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</li> <li id="toc-Gerrit_as_a_young_man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerrit_as_a_young_man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Gerrit as a young man </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerrit_as_a_young_man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gerrit_in_the_1830s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gerrit_in_the_1830s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Gerrit in the 1830s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gerrit_in_the_1830s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Political career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_Black_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_Black_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Support for Black people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support_for_Black_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Support for Black people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Support_for_Black_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_failed_land_redistribution_project_(Timbuctoo)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_failed_land_redistribution_project_(Timbuctoo)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 The failed land redistribution project (Timbuctoo) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_failed_land_redistribution_project_(Timbuctoo)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chaplin_slave_escape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chaplin_slave_escape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 The Chaplin slave escape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chaplin_slave_escape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fugitive_Slave_Convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fugitive_Slave_Convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The Fugitive Slave Convention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fugitive_Slave_Convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defending_Fugitive_Slave_Law_violators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defending_Fugitive_Slave_Law_violators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Defending Fugitive Slave Law violators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defending_Fugitive_Slave_Law_violators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helping_John_Brown_in_Kansas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helping_John_Brown_in_Kansas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Helping John Brown in Kansas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helping_John_Brown_in_Kansas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harpers_Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harpers_Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Harpers Ferry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harpers_Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_social_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_social_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Other social activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_social_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tribute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropic_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropic_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Philanthropic activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philanthropic_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archival_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Archival material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relatives_of_Smith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relatives_of_Smith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Relatives of Smith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relatives_of_Smith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_(most_recent_first)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_(most_recent_first)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Further reading (most recent first) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_(most_recent_first)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gerrit Smith</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-title="جریت ایسمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerrit Smith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gerrit Smith" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gerrit Smith" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB" title="جيريت سميث – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيريت سميث" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="گیرٹ سمتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گیرٹ سمتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ګیرت سمیت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګیرت سمیت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gerrit Smith" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Смит, Джеррит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смит, Джеррит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Джеррит Сміт – Ukrainian" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American abolitionist and politician (1797–1874)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other persons, see <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gerrit Smith (disambiguation)">Gerrit Smith (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Gerrit Smith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerrit_Smith_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gerrit_Smith_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Gerrit_Smith_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gerrit_Smith_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Gerrit_Smith_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gerrit_Smith_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Gerrit_Smith_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="4072" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Representative">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="New York's 22nd congressional district">22nd</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1853 – August 7, 1854</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bennett_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bennett (U.S. politician)">Henry Bennett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Goodwin" title="Henry C. Goodwin">Henry C. Goodwin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1797-03-06)March 6, 1797 <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 28, 1874(1874-12-28) (aged 77) New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty</a> (1840s) <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a> (1850s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Wealtha Ann Backus (Jan. 1819 – Aug. 1819; her death) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh" title="Ann Carroll Fitzhugh">Ann Carroll Fitzhugh</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1822)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Smith_Miller" title="Elizabeth Smith Miller">Elizabeth Smith Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greene_Smith" title="Greene Smith">Greene Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">social reformer, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, businessman, <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">philanthropist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Gerrit Smith (March 6, 1797 – December 28, 1874), also spelled Gerritt Smith, was an American social reformer, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, businessman, <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a>, and philanthropist. Married to <a href="/wiki/Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh" title="Ann Carroll Fitzhugh">Ann Carroll Fitzhugh</a>, Smith was a candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>, <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>. He served a single term in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> from 1853 to 1854.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> First <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a> (1818), and married to the daughter of the college president, he had "a fine mind", with "a strong literary bent and a marked gift for public speaking".<a href="#cite_note-Tanner-2">[2]</a>: 25  He was called "the sage of Peterboro."<a href="#cite_note-Calendar-3">[3]</a>: ix  He was well liked, even by his political enemies. The many who appeared at his house in Peterboro, invited or not, were well received. (In 1842 the names of 132 visitors were recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Ballots-4">[4]</a>: 28 ) Smith, one of the wealthiest men in New York, was committed to political reform, and above all to the elimination of slavery. So many fugitive slaves came to <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro</a> to ask for his help (usually, in reaching Canada) that there is a book about them.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Peterboro was, because of Smith, the capital of the abolition movement. The only assembly of escaped slaves (as opposed to free Blacks) ever to meet in the United States—the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">Fugitive Slave Convention</a> of 1850—took place in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Cazenovia_(village),_New_York" title="Cazenovia (village), New York">Cazenovia</a> because Peterboro was too small for the meeting. Smith was also, and less successfully, a <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> activist, and a women's rights suffrage advocate. He was a significant financial contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> throughout his life. Besides making substantial donations of both land and money to create <a href="/wiki/Timbuctoo,_New_York" title="Timbuctoo, New York">Timbuctoo</a>, an African-American community in <a href="/wiki/North_Elba,_New_York" title="North Elba, New York">North Elba, New York</a>, he was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization movement">colonization movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-stauffer-6">[6]</a> before abandoning colonization in favor of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a>, the immediate freeing of all the slaves. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a> who financially supported <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown's raid">John Brown's raid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry</a>, in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 13–14  <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site" title="John Brown Farm State Historic Site">Brown's farm</a>, in North Elba, was on land he bought from Smith. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forebears">Forebears</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forebears">edit</a>]</div> Smith was born in <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a>, when it was still an unincorporated village.<a href="#cite_note-Calendar-3">[3]</a>: ix  He was one of four children of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Gerrit Smith (page does not exist)">Peter Gerrit Smith</a> (1768–1837), whose ancestors were from Holland (<a href="/wiki/Gerrit" title="Gerrit">Gerrit</a> is a Dutch name),<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 27  and Elizabeth (Livingston) Smith (†1818), daughter of Col. <a href="/wiki/James_Livingston_(American_Revolution)" title="James Livingston (American Revolution)">James Livingston</a> and Elizabeth (Simpson) Livingston. Peter, an actor as a young man, and who coached Gerrit in public speaking,<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 44  was a slave owner,<a href="#cite_note-Peter-10">[10]</a>: 154  the first judge in <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_New_York" title="Madison County, New York">Madison County</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nyhn-11">[11]</a> and the largest landholder in New York State.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> "In partnership with <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a> and alone in real estate, Peter Smith [had] managed to amass a considerable fortune. Peter was the county judge of <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_New_York" title="Madison County, New York">Madison County, New York</a>, and has been described as 'easily its leading citizen'."<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 27  He was "a devout and emotionally religious man".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 1822 on, Peter Smith was intensely engaged in the work of the Bible and <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tract</a> societies."<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 28  The author of the only book on Peter calls him greedy, self-centered, driven by the search for profits, and someone who did not like people who were not like him: white, male, and Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Peter-10">[10]</a>: 153–154  He was not philanthropic.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 39  "Other people...[were] objects to be used for his own benefit, especially if they were culturally different than himself. Native Americans, poor people, black people, and non-Christians he viewed with disrepect."<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 11  Peter spent his last years in a religious fanaticism that led him to give up all his worldly goods.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 16  He turned over a $400,000 business [equivalent to $7,961,739 in 2023] to his son Gerrit in 1819 and bequeathed $800,000 more [equivalent to $16,955,556 in 2023] to his children in 1837. Gerrit also inherited 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) of land from his father, and at one point he owned 750,000 acres (300,000 ha), an area bigger than Rhode Island.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Another source says that he inherited from his father over one million acres in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> An 1846 listing of lands he was offering for sale fills 45 pages.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Gerrit had an older brother, Peter Smith Jr., who was a problem drinker that died young, and a younger brother Adolph, who was "clinically insane and confined to a nearby institution."<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 15  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerrit_Smith_house,_Peterboro,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gerrit_Smith_house%2C_Peterboro%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-Gerrit_Smith_house%2C_Peterboro%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gerrit_Smith_house%2C_Peterboro%2C_New_York.jpg/330px-Gerrit_Smith_house%2C_Peterboro%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gerrit_Smith_house%2C_Peterboro%2C_New_York.jpg/440px-Gerrit_Smith_house%2C_Peterboro%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Gerrit Smith house, <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York</a>, from an 1878 book. The house was destroyed by fire in 1936.</figcaption></figure> Smith's maternal aunt, Margaret Livingston, was married to Judge <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cady" title="Daniel Cady">Daniel Cady</a>. Their daughter <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, a founder and leader of the women's suffrage movement, was Smith's first cousin. Elizabeth Cady met her future husband, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stanton">Henry Stanton</a>, also an active abolitionist, at the Smith family home in <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Established in 1795, the town had been founded by and named for Gerrit Smith's father, Peter Smith, who built the family homestead there in 1804.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 16 <a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Another source says that Peter Smith moved to <a href="/wiki/Whitesboro,_New_York" title="Whitesboro, New York">Whitesboro</a> "about 1803" and that he removed to Peterboro in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Gerrit came there when he was 9.<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 27  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerrit_as_a_young_man">Gerrit as a young man</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gerrit as a young man">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonia_Lewis,_hands_of_Gerrit_Smith_and_his_wife_Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Edmonia_Lewis%2C_hands_of_Gerrit_Smith_and_his_wife_Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh.jpg/220px-Edmonia_Lewis%2C_hands_of_Gerrit_Smith_and_his_wife_Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Edmonia_Lewis%2C_hands_of_Gerrit_Smith_and_his_wife_Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh.jpg/330px-Edmonia_Lewis%2C_hands_of_Gerrit_Smith_and_his_wife_Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Edmonia_Lewis%2C_hands_of_Gerrit_Smith_and_his_wife_Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh.jpg/440px-Edmonia_Lewis%2C_hands_of_Gerrit_Smith_and_his_wife_Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3623" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmonia_Lewis" title="Edmonia Lewis">Edmonia Lewis</a>, hands of Gerrit Smith (right) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh" title="Ann Carroll Fitzhugh">Ann Carroll Fitzhugh</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> Gerrit was described as "tall, magnificently built and magnificently proportioned, his large head superbly set on his shoulders;" he "might have served as a model for a Greek god in the days when man deified beauty and worshipped it."<a href="#cite_note-Axe-19">[19]</a>: 42  He attended <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Oneida_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Oneida Academy">Hamilton Oneida Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton, Oneida County, New York</a>, and graduated with honors from its successor <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a> in 1818, giving the <a href="/wiki/Valedictory" class="mw-redirect" title="Valedictory">valedictory</a> address, and describing his stay at the college as "very active with many friends".<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 28  (His father was one of the trustees.<a href="#cite_note-Isserman-20">[20]</a>) In January 1819, he married Wealtha Ann Backus (1800–1819), daughter of Hamilton College's first President, <a href="/wiki/Azel_Backus" title="Azel Backus">Azel Backus</a> D.D. (1765–1817), and sister of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_F._Backus" title="Frederick F. Backus">Frederick F. Backus</a> (1794–1858). Wealtha died in August of the same year. In 1822, he married 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh" title="Ann Carroll Fitzhugh">Ann Carroll Fitzhugh</a> (1805–1879), sister of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fitzhugh_(assemblyman)" title="Henry Fitzhugh (assemblyman)">Henry Fitzhugh</a> (1801–1866) and of Wealtha's brother's wife.<a href="#cite_note-Ballots-4">[4]</a>: 7  Their relationship "appeared to be loving";[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] although Ann was a religious, church-going person who worried that Gerrit was not.<a href="#cite_note-Ballots-4">[4]</a>: 9  They had eight children, but only <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Smith_Miller" title="Elizabeth Smith Miller">Elizabeth Smith Miller</a> (1822–1911), mother of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller" title="Gerrit Smith Miller">Gerrit Smith Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greene_Smith" title="Greene Smith">Greene Smith</a> (c. 1841–1880) survived to adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-Nyhn-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In the year of his graduation, the death of his mother plunged his father, Peter, into severe depression. He withdrew from all business and vested in his second son Gerrit, who had to abandon plans for a law career, the entire charge of his estate,<a href="#cite_note-Tanner-2">[2]</a>: 25  described as "monumental".<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 28  He became an active <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> campaigner, and attended temperance gatherings more than political ones.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 153  He claimed to have given in 1824 the first temperance speech ever in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Auto-22">[22]</a> In his hometown of Peterboro, he built one of the first temperance hotels in the country, which was not successful commercially, and was disliked by many locals. Smith wrote of himself: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">But as an extemporaneous Speaker and Debater, we do not hesitate to place him in the first class. Here his eloquence is the growth of the hour and the occasion. He warms with the subject, especially if opposed, until at the climax, his heavy voice rolling forth in ponderous volume and his large frame quivering in every muscle, he stands, like Jupiter, thundering, and shaking with his thunderbolts his throne itself.<a href="#cite_note-Auto-22">[22]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gerrit_in_the_1830s">Gerrit in the 1830s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gerrit in the 1830s">edit</a>]</div> He attended numerous revival meetings, and taught <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a>. He thought of establishing a seminary for Black students. In 1834 he began a Peterboro <a href="/wiki/Manual_labor_college" title="Manual labor college">manual labor school</a> for Black students,<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 30  along the model of nearby <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a>. It had only one instructor, and it lasted only two years.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Axe-19">[19]</a>: 42  Previously a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, he became an abolitionist in 1835 after a mob in <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a>, including New York congressman and future Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beardsley" title="Samuel Beardsley">Samuel Beardsley</a>, broke up the initial meeting of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Anti-Slavery_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Anti-Slavery Society (page does not exist)">New York Anti-Slavery Society</a>, which he attended at the urging of his friends <a href="/wiki/Beriah_Green" title="Beriah Green">Beriah Green</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvan_Stewart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvan Stewart (page does not exist)">Alvan Stewart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 32 <a href="#cite_note-Axe-19">[19]</a>: 43  At his invitation, the meeting continued the next day in Peterboro.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> He resigned as a trustee of Hamilton College "on the grounds that the school was insufficiently anti-slavery", and joined the board of and financially assisted the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a>, "a hotbed of anti-slavery activity".<a href="#cite_note-Axe-19">[19]</a>: 44  He contributed $9,000 (equivalent to $265,819 in 2023) to support schools in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, but realized by 1835 that the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> had no intention of abolishing slavery.<a href="#cite_note-Sorin-8">[8]</a>: 31  Smith was a laggard instead of a leader in changing from supporting colonization to "immediatism", immediate full <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a>. Support for <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> after the war would have been unthinkable for Garrison, Douglass, or other abolitionist leaders. Gerrit's stately house was not only an <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> stop, it received a constant stream of visitors. (See <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York#Gerrit_Smith" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York#Gerrit Smith</a>.) His desk was said to have belonged to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>. Besides a library of 1,000 volumes, on the wall was a framed map of the Eastern Seaboard, with his extensive land-holdings marked.<a href="#cite_note-Renahan-25">[25]</a>: 15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a>]</div> "It must be admitted that few men in this country have been a candidate for high office so many times and polled so few votes."<a href="#cite_note-Tanner-2">[2]</a>: 29  In 1840, Smith played a leading part in the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty Party</a>; the name of the party was his.<a href="#cite_note-Calendar-3">[3]</a>: xi  In the same year, their <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1840" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1840">presidential candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a> married Elizabeth Potts Fitzhugh, Smith's sister-in-law. Smith and Birney travelled to London that year to attend the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Birney, but not Smith, is recorded in the commemorative painting of the event. In 1848, Smith was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidency</a> by the remnant of this organization that had not been absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>. An "Industrial Congress" at <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> also nominated him for the presidency in 1848, and the "Land Reformers" in 1856. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_election,_1840" class="mw-redirect" title="New York gubernatorial election, 1840">1840</a> and again in <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1858" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state election, 1858">1858</a>, he ran for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> on an anti-slavery platform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911261-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GerritSmith-1840s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/GerritSmith-1840s.jpg/170px-GerritSmith-1840s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/GerritSmith-1840s.jpg/255px-GerritSmith-1840s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/GerritSmith-1840s.jpg/340px-GerritSmith-1840s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Smith made <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> a plank in the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">platform</a> on June 14–15, 1848.</figcaption></figure> On June 2, 1848, in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>, Smith was nominated as the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(1840s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Party (1840s)">Liberty Party</a>'s presidential candidate.<a href="#cite_note-Wellman176-28">[28]</a> At the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Liberty_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Liberty Convention (page does not exist)">National Liberty Convention</a>, held June 14–15 in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, Smith gave a major address,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> including in his speech a demand for "universal suffrage in its broadest sense, females as well as males being entitled to vote."<a href="#cite_note-Wellman176-28">[28]</a> The delegates approved a passage in their address to the people of the United States addressing votes for women: "Neither here, nor in any other part of the world, is the right of suffrage allowed to extend beyond one of the sexes. This universal exclusion of woman...argues, conclusively, that, not as yet, is there one nation so far emerged from barbarism, and so far practically Christian, as to permit woman to rise up to the one level of the human family."<a href="#cite_note-Wellman176-28">[28]</a> Reverend <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Foote" title="Charles C. Foote">Charles C. Foote</a> was nominated as his running mate. The ticket would come in fourth place in the election, carrying 2,545 popular votes, all from <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_New_York,_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in New York, 1848">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-results-30">[30]</a> At the request of friends, Smith had 3,000 copies printed of an 1851 speech in Troy in which he set forth his views of government.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Smith laments the people's universal dependence on government. As a consequence of that dependence, government occupies itself "for the most part, in doing that it belongs to the people to do". He opposed tariffs, internal improvements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>, at public expense, and publicly-supported schools, which could not teach religion, which Smith thought the main function of schools. The remedy was less government, and the less, the better.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The only political office to which Smith was ever elected, and that by a very large majority,<a href="#cite_note-Voters-33">[33]</a>: 9  was Representative in the U.S. Congress. Smith served a single term in Congress, on the Free Soil ticket, from March 4, 1853, until the end of the session on August 7, 1854, although he said that because of his business activities he had sought neither the nomination nor his election.<a href="#cite_note-Voters-33">[33]</a> ("My nomination to Congress alarmed me greatly, because I believed that it would result in my election."<a href="#cite_note-Jun27-34">[34]</a>) He made a point of resigning his seat on the last day of the session. He then published a lengthy letter to his constituents explaining his frustrations in Congress and his decision not to run for a second term.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jun27-34">[34]</a> He was well liked, even by Southern members, who found him "one of the best fellows in the Capitol, as one, although well known as an abolitionist, still as one to be tolerated".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> By 1856, very little of the Liberty Party remained after most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly of all what remained of the party joined the Republicans in 1854. The small remnant of the party renominated Smith under the name of the "National Liberty Party". In 1860, the remnant of the party was also called the Radical Abolitionists.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-DouglassMonthly-38">[38]</a> A convention of one hundred delegates was held in Convention Hall, Syracuse, New York, on August 29, 1860. Delegates were in attendance from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. Several of the delegates were women. Smith, despite his poor health, fought <a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)" title="William Goodell (abolitionist)">William Goodell</a> in regard to the nomination for the presidency. In the end, Smith was nominated for president and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_McFarland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel McFarland (page does not exist)">Samuel McFarland</a> from Pennsylvania was nominated for vice president. The ticket won 171 popular votes from <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Illinois,_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Illinois, 1860">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Ohio,_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Ohio, 1860">Ohio</a>. In Ohio, a slate of presidential electors pledged to Smith ran with the name of the Union Party.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerrit_Smith_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Gerrit_Smith_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20064.jpg/180px-Gerrit_Smith_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20064.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Gerrit_Smith_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20064.jpg/270px-Gerrit_Smith_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Gerrit_Smith_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20064.jpg/360px-Gerrit_Smith_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_20064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Gerrit Smith</figcaption></figure> Smith, along with his friend and ally <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>, was a leading advocate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> as an antislavery document, as opposed to abolitionist <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, who believed it was to be condemned as a pro-slavery document, and was in favor of <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States#Abolitionists_seek_Northern_secession" title="Secession in the United States">secession by the North</a>. In 1852, Smith was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free-Soiler</a>. In his address, he declared that all men have an equal right to the soil; that wars are brutal and unnecessary; that slavery could be sanctioned by no constitution, state or federal; that free trade is essential to human brotherhood; that women should have full political rights; that the Federal government and the states should prohibit the liquor traffic within their respective jurisdictions; and that government officers, so far as practicable, should be elected by direct vote of the people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911261-27">[27]</a> Unhappy with his separation from his home and business, Smith resigned his seat at the end of the first session, ostensibly to allow voters sufficient time to select his successor.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1869, Smith served as a delegate to the founding convention of the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872 presidential election</a> Smith was considered for the Prohibition Party's presidential nomination.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_Black_people">Support for Black people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Support for Black people">edit</a>]</div> According to Black Rev. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a>, who moved there at Smith's invitation,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> "There are yet two places where slave holders cannot come—Heaven and Peterboro."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_failed_land_redistribution_project_(Timbuctoo)">The failed land redistribution project (Timbuctoo)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The failed land redistribution project (Timbuctoo)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_marker_for_Timbuctoo,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Historic_marker_for_Timbuctoo%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-Historic_marker_for_Timbuctoo%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Historic_marker_for_Timbuctoo%2C_New_York.jpg/330px-Historic_marker_for_Timbuctoo%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Historic_marker_for_Timbuctoo%2C_New_York.jpg/440px-Historic_marker_for_Timbuctoo%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption>A historic marker notes the approximate location of the Timbuctoo settlement.</figcaption></figure> After becoming an opponent of land <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>, he gave numerous farms of 50 acres (20 ha) each to 1,000 "worthy" New York state Blacks.<a href="#cite_note-Tribune1-45">[45]</a> In 1846, hoping to help black families become self-sufficient, to isolate and thus protect them from escaped slave-hunters, and to provide them with the property ownership that was needed for Blacks to vote in New York, Smith attempted to help free blacks settle approximately 120,000 acres (49,000 ha) of land he owned in the remote <a href="/wiki/Adirondacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Adirondacks">Adirondacks</a>. Abolitionist <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> joined his project, purchasing land and moving his family there. However, the land Smith gave away was "of but moderate fertility", "heavily timbered, and in no respect remarkably inviting".<a href="#cite_note-Tribune1-45">[45]</a> In Smith's own words, it was his "poorest land"; his better land he sold.<a href="#cite_note-Tribune2-46">[46]</a> Most grantees never saw the remote land Smith had given them; many of those who did visit it soon left, and in 1857, it was estimated that less than 10% of the grantees were actually living on their land.<a href="#cite_note-Tribune2-46">[46]</a> The difficulty of farming in the mountains, coupled with the settlers' lack of experience in housebuilding and farming and the bigotry of white neighbors, caused the project to fail.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 17–18  As Smith put it, "I was perhaps a better land-reformer in theory than in practice."<a href="#cite_note-Tribune2-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site" title="John Brown Farm State Historic Site">John Brown Farm State Historic Site</a> is all that remains of the settlement, called <a href="/wiki/Timbuctoo,_New_York" title="Timbuctoo, New York">Timbuctoo, New York</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Chaplin_slave_escape">The Chaplin slave escape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Chaplin slave escape">edit</a>]</div> Peterboro became a station on the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911261-27">[27]</a> Due to his connections with it, Smith financially supported a planned mass slave escape in Washington, D.C., in April 1848, organized by <a href="/wiki/William_L._Chaplin" title="William L. Chaplin">William L. Chaplin</a>, another abolitionist, as well as numerous members of the city's large free black community. The <a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident">Pearl incident</a> attracted widespread national attention after the 77 slaves were intercepted and captured about two days after they sailed from the capital.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fugitive_Slave_Convention">The Fugitive Slave Convention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Fugitive Slave Convention">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">Fugitive Slave Convention</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Cazenovia,_New_York" title="Cazenovia, New York">Cazenovia, New York</a>, on August 21 and 22, 1850. It was a fugitive slave meeting, the biggest ever held in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_New_York" title="Madison County, New York">Madison County, New York</a>, was the abolition headquarters of the country, because of philanthropist and activist Gerrit Smith, who lived in neighboring Peterboro, New York, and called the meeting "in behalf of the New York State Vigilance Committee." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defending_Fugitive_Slave_Law_violators">Defending Fugitive Slave Law violators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Defending Fugitive Slave Law violators">edit</a>]</div> Smith paid the legal expenses of several persons charged with infractions of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 12  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helping_John_Brown_in_Kansas">Helping John Brown in Kansas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Helping John Brown in Kansas">edit</a>]</div> Smith became a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Emigrant_Aid_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Emigrant Aid Society">Kansas Aid Movement</a>, a campaign to raise money and show solidarity with <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">anti-slavery immigrants</a> to that territory.<a href="#cite_note-Harlow-48">[48]</a>: 351  It was during this movement that he first met and financially supported <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Harlow-48">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harpers_Ferry">Harpers Ferry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Harpers Ferry">edit</a>]</div> Smith was a member of what much later was called the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a>, a informal group of influential Northern abolitionists, who supported Brown in his efforts to capture the armory at <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (since 1863, West Virginia), and start a slave revolt. After the failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Senator <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> unsuccessfully attempted to have Smith accused, tried, and hanged along with Brown.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 12  Governor Wise suggested that Smith be brought to him, "by fair or foul means",<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> but residents of Peterboro said publicly that they would use guns to protect him.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Upset by the raid, its outcome, and its aftermath, expecting to be indicted, Smith suffered a mental breakdown; he was described in the press as "a raving lunatic", who became "very violent".<a href="#cite_note-Condition-52">[52]</a> For several weeks he was confined to the <a href="/wiki/Utica_Psychiatric_Center" title="Utica Psychiatric Center">Utica Psychiatric Center</a>, at the time called the State Lunatic Asylum.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 13–14 <a href="#cite_note-Dream-53">[53]</a> He was accused of feigning his illness, but multiple reports state that it was genuine.<a href="#cite_note-Dream-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harlowarticle-54">[54]</a>: 49–54  He was initially on a suicide watch.<a href="#cite_note-Condition-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> When the Chicago Tribune later claimed Smith had full knowledge of Brown's plan at Harper's Ferry, Smith sued the paper for <a href="/wiki/United_States_defamation_law" title="United States defamation law">libel</a>, claiming that he lacked any such knowledge and thought only that Brown wanted guns so that slaves who ran away to join him might defend themselves against attackers.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Smith's claim was countered by the Tribune, which produced an affidavit, signed by Brown's son, swearing that Smith had full knowledge of all the particulars of the plan, including the plan to instigate a slave uprising. In writing later of these events, Smith said, "That affair excited and shocked me, and a few weeks after I was taken to <a href="/wiki/Utica_Psychiatric_Center" title="Utica Psychiatric Center">a lunatic asylum</a>. From that day to this I have had but a hazy view of dear John Brown's great work. Indeed, some of my impressions of it have, as others have told me, been quite erroneous and even wild."<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 13–14  Ralph Harlow concluded his examination of the episode with this quote from Brown: "G S he knew to be a timid man".<a href="#cite_note-Harlowarticle-54">[54]</a>: 60  While in the New York Lunatic Asylum, now the <a href="/wiki/Utica_Psychiatric_Center" title="Utica Psychiatric Center">Utica Psychiatric Center</a>, he was treated with <a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">cannabis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dan-57">[57]</a>: 512  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_social_activism">Other social activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other social activism">edit</a>]</div> Smith was a major benefactor of <a href="/wiki/New-York_Central_College" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Central College">New-York Central College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Co-educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-educational">co-educational</a> and racially <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrated</a> college in <a href="/wiki/Cortland_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortland County">Cortland County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Smith supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, but at its close he advocated a mild policy toward the late <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate states</a>, declaring that part of the guilt of slavery lay upon the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911262-59">[59]</a> In 1867, Smith, together with <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>, helped to underwrite the $100,000 (~$1.79 million in 2023) bond needed to free Jefferson Davis, who had, at that time, been imprisoned for nearly two years without being charged with any crime.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 11  In doing this, Smith incurred the resentment of Northern <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republican</a> leaders. Smith's passions extended to religion as well as politics. Believing that <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> was sinful, he separated from the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church">Presbyterian Church</a> in 1843. He was one of the founders of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_at_Peterboro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church at Peterboro (page does not exist)">Church at Peterboro</a>, a non-denominational institution open to all non-slave-owning Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911262-59">[59]</a> His private benefactions were substantial; of his gifts he kept no record,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but their value is said to have exceeded $8,000,000. Though a man of great wealth, his life was one of marked simplicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911262-59">[59]</a> He died in 1874 while visiting relatives in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Estate" title="Gerrit Smith Estate">Gerrit Smith Estate</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York</a>, was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-nhlsum-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-nhlnom-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dedication_page_of_Frederick_Douglass,_My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dedication_page_of_Frederick_Douglass%2C_My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom.jpg/220px-Dedication_page_of_Frederick_Douglass%2C_My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dedication_page_of_Frederick_Douglass%2C_My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom.jpg/330px-Dedication_page_of_Frederick_Douglass%2C_My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dedication_page_of_Frederick_Douglass%2C_My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom.jpg/440px-Dedication_page_of_Frederick_Douglass%2C_My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Dedication page of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a>, 1855</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribute">Tribute</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tribute">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> dedicated to Smith <a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a> (1855):<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To honorable Gerrit Smith, as a slight token of esteem for his character, admiration for his genius and benevolence, affection for his person, and gratitude for his friendship, and as a small but most sincere acknowledgement of his pre-eminent services in [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] behalf of the rights and liberties of an afflicted, despised and deeply outraged people, by ranking slavery with piracy and murder, and by denying it either a legal or Constitutional existence, this volume is respectively dedicated, by his faithful and firmly attached friend, Frederick Douglass.</blockquote> Years before, a student at his Peterboro Manual Labor School, where "Mr. Smith liberally supplies us with stationery, books, board and lodging", stated that "if the man of color has a sincere friend, that friend is Gerrit Smith".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A visitor to Smith's house in 1870 described it as follows: <blockquote>I have visited many houses...but never before one like this. One breathing the affluence of wealth without a touch of its insolence, characterized by refinement and the highest culture, yet free from all the impertinance of display. Plainness of attire, simplicity of manner, absolute sincerity, and an all-pervading spirit of love characterize the family and give tone to the home—a home free from press and hurry and confusion, where differences of opinion are expressed without irritation, where the individual is respected, where the younger members of the family are reverent and the older ones considerate, where all are mindful of the interests of each, and each is thoughtful for all.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 35 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philanthropic_activities">Philanthropic activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philanthropic activities">edit</a>]</div> Money was for Smith a resource that belonged to others, a divine gift to be used for the common good.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 43  Smith provided support for a large number of progressive causes and people and, except for his land grants, did not keep careful records. The dates given are in some cases approximate, either because documents do not provide a definite date, or because there were multiple payments. <ul><li>"200,000 acres (81,000 ha) of his land he had divided among various destitute people, and 650 poor women have received money from him to help provide themselves with homes."<a href="#cite_note-Auto-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Built and ran unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Temperance_hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperance hotel">temperance hotel</a> on his property in Peterboro, 1827–1833.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> It reopened in 1845 but was no more successful. He also established an unsuccessful temperance hotel in Oswego.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Supporter of <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a>, 1820s–early 1830s.</li> <li>Support for the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a>, the first school at which both Blacks and whites were welcomed, 1830s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_labor_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual labor school">Manual labor school</a> for "colored boys" in Peterboro, 1834–1836 (two years). <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Quarles" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Quarles">Benjamin Quarles</a> suggests that Smith may have ended the project because it was duplicating what was available at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a>, headed by his friend <a href="/wiki/Beriah_Green" title="Beriah Green">Beriah Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Another scholar suggests that the school closed because of Smith's disillusionment with the American Colonization Society, as the school had set upon preparing students to Christianize Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 147–148 </li> <li>Created in Peterboro a group home to support economically destitute children.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 30 </li> <li>Founder of nondenominational Free Church of Peterboro, 1843.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 41  (Dissatisfied with existing churches' refusal to insist on abolition.)</li> <li>Supported <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>' abolitionist newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" title="The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">The North Star</a>, late 1840s. Douglas dedicated the second of his autobiographies to Gerrit.<a href="#cite_note-Renehan-7">[7]</a>: 16 </li> <li>Supported planned mass slave escape in Washington, DC, in April 1848, organized by <a href="/wiki/William_L._Chaplin" title="William L. Chaplin">William L. Chaplin</a>.</li> <li>Provided land in <a href="/wiki/North_Elba,_New_York" title="North Elba, New York">North Elba, New York</a>, to support <a href="/wiki/Timbuctoo,_New_York" title="Timbuctoo, New York">Timbuctoo</a> settlement of Black farmers, 1848.</li> <li>Sold land in North Elba to <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> "for a bargain price of $1 an acre".<a href="#cite_note-Dream-53">[53]</a></li> <li>Major benefactor of <a href="/wiki/New-York_Central_College" class="mw-redirect" title="New-York Central College">New-York Central College</a>, 1850s.</li> <li>Helped with legal expenses of <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law">Fugitive Slave Law</a> violators, 1850s. Primary sponsor of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">Fugitive Slave Convention</a>, held in neighboring Cazenovia.</li> <li>In 1851, he funded the establishment of an educational academy in Peterboro.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 149 </li> <li>About 1855, gave $25,000 (equivalent to $817,500 in 2023) to build the <a href="/wiki/Oswego_City_Library" title="Oswego City Library">Oswego City Library</a>, and $5,000 for books.</li> <li>Leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Emigrant_Aid_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Emigrant Aid Society">New England Emigrant Aid Society</a> (Kansas Aid Movement), assisting abolitionist settlers and <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> working to make Kansas a free state, 1850s.</li> <li>Between 1856 and 1874, donated money to "interracial colleges": <a href="/wiki/Berea_College" title="Berea College">Berea College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton Agricultural Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">[9]</a>: 149 </li> <li>Paid for printing of <a href="/wiki/James_Redpath" title="James Redpath">James Redpath</a>'s The Roving Editor: or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States, 1859.</li> <li>One of <a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a> that helped finance <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harper%27s_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry</a>, 1859</li> <li>With <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a>, one of guarantors of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>'s bond, 1867.<a href="#cite_note-Renahan-25">[25]</a>: 11 </li> <li>Supported <a href="/wiki/William_G._Allen" title="William G. Allen">William G. Allen</a> and family financially during their poverty in London, 1870s and 1880s.</li></ul> After his death, a newspaper reported his philanthropic activities as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">His private benefactions were boundless. He literally gave away fortunes to relieve immediate distress. Old men and women asked for sustenance in their infirmity. To redeem farms, to buy unproductive land, to send children to school, applications were made from every part of the country. But permanent institutions, too, bear witness to the solid character of his bounty. The public subscription papers of his times usually bore his name at the head and for the largest sum. There were $5,000 to a single war fund. The English destitute received at one time $1,000, the Poles $1,000, the Greeks as much more. The sufferers by a fire at Canastota received the next morning $1,000. The sufferers by <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">the Irish famine</a> were gladdened by a gift of $2,000. A thousand went to the sufferers from the grasshoppers in Kansas and Nebraska. The Cuban subscriptions took $5,000. Individuals in distress, anti-slavery men, temperance reformers, teachers, hard-working ministers of whatever denomination, received sums all the way from $500 to $50. In cases when money was required to vindicate a principle—as in <a href="/wiki/William_L._Chaplin" title="William L. Chaplin">the Chaplin case</a>—thousands of dollars were contributed, To keep slavery out of Kansas cost him $18,000. He helped on election expenses, maintained papers, supported editors and their families, was at perpetual charge for the maintenance of societies organised for particular reforms. The <a href="/wiki/Oswego_City_Library" title="Oswego City Library">free library at Oswego</a>, an admirable institution, comprising about six thousand wisely selected volumes, with less trash than any public collection of books we ever saw, owes its existence to his endowment of $30,000 (~$867,163 in 2023) in 1853. Judicious management, seconded by the liberality of the city, makes this library minister to the higher intellectual culture. His own college, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton</a>, received $20,000; <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a> thousands at a time; <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin</a>, a pet with him on account of its freedom from race and sex prejudice, was endowed with land as well as aided by money. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_College" title="New York Central College">New York Central College</a> appealed to him, not in vain. The <a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Normal School at Hampton</a> obtained in response to an appeal in 1874 $2,000 (~$48,616 in 2023). Reading rooms, libraries, academies of all degrees drew resources from him. Seminaries in Virginia, Tennessee, Georgia, Vermont, tasted his bounty. General R. E. Lee's <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington and Lee College">Washington College</a> was as welcome as any to what he had to bestow. <a href="/wiki/Berea_College" title="Berea College">Berea College</a> in Kentucky, received in 1874 $4,720 (~$114,734 in 2023). <a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer College</a>, at Harper's Ferry, received the same year two donations each of a thousand dollars. <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a>, at Nashville, the <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> at Washington, drew handsomely from his stores. He at one period, shortly before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cornell_University" title="History of Cornell University">establishment of Cornell University</a>, projected a great university for the State of New York, for the highest education of men and women, white and black, and would have carried his plan into execution but for the difficulty of procuring the superintendent he wanted. His donation of $10,000 to the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization Society</a> because he had pledged it, though when he paid the money he had satisfied himself that the society was not what he had been led to believe—was considered by many abolitionists a proceeding the chivalrous honor whereof hardly excused the indiscreet support given to what he now regarded as a fraud. His charges for the rescue and maintenance of fugitive[s] from southern slavery were very heavy; in one year they amounted to $5,000. To meet the incessant casual calls that were made on him, it was a custom to have checks prepared and only requiring to be signed and filled in with the applicant's name, for various amounts. No call of peculiar necessity escaped his attention, and his bounty was as delicate as it was generous. Whole households looked to him as their preserver and constant benefactor. A unique example of his benevolence was his donation, through committees, of a generous sum of money, as much as $30,000, to destitute old maids and widows in every county of the State. The individual gift was not great, $50 to each, but the total was considerable; the humanity expressed in the idea is chiefly worth considering.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> In 2005 Smith was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Abolition_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="National Abolition Hall of Fame">National Abolition Hall of Fame</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> Smith paid for the printing of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadsides</a>, with his views on a variety of subjects. His own collection of his pamphlets is in the <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse University Library">Syracuse University Library</a>. A number of recipients bound those they received into volumes, different contents for each collector. <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith1922" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1922) [March 23, 1829]. "Letter to Andrew Yates". Documentary History of Hamilton College. <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton, New York</a>: Hamilton College. pp. 201–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Andrew+Yates&rft.btitle=Documentary+History+of+Hamilton+College&rft.place=Clinton%2C+New+York&rft.pages=201-208&rft.pub=Hamilton+College&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1833" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1833). Letter from Gerit [sic] Smith, to Edward C. Delavan, esq. on the reformation of the intemperate. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/79910882">79910882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+from+Gerit+%5Bsic%5D+Smith%2C+to+Edward+C.+Delavan%2C+esq.+on+the+reformation+of+the+intemperate&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.date=1833&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F79910882&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1835" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1835). "Speech of Mr. Gerrit Smith". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0002428000/page/n15/mode/2up">Proceedings of the New York Anti-Slavery Convention : held at Utica, October 21, and New York Anti-Slavery State Society : held at Peterboro, October 22, 1835</a>. pp. 18–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Speech+of+Mr.+Gerrit+Smith&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+New+York+Anti-Slavery+Convention+%3A+held+at+Utica%2C+October+21%2C+and+New+York+Anti-Slavery+State+Society+%3A+held+at+Peterboro%2C+October+22%2C+1835&rft.pages=18-23&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0002428000%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1837" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterofgerritsm1837smit/page/n3/mode/2up">Letter of Gerrit Smith to Hon. Gulian C. Veplanck</a>. [Calling on the New York Legislature to remove legal discrimination towards "our colored inhabitants".] <a href="/wiki/Whitesboro,_New_York" title="Whitesboro, New York">Whitesboro, New York</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+of+Gerrit+Smith+to+Hon.+Gulian+C.+Veplanck&rft.place=Whitesboro%2C+New+York&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletterofgerritsm1837smit%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1837" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1837). Letter of Gerrit Smith to Rev. James Smylie, of the state of Mississippi. New York: R.G. Williams, for the <a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+of+Gerrit+Smith+to+Rev.+James+Smylie%2C+of+the+state+of+Mississippi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=R.G.+Williams%2C+for+the+American+Anti-Slavery+Society&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberty_Party_(N.Y.)._State_Convention1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party (N.Y.). State Convention</a> (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/may850602">Address of the Peterboro State Convention to the slaves, and its vindication</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cazenovia,_New_York" title="Cazenovia, New York">Cazenovia, New York</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Address+of+the+Peterboro+State+Convention+to+the+slaves%2C+and+its+vindication.&rft.place=Cazenovia%2C+New+York&rft.date=1842&rft.au=Liberty+Party+%28N.Y.%29.+State+Convention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.cornell.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fmay850602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> Probably written by Smith. Includes (pp. 16–23) an "Extract from a letter by Gerrit Smith to Rev. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Brisbane" title="William Henry Brisbane">Wm. H. Brisbane</a>".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1844" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalar00smit/page/n3/mode/2up">Constitutional Argument against American Slavery</a>. [In the form of a letter to <a href="/wiki/John_G._Whittier" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Whittier">John G. Whittier</a>.] <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a>: Jackson & Chaplin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Argument+against+American+Slavery&rft.place=Utica%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Jackson+%26+Chaplin&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionalar00smit%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1846" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gerritsmithsland00smit/page/n1/mode/2up">Gerrit Smith's land auction. For sale, and the far greater share at public auction, about three quarters of a million of acres of land, lying in the State of New-York</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith%27s+land+auction.+For+sale%2C+and+the+far+greater+share+at+public+auction%2C+about+three+quarters+of+a+million+of+acres+of+land%2C+lying+in+the+State+of+New-York&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgerritsmithsland00smit%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1846" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/may855007">An address to the three thousand colored citizens of New-York : who are the owners of one hundred and twenty thousand acres of land, in the state of New-York, given to them by Gerrit Smith, Esq. of Peterboro, September 1, 1846</a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+address+to+the+three+thousand+colored+citizens+of+New-York+%3A+who+are+the+owners+of+one+hundred+and+twenty+thousand+acres+of+land%2C+in+the+state+of+New-York%2C+given+to+them+by+Gerrit+Smith%2C+Esq.+of+Peterboro%2C+September+1%2C+1846&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.cornell.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fmay855007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1847" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abstractofargume00smit">Abstract of the argument, in the public discussion of the question: "Are the Christians of a given community the church of such community?" made by Gerrit Smith, in Hamilton College, April 12th, 13th, 14th, 1847</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abstract+of+the+argument%2C+in+the+public+discussion+of+the+question%3A+%22Are+the+Christians+of+a+given+community+the+church+of+such+community%3F%22+made+by+Gerrit+Smith%2C+in+Hamilton+College%2C+April+12th%2C+13th%2C+14th%2C+1847&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabstractofargume00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1850" class="citation news cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (October 16, 1850) [October 7, 1850]. "Gerrit Smith's appeal, and the Fugitive Slave Law". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madison_County_Whig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madison County Whig (page does not exist)">Madison County Whig</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cazenovia,_New_York" title="Cazenovia, New York">Cazenovia, New York</a>. p. 7 – via NYS Historic Newspapers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madison+County+Whig&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith%27s+appeal%2C+and+the+Fugitive+Slave+Law&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1850-10-16&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1851" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZlBAQAAMAAJ">The True Office of Civil Government. A Speech in the City of Troy</a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Office+of+Civil+Government.+A+Speech+in+the+City+of+Troy&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZlBAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1852" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abstractofargume00smit_1/page/n1/mode/2up">Abstract of the argument on the fugitive slave law, made by Gerrit Smith, in Syracuse, June, 1852, on the trial of Henry W. Allen, U.S. deputy marshal, for kidnapping</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abstract+of+the+argument+on+the+fugitive+slave+law%2C+made+by+Gerrit+Smith%2C+in+Syracuse%2C+June%2C+1852%2C+on+the+trial+of+Henry+W.+Allen%2C+U.S.+deputy+marshal%2C+for+kidnapping&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabstractofargume00smit_1%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1853" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1853) [December 20, 1853]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speechofgerritsm00smit/page/n3/mode/1up">Speech of Gerrit Smith, in Congress, on the reference of the President's message</a>. [Smith's first speech on the floor of Congress. On the <a href="/wiki/Koszta_Affair" title="Koszta Affair">Koszta Affair</a>.] Washington, D.C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speech+of+Gerrit+Smith%2C+in+Congress%2C+on+the+reference+of+the+President%27s+message&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeechofgerritsm00smit%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1855" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speechesgerrits00smitgoog/page/n6/mode/2up">Speeches of Gerrit Smith in Congress [1853–1854]</a>. New York: Mason Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+of+Gerrit+Smith+in+Congress+%5B1853%E2%80%931854%5D&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mason+Brothers&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeechesgerrits00smitgoog%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithNew_York_Tribune1855" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/controversybetwe00smit/page/n1/mode/2up">Controversy between New-York Tribune and Gerrit Smith</a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controversy+between+New-York+Tribune+and+Gerrit+Smith&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft.au=New+York+Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontroversybetwe00smit%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1858" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (July–August 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peacebetterthanw00smit">"Peace better than war : annual address delivered before the American Peace Society, in Boston, May 24th, 1858"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate of Peace">The Advocate of Peace</a>: 97–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate+of+Peace&rft.atitle=Peace+better+than+war+%3A+annual+address+delivered+before+the+American+Peace+Society%2C+in+Boston%2C+May+24th%2C+1858&rft.pages=97-118&rft.date=1858-07%2F1858-08&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeacebetterthanw00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1859" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threediscourseso00smit/page/2/mode/2up">Three discourses on the religion of reason</a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+discourses+on+the+religion+of+reason&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreediscourseso00smit%2Fpage%2F2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1860" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gerritsmithandv01smitgoog/page/n4/mode/2up">Gerrit Smith and the Vigilant Association of the City of New-York</a>. [On slavery.] New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith+and+the+Vigilant+Association+of+the+City+of+New-York&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgerritsmithandv01smitgoog%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1864" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=mayantislavery;cc=mayantislavery;view=image;idno=36920102;page=root;seq=3;size=100">Speeches and letters of Gerrit Smith (from January, 1863, to January, 1864) on the rebellion</a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+and+letters+of+Gerrit+Smith+%28from+January%2C+1863%2C+to+January%2C+1864%29+on+the+rebellion&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dmayantislavery%3Bcc%3Dmayantislavery%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bidno%3D36920102%3Bpage%3Droot%3Bseq%3D3%3Bsize%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1865" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sermoninpeterbor00smit/page/n5">Sermon in Peterboro, May 21, 1865. The nation still unsaved, Only repentance can save it</a>. Author not stated, but Library of Congress catalogued it as a work of Smith. There was no one else in Peterboro that could have written it. Peterboro? N.Y.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermon+in+Peterboro%2C+May+21%2C+1865.+The+nation+still+unsaved%2C+Only+repentance+can+save+it.&rft.pub=Peterboro%3F+N.Y.&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsermoninpeterbor00smit%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1873" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rescuecubanow00smit/mode/2up">"Rescue Cuba Now" : Let crushed Cuba arise. Substance of the speech delivered in Syracuse, July 4, 1873</a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Rescue+Cuba+Now%22+%3A+Let+crushed+Cuba+arise.+Substance+of+the+speech+delivered+in+Syracuse%2C+July+4%2C+1873&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frescuecubanow00smit%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archival_material">Archival material</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archival material">edit</a>]</div> Smith's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller" title="Gerrit Smith Miller">Gerrit Smith Miller</a>, was the final resident of the Smith mansion. In 1928, before it burned, he donated Smith's enormous collection of letters, documents, diaries, and daybooks to the <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Syracuse University Library">Syracuse University Library</a>, along with a pamphlet and broadside collection of over 700 items.<a href="#cite_note-Pamphlets-66">[66]</a> There is nothing like it for any other businessman of his day. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/s/smith_g.htm">Gerrit Smith Papers</a>, Syracuse University Special Collections Research Center. 10,000 letters,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> 74 boxes. Library description of holdings: "Business, family and general correspondence; business and land records; writings; and maps. Notable correspondents include <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoinette Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a>, Caleb Calkins, <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Marcellus_Clay_(politician)" title="Cassius Marcellus Clay (politician)">Cassius Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Conkling" title="Alfred Conkling">Alfred Conkling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Charles A. Dana</a>, Paulina W. Davis, <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Delavan" title="Edward C. Delavan">Edward C. Delavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, Albert G. Finney, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grimk%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Cady">Elizabeth Cady</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry B. Stanton">Henry B. Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Tappan" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Tappan">Louis Tappan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Weld">Theodore Weld</a>." The collection has been microfilmed, and together with materials of his father Peter Smith, fills 89 reels.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A partial calendar of the general correspondence was published in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The Special Collections Research Center of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> also holds Smith's pamphlet collection, "700+ items", which has also been microfilmed, and over half digitized and available online.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pamphlets-66">[66]</a></li> <li>Another important collection of documents related to Gerrit Smith is found in the archives of his alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton, Oneida County, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Net-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Additional documents are in the collections of the Peterboro and the Madison County Historical Societies.<a href="#cite_note-Net-72">[72]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Estate" title="Gerrit Smith Estate">Gerrit Smith Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterboro_Land_Office" title="Peterboro Land Office">Peterboro Land Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_aid_from_Gerrit_Smith" title="List of recipients of aid from Gerrit Smith">List of recipients of aid from Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Abolition_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum">National Abolition Hall of Fame and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterboro_Area_Museum" title="Peterboro Area Museum">Peterboro Area Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">Fugitive Slave Convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cazenovia,_New_York" title="Cazenovia, New York">Cazenovia, New York</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relatives_of_Smith">Relatives of Smith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Relatives of Smith">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Carroll_Fitzhugh" title="Ann Carroll Fitzhugh">Ann Carroll Fitzhugh</a>, wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Smith_Miller" title="Elizabeth Smith Miller">Elizabeth Smith Miller</a>, daughter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_Smith" title="Greene Smith">Greene Smith</a>, son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller" title="Gerrit Smith Miller">Gerrit Smith Miller</a>, grandson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller_Jr." title="Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.">Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.</a>, great-grandson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, cousin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9X0rc6E9EGkC&pg=PA88">Back to Africa: Benjamin Coates and the colonization movement in America</a>. Penn State Press. 2005. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02684-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02684-7"><bdi>0-271-02684-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111141307/http://books.google.com/books?id=9X0rc6E9EGkC&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2016-03-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back+to+Africa%3A+Benjamin+Coates+and+the+colonization+movement+in+America&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-271-02684-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9X0rc6E9EGkC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanner-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanner_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanner_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanner_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1924" class="citation journal cs1">Tanner, E. P. (January 1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43554023">"Gerrit Smith: An Interpretation"</a>. Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association. 5 (1): 21–39. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43554023">43554023</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414112845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43554023">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-14. Retrieved 2022-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+New+York+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-39&rft.date=1924-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43554023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43554023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calendar-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calendar_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calendar_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calendar_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorical_Records_Survey._Division_of_Community_Service_Programs._Work_Projects_Administration1941" class="citation book cs1">Historical Records Survey. Division of Community Service Programs. Work Projects Administration (1941). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u3hUAAAAYAAJ">Calendar of the Gerrit Smith Papers in the Syracuse University Library</a>. Introduction by George W. Roach. Albany, New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192527/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Calendar_of_the_Gerrit_Smith_Papers_in_t/u3hUAAAAYAAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+the+Gerrit+Smith+Papers+in+the+Syracuse+University+Library&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Historical+Records+Survey.+Division+of+Community+Service+Programs.+Work+Projects+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du3hUAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ballots-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ballots_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballots_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ballots_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDann2016" class="citation book cs1">Dann, Norman K. (2016). Ballots, Bloomers and Marmalade. The Life of Elizabeth Smith Miller. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_York" title="Hamilton, New York">Hamilton, New York</a>: Log Cabin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780997325102" title="Special:BookSources/9780997325102"><bdi>9780997325102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballots%2C+Bloomers+and+Marmalade.+The+Life+of+Elizabeth+Smith+Miller&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Log+Cabin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780997325102&rft.aulast=Dann&rft.aufirst=Norman+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDann2008" class="citation book cs1">Dann, Norman K. (2008). When we get to heaven : runaway slaves on the road to Peterboro. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_York" title="Hamilton, New York">Hamilton, New York</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Log_Cabin_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Log Cabin Books (page does not exist)">Log Cabin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780975554845" title="Special:BookSources/9780975554845"><bdi>9780975554845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+we+get+to+heaven+%3A+runaway+slaves+on+the+road+to+Peterboro&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Log+Cabin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780975554845&rft.aulast=Dann&rft.aufirst=Norman+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stauffer-6"><a href="#cite_ref-stauffer_6-0">^</a> Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men, p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-Renehan-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renehan_7-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenehan1995" class="citation book cs1">Renehan, Edward J. (1995). The Secret Six: The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired with John Brown. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-59028-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-59028-X"><bdi>0-517-59028-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Six%3A+The+True+Tale+of+the+Men+Who+Conspired+with+John+Brown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-517-59028-X&rft.aulast=Renehan&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorin-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorin_8-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorin1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Sorin" title="Gerald Sorin">Sorin, Gerald</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorkabolition0000sori">The New York Abolitionists. A Case Study of Political Radicalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0837133084" title="Special:BookSources/0837133084"><bdi>0837133084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Abolitionists.+A+Case+Study+of+Political+Radicalism&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0837133084&rft.aulast=Sorin&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorkabolition0000sori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dannpassionate-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dannpassionate_9-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDann2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Dann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Dann (page does not exist)">Dann, Norman Kingsford</a> (2021). Passionate Energies. The Gerrit and Ann Smith Family of Peterboro, New York Through a Century of Reform. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_York" title="Hamilton, New York">Hamilton, New York</a>: Log Cabin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781733089111" title="Special:BookSources/9781733089111"><bdi>9781733089111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passionate+Energies.+The+Gerrit+and+Ann+Smith+Family+of+Peterboro%2C+New+York+Through+a+Century+of+Reform&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Log+Cabin+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781733089111&rft.aulast=Dann&rft.aufirst=Norman+Kingsford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDann2018" class="citation book cs1">Dann, Norman K. (2018). Peter Smith of Peterboro. Furs, Land, and Anguish. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_York" title="Hamilton, New York">Hamilton, New York</a>: Log Cabin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692076514" title="Special:BookSources/9780692076514"><bdi>9780692076514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Smith+of+Peterboro.+Furs%2C+Land%2C+and+Anguish&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Log+Cabin+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780692076514&rft.aulast=Dann&rft.aufirst=Norman+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyhn-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nyhn_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nyhn_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/smith.htm">"Gerrit Smith. Biographical Information"</a>. New York History Net. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816145103/http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/smith.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith.+Biographical+Information&rft.pub=New+York+History+Net&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyhistory.com%2Fgerritsmith%2Fsmith.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahmexhibits.omeka.net/exhibits/show/dreaming-of-timbuctoo/dreaming-of-timbuctoo-pdf">Dreaming of Timbuctoo [lesson plans]</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adirondack_History_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adirondack History Museum (page does not exist)">Adirondack History Museum</a>, p. 7, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424165448/https://ahmexhibits.omeka.net/exhibits/show/dreaming-of-timbuctoo/dreaming-of-timbuctoo-pdf">archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2022, retrieved April 3, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreaming+of+Timbuctoo+%5Blesson+plans%5D&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Adirondack+History+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahmexhibits.omeka.net%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fdreaming-of-timbuctoo%2Fdreaming-of-timbuctoo-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60267906/a-visit-to-gerrit-smiths-mansion/">"Gerrit Smith at Home"</a>. Belvidere Standard (<a href="/wiki/Belvidere,_Illinois" title="Belvidere, Illinois">Belvidere, Illinois</a>). November 26, 1867. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426015548/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60267906/a-visit-to-gerrit-smiths-mansion/">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belvidere+Standard+%28Belvidere%2C+Illinois%29&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith+at+Home&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1867-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F60267906%2Fa-visit-to-gerrit-smiths-mansion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulaPula2010" class="citation book cs1">Pula, James S.; Pula, Cheryl A., eds. (2010). "With Courage and Honor": Oneida County's Role in the Civil War. Utica, New York: Ethnic Heritage Studies Center, Utica College. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9660363-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9660363-7-4"><bdi>978-0-9660363-7-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22With+Courage+and+Honor%22%3A+Oneida+County%27s+Role+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Utica%2C+New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Ethnic+Heritage+Studies+Center%2C+Utica+College&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9660363-7-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1846" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gerritsmithsland00smit/page/n1/mode/2up">Gerrit Smith's land auction. For sale, and the far greater share at public auction, about three quarters of a million of acres of land, lying in the State of New-York</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peterboro,_New_York" title="Peterboro, New York">Peterboro, New York</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith%27s+land+auction.+For+sale%2C+and+the+far+greater+share+at+public+auction%2C+about+three+quarters+of+a+million+of+acres+of+land%2C+lying+in+the+State+of+New-York&rft.place=Peterboro%2C+New+York&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgerritsmithsland00smit%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1984" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Elizabeth (1984). In Her Own Right: The Life of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503729-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503729-4"><bdi>0-19-503729-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Her+Own+Right%3A+The+Life+of+Elizabeth+Cady+Stanton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-19-503729-4&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_History_Net" class="citation web cs1">New York History Net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/gsestate.htm">"Historic Peterboro"</a>. Retrieved October 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Peterboro&rft.au=New+York+History+Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnyhistory.com%2Fgerritsmith%2Fgsestate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Outline History of Utica and Vicinity. Utica, New York: New Century Club of Utica. 1900. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outline+History+of+Utica+and+Vicinity&rft.place=Utica%2C+New+York&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=New+Century+Club+of+Utica&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axe-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Axe_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axe_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axe_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axe_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSernett1986" class="citation book cs1">Sernett, Milton C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abolitionsaxeber00sern/">Abolition's axe : Beriah Green, Oneida Institute, and the Black freedom struggle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815623700" title="Special:BookSources/9780815623700"><bdi>9780815623700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abolition%27s+axe+%3A+Beriah+Green%2C+Oneida+Institute%2C+and+the+Black+freedom+struggle&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780815623700&rft.aulast=Sernett&rft.aufirst=Milton+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabolitionsaxeber00sern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isserman-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Isserman_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsserman2011" class="citation book cs1">Isserman, Maurice (2011). On The Hill. A Bicentennial History of Hamilton College, 1812–2012. Clinton, New York: <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615432090" title="Special:BookSources/9780615432090"><bdi>9780615432090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Hill.+A+Bicentennial+History+of+Hamilton+College%2C+1812%E2%80%932012&rft.place=Clinton%2C+New+York&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Hamilton+College&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780615432090&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunston_Hall_Plantation" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunston_Hall_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunston Hall Plantation">Gunston Hall Plantation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115154430/http://www.gunstonhall.org/masonweb/p48.htm">"Descendants of George Mason, 1629-1686"</a>. p. 48. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gunstonhall.org/masonweb/p48.htm#i2366">the original</a> on 2009-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Descendants+of+George+Mason%2C+1629-1686&rft.pages=48&rft.au=Gunston+Hall+Plantation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gunstonhall.org%2Fmasonweb%2Fp48.htm%23i2366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auto-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gerrit (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/gsauto.htm">Autobiography</a>. New York History Net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817162424/http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/gsauto.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography&rft.pub=New+York+History+Net&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyhistory.com%2Fgerritsmith%2Fgsauto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanreposito39socigoog/page/n319">"Peterboro Manual Labor School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_Repository" title="African Repository">African Repository</a>. 1834. pp. 312–313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Repository&rft.atitle=Peterboro+Manual+Labor+School&rft.pages=312-313&rft.date=1834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanreposito39socigoog%2Fpage%2Fn319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=RE18351120.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22Amos+dresser%22-------">"Both sides! Speech of Mr. Gerrit Smith, In the Meeting of the New-York Anti-Slavery Society, held in Peterboro, October 22, 1835"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Enquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Enquirer">Richmond Enquirer</a>. November 20, 1835. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730105443/https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=RE18351120.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22Amos+dresser%22-------">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021 – via <a href="/w/index.php?title=VirginiaChronicle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VirginiaChronicle (page does not exist)">VirginiaChronicle</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Both+sides%21+Speech+of+Mr.+Gerrit+Smith%2C+In+the+Meeting+of+the+New-York+Anti-Slavery+Society%2C+held+in+Peterboro%2C+October+22%2C+1835&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1835-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirginiachronicle.com%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DRE18351120.1.2%26e%3D-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%2522Amos%2Bdresser%2522-------&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renahan-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renahan_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renahan_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenahan,_Jr.1995" class="citation book cs1">Renahan, Jr., Edward J. (1995). 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New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/051759028X" title="Special:BookSources/051759028X"><bdi>051759028X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Six.+The+True+Tale+of+the+Men+Who+Conspired+with+John+Brown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=051759028X&rft.aulast=Renahan%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/60228328?loginSuccess=true&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents">List of delegates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117030848/https://www.jstor.org/stable/60228328?loginSuccess=true&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents">Archived</a> 2018-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention, 1840, Retrieved 2 August 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911261-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911261_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911261_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911261_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wellman176-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellman176_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellman176_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellman176_28-2">c</a> Wellman, 2004, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Claflin, Alta Blanche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c10PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA50">Political parties in the United States 1800-1914</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612201733/https://books.google.com/books?id=c10PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA50">Archived</a> 2020-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York Public Library, 1915, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-results-30"><a href="#cite_ref-results_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1848&fips=36&f=1&off=0&elect=0">"1848 Presidential General Election Results - New York"</a>. U.S. Election Atlas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403004457/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=1848&fips=36&f=1&off=0&elect=0">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1848+Presidential+General+Election+Results+-+New+York&rft.pub=U.S.+Election+Atlas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fstate.php%3Fyear%3D1848%26fips%3D36%26f%3D1%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1851" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZlBAQAAMAAJ">The True Office of Civil Government. A Speech in the City of Troy</a>. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192527/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_True_Office_of_Civil_Government/oZlBAQAAMAAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Office+of+Civil+Government.+A+Speech+in+the+City+of+Troy&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZlBAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vance, Laurence M. (Winter 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=35&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=5&docId=GALE%7CA191213519&docType=Biography&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZONE-Exclude-FT&prodId=AONE&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA191213519&searchId=R1&userGroupName=wikipedia&inPS=true">"Gerrit Smith: a radical nineteenth-century libertarian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Review">Independent Review</a>. 13 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192537/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=wikipedia&da=true&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fretrieve.do%3FtabID%3DT002%26resultListType%3DRESULT_LIST%26searchResultsType%3DSingleTab%26hitCount%3D35%26searchType%3DBasicSearchForm%26currentPosition%3D5%26docId%3DGALE%257CA191213519%26docType%3DBiography%26sort%3DRelevance%26contentSegment%3DZONE-Exclude-FT%26prodId%3DAONE%26pageNum%3D1%26contentSet%3DGALE%257CA191213519%26searchId%3DR1%26userGroupName%3Dwikipedia%26inPS%3Dtrue&prodId=AONE">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-18. Retrieved 2022-07-24 – via <a href="/wiki/Gale_Academic_OneFile" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Academic OneFile">Gale Academic OneFile</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Review&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith%3A+a+radical+nineteenth-century+libertarian&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fretrieve.do%3FtabID%3DT002%26resultListType%3DRESULT_LIST%26searchResultsType%3DSingleTab%26hitCount%3D35%26searchType%3DBasicSearchForm%26currentPosition%3D5%26docId%3DGALE%257CA191213519%26docType%3DBiography%26sort%3DRelevance%26contentSegment%3DZONE-Exclude-FT%26prodId%3DAONE%26pageNum%3D1%26contentSet%3DGALE%257CA191213519%26searchId%3DR1%26userGroupName%3Dwikipedia%26inPS%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voters-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voters_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voters_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1855" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (1855). 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New York: Mason Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Voters+of+the+Counties+of+Oswego+and+Madison&rft.btitle=Speeches+of+Gerrit+Smith+in+Congress+%5B1853%E2%80%931854%5D&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mason+Brothers&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeechesgerrits00smitgoog%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jun27-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jun27_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jun27_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1854" class="citation news cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smith, Gerrit</a> (27 Jun 1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100177221/gerrit-smith-resigns-his-position/">"Letter of Gerrit Smith"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daily_National_Era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daily National Era (page does not exist)">Daily National Era</a>. Washington, D.C. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421143608/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/100177221/gerrit-smith-resigns-his-position/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Mason_Brothers" title="Mason Brothers">Mason Brothers</a>. pp. 375–396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Final+letter+to+his+constituents&rft.btitle=Speeches+of+Gerrit+Smith+in+Congress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=375-396&rft.pub=Mason+Brothers&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gerrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0005087300%2Fpage%2Fn358%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/80590132/gerrit-smith-in-congress/">"Gerrit Smith in Congress"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashtabula_Weekly_Telegraph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashtabula Weekly Telegraph (page does not exist)">Ashtabula Weekly Telegraph</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashtabula,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula, Ohio">Ashtabula, Ohio</a>). 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November 24, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052453/https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=491740">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2018. 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December 8, 1848. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426015637/https://www.accessible.com/accessible/docButton?AAWhat=builtPage&AAWhere=THENORTHSTAR.18481208_001.image&AABeanName=toc3&AANextPage=%2FprintBrowseBuiltImagePage.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2022. 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Retrieved 11 May 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Era&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith%27s+insanity+%E2%80%94+Attempt+to+commit+suicide&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1859-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F101635526%2Fgerrit-smiths-madness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001901000/mode/2up">Gerrit Smith and the Vigilant Association of the City of New-York</a>. New York. 1860.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith+and+the+Vigilant+Association+of+the+City+of+New-York&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0001901000%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dan-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Dan_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDann2009" class="citation book cs1">Dann, Norman K. (2009). Practical Dreamer. Gerrit Smith and the campaign for Social Reform. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_York" title="Hamilton, New York">Hamilton, New York</a>: Log Cabin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9755548-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9755548-7-6"><bdi>978-0-9755548-7-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Dreamer.+Gerrit+Smith+and+the+campaign+for+Social+Reform&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Log+Cabin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9755548-7-6&rft.aulast=Dann&rft.aufirst=Norman+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks2017" class="citation book cs1">Parks, Marlene K. (2017). New York Central College, 1849–1860. Vol. II, under Smith. (Book has no page numbers). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1548505752" title="Special:BookSources/978-1548505752"><bdi>978-1548505752</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035557718">1035557718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Central+College%2C+1849%E2%80%931860&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035557718&rft.isbn=978-1548505752&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Marlene+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911262-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911262_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911262_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911262_59-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlsum-60"><a href="#cite_ref-nhlsum_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009041632/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1512535613&ResourceType=Building">"Gerrit Smith Estate"</a>. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. 2008-01-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1512535613&ResourceType=Building">the original</a> on 2012-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historic+Landmark+summary+listing&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith+Estate&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftps.cr.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdetail.cfm%3FResourceId%3D1512535613%26ResourceType%3DBuilding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlnom-61"><a href="#cite_ref-nhlnom_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouAnn_Wurst2001" class="citation cs2">LouAnn Wurst (September 21, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102180552/http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/ny/gerrit.pdf">National Historic Landmark Nomination: Gerrit Smith Estate</a> (PDF), National Park Service, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/ny/gerrit.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-11-02</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Historic+Landmark+Nomination%3A+Gerrit+Smith+Estate&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2001-09-21&rft.au=LouAnn+Wurst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Fdesignations%2Fsamples%2Fny%2Fgerrit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_student1834" class="citation news cs1">A student (November 8, 1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43468365/gerrit_smiths_manual_labor_school/">"Letter to the editor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202124947/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43468365/gerrit_smiths_manual_labor_school/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Liberator&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+editor&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1834-11-08&rft.au=A+student&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F43468365%2Fgerrit_smiths_manual_labor_school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurst2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wurst, LouAnn (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40819431">"'For the Means of Your Subsistence : : : Look Under God to Your Own Industry and Frugality': Life and Labor in Gerrit Smith's Peterboro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Historical_Archaeology" title="International Journal of Historical Archaeology">International Journal of Historical Archaeology</a>. 6 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331194140/https://www.academia.edu/40819431/_For_the_Means_of_Your_Subsistence_Look_Under_God_to_Your_Own_Industry_and_Frugality_Life_and_Labor_in_Gerrit_Smith_s_Peterboro">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=%27For+the+Means+of+Your+Subsistence+%3A+%3A+%3A+Look+Under+God+to+Your+Own+Industry+and+Frugality%27%3A+Life+and+Labor+in+Gerrit+Smith%27s+Peterboro&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002-09&rft.aulast=Wurst&rft.aufirst=LouAnn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40819431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsRugglesAllenPayne1942" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Peter; Ruggles, David; Allen, Wm. G.; Payne, D. A.; Bibb, Henry; Nell, William C.; Brown, Henry Box; Smith, James Boxer; Vashon, George B.; Crummell, Alexander; Pennington, J. W. C.; Myers, Stephen; Smith, J. Mccune; Langston, John Mercer; Whipper, Wm; Douglass, Frederick; Garnet, Henry Highland; Quarles, Benjamin (1942). <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Quarles" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Quarles">Quarles, Benjamin</a> (ed.). "Letters from Negro Leaders to Gerrit Smith". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Negro_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Negro History">Journal of Negro History</a>. 27 (4): 432–453, at p. 436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2715186">10.2307/2715186</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715186">2715186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150293241">150293241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=Letters+from+Negro+Leaders+to+Gerrit+Smith&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=432-453%2C+at+p.+436&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150293241%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2715186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2715186&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Ruggles%2C+David&rft.au=Allen%2C+Wm.+G.&rft.au=Payne%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Bibb%2C+Henry&rft.au=Nell%2C+William+C.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Henry+Box&rft.au=Smith%2C+James+Boxer&rft.au=Vashon%2C+George+B.&rft.au=Crummell%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Pennington%2C+J.+W.+C.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.+Mccune&rft.au=Langston%2C+John+Mercer&rft.au=Whipper%2C+Wm&rft.au=Douglass%2C+Frederick&rft.au=Garnet%2C+Henry+Highland&rft.au=Quarles%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60898114/philanthropy-of-gerrit-smith/">"Gerrit Smith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutland_Daily_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutland Daily Herald">Rutland Daily Herald</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutland_(city),_Vermont" title="Rutland (city), Vermont">Rutland (city), Vermont</a>. February 4, 1878. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426015548/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60898114/philanthropy-of-gerrit-smith/">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1878-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F60898114%2Fphilanthropy-of-gerrit-smith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pamphlets-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pamphlets_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pamphlets_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMRC_(Michele_Combs?)2013" class="citation cs2">MRC (Michele Combs?) (27 Mar 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.syracuse.edu/digital/guides/print/smith_g_pb_prt.htm">Gerrit Smith Pamphlets and Broadsides Collection. A description of the collection at Syracuse University</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192532/https://library.syracuse.edu/digital/guides/print/smith_g_pb_prt.htm">archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022, retrieved 18 August 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith+Pamphlets+and+Broadsides+Collection.+A+description+of+the+collection+at+Syracuse+University&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.au=MRC+%28Michele+Combs%3F%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.syracuse.edu%2Fdigital%2Fguides%2Fprint%2Fsmith_g_pb_prt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn87070340/1929-01-10/ed-1/seq-8/">"Reminiscent Matter Called to Mind by Hon. Gerrit Smith Miller's Gift to the University"</a>. The Adirondack Record–Elizabethtown Post. Gerrit Smith Miller was Gerrit Smith's grandson. January 10, 1929. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726145137/https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn87070340/1929-01-10/ed-1/seq-8/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-26. Retrieved 2021-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Adirondack+Record%E2%80%93Elizabethtown+Post&rft.atitle=Reminiscent+Matter+Called+to+Mind+by+Hon.+Gerrit+Smith+Miller%27s+Gift+to+the+University&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1929-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyshistoricnewspapers.org%2Flccn%2Fsn87070340%2F1929-01-10%2Fed-1%2Fseq-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Gerrit Smith Papers, 1763-1924 (inclusive), Microfilming Corporation of America, 1974, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122452293">122452293</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith+Papers%2C+1763-1924+%28inclusive%29&rft.pub=Microfilming+Corporation+of+America&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F122452293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Gerrit Smith Papers, 1775-1924, Also at OCLC 21778731, Microfilming Corporation of America, 1974, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883513856">883513856</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith+Papers%2C+1775-1924&rft.pub=Microfilming+Corporation+of+America&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883513856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_State_Education,_Department_Division_of_Archives_and_History1941" class="citation book cs1">New York State Education, Department Division of Archives and History (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101705951">Calendar of the Gerrit Smith papers in the Syracuse University Library</a>. Albany, New York: <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804170119/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101705951">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-04. Retrieved 2022-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+the+Gerrit+Smith+papers+in+the+Syracuse+University+Library&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Works+Progress+Administration&rft.date=1941&rft.au=New+York+State+Education%2C+Department+Division+of+Archives+and+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F101705951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> 2 vols. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Gerrit Smith Pamphlets and Broadsides Collection 1793-1906, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953532298">953532298</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith+Pamphlets+and+Broadsides+Collection+1793-1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953532298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Net-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Net_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Net_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/abouthis.htm">Gerrit Smith. About this page</a>, Gerrit Smith Virtual Museum, NY History Net, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426075254/http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/abouthis.htm">archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2021, retrieved July 30, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerrit+Smith.+About+this+page&rft.series=Gerrit+Smith+Virtual+Museum&rft.pub=NY+History+Net&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyhistory.com%2Fgerritsmith%2Fabouthis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Smith,_Gerrit" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Smith, Gerrit">Smith, Gerrit</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Smith%2C+Gerrit&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=261-262&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading_(most_recent_first)">Further reading (most recent first)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading (most recent first)">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgeford-Smith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bridgeford-Smith, Jan (September 2015). "Money, Morality, and Madness. Businessman Gerrit Smith gambled it all on John Brown". <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Civil_War" title="America's Civil War">America's Civil War</a>. 28 (4): 46–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America%27s+Civil+War&rft.atitle=Money%2C+Morality%2C+and+Madness.+Businessman+Gerrit+Smith+gambled+it+all+on+John+Brown&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=46-53&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Bridgeford-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, John H. (Fall 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/136_150/137fall2005/137martin.html">"Gerrit Smith, Frederick Douglas and Harriet Tubman. The Anti-Slavery Impulse in the Burned-Over District"</a>. Crooked Lake Review. Saints, Sinners and Reformers: The Burned-Over District Re-Visited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crooked+Lake+Review&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith%2C+Frederick+Douglas+and+Harriet+Tubman.+The+Anti-Slavery+Impulse+in+the+Burned-Over+District&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crookedlakereview.com%2Farticles%2F136_150%2F137fall2005%2F137martin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wellman, Judith (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C">The Road to Seneca Falls</a>, Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02904-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02904-6">0-252-02904-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruczek-Aaron2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kruczek-Aaron, Hadley (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20853002">"Choice Flowers and Well-Ordered Tables: Struggling Over Gender in a Nineteenth-Century Household"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Historical_Archaeology" title="International Journal of Historical Archaeology">International Journal of Historical Archaeology</a>. 6 (3): 173–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020333103453">10.1023/A:1020333103453</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20853002">20853002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140772116">140772116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Choice+Flowers+and+Well-Ordered+Tables%3A+Struggling+Over+Gender+in+a+Nineteenth-Century+Household.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=173-185&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140772116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20853002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020333103453&rft.aulast=Kruczek-Aaron&rft.aufirst=Hadley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20853002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStauffer2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stauffer_(professor)" title="John Stauffer (professor)">Stauffer, John</a> (2002). The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00645-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00645-3"><bdi>0-674-00645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Hearts+of+Men%3A+Radical+Abolitionists+and+the+Transformation+of+Race&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-674-00645-3&rft.aulast=Stauffer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenehan1995" class="citation book cs1">Renehan, Edward J. (1995). The Secret Six: The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired with John Brown. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-59028-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-59028-X"><bdi>0-517-59028-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Six%3A+The+True+Tale+of+the+Men+Who+Conspired+with+John+Brown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-517-59028-X&rft.aulast=Renehan&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSernett1986" class="citation news cs1">Sernett, Milton C. (Fall 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/bgreen.htm">"Common Cause: The Antislavery Alliance of Gerrit Smith and Beriah Green"</a>. Syracuse University Library Associates Courier. Vol. 21, no. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syracuse+University+Library+Associates+Courier&rft.atitle=Common+Cause%3A+The+Antislavery+Alliance+of+Gerrit+Smith+and+Beriah+Green&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Sernett&rft.aufirst=Milton+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyhistory.com%2Fgerritsmith%2Fbgreen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanborn1905" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Benjamin_Sanborn" title="Franklin Benjamin Sanborn">Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin</a> (July–December 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011422816&view=1up&seq=365">"A Concord Note-Book. Gerrit Smith and John Brown"</a>. The Critic: An Illustrated Monthly Review of Literature. New series. 44 (new series).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Critic%3A+An+Illustrated+Monthly+Review+of+Literature&rft.atitle=A+Concord+Note-Book.+Gerrit+Smith+and+John+Brown&rft.volume=44+%28new+series%29&rft.date=1905-07%2F1905-12&rft.aulast=Sanborn&rft.aufirst=Franklin+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015011422816%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavius_Brooks_Frothingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavius Brooks Frothingham">Frothingham, Octavius Brooks</a>, Gerrit Smith: A Biography (New York, 1879). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7812-2907-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7812-2907-3">0-7812-2907-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69251602/gerrit-smith-and-harpers-ferry-john/">"Gerrit Smith and the Harper's Ferry Outbreak. A Visit to the Home of Gerrit Smith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>. November 2, 1859. p. 1 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith+and+the+Harper%27s+Ferry+Outbreak.+A+Visit+to+the+Home+of+Gerrit+Smith&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F69251602%2Fgerrit-smith-and-harpers-ferry-john%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gerrit_Smith" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/index.htm">The Gerrit Smith Virtual Museum (New York History Net)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/smith4.html#784.46.42">Gerrit Smith entry</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Political_Graveyard" title="The Political Graveyard">The Political Graveyard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1375">Gerrit Smith</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li>NYHistory.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/gsestate.htm">Historic Peterboro</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressS000542" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000542">"Gerrit Smith (id: S000542)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Gerrit+Smith+%28id%3A+S000542%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS000542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerrit+Smith" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bennett_(US_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bennett (US politician)">Henry Bennett</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_22nd_congressional_district" title="New York's 22nd congressional district">New York's 22nd congressional district</a> March 4, 1853 – August 7, 1854 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Goodwin" title="Henry C. Goodwin">Henry C. Goodwin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Template:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Template talk:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Brown&#039;s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raiders" title="John Brown's raiders">John Brown's raiders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Perry_Anderson" title="Osborne Perry Anderson">Osborne Perry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Brown_(abolitionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Brown (abolitionist)">Oliver Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1824)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1824)">Owen Brown (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="Watson Brown (abolitionist)">Watson Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Copeland_Jr." title="John Anthony Copeland Jr.">John Anthony Copeland Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Coppock">Barclay Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Coppock">Edwin Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hazlett" title="Albert Hazlett">Albert Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Kagi" title="John Henry Kagi">John Henry Kagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sheridan_Leary" title="Lewis Sheridan Leary">Lewis Sheridan Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jackson_Meriam" title="Francis Jackson Meriam">Francis Jackson Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dwight_Stevens" title="Aaron Dwight Stevens">Aaron Dwight Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson" title="Thomas Wentworth Higginson">Thomas Wentworth Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Benjamin_Sanborn" title="Franklin Benjamin Sanborn">Franklin Benjamin Sanborn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Day_Brown" title="Mary Ann Day Brown">Mary Ann Day Brown</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Junior" title="John Brown Junior">John Brown, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chilton" title="Samuel Chilton">Samuel Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E.P._Daingerfield" title="John E.P. Daingerfield">John E.P. Daingerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">Israel Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Hoyt" title="George Henry Hoyt">George Henry Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parker_(congressman)" title="Richard Parker (congressman)">Richard Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Realf" title="Richard Realf">Richard Realf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redpath" title="James Redpath">James Redpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sennott" title="George Sennott">George Sennott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(militia_general)" title="George H. Steuart (militia general)">George H. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allstadt_House_and_Ordinary" title="Allstadt House and Ordinary">Allstadt House and Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing" title="B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing">B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson-Todd_House" title="Gibson-Todd House">Gibson-Todd House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory" title="Harpers Ferry Armory">Harpers Ferry Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry, West Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Historic_District" title="Harpers Ferry Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Farm">Kennedy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_Maryland" title="Sandy Hook, Maryland">Sandy Hook, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afterwards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(biography)" title="John Brown (biography)">John Brown (biography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site" title="John Brown Farm State Historic Site">John Brown Farm State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm,_Tannery_%26_Museum" title="John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum">John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summit_County_Historical_Society_of_Akron,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio">John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Museum_(Osawatomie,_Kansas)" title="John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)">John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">John Brown's body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body_(poem)" title="John Brown's Body (poem)">John Brown's Body (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_last_speech" title="John Brown's last speech">John Brown's last speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Provisional_Constitution" title="John Brown's Provisional Constitution">John Brown's Provisional Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Days of John Brown">The Last Days of John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Moments_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Moments of John Brown">The Last Moments of John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_After_the_Hanging_of_John_Brown" title="Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown">Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Prelude" title="Tragic Prelude">Tragic Prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Black_Jack" title="Battle of Black Jack">Battle of Black Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs_(Kansas)" title="Battle of the Spurs (Kansas)">Battle of the Spurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Bell" title="James Madison Bell">James Madison Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudsplitter" title="Cloudsplitter">Cloudsplitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stuart Curry">John Stuart Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeBaptiste" title="George DeBaptiste">George DeBaptiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson#Civil_War_years" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_on_the_Mountain_(Bisson_novel)" title="Fire on the Mountain (Bisson novel)">Fire on the Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird">The Good Lord Bird (book, </a><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird_(miniseries)" title="The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)">miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah P. Lovejoy">Elijah P. Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Song_(play)" title="Marching Song (play)">Marching Song (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_(colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Montgomery (colonel)">James Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osawatomie" title="Battle of Osawatomie">Battle of Osawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindaro_Townsite" title="Quindaro Townsite">Quindaro Townsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail_(film)" title="Santa Fe Trail (film)">Santa Fe Trail (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Angry_Men" title="Seven Angry Men">Seven Angry Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau#Later_years,_1851–1862" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakarusa_War" title="Wakarusa War">Wakarusa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Winchester and Potomac Railroad">Winchester and Potomac Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underground_Railroad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underground_Railroad" title="Template talk:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underground_Railroad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_people" title="Category:Underground Railroad people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brinkley_(Underground_Railroad)" title="William Brinkley (Underground Railroad)">William Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Burris" title="Samuel Burris">Samuel Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillingham" title="Richard Dillingham">Richard Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fairbank" title="Calvin Fairbank">Calvin Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Flint" title="Isaac S. Flint">Isaac S. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)" title="Daniel Hughes (underground railroad)">Daniel Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Leg_Joe" title="Peg Leg Joe">Peg Leg Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Reckless" title="Hetty Reckless">Hetty Reckless</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Webster" title="Delia Webster">Delia Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ursa_major_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/110px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/165px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/220px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="110" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_locations" title="Category:Underground Railroad locations">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad">houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad">churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_and_Samuel_Hawkins" title="Emeline and Samuel Hawkins">Emeline and Samuel Hawkins</a> flight (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident">Pearl incident</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_raid_in_Cass_County_(1847)" title="Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)">Kentucky raid in Cass County</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Modlin#The_South_Bend_Fugitive_Slave_Case" title="Wright Modlin">The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Riot" title="Christiana Riot">Christiana Riot</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> (1852 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Glover" title="Joshua Glover">Joshua Glover rescue</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a> (1856 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Eight" title="Dover Eight">Dover Eight</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Escape" title="Tilly Escape">Tilly Escape</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maria_Jackson" title="Ann Maria Jackson">Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">African-American opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">publications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li> <li>Signals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_jockey" title="Lawn jockey">lawn jockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a> (1872 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)">Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Historical_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_State_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_Visitor_Center" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center">visitor center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Underground_Railroad_Heritage_Center" title="Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center">Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_Bicycle_Route" title="Underground Railroad Bicycle Route">Underground Railroad Bicycle Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_to_Freedom:_A_Story_of_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War">The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War</a> (1932 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Moses" title="A Woman Called Moses">A Woman Called Moses</a> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance:_The_Story_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad">Roots of Resistance</a> (1989 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Freedom" title="The Quest for Freedom">The Quest for Freedom</a> (1992 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom:_The_Underground_Railroad" title="Freedom: The Underground Railroad">Freedom: The Underground Railroad</a> (2013 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(2016_film)" title="The North Star (2016 film)">The North Star</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_(TV_series)" title="Underground (TV series)">Underground</a> (2016 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(film)" title="Harriet (film)">Harriet</a> (2019 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(miniseries)" title="The Underground Railroad (miniseries)">The Underground Railroad</a> (2021 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earle_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Earle (American politician)">Thomas Earle</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerrit Smith</a>/Charles C. Foote (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)" title="William Goodell (abolitionist)">William Goodell</a>/S. M. Bell (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">1848 Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other party leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis P. Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Party">North American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3104317#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3104317#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3104317#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063164345">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/441856">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/192967/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpv3fXmkF67kbk6hPJVYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/104202491">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85185910">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p245549129">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274624205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16044490?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354999">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000542">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/977863">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd104202491.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/08461515X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gb27r4">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&oldid=1260127029">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Smith&oldid=1260127029</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gerrit_Smith" title="Category:Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1797_births" title="Category:1797 births">1797 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1874_deaths" title="Category:1874 deaths">1874 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_legislators" title="Category:19th-century American legislators">19th-century American legislators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Activists_from_New_York_(state)" 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