CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Battle of Maysalun - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2c20df2b-7359-40f6-bbe9-309959f56a06","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Battle_of_Maysalun","wgTitle":"Battle of Maysalun","wgCurRevisionId":1252756563,"wgRevisionId":1252756563,"wgArticleId":1782812,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","Franco-Syrian War","Conflicts in 1920","Battles involving France","1920 in France", "1920 in Mandatory Syria","Last stands","Arab nationalism in Syria"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Battle_of_Maysalun","wgRelevantArticleId":1782812,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":33.595555555555556,"lon":36.06472222222222},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q994316","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="863"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="575"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="460"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Battle of Maysalun - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Battle_of_Maysalun rootpage-Battle_of_Maysalun skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battle+of+Maysalun" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battle+of+Maysalun" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Battle+of+Maysalun" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Battle+of+Maysalun" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combatants_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combatants_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Combatants and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Combatants_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Combatants and arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Combatants_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>French forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Syrian forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Maysalun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="معركة ميسلون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة ميسلون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meys%C9%99lun_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Meysəlun döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meysəlun döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="میسلون دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میسلون دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="মায়সালুনের যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মায়সালুনের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Maysalun" title="Schlacht von Maysalun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Maysalun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Maysalun" title="Batalla de Maysalun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Maysalun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Majsalun" title="Batalo de Majsalun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Majsalun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="نبرد میسلون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد میسلون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Khan_Mayssaloun" title="Bataille de Khan Mayssaloun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Khan Mayssaloun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Maysalun" title="Pertempuran Maysalun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Maysalun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Maysalun" title="Battaglia di Maysalun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Maysalun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קרב מייסלון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב מייסלון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="മൈസലൂൺ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൈസലൂൺ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Maysaloun" title="Slag bij Maysaloun – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Maysaloun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Majsalun" title="Bitwa pod Majsalun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Majsalun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Maysalun" title="Batalha de Maysalun – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Maysalun" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Сражение в ущелье Майсалун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сражение в ущелье Майсалун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysalunin_taistelu" title="Maysalunin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maysalunin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Maysalun" title="Slaget vid Maysalun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Maysalun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyselun_Muharebesi" title="Meyselun Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meyselun Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="معرکہ میسلون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معرکہ میسلون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Maysalun" title="Trận Maysalun – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Maysalun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9A%86%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="麦塞隆战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="麦塞隆战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q994316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Battle_of_Maysalun" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maysalun"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Battle_of_Maysalun" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Battle_of_Maysalun" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&oldid=1252756563" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Battle_of_Maysalun&id=1252756563&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_Maysalun"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBattle_of_Maysalun"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Maysalun" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q994316" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Maysalun&params=33_35_44_N_36_3_53_E_region:SY_type:mountain"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°35′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°3′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.59556°N 36.06472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.59556; 36.06472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1920 battle of the Franco-Syrian War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Maysalun<br />معركة ميسلون</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg/250px-Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg/375px-Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg/500px-Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="448" /></a></span><br />French general <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a> inspecting his troops in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains the day before the Battle of Maysalun</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>24 July 1920 (06:30-10:30; with intermittent clashes until 13:30)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Maysalun" title="Maysalun">Khan Maysalun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Qarn_%E2%80%93_Burqush_Important_Bird_Area" title="Wadi al-Qarn – Burqush Important Bird Area">Wadi al-Qarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a>, Syria</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> French victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></b></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic"><img alt="French Third Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Goybet" title="Mariano Goybet">Mariano Goybet</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_al-Hindi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan al-Hindi (page does not exist)">Hassan al-Hindi</a><br /><i>Militia commanders</i>:<br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Ashmar" title="Muhammad al-Ashmar">Muhammad al-Ashmar</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Syria_%281920-03-08_to_1920-07-24%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasin_Kiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasin Kiwan (page does not exist)">Yasin Kiwan</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 12,000 troops<br /><small>(backed by tanks and aircraft)</small></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,400–4,000 regulars<br />Bedouin cavalrymen<br />civilian volunteers</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 42 killed<br />152 wounded<br />14 missing<br /><small>(French claim)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Khoury97_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoury97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~150 killed<br />~1,500 wounded<br /><small>(French claim)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Khoury97_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoury97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Syrian_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Syrian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Franco-Syrian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Syrian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Franco-Syrian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Syrian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Syrian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Syrian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War"><span class="wrap">Franco-Syrian War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Engagements</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">Syrian Coastal Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Aleppo Region</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maysalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1920)" title="Capture of Damascus (1920)">Damascus</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Spillover</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Katzrin_(1920)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Katzrin (1920) (page does not exist)">Katzrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Tel Hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samakh_raid_(1920)" title="Samakh raid (1920)">Samakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Maysalun</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معركة ميسلون</span>), also known as the <b>Battle of Maysalun Pass</b> or the <b>Battle of Khan Maysalun</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bataille de Khan Mayssaloun</i>), was a four-hour battle fought between the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a> on 24 July 1920 near <a href="/wiki/Maysalun" title="Maysalun">Khan Maysalun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a>, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. </p><p>In October 1918, <a href="/wiki/Sharifian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharifian army">Arab rebels</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemite</a> Emir <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Syria">Faisal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus" title="Capture of Damascus">captured Damascus</a> during the British-backed <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Faisal then formed a government under the auspices of the Allied <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> administration of "<a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA East</a>", consistent with <a href="/wiki/1918_Anglo%E2%80%93French_Modus_Vivendi" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Anglo–French Modus Vivendi">an earlier Anglo-French agreement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">French encountered local revolts</a> when their forces entered the country, and in March 1920, Faisal was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Syria">King of Syria</a>. A month later, the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">League of Nations allocated Syria to France</a> as a <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria">mandate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Battle of Maysalun ensued as French forces set out from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Lebanon</a> to assert control over Damascus and topple Faisal's government. With remnants of the Syrian army and local volunteers, Faisal's war minister, General <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a>, set out to confront them. The better-equipped French troops, led by General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Goybet" title="Mariano Goybet">Mariano Goybet</a>, defeated al-Azma, who was killed in action. The French entered Damascus the following day, encountering little resistance. Soon afterward, Faisal was expelled from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Despite the Syrian army's decisive defeat, the battle is viewed in Syria and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> as a symbol of courageous resistance against a stronger, imperial power. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a></div> <p>On 30 October 1918, towards the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sharifian_Army" title="Sharifian Army">Sharifian Army</a> led by Emir <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>, backed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, captured <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> against the Ottoman Empire. The war ended less than a month after the Sharifian–British conquest of Damascus. In <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">correspondences</a> between the Sharifian leadership in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_McMahon" title="Henry McMahon">Henry McMahon</a>, the British high commissioner in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, the latter promised to support the establishment of a Sharifian kingdom in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire in return for launching a revolt against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the British and French governments secretly made previous arrangements regarding the division of the Ottomans' Arab provinces between themselves in the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot Agreement">Sykes-Picot Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moubayed8-9_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moubayed8-9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faisal_and_al-Azma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Faisal_and_al-Azma.jpg/170px-Faisal_and_al-Azma.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Faisal_and_al-Azma.jpg/255px-Faisal_and_al-Azma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Faisal_and_al-Azma.jpg/340px-Faisal_and_al-Azma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a> (center) and War Minister <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a> (left, in front of Faisal), 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>To ensure his throne in Syria, Faisal attended the January 1919 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Conference</a>, where he was not recognized by the French government as the sovereign ruler of Syria; Faisal called for Syrian sovereignty under his rule,<sup id="cite_ref-Moubayed8-9_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moubayed8-9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the European powers attending the conference called for European mandates to be established over the former Arab territories of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US-led June 1919 <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Crane_Commission" title="King–Crane Commission">King–Crane Commission</a>, which published its conclusions in 1922, the commission determined that the people of Syria overwhelmingly rejected French rule. Furthermore, Emir Faisal stated to the commission that "French rule would mean certain death to Syrians as a distinguished people".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French forces commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a> landed in Beirut on 18 November 1919, with the ultimate goal of bringing all of Syria under French control. Shortly thereafter, French forces deployed to the <a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a> between Beirut and Damascus. Against King Faisal's wishes, his delegate to General Gouraud, <a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Said" title="Nuri al-Said">Nuri al-Said</a>, agreed to the French deployment and the disbandment of Arab troops from al-Mu'allaqa, near <a href="/wiki/Zahle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahle">Zahle</a>. The agreement between al-Said and Gouraud was contrary to an earlier agreement Faisal had made with French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, which held that French troops would not deploy in the Beqaa Valley until the League of Nations ruled on the matter. Faisal condemned al-Said and accused of him of treachery. Following the Arab Army withdrawal from al-Mu'allaqa, Christian militiamen from Zahle raided the town, prompting attacks from local Muslim militiamen, which forced several Christian families to the coast. Amid these developments, armed groups of rebels and bandits emerged throughout the Beqaa Valley. When a French officer in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a> was assaulted by <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslim">Shia Muslim</a> rebels opposed to the French presence, Gouraud held the Arab government responsible and demanded that it apologize, which it did not. In response, Gouraud violated his agreement with al-Said and occupied Baalbek. The French deployment along the Syrian coast and the Beqaa Valley provoked unrest throughout Syria and sharpened political divisions between the political camp calling for confronting the French and the camp preferring compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi262_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi262-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 March 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Congress" title="Syrian National Congress">Syrian National Congress</a> proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of Syria, with Faisal as king.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unilateral action was immediately rejected by the British and French.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="San Remo Conference">San Remo Conference</a>, which was called by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> in April 1920, the allocation of <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandates</a> in the Arab territories was finalized, with France given a <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria">mandate over Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France's allocation of Syria was, in turn, repudiated by Faisal and the Syrian National Congress. After months of instability and failure to make good on the promises Faisal had made to the French, General Gouraud gave an ultimatum to Faisal on 14 July 1920 demanding that he disband the Arab Army and submit to French authority by 20 July or face a French military invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tauber1995_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 July, Faisal and the entire cabinet, with the exception of War Minister <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a>, agreed to the ultimatum and issued disbandment orders for the Arab Army units at <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar</a>, the Beirut–Damascus road and the hills of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a> overlooking the Beqaa Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi288_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi288-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, Faisal informed the French liaison in Damascus of his acceptance of the ultimatum, but for unclear reasons, Faisal's notification did not reach Gouraud until 21 July. Sources suspicious of French intentions accused the French of intentionally delaying delivery of the notice to give Gouraud an official excuse for advancing on Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there has been no evidence or indication of French sabotage.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi288_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi288-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of the disbandment and Faisal's submission led to riots in Damascus on 20 July and their suppression by Emir <a href="/wiki/Prince_Zeid_bin_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Zeid bin Hussein">Zeid</a>, which led to around 200 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi289_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi289-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Azma, who staunchly opposed surrender, implored Faisal to allow him and the remnants of his army to confront the French.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude">Prelude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 July, Faisal dispatched Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Sati_al-Husri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sati al-Husri">Sati al-Husri</a> and the Arab government's former <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> representative, <a href="/wiki/Jamil_al-Ulshi" title="Jamil al-Ulshi">Jamil al-Ulshi</a>, to meet Gouraud at his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Aley" title="Aley">Aley</a> and persuade him to end his army's advance to Damascus. Gouraud responded by extending the ultimatum by one day and with new, more stringent conditions, namely that France be allowed to establish a mission in Damascus to supervise the implementation of the original ultimatum and the establishment of the French mandate. Al-Husri returned to Damascus the same day to communicate Gouraud's message to Faisal, who called for a meeting of the cabinet on 23 July to consider the new ultimatum. Colonel Cousse, a French liaison officer to Damascus, interrupted the meeting with a demand from Gouraud that the French army be allowed to advance toward Maysalun, where water wells were abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi290_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi290-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gouraud had originally planned to launch the offensive against Damascus from Ayn al-Judaydah,<sup id="cite_ref-Russel187_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel187-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a spring in the Anti-Lebanon Range,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the lack of water sources there amid the steep, barren mountains led to a change of plans. Accordingly, Gouraud sought to occupy Khan Maysalun,<sup id="cite_ref-Russel187_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel187-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an isolated <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a> on the Beirut–Damascus road situated at the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Qarn_%E2%80%93_Burqush_Important_Bird_Area" title="Wadi al-Qarn – Burqush Important Bird Area">Wadi al-Qarn</a> mountain pass in the Anti-Lebanon,<sup id="cite_ref-Rogan163_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogan163-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located 25 kilometers (16 mi) west of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel187_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel187-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gouraud was also motivated to occupy Khan Maysalun because of its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cousse's message confirmed the fears of Faisal's cabinet that Gouraud was intent on taking over Syria by force. The cabinet subsequently rejected Gouraud's ultimatum and issued a largely symbolic appeal to the international community to end the French advance.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi290_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi290-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 July, al-Azma set out from Damascus with his motley force of army regulars and volunteers, which was divided into northern, central and southern columns each headed by camel cavalry units.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French forces launched their offensive towards Khan Maysalun and Wadi al-Qarn shortly after dawn on 24 July, at 5:00,<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Syrian forces were waiting at their positions overlooking the low end of Wadi al-Qarn.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel189_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel189-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combatants_and_arms">Combatants and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Combatants and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_forces">French forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_brigade_Goybet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_brigade_Goybet.jpg/170px-Le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_brigade_Goybet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_brigade_Goybet.jpg/255px-Le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_brigade_Goybet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_brigade_Goybet.jpg/340px-Le_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_de_brigade_Goybet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Goybet" title="Mariano Goybet">Mariano Goybet</a> commanded French forces during the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>Estimates of the combined size of the French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Levant" title="Army of the Levant">Army of the Levant</a> forces that participated in the battle ranged from 9,000 to 12,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoury97_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoury97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allawi289_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi289-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troops involved were mostly Senegalese and Algerian,<sup id="cite_ref-Khoury97_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoury97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consisted of ten infantry battalions and a number of cavalry and artillery units.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi289_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi289-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the participating units were the 415th Infantry Regiment, the 2nd Algerian <a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirailleurs">Tirailleurs</a> (Riflemen) Regiment, the Senegalese Division, the <a href="/wiki/Battalions_of_Light_Infantry_of_Africa" title="Battalions of Light Infantry of Africa">African Light Infantry</a> Regiment and the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahi</a> Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-Husri172_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Husri172-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> volunteers from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> reportedly joined the French forces as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Salibi_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salibi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army of the Levant was equipped with field and mountain artillery batteries and 155mm guns,<sup id="cite_ref-Husri172_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Husri172-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and backed by tanks and fighter bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi289_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi289-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of the French forces was General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Goybet" title="Mariano Goybet">Mariano Goybet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Husri172_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Husri172-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian_forces">Syrian forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syrian forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syrian forces consisted of remnants of the Arab Army assembled by General al-Azma, including soldiers from General Hassan al-Hindi's disbanded Anjar-based garrison, disbanded units from Damascus and Bedouin camel cavalry; most Arab Army units had been disbanded days prior to the battle by order of King Faisal as part of his acceptance of General Gouraud's terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi288_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi288-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Arab Army troops, numerous civilian volunteers and militiamen from Damascus joined al-Azma's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi289_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi289-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates put the number of Syrian soldiers and irregulars at around 4,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Khoury97_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoury97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while historian Eliezer Tauber asserts that al-Azma recruited 3,000 soldiers and volunteers, of whom only 1,400 participated in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Michael Provence, the "quarters of Damascus had been emptied of young men as crowds walked west, some armed only with swords or sticks, to meet the mechanized French column".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg/170px-Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg/255px-Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg/340px-Yusuf_al-Azma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Commander of the Syrian forces at Maysalun, War Minister Yusuf al-Azma died during the battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>Part of the civilian militia units were assembled and led by Yasin Kiwan, a Damascene merchant, Abd al-Qadir Kiwan, the former imam of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a>, and Shaykh Hamdi al-Juwajani, a Muslim scholar. Yasin and Abd al-Qadir were killed during the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaykh <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Ashmar" title="Muhammad al-Ashmar">Muhammad al-Ashmar</a> also participated in the battle with 40–50 of his men from the <a href="/wiki/Al-Midan" title="Al-Midan">Midan</a> quarter of Damascus. Other Muslim preachers and scholars from Damascus, including Tawfiq al-Darra (ex-mufti of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Fifth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman Fifth Army</a>), Sa'id al-Barhani (preacher at the Tuba Mosque), Muhammad al-Fahl (scholar from the Qalbaqjiyya Madrasa) and Ali Daqqar (preacher at the <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_Mosque_(Damascus)" title="Sinan Pasha Mosque (Damascus)">Sinan Pasha Mosque</a>) also participated in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrians were equipped with rifles discarded by retreating Ottoman soldiers during World War I and those used by the Sharifian Army's Bedouin cavalry during the 1916 Arab Revolt. The Syrians also possessed a number of machine guns and about 15 artillery pieces. According to various versions, ammunition was low, with 120–250 bullets per rifle, 45 bullets per machine gun, and 50–80 shells per cannon. Part of this ammunition was also unusable because many bullet and rifle types did not correspond to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber1995_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first clashes took place at 6:30 when French tanks stormed the central position of the Syrian defensive line while French cavalry and infantry units assaulted the Syrians' northern and southern positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi290_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi290-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camel cavalry were the first Syrian units to engage the French.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian forces initially put up stiff resistance along the front,<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allawi291_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lacked coordination between their different units.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the clashes, Syrian artillery fire inflicted casualties on a battery of French soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel189_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel189-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French tanks faced heavy fire as they attempted to gain ground against the Syrians.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel189_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel189-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, French artillery took a toll on Syrian forces and by 8:30 the French had broken the Syrians' central trench.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point in the first few hours of the clashes,<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi291_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian forces managed to briefly pin down two Senegalese companies that were relatively isolated on the French right flank.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel189_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel189-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The losses inflicted on the two Senegalese units represented roughly half of the French army's total casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel189_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel189-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, by 10:00, the battle was effectively over, having turned decisively in favor of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi291_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 10:30, French forces reached al-Azma's headquarters, unhindered by the mines laid en route by the Syrians.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little information is known about the battle from the Syrian side.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel189_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel189-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one version, when French forces were about 100 meters in the distance, al-Azma rushed to a Syrian artilleryman stationed near him and ordered him to open fire. However, before any shells could be fired, a French tank unit spotted al-Azma and gunned him down by machine gun.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another account, al-Azma had attempted to mine the trenches as the French forces approached his position, but was shot down by the French before he could set off the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi291_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Azma's death marked the end of the battle, although intermittent clashes continued until 13:30.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving Syrian fighters were bombed from the air and harried by the French as they retreated toward Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi291_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the battle, General Gouraud addressed General Goybet as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>GENERAL ORDER No. 22<br /> </p><p>Aley, 24 July 1920<br /> </p> <dl><dd>"The General is deeply happy to address his congratulations to General Goybet and his valiant troops: 415th of line, 2nd Algerian sharpshooters, 11th and 10th Senegalese sharpshooters, light-infantry-men of Africa, Moroccan trooper regiment, batteries of African groups, batteries of 155, 314, company of tanks, bombardment groups and squadrons who in the hard fight of 24 of July, have broken the resistance of the enemy who defied us for 8 months ... They have engraved a glorious page in the history of our country." – General Gouraud</dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Damascus (1920)">Siege of Damascus (1920)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1307109799_king-faisal-i-of-iraq-kopiya_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1307109799_king-faisal-i-of-iraq-kopiya_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-1307109799_king-faisal-i-of-iraq-kopiya_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1307109799_king-faisal-i-of-iraq-kopiya_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-1307109799_king-faisal-i-of-iraq-kopiya_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1307109799_king-faisal-i-of-iraq-kopiya_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-1307109799_king-faisal-i-of-iraq-kopiya_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>King Faisal was expelled from Syria by the French following their occupation of Damascus</figcaption></figure> <p>Initial estimates of the casualties which claimed 2,000 Syrian dead and 800 French casualties turned out to be exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber218_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Army claimed 42 of its soldiers were killed, 152 wounded and 14 missing in action, while around 150 Syrian fighters were killed and 1,500 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoury97_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoury97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Faisal observed the battle unfold from the village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamah" title="Al-Hamah">al-Hamah</a>, and as it became apparent that the Syrians had been routed, he and his cabinet, with the exception of Interior Minister Ala al-Din al-Durubi, who had quietly secured a deal with the French, departed for <a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">al-Kiswah</a>, a town located at the southern approaches of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi291_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French forces had captured <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> on 23 July without a fight,<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi291_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after their victory at Maysalun, French troops <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Damascus (1920)">besieged and captured Damascus</a> on 25 July. Within a short time, the majority of Faisal's forces fled or surrendered to the French, although parties of Arab groups opposed to French rule continued to resist before being quickly defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber1995_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber1995-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Faisal returned to Damascus on 25 July and asked al-Durubi to form a government, although al-Durubi had already decided on the composition of his cabinet, which was confirmed by the French. General Gouraud condemned Faisal's rule in Syria, accusing him of having "dragged the country to within an inch of destruction", and stating that because of this, it was "utterly impossible for him to remain in the country".<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi292_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi292-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faisal denounced Gouraud's statement and insisted that he remained the sovereign head of Syria whose authority he was "granted by the Syrian people".<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi292_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi292-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he verbally dismissed the French order expelling him and his family from Syria, Faisal departed Damascus on 27 July with only one of his cabinet members, al-Husri.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi292_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi292-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initially traveled south to <a href="/wiki/Daraa" title="Daraa">Daraa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> region where he gained the allegiance of local tribal leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a French ultimatum to the tribal leaders to expel Faisal or face the bombardment of their encampments compelled Faisal to head west to <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British-held Palestine</a> on 1 August and avoid further bloodshed. Faisal's departure from Syria marked an end to his goal of establishing and leading an Arab state in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French took control of the territory that became the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a>. France divided Syria into smaller statelets centered on certain regions and sects, including <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal al-Druze State">Jabal al-Druze State</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Coastal_Mountain_Range" title="Syrian Coastal Mountain Range">Syrian coastal mountains</a> and the states of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gouraud reportedly went to the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">tomb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, kicked it, and said:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Awake, Saladin. We have returned. My presence here consecrates the victory of the Cross over the Crescent.</p></blockquote> <p>Although the Syrians were decisively defeated, the Battle of Maysalun "has gone down in Arab history as a synonym for heroism and hopeless courage against huge odds, as well as for treachery and betrayal", according to Iraqi historian Ali al-Allawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Allawi291_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to British journalist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a>, the Battle of Maysalun was "a struggle which every Syrian learns at school but about which almost every Westerner is ignorant".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Tareq Y. Ismael wrote that following the battle, the "Syrian resistance at Khan Maysalun soon took on epic proportions. It was viewed as an Arab attempt to stop the imperial avalanche." He also states that the Syrians' defeat caused popular attitudes in the Arab world that exist until the present day which hold that the Western world dishonors the commitments it makes to the Arab people and "oppresses anyone who stands in the way of its imperial designs."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sati' al-Husri, a major <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabist</a> thinker, asserted that the battle was "one of the most important events in the modern history of the Arab nation."<sup id="cite_ref-Sorek32_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorek32-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event is annually commemorated by Syrians, during which thousands visit the grave of al-Azma in Maysalun.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorek32_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorek32-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Khoury97-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khoury97_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoury97_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoury97_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoury97_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoury97_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khoury97_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Khoury 1987, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson2003_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_E._Watson2003" class="citation book cs1">William E. Watson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA53"><i>Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 53–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97470-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97470-1"><bdi>978-0-275-97470-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tricolor+and+Crescent%3A+France+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=53-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97470-1&rft.au=William+E.+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4vrUbMK5eEC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi 2014, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moubayed8-9-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moubayed8-9_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moubayed8-9_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moubayed 2012, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moubayed 2012, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moubayed 2012, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allawi262-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allawi262_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi, 2014, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker 1979, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker 1979, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker 1979, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moubayed 2006, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauber1995-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber1995_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber1995_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber1995_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tauber 1995, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allawi288-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi288_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi288_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi288_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi 2014, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tauber 2013, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allawi289-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi289_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi289_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi289_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi289_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi289_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi 2014, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moubayed 2006, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allawi290-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi290_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi290_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi290_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi 2014, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russel187-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russel187_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russel187_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russel187_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell 1985, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russel 1985, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogan163-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogan163_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99D9skuTyGwC&pg=PA163"><i>The Arabs: A History</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465025046" title="Special:BookSources/9780465025046"><bdi>9780465025046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs%3A+A+History&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780465025046&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99D9skuTyGwC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russel 1985, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauber218-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauber218_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tauber 1995, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russel189-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russel189_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russel189_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russel189_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russel189_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russel189_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russel189_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell 1985, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Husri172-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Husri172_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Husri172_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Husri172_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Husri 1966, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salibi-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salibi_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi2003" class="citation book cs1">Salibi, Kamal S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_amYLJq4SQC&pg=PA33"><i>A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860649127" title="Special:BookSources/9781860649127"><bdi>9781860649127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+of+Many+Mansions%3A+The+History+of+Lebanon+Reconsidered&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781860649127&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_amYLJq4SQC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tauber 1995, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Provence 2011, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelvin 1998, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelvin 1998, pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allawi291-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi291_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi291_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi291_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi291_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi291_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi291_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi291_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi291_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi 2014, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allawi292-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi292_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi292_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allawi292_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi 2014, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi 2014, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allawi 2014, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McHugo 2013, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerBrysac2008" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Karl Ernest; Brysac, Shareen Blair (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye"><i>Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye/page/359">359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393061994" title="Special:BookSources/9780393061994"><bdi>9780393061994</bdi></a>. <q>Awake, Saladin. We have returned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingmakers%3A+The+Invention+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780393061994&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Karl+Ernest&rft.au=Brysac%2C+Shareen+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingmakersinvent0000meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisk 2007, p. 1003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismael 2014, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorek32-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sorek32_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorek32_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorek 2015, p. 32.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllawi2014" class="citation book cs1">Allawi, Ali A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_t_AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287"><i>Faisal I of Iraq</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300127324" title="Special:BookSources/9780300127324"><bdi>9780300127324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faisal+I+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780300127324&rft.aulast=Allawi&rft.aufirst=Ali+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_t_AAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1979" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Randall (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n706ShSYt-sC&pg=PA161"><i>King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz</i></a>. The Oleander Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780900891489" title="Special:BookSources/9780900891489"><bdi>9780900891489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Husain+and+the+Kingdom+of+Hejaz&rft.pub=The+Oleander+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780900891489&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn706ShSYt-sC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisk2007" class="citation book cs1">Fisk, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jp2mZr7BoGsC&pg=PT987"><i>The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307428714" title="Special:BookSources/9780307428714"><bdi>9780307428714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+for+Civilisation%3A+The+Conquest+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307428714&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djp2mZr7BoGsC%26pg%3DPT987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin1998" class="citation book cs1">Gelvin, James L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4Us4_x8M4kC&pg=PA116"><i>Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire</i></a>. California University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520919839" title="Special:BookSources/9780520919839"><bdi>9780520919839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Loyalties%3A+Nationalism+and+Mass+Politics+in+Syria+at+the+Close+of+Empire&rft.pub=California+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520919839&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD4Us4_x8M4kC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusri1966" class="citation book cs1">Husri, Sati' (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2ptAAAAMAAJ&q=415th"><i>The Day of Maysalūn: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs</i></a>. Middle East Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916808068" title="Special:BookSources/9780916808068"><bdi>9780916808068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+of+Maysal%C5%ABn%3A+A+Page+from+the+Modern+History+of+the+Arabs&rft.pub=Middle+East+Institute&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780916808068&rft.aulast=Husri&rft.aufirst=Sati%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2ptAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D415th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmael2014" class="citation book cs1">Ismael, Tareq Y. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQciAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57"><i>The International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East: Subordination and Beyond</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135006914" title="Special:BookSources/9781135006914"><bdi>9781135006914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Relations+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East%3A+Subordination+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135006914&rft.aulast=Ismael&rft.aufirst=Tareq+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQciAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoury1987" class="citation book cs1">Khoury, Philip S. (1987). <i>Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400858392" title="Special:BookSources/9781400858392"><bdi>9781400858392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+French+Mandate%3A+The+Politics+of+Arab+Nationalism%2C+1920-1945&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781400858392&rft.aulast=Khoury&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHugo2013" class="citation book cs1">McHugo, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onYRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA122"><i>A Concise History of the Arabs</i></a>. The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595589460" title="Special:BookSources/9781595589460"><bdi>9781595589460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Arabs&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781595589460&rft.aulast=McHugo&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonYRBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoubayed2006" class="citation book cs1">Moubayed, Sami (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sC-xU8QHSooC&pg=PA45"><i>Steel and Silk</i></a>. Cune Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1885942419" title="Special:BookSources/1885942419"><bdi>1885942419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steel+and+Silk&rft.pub=Cune+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1885942419&rft.aulast=Moubayed&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsC-xU8QHSooC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvence2011" class="citation journal cs1">Provence, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.ucsd.edu/_files/faculty/provence/ijmes-final..pdf">"Ottoman Modernity, Colonialism, and Insurgency in the Interwar Arab East"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 205–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743811000031">10.1017/S0020743811000031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161694886">161694886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Modernity%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+Insurgency+in+the+Interwar+Arab+East&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-225&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743811000031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161694886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Provence&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.ucsd.edu%2F_files%2Ffaculty%2Fprovence%2Fijmes-final..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1985" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Malcolm B. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GptAAAAMAAJ"><i>The first Modern Arab State: Syria Under Faysal, 1918-1920</i></a>. Bibliotheca Islamica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882970301" title="Special:BookSources/9780882970301"><bdi>9780882970301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+Modern+Arab+State%3A+Syria+Under+Faysal%2C+1918-1920&rft.pub=Bibliotheca+Islamica&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780882970301&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GptAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorek2015" class="citation book cs1">Sorek, Tamir (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2GftBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>Palestinian Commemoration in Israel: Calendars, Monuments, and Martyrs</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804795180" title="Special:BookSources/9780804795180"><bdi>9780804795180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Commemoration+in+Israel%3A+Calendars%2C+Monuments%2C+and+Martyrs&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780804795180&rft.aulast=Sorek&rft.aufirst=Tamir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2GftBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTauber1995" class="citation book cs1">Tauber, Eliezer (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvXZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216"><i>The Formation of Modern Iraq and Syria</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135201180" title="Special:BookSources/9781135201180"><bdi>9781135201180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Modern+Iraq+and+Syria&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781135201180&rft.aulast=Tauber&rft.aufirst=Eliezer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvXZAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Maysalun" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moubayed, Sami M. <i>The Politics of Damascus 1920–1946. Urban Notables and the French Mandate</i> (Dar Tlass, 1999)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Mandate_of_Syria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Template talk:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Mandate_of_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Mandate of Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Mandate_of_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Mandate of Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">State of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_Province" title="Al-Jazira Province">Al-Jazira Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"><img alt="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/120px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/180px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg/240px-French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_revolt_of_1919" title="Alawite revolt of 1919">1919 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Maysalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Damascus_(1920)" title="Capture of Damascus (1920)">Capture of Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hananu_Revolt" title="Hananu Revolt">Hananu Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">1925–1927 revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ain_Albu_Gomaa" title="Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa">Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salkhad" title="Capture of Salkhad">Capture of Salkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Kafr" title="Battle of al-Kafr">Battle of al-Kafr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Mazraa" title="Battle of al-Mazraa">Battle of al-Mazraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Musayfirah" title="Battle of al-Musayfirah">Battle of al-Musayfirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Hama_uprising" title="1925 Hama uprising">1925 Hama uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Syrian_general_strike" title="1936 Syrian general strike">1936 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Crisis" title="Levant Crisis">Levant Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet%E2%80%93Newcombe_Agreement" title="Paulet–Newcombe Agreement">Paulet–Newcombe Agreement</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_Treaty_of_Independence" title="Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence">Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence</a> (1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syrian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma" title="Yusuf al-Azma">Yusuf al-Azma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Ali" title="Saleh al-Ali">Saleh al-Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hananu" title="Ibrahim Hananu">Ibrahim Hananu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_al-Atassi" title="Hashim al-Atassi">Hashim al-Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bey_Barmada" title="Mustafa Bey Barmada">Mustafa Bey Barmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Azm" title="Khalid al-Azm">Khalid al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_Pasha_al-Mallah" title="Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah">Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamil_Mardam_Bey" title="Jamil Mardam Bey">Jamil Mardam Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Pasha_al-Qudsi" title="Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi">Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadallah_al-Jabiri" title="Saadallah al-Jabiri">Saadallah al-Jabiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqi_al-Azm" title="Haqqi al-Azm">Haqqi al-Azm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyash_Al-Haj" title="Ayyash Al-Haj">Ayyash Al-Haj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_Shahbandar" title="Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar">Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Levant" title="High Commissioner of the Levant">French High Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">Henri Gouraud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994316#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072156">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543577105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Maysalun&params=33_35_44_N_36_3_53_E_region:SY_type:mountain"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°35′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°3′53″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.59556°N 36.06472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.59556; 36.06472</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&oldid=1252756563">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&oldid=1252756563</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Franco-Syrian_War" title="Category:Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1920" title="Category:Conflicts in 1920">Conflicts in 1920</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_France" title="Category:Battles involving France">Battles involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920_in_France" title="Category:1920 in France">1920 in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920_in_Mandatory_Syria" title="Category:1920 in Mandatory Syria">1920 in Mandatory Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Last_stands" title="Category:Last stands">Last stands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_nationalism_in_Syria" title="Category:Arab nationalism in Syria">Arab nationalism in Syria</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2023">Articles with dead external links from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 20:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Maysalun&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rgbsb","wgBackendResponseTime":210,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.765","walltime":"0.927","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2896,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":70888,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4527,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":90174,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 811.479 1 -total"," 22.55% 182.957 16 Template:Cite_book"," 22.11% 179.407 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.47% 133.622 2 Template:Langx"," 11.90% 96.533 1 Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Syrian_war"," 11.22% 91.036 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 9.36% 75.945 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.77% 54.957 11 Template:Main_other"," 6.11% 49.587 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 5.86% 47.572 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.467","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21776239,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-59dh8","timestamp":"20241123130323","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Battle of Maysalun","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Maysalun","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q994316","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q994316","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-23T02:04:35Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T20:30:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c1\/Gouraud_inspecting_troops_at_Maysalun.jpg","headline":"1920 battle"}</script> </body> </html>