarck founded the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">Confederation of Northern Germany</a> on a basis of universal suffrage, he was acting on advice which came directly from Lassalle. And I am convinced that after 1878, when he began to practise "State Socialism" and "Christian Socialism" and "Monarchial Socialism," he had not forgotten what he had learnt from the socialist leader."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </blockquote> <p>As a result, when Lassalle initiated the <i>Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein</i> (<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association" title="General German Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association</a>, ADAV) on 23 May 1863, Marx's devotees in Germany did not join it. Lassalle was the first president of this first German labour party, retaining the job from its formation on 23 May 1863 until his death on 31 August 1864. The only stated purpose of this organization was the winning of equal, universal, and direct <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> by peaceful and legal means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlau194922_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194922-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations with Bismarck">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Relations_with_Bismarck">Relations with Bismarck</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto%2Bvon%2Bbismarck.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Otto%2Bvon%2Bbismarck.jpg/220px-Otto%2Bvon%2Bbismarck.jpg" width="220" height="284" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Otto%2Bvon%2Bbismarck.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Otto%2Bvon%2Bbismarck.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto%2Bvon%2Bbismarck.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf8/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Otto von Bismarck, Minister President of Prussia, as he appeared in the 1860s.</div> </div> </div> <p>On 11 May 1863 <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, Minister President of Prussia, initiated written correspondence with Lassalle. The Bismarck-Lassalle correspondence was discovered only in 1927 and is therefore not mentioned by earlier biographical works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> A hand-written note was delivered to Lassalle personally, and the pair met face-to-face within 48 hours thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> This proved to be the first of several such meetings, during which Bismarck and Lassalle freely exchanged views on matters of common concern.</p> <p>Bismarck was pressed by Social Democratic representative <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a> in the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> in September 1878 to provide details about his relationship with the by then long-deceased Lassalle, prompting the Chancellor to make an extended statement:</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="Bug6200">I saw him, and since my first conversation I have never regretted doing so. ...I saw him perhaps three or four times altogether. There was never the possibility of our talks taking the form of political negotiations. What could Lassalle have offered me? He had nothing behind him.... But he attracted me as an individual. He was one of the most intelligent and likable men I had ever come across. He was very ambitious and by no means a republican. He was very much a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist" title="Nationalist" class="mw-redirect">nationalist</a> and a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchist" title="Monarchist" class="mw-redirect">monarchist</a>. His ideal was the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, and here was our point of contact. As I have said he was ambitious, on a large scale, and there is perhaps room for doubt as to whether, in his eyes, the German Empire ultimately entailed the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern" title="Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect">Hohenzollern</a> or the Lassalle dynasty.... Our talks lasted for hours and I was always sorry when they came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175.E2.80.936_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175.E2.80.936-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </blockquote> <p>Lassalle made multiple secret appeals from 1864 to Bismarck – later the main proponent of the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a> – both in favor of the immediate implementation of progressive policies such as <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> as well as for the protection of his own publications from police seizure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994193.E2.80.934_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994193.E2.80.934-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> With respect to the latter, the ambitious Lassalle attempted to make common cause with the conservative Bismarck by his new book <i>Herr Basitat-Schulze,</i> declaring: that he "must inform Your Excellency that this work will bring about the utter destruction of Liberals and the whole Progressive bourgeoisie."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Lassalle sought Bismarck to exert influence through the Ministry of Justice to prevent seizure of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> The book subsequently appeared without police interference but Bismarck, occupied with other matters, refused a request by Lassalle for another meeting and no further direct contacts between the pair were made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194.E2.80.935_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194.E2.80.935-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personality">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Personality">Personality</span></h3> <p>Lassalle was remembered by biographers as a contradictory personality – earnestly committed to the benefit of the masses, but driven by personal ambition and possessing extreme vanity. Indeed, one early biographer declared that vanity was</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="Bug6200">...one of the most striking, though at the same time most harmless traits of his character. His vanity was of the kind that neither hurts nor offends. Vanity seemed natural to him as it is to the peacock, and if he had been less vain he would have been less interesting. Even in his manhood, when at the head of a popular agitation, he was excessively fond of dressing well. He appeared both on the platform and in the Court of Law attired like a fop. He was in the habit, too, of comparing himself with great men. Now it was <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, now <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a>, or <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robespierre" title="Robespierre" class="mw-redirect">Robespierre</a>, or <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a>, or <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a>, and once he found his parallel by going to <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a>. Heine told him that he had good reason to be proud of his attainments, and Lassalle took Heine at his word."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891189.E2.80.9390_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891189.E2.80.9390-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </blockquote> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grobowiec-Lassal.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grobowiec-Lassal.jpg/220px-Grobowiec-Lassal.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grobowiec-Lassal.jpg/330px-Grobowiec-Lassal.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Grobowiec-Lassal.jpg/440px-Grobowiec-Lassal.jpg 2x"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grobowiec-Lassal.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf8/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""/></a></div> Lassalle's tomb in Wrocław, Poland</div> </div> </div> <p>In Berlin, Lassalle had met a young woman, Helene von Dönniges, and during the summer of 1864 they decided to marry. She, however, was the daughter of a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> diplomat then resident at <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, who would have nothing to do with Lassalle. Helene was imprisoned in her own room, and soon, apparently under duress, renounced Lassalle in favour of another suitor, a <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> count named <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_von_Racowitza" title="Count von Racowitza">Bajor von Racowitza</a>.</p> <p>Lassalle sent a challenge to <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a> both to the lady's father and to Count von Racowitza, which was accepted by the latter. At the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carouge" title="Carouge">Carouge</a>, a suburb of <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, a duel occurred on the morning of 28 August 1864. Lassalle was wounded mortally, and he died on August 31.</p> <p>At the time of his death, Lassalle's political party had only 4,610 members and no detailed political program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlau194922_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194922-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> The Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein continued after his death, however, going on to help establish the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) in 1875.</p> <p>Lassalle is buried in Breslau (now <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland), in the old Jewish cemetery there.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political ideas">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Political_ideas">Political ideas</span></h2> <p>Owing to his premature death by a duel at age 39, just two years after his serious entry into German radical politics, Ferdinand Lassalle's actual contributions to socialist theory are modest. He was remembered by <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a>, one of the earliest serious scholars of international socialism, as a popularizer of the ideas of others rather than an innovator:</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="Bug6200"> <p>Lassalle's writings did not advance materially the theory of social democracy. He drew from <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodbertus" title="Rodbertus" class="mw-redirect">Rodbertus</a> and Marx in his economic writings, but he clothed their thoughts in such manner as to enable ordinary laborers to understand them, and this they never could have done without his help.... Lassalle's speeches and pamphlets were eloquent sermons on texts taken from Marx. Lassalle gave to <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo's</a> law of wages the designation the iron law of wages, and expounded to the laborers its full significance...</p> <p>Laborers were told that this law could be overthrown only by the abolition of the wages system. How Lassalle really thought this was to be accomplished is not so evident.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </div> </blockquote> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The state">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_state">The state</span></h3> <p>In contrast with Karl Marx and his adherents, Lassalle rejected the idea that the state was a class-based power structure with the function of preserving existing class relations and destined to "wither away" in a future classless society. Instead, Lassalle considered the state as an independent entity, an instrument of justice essential for the achievement of the socialist program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iron law of wages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Iron_law_of_wages">Iron law of wages</span></h3> <p>Lassalle accepted the idea, first posited by the classical economist David Ricardo, that wage rates in the long term tended towards the minimum level necessary to sustain the life of the worker and to provide for his reproduction. In accord with this "<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Law_of_Wages" title="Iron Law of Wages" class="mw-redirect">Iron Law of Wages</a>", Lassalle argued that individual measures of self-help by wage workers were destined to failure and that only producers' <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperatives" title="Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect">cooperatives</a> established with the financial aid of the state would make economic improvement of the workers' lives possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921.E2.80.9322_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921.E2.80.9322-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> From this, it followed that the <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action" title="Political action" class="mw-redirect">political action</a> of the workers to capture the power of the state was paramount and the organization of <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions" title="Trade unions" class="mw-redirect">trade unions</a> to struggle for ephemeral wage improvements more or less a diversion from the primary struggle.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891114-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891114_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891114_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 114.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891116_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 116.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891115-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891115_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 115.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891117-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891117_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891117_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 117.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891118-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891118_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 118.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891118.E2.80.939-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891118.E2.80.939_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 118–9.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891120-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891120_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 120.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891120.E2.80.931-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891120.E2.80.931_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, pp. 120–1.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891121-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891121_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891121_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 121.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891123-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891123_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 123.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189329-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189329_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189329_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1893">Bernstein 1893</a>, p. 29.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189333_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1893">Bernstein 1893</a>, p. 33.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891125_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 125.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891127_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 127.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein189380-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein189380_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernstein1893">Bernstein 1893</a>, p. 80.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1854/letters/54_09_13.htm">http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1854/letters/54_09_13.htm</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As quoted in William Otto Henderson (1989). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC&lpg=PA71&ots=5CFPg65ejb&dq=%22The%20importunity%20of%20the%20fellow%20is%20also%20niggerlike.%22&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q=%22The%20importunity%20of%20the%20fellow%20is%20also%20niggerlike.%22&f=false">Marx And Engels And The English Workers: And Other Essays</a></i>, Psychology Press, ISBN ‪9780714633343‬, p. 71</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891128-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891128_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 128.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891129_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 129.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891131-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891131_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891131_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, p. 131.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHal.C3.A9vyWallas">Halévy, Élie; Wallas, May, "The Age of Tyrannies", <i>Economica</i> <b>8</b> (29): 77–93, <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2549522">2549522</a></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194922-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlau194922_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlau194922_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlau1949">Berlau 1949</a>, p. 22.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootman1994">Footman 1994</a>, p. 175.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175.E2.80.936-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994175.E2.80.936_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootman1994">Footman 1994</a>, pp. 175–6.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994193.E2.80.934-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994193.E2.80.934_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootman1994">Footman 1994</a>, pp. 193–4.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootman1994">Footman 1994</a>, p. 194.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194.E2.80.935-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFootman1994194.E2.80.935_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFootman1994">Footman 1994</a>, pp. 194–5.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson1891189.E2.80.9390-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson1891189.E2.80.9390_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson 1891</a>, pp. 189–90.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFEly1883">Ely, Richard T (1883), <i>French and German Socialism in Modern Times</i>, New York: Harper and Brothers, p. 191</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlau1949">Berlau 1949</a>, p. 21.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921.E2.80.9322-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921.E2.80.9322_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerlau1949">Berlau 1949</a>, pp. 21–22.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2> <ul> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBerlau1949">Berlau, A Joseph (1949), <i>The German Social Democratic Party, 1914–1921</i>, New York: Columbia University Press</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBernstein1893">Bernstein, Edward (1893), <i>Ferdinand Lassalle as a Social Reformer</i>, London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co</span>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFDawson1891">Dawson, WH (1891), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/germansocialism01dawsgoog"><i>German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle</i></a>, London: Swan Sonnenschein<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/germansocialism01dawsgoog">http://www.archive.org/details/germansocialism01dawsgoog</a></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFootman1994">Footman, David (1994), <i>The Primrose Path: A Biography of Ferdinand Lassalle</i>, London: Cresset Press</span>.</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd><small><i><b>Sourcing Note:</b></i> An earlier incarnation of this article incorporated text from a publication now in the public domain: Hugh Chisholm (ed.), "Ferdinand Lassalle," in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, 1911.</small></dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span></h2> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German editions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="German_editions">German editions</span></h3> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/diephilosophieh01lass"><i>Die Philosophie Herakleitos des Dunklen von Ephesos.</i> Vol. 1</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/diephilosophieh02lass">Vol. 2</a> (The Philosophy of Heraclitus the Dark Philosopher of Ephesus) Berlin: Franz Duncker, 1858.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><i>Der italienische Krieg und die Aufgabe Preussens: eine Stimme aus der Demokratie</i> (The Italian War and the Tasks of Prussia: A Voice of Democracy). Berlin: Franz Duncker, 1859.</li> <li><i>Das System der erworbenen Rechte</i> (The System of Acquired Rights). Two volumes. Leipzig: 1861.</li> <li><i>Über Verfassungswesen: zwei Vorträge und ein offenes Sendschreiben</i> (On Constitutional Systems: Two Lectures and an Open Letter). Berlin: 1862.</li> <li><i>Offenes Antwortschreiben an das Zentralkomitee zur Berufung eines Allgemeinen Deutschen Arbeiter-Kongresses zu Leipzig</i> (Open Letter Answering the Central Committee on the Convening of a General German Workers' Congress in Leipzig). Zürich: Meyer and Zeller, 1863.</li> <li><i>Zur Arbeiterfrage: Lassalle's Rede bei der am 16. April in Leipzig abgehaltenen Arbeiterversammlung nebst Briefen der Herren Professoren Wuttke und Dr. Lothar Bucher.</i> (On the Labor Problem: Lassalle's Speech on the 16th of April [1863] at a Leipzig Workers' Meeting, Together with the Letters of Professor Wuttke and Dr. Lothar Bucher). Leipzig: 1863.</li> <li><i>Herr Bastiat-Schulze von Delitzsch, der ökonomische Julian, oder Kapital und Arbeit</i> (Mr. Bastiat-Schulze von Delitzsch, the Economic Julian, or, Capital and Labour). Berlin: Reinhold Schlingmann, 1864.</li> <li><i>Reden und Schriften</i> (Speeches and Writings). In three volumes. New York: Wolff and Höhne, n.d. [1883].</li> <li><i>Gesammelte Reden und Schriften</i> (Collected Speeches and Writings). In 12 volumes. Berlin: P. Cassirer, 1919-1920. <ul> <li><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu01lassuoft">vol. 1</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu02lassuoft">vol. 2</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu03lassuoft">vol. 3</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu04lassuoft">vol. 4</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu05lassuoft">vol. 5</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu06lassuoft">vol. 6</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu07lassuoft">vol. 7</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu08lassuoft">vol. 8</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu09lassuoft">vol. 9</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu10lassuoft">vol. 10</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu11lassuoft">vol. 11</a> | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/gesammelteredenu12lassuoft">vol. 12</a></small></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: English translations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="English_translations">English translations</span></h3> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/workingmansprogr00lassiala"><i>The Working Man's Programme: An Address.</i></a> Edward Peters, trans. London: The Modern Press, 1884.</li> <li><i>What is Capital?</i> F. Keddell, trans. New York: New York Labor News Co., 1900.</li> <li><i>Lassalle's Open Letter to the National Labor Association of Germany.</i> John Ehmann and Fred Bader, trans. New York: International Library Publishing, 1901. <small>Originally published in US in 1879.</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/franzvonsickinge00tranrich">Franz von Sickingen: A Tragedy in Five Acts.</a> Daniel DeLeon, trans. New York: New York Labor News, 1904.</li> <li><i>Voices of Revolt, Volume 3: Speeches of Ferdinand Lassalle with a Biographical Sketch.</i> Introduction by Jakob Altmaier. New York: International Publishers, 1927.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1893/lassalle/index.htm"><i>Ferdinand Lassalle as a Social Reformer.</i></a> Eleanor Marx Aveling, trans. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1893.</li> <li>William Harbutt Dawson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.archive.org/details/germansocialism01dawsgoog"><i>German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle.</i></a> London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1891.</li> <li>David Footman, <i>The Primrose Path: A Biography of Ferdinand Lassalle.</i> London: Cresset Press, 1946.</li> <li>Arno Schirokauer, <i>Lassalle: The Power of Illusion and the Illusion of Power.</i> Eden and Cedar Paul, trans. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1931.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" class="extiw" title="commons:Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></b></i></td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><span class="citation">(archive) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lassalle/"><i>Ferdinand Lassalle</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.marxists.org/">Marxists Internet Archive</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://www.marxists.org/archive/lassalle/">http://www.marxists.org/archive/lassalle/</a></span></span>.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association" title="General German Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association</a></li> </ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tr> <th scope="col" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style=""> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><span title="View this template" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding: 0.5em;" rowspan="11"> <div><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_rose_02_-.jpg.svg" class="image"><img alt="Red rose 02 -.jpg.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Red_rose_02_-.jpg.svg/80px-Red_rose_02_-.jpg.svg.png" width="80" height="76" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Red_rose_02_-.jpg.svg/120px-Red_rose_02_-.jpg.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20130130151203im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Red_rose_02_-.jpg.svg/160px-Red_rose_02_-.jpg.svg.png 2x"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;;">Development</th> <td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;;">Policies</th> <td 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href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;;">Organizations</th> <td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Social democratic parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;;">Leaders</th> <td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Ignacy Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Junmai" title="Zhang Junmai">Zhang Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Tetsu Katayama</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Ferdinand Lassalle</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">José Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DC241f; color:white;;;">Anthem</th> <td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://viaf.org/viaf/12310979">12310979</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table id="persondata" class="persondata" style="border:1px solid #aaa; display:none; speak:none;"> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Persondata" title="Wikipedia:Persondata">Persondata</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Name</td> <td>Lassalle, Ferdinand</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Alternative names</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Short description</td> <td>German jurist, socialist</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of birth</td> <td>11 April 1825</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of birth</td> <td><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a>, <a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Date of death</td> <td>31 August 1864</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="persondata-label" style="color:#aaa;">Place of death</td> <td>Carouge, Geneva</td> </tr> </table> <p><span id="interwiki-de-ga"></span></p>   </div>   <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&oldid=529797880">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lassalle&oldid=529797880</a>" </div>   <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20130130151203/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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class="interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Lasalo" title="Ferdinando Lasalo" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="فردیناند لاسال" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EB%82%9C%ED%8A%B8_%EB%9D%BC%EC%82%B4%EB%A0%88" title="페르디난트 라살레" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9C" title="פרדיננד לסל" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinandus_Lassalle" title="Ferdinandus Lassalle" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinands_Lasalls" title="Ferdinands Lasalls" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="फेर्डिनाण्ड लासाल" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="フェルディナント・ラッサール" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk (bokmål)‎</a></li> <li class="interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk (nynorsk)‎</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Лассаль, Фердинанд" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="فەردیناند لاسال" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20130130151203/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interwiki-zh"><a 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