Exploit Public-Facing Application, Technique T1190 - Enterprise

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The weakness in the system can be a software bug, a temporary glitch, or a misconfiguration.</p><p>Exploited applications are often websites/web servers, but can also include databases (like SQL), standard services (like SMB or SSH), network device administration and management protocols (like SNMP and Smart Install), and any other system with Internet-accessible open sockets.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018."data-reference="NVD CVE-2016-6662"><sup><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="CIS. (2017, May 15). Multiple Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows SMB Server Could Allow for Remote Code Execution. Retrieved April 3, 2018."data-reference="CIS Multiple SMB Vulnerabilities"><sup><a href="https://www.cisecurity.org/advisory/multiple-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-windows-smb-server-could-allow-for-remote-code-execution/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="US-CERT. (2018, April 20). Russian State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Targeting Network Infrastructure Devices. Retrieved October 19, 2020."data-reference="US-CERT TA18-106A Network Infrastructure Devices 2018"><sup><a href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/TA18-106A" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Omar Santos. (2020, October 19). Attackers Continue to Target Legacy Devices. Retrieved October 20, 2020."data-reference="Cisco Blog Legacy Device Attacks"><sup><a href="https://community.cisco.com/t5/security-blogs/attackers-continue-to-target-legacy-devices/ba-p/4169954" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="National Vulnerability Database. (2017, September 24). CVE-2014-7169 Detail. Retrieved April 3, 2018."data-reference="NVD CVE-2014-7169"><sup><a href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-7169" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span> Depending on the flaw being exploited this may also involve <a href="/techniques/T1211">Exploitation for Defense Evasion</a> or <a href="/techniques/T1203">Exploitation for Client Execution</a>.</p><p>If an application is hosted on cloud-based infrastructure and/or is containerized, then exploiting it may lead to compromise of the underlying instance or container. This can allow an adversary a path to access the cloud or container APIs (e.g., via the <a href="/techniques/T1552/005">Cloud Instance Metadata API</a>), exploit container host access via <a href="/techniques/T1611">Escape to Host</a>, or take advantage of weak identity and access management policies.</p><p>Adversaries may also exploit edge network infrastructure and related appliances, specifically targeting devices that do not support robust host-based defenses.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Marvi, A. et al.. (2023, March 16). Fortinet Zero-Day and Custom Malware Used by Suspected Chinese Actor in Espionage Operation. Retrieved March 22, 2023."data-reference="Mandiant Fortinet Zero Day"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fortinet-malware-ecosystem" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-7') id="scite-ref-7-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Greenberg, A. (2022, November 10). Russia’s New Cyberwarfare in Ukraine Is Fast, Dirty, and Relentless. Retrieved March 22, 2023."data-reference="Wired Russia Cyberwar"><sup><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ukraine-cyberattacks-mandiant/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="6" aria-describedby="qtip-6">[7]</a></sup></span></p><p>For websites and databases, the OWASP top 10 and CWE top 25 highlight the most common web-based vulnerabilities.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="OWASP. (2018, February 23). OWASP Top Ten Project. Retrieved April 3, 2018."data-reference="OWASP Top 10"><sup><a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-9') id="scite-ref-9-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Christey, S., Brown, M., Kirby, D., Martin, B., Paller, A.. (2011, September 13). 2011 CWE/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors. Retrieved April 10, 2019."data-reference="CWE top 25"><sup><a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/index.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="8" aria-describedby="qtip-8">[9]</a></sup></span></p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T1190 </div> </div>  <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-techniques: </span> No sub-techniques </div> </div>  <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactic:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0001">Initial Access</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>Containers, IaaS, Linux, Network, Windows, macOS </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Contributors: </span>Praetorian; Yossi Weizman, Azure Defender Research Team </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>2.6 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>18 April 2018 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>24 September 2024 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T1190" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1190/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T1190" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1190/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="examples">Procedure Examples</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1030"> G1030 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1030"> Agrius </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1030">Agrius</a> exploits public-facing applications for initial access to victim environments. Examples include widespread attempts to exploit CVE-2018-13379 in FortiOS devices and SQL injection activity.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-10') id="scite-ref-10-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Amitai Ben & Shushan Ehrlich. (2021, May). From Wiper to Ransomware: The Evolution of Agrius. Retrieved May 21, 2024."data-reference="SentinelOne Agrius 2021"><sup><a href="https://assets.sentinelone.com/sentinellabs/evol-agrius" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="9" aria-describedby="qtip-9">[10]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0007"> G0007 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0007"> APT28 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0007">APT28</a> has used a variety of public exploits, including CVE 2020-0688 and CVE 2020-17144, to gain execution on vulnerable Microsoft Exchange; they have also conducted SQL injection attacks against external websites.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-11') id="scite-ref-11-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Brady, S . (2018, October 3). Indictment - United States vs Aleksei Sergeyevich Morenets, et al.. Retrieved October 1, 2020."data-reference="US District Court Indictment GRU Oct 2018"><sup><a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/page/file/1098481/download" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="10" aria-describedby="qtip-10">[11]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-12') id="scite-ref-12-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021."data-reference="Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021"><sup><a href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="11" aria-describedby="qtip-11">[12]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0016"> G0016 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0016"> APT29 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0016">APT29</a> has exploited CVE-2019-19781 for Citrix, CVE-2019-11510 for Pulse Secure VPNs, CVE-2018-13379 for FortiGate VPNs, and CVE-2019-9670 in Zimbra software to gain access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-13') id="scite-ref-13-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="NCSC, CISA, FBI, NSA. (2021, May 7). Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors. Retrieved July 29, 2021."data-reference="Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-further-TTPs-associated-with-SVR-cyber-actors.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="12" aria-describedby="qtip-12">[13]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-14') id="scite-ref-14-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="National Cyber Security Centre. (2020, July 16). Advisory: APT29 targets COVID-19 vaccine development. Retrieved September 29, 2020."data-reference="NCSC APT29 July 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-APT29-targets-COVID-19-vaccine-development-V1-1.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="13" aria-describedby="qtip-13">[14]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0087"> G0087 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0087"> APT39 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0087">APT39</a> has used SQL injection for initial compromise.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-15') id="scite-ref-15-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Symantec. (2018, February 28). Chafer: Latest Attacks Reveal Heightened Ambitions. Retrieved May 22, 2020."data-reference="Symantec Chafer February 2018"><sup><a href="https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/threat-intelligence/chafer-latest-attacks-reveal-heightened-ambitions" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="14" aria-describedby="qtip-14">[15]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0096"> G0096 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0096"> APT41 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0096">APT41</a> exploited CVE-2020-10189 against Zoho ManageEngine Desktop Central through unsafe deserialization, and CVE-2019-19781 to compromise Citrix Application Delivery Controllers (ADC) and gateway devices.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-16') id="scite-ref-16-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Glyer, C, et al. (2020, March). This Is Not a Test: APT41 Initiates Global Intrusion Campaign Using Multiple Exploits. Retrieved April 28, 2020."data-reference="FireEye APT41 March 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2020/03/apt41-initiates-global-intrusion-campaign-using-multiple-exploits.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="15" aria-describedby="qtip-15">[16]</a></sup></span> <a href="/groups/G0096">APT41</a> leveraged vulnerabilities such as ProxyLogon exploitation or SQL injection for initial access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-17') id="scite-ref-17-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Nikita Rostovcev. (2022, August 18). APT41 World Tour 2021 on a tight schedule. Retrieved February 22, 2024."data-reference="Rostovcev APT41 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.group-ib.com/blog/apt41-world-tour-2021/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="16" aria-describedby="qtip-16">[17]</a></sup></span> <a href="/groups/G0096">APT41</a> exploited CVE-2021-26855 against a vulnerable Microsoft Exchange Server to gain initial access to the victim network.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-18') id="scite-ref-18-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="DCSO CyTec Blog. (2022, December 24). APT41 — The spy who failed to encrypt me. Retrieved June 13, 2024."data-reference="apt41_dcsocytec_dec2022"><sup><a href="https://medium.com/@DCSO_CyTec/apt41-the-spy-who-failed-to-encrypt-me-24fc0f49cad1" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="17" aria-describedby="qtip-17">[18]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1023"> G1023 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1023"> APT5 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1023">APT5</a> has exploited vulnerabilities in externally facing software and devices including Pulse Secure VPNs and Citrix Application Delivery Controllers.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-19') id="scite-ref-19-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Perez, D. et al. (2021, April 20). Check Your Pulse: Suspected APT Actors Leverage Authentication Bypass Techniques and Pulse Secure Zero-Day. Retrieved February 5, 2024."data-reference="Mandiant Pulse Secure Zero-Day April 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/suspected-apt-actors-leverage-bypass-techniques-pulse-secure-zero-day" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="18" aria-describedby="qtip-18">[19]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-20') id="scite-ref-20-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Perez, D. et al. (2021, May 27). Re-Checking Your Pulse: Updates on Chinese APT Actors Compromising Pulse Secure VPN Devices. Retrieved February 5, 2024."data-reference="Mandiant Pulse Secure Update May 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/updates-on-chinese-apt-compromising-pulse-secure-vpn-devices" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="19" aria-describedby="qtip-19">[20]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-21') id="scite-ref-21-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="National Security Agency. (2022, December). APT5: Citrix ADC Threat Hunting Guidance. Retrieved February 5, 2024."data-reference="NSA APT5 Citrix Threat Hunting December 2022"><sup><a href="https://media.defense.gov/2022/Dec/13/2003131586/-1/-1/0/CSA-APT5-CITRIXADC-V1.PDF" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="20" aria-describedby="qtip-20">[21]</a></sup></span> <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-22') id="scite-ref-22-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, September). Digital threats from East Asia increase in breadth and effectiveness. Retrieved February 5, 2024."data-reference="Microsoft East Asia Threats September 2023"><sup><a href="https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RW1aFyW" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="21" aria-describedby="qtip-21">[22]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0001"> G0001 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0001"> Axiom </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0001">Axiom</a> has been observed using SQL injection to gain access to systems.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-23') id="scite-ref-23-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Novetta. (n.d.). Operation SMN: Axiom Threat Actor Group Report. Retrieved November 12, 2014."data-reference="Novetta-Axiom"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115144216/http://www.novetta.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Executive_Summary-Final_1.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="22" aria-describedby="qtip-22">[23]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-24') id="scite-ref-24-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Esler, J., Lee, M., and Williams, C. (2014, October 14). Threat Spotlight: Group 72. Retrieved January 14, 2016."data-reference="Cisco Group 72"><sup><a href="http://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/threat-spotlight-group-72" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="23" aria-describedby="qtip-23">[24]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0135"> G0135 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0135"> BackdoorDiplomacy </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0135">BackdoorDiplomacy</a> has exploited CVE-2020-5902, an F5 BIP-IP vulnerability, to drop a Linux backdoor. <a href="/groups/G0135">BackdoorDiplomacy</a> has also exploited mis-configured Plesk servers.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-25') id="scite-ref-25-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Adam Burgher. (2021, June 10). BackdoorDiplomacy: Upgrading from Quarian to Turian. Retrieved September 1, 2021"data-reference="ESET BackdoorDiplomacy Jun 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/2021/06/10/backdoordiplomacy-upgrading-quarian-turian/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="24" aria-describedby="qtip-24">[25]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0098"> G0098 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0098"> BlackTech </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0098">BlackTech</a> has exploited a buffer overflow vulnerability in Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) 6.0, CVE-2017-7269, in order to establish a new HTTP or command and control (C2) server.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-26') id="scite-ref-26-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Bermejo, L., et al. (2017, June 22). Following the Trail of BlackTech’s Cyber Espionage Campaigns. Retrieved May 5, 2020."data-reference="TrendMicro BlackTech June 2017"><sup><a href="https://blog.trendmicro.com/trendlabs-security-intelligence/following-trail-blacktech-cyber-espionage-campaigns/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="25" aria-describedby="qtip-25">[26]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0108"> G0108 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0108"> Blue Mockingbird </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0108">Blue Mockingbird</a> has gained initial access by exploiting CVE-2019-18935, a vulnerability within Telerik UI for ASP.NET AJAX.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-27') id="scite-ref-27-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Lambert, T. (2020, May 7). Introducing Blue Mockingbird. Retrieved May 26, 2020."data-reference="RedCanary Mockingbird May 2020"><sup><a href="https://redcanary.com/blog/blue-mockingbird-cryptominer/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="26" aria-describedby="qtip-26">[27]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0017"> C0017 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0017"> C0017 </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0017">C0017</a>, <a href="/groups/G0096">APT41</a> exploited CVE-2021-44207 in the USAHerds application and CVE-2021-44228 in Log4j, as well as other .NET deserialization, SQL injection, and directory traversal vulnerabilities to gain initial access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-28') id="scite-ref-28-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Rufus Brown, Van Ta, Douglas Bienstock, Geoff Ackerman, John Wolfram. (2022, March 8). Does This Look Infected? A Summary of APT41 Targeting U.S. State Governments. Retrieved July 8, 2022."data-reference="Mandiant APT41"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/apt41-us-state-governments" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="27" aria-describedby="qtip-27">[28]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0018"> C0018 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0018"> C0018 </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0018">C0018</a>, the threat actors exploited VMWare Horizon Unified Access Gateways that were vulnerable to several Log4Shell vulnerabilities, including CVE-2021-44228, CVE-2021-45046, CVE-2021-45105, and CVE-2021-44832.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-29') id="scite-ref-29-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Venere, G. Neal, C. (2022, June 21). Avos ransomware group expands with new attack arsenal. Retrieved January 11, 2023."data-reference="Cisco Talos Avos Jun 2022"><sup><a href="https://blog.talosintelligence.com/avoslocker-new-arsenal/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="28" aria-describedby="qtip-28">[29]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0027"> C0027 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0027"> C0027 </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0027">C0027</a>, <a href="/groups/G1015">Scattered Spider</a> exploited CVE-2021-35464 in the ForgeRock Open Access Management (OpenAM) application server to gain initial access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-30') id="scite-ref-30-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Parisi, T. (2022, December 2). Not a SIMulation: CrowdStrike Investigations Reveal Intrusion Campaign Targeting Telco and BPO Companies. Retrieved June 30, 2023."data-reference="Crowdstrike TELCO BPO Campaign December 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/analysis-of-intrusion-campaign-targeting-telecom-and-bpo-companies/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="29" aria-describedby="qtip-29">[30]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1021"> G1021 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1021"> Cinnamon Tempest </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1021">Cinnamon Tempest</a> has exploited multiple unpatched vulnerabilities for initial access including vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange, Manage Engine AdSelfService Plus, Confluence, and Log4j.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-31') id="scite-ref-31-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft. (2022, May 9). Ransomware as a service: Understanding the cybercrime gig economy and how to protect yourself. Retrieved March 10, 2023."data-reference="Microsoft Ransomware as a Service"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/09/ransomware-as-a-service-understanding-the-cybercrime-gig-economy-and-how-to-protect-yourself/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="30" aria-describedby="qtip-30">[31]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-32') id="scite-ref-32-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2021, December 11). Guidance for preventing, detecting, and hunting for exploitation of the Log4j 2 vulnerability. Retrieved December 7, 2023."data-reference="Microsoft Log4j Vulnerability Exploitation December 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2021/12/11/guidance-for-preventing-detecting-and-hunting-for-cve-2021-44228-log4j-2-exploitation/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="31" aria-describedby="qtip-31">[32]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-33') id="scite-ref-33-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Biderman, O. et al. (2022, October 3). REVEALING EMPEROR DRAGONFLY: NIGHT SKY AND CHEERSCRYPT - A SINGLE RANSOMWARE GROUP. Retrieved December 6, 2023."data-reference="Sygnia Emperor Dragonfly October 2022"><sup><a href="https://blog.sygnia.co/revealing-emperor-dragonfly-a-chinese-ransomware-group" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="32" aria-describedby="qtip-32">[33]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-34') id="scite-ref-34-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Counter Threat Unit Research Team . (2022, June 23). BRONZE STARLIGHT RANSOMWARE OPERATIONS USE HUI LOADER. Retrieved December 7, 2023."data-reference="SecureWorks BRONZE STARLIGHT Ransomware Operations June 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.secureworks.com/research/bronze-starlight-ransomware-operations-use-hui-loader" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="33" aria-describedby="qtip-33">[34]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1105"> S1105 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1105"> COATHANGER </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1105">COATHANGER</a> is installed following exploitation of a vulnerable FortiGate device. <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-35') id="scite-ref-35-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD) & Dutch General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD). (2024, February 6). Ministry of Defense of the Netherlands uncovers COATHANGER, a stealthy Chinese FortiGate RAT. Retrieved February 7, 2024."data-reference="NCSC-NL COATHANGER Feb 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.ncsc.nl/binaries/ncsc/documenten/publicaties/2024/februari/6/mivd-aivd-advisory-coathanger-tlp-clear/TLP-CLEAR+MIVD+AIVD+Advisory+COATHANGER.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="34" aria-describedby="qtip-34">[35]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0029"> C0029 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0029"> Cutting Edge </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0029">Cutting Edge</a>, threat actors exploited CVE-2023-46805 and CVE-2024-21887 in Ivanti Connect Secure VPN appliances to enable authentication bypass and command injection. A server-side request forgery (SSRF) vulnerability, CVE-2024-21893, was identified later and used to bypass mitigations for the initial two vulnerabilities by chaining with CVE-2024-21887.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-36') id="scite-ref-36-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="McLellan, T. et al. (2024, January 12). Cutting Edge: Suspected APT Targets Ivanti Connect Secure VPN in New Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024."data-reference="Mandiant Cutting Edge January 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/suspected-apt-targets-ivanti-zero-day" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="35" aria-describedby="qtip-35">[36]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-37') id="scite-ref-37-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Meltzer, M. et al. (2024, January 10). Active Exploitation of Two Zero-Day Vulnerabilities in Ivanti Connect Secure VPN. Retrieved February 27, 2024."data-reference="Volexity Ivanti Zero-Day Exploitation January 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/01/10/active-exploitation-of-two-zero-day-vulnerabilities-in-ivanti-connect-secure-vpn/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="36" aria-describedby="qtip-36">[37]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-38') id="scite-ref-38-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Gurkok, C. et al. (2024, January 15). Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Exploitation Goes Global. Retrieved February 27, 2024."data-reference="Volexity Ivanti Global Exploitation January 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.volexity.com/blog/2024/01/15/ivanti-connect-secure-vpn-exploitation-goes-global/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="37" aria-describedby="qtip-37">[38]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-39') id="scite-ref-39-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Lin, M. et al. (2024, January 31). Cutting Edge, Part 2: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Zero-Day Exploitation. Retrieved February 27, 2024."data-reference="Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 2 January 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-zero-day-exploitation" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="38" aria-describedby="qtip-38">[39]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-40') id="scite-ref-40-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Lin, M. et al. (2024, February 27). Cutting Edge, Part 3: Investigating Ivanti Connect Secure VPN Exploitation and Persistence Attempts. Retrieved March 1, 2024."data-reference="Mandiant Cutting Edge Part 3 February 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/investigating-ivanti-exploitation-persistence" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="39" aria-describedby="qtip-39">[40]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0035"> G0035 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0035"> Dragonfly </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0035">Dragonfly</a> has conducted SQL injection attacks, exploited vulnerabilities CVE-2019-19781 and CVE-2020-0688 for Citrix and MS Exchange, and CVE-2018-13379 for Fortinet VPNs.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-41') id="scite-ref-41-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="CISA. (2020, December 1). Russian State-Sponsored Advanced Persistent Threat Actor Compromises U.S. Government Targets. Retrieved December 9, 2021."data-reference="CISA AA20-296A Berserk Bear December 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa20-296a#revisions" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="40" aria-describedby="qtip-40">[41]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1006"> G1006 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1006"> Earth Lusca </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1006">Earth Lusca</a> has compromised victims by directly exploiting vulnerabilities of public-facing servers, including those associated with Microsoft Exchange and Oracle GlassFish.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-42') id="scite-ref-42-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Chen, J., et al. (2022). Delving Deep: An Analysis of Earth Lusca’s Operations. Retrieved July 1, 2022."data-reference="TrendMicro EarthLusca 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.trendmicro.com/content/dam/trendmicro/global/en/research/22/a/earth-lusca-employs-sophisticated-infrastructure-varied-tools-and-techniques/technical-brief-delving-deep-an-analysis-of-earth-lusca-operations.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="41" aria-describedby="qtip-41">[42]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1003"> G1003 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1003"> Ember Bear </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1003">Ember Bear</a> gains initial access to victim environments by exploiting external-facing services. Examples include exploitation of CVE-2021-26084 in Confluence servers; CVE-2022-41040, ProxyShell, and other vulnerabilities in Microsoft Exchange; and multiple vulnerabilities in open-source platforms such as content management systems.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-43') id="scite-ref-43-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2023, June 14). Cadet Blizzard emerges as a novel and distinct Russian threat actor. Retrieved July 10, 2023."data-reference="Cadet Blizzard emerges as novel threat actor"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2023/06/14/cadet-blizzard-emerges-as-a-novel-and-distinct-russian-threat-actor/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="42" aria-describedby="qtip-42">[43]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-44') id="scite-ref-44-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="US Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency et al. (2024, September 5). Russian Military Cyber Actors Target U.S. and Global Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved September 6, 2024."data-reference="CISA GRU29155 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/aa24-249a-russian-military-cyber-actors-target-us-and-global-critical-infrastructure.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="43" aria-describedby="qtip-43">[44]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1016"> G1016 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1016"> FIN13 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1016">FIN13</a> has exploited known vulnerabilities such as CVE-2017-1000486 (Primefaces Application Expression Language Injection), CVE-2015-7450 (WebSphere Application Server SOAP Deserialization Exploit), CVE-2010-5326 (SAP NewWeaver Invoker Servlet Exploit), and EDB-ID-24963 (SAP NetWeaver ConfigServlet Remote Code Execution) to gain initial access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-45') id="scite-ref-45-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Ta, V., et al. (2022, August 8). FIN13: A Cybercriminal Threat Actor Focused on Mexico. Retrieved February 9, 2023."data-reference="Mandiant FIN13 Aug 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/fin13-cybercriminal-mexico" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="44" aria-describedby="qtip-44">[45]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-46') id="scite-ref-46-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Sygnia Incident Response Team. (2022, January 5). TG2003: ELEPHANT BEETLE UNCOVERING AN ORGANIZED FINANCIAL-THEFT OPERATION. Retrieved February 9, 2023."data-reference="Sygnia Elephant Beetle Jan 2022"><sup><a href="https://f.hubspotusercontent30.net/hubfs/8776530/Sygnia-%20Elephant%20Beetle_Jan2022.pdf?__hstc=147695848.3e8f1a482c8f8d4531507747318e660b.1680005306711.1680005306711.1680005306711.1&__hssc=147695848.1.1680005306711&__hsfp=3000179024&hsCtaTracking=189ec409-ae2d-4909-8bf1-62dcdd694372%7Cca91d317-8f10-4a38-9f80-367f551ad64d" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="45" aria-describedby="qtip-45">[46]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0046"> G0046 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0046"> FIN7 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0046">FIN7</a> has compromised targeted organizations through exploitation of CVE-2021-31207 in Exchange.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-31') id="scite-ref-31-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft. (2022, May 9). Ransomware as a service: Understanding the cybercrime gig economy and how to protect yourself. Retrieved March 10, 2023."data-reference="Microsoft Ransomware as a Service"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2022/05/09/ransomware-as-a-service-understanding-the-cybercrime-gig-economy-and-how-to-protect-yourself/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="30" aria-describedby="qtip-30">[31]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0117"> G0117 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0117"> Fox Kitten </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0117">Fox Kitten</a> has exploited known vulnerabilities in Fortinet, PulseSecure, and Palo Alto VPN appliances.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-47') id="scite-ref-47-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="ClearSky. (2020, February 16). Fox Kitten – Widespread Iranian Espionage-Offensive Campaign. Retrieved December 21, 2020."data-reference="ClearkSky Fox Kitten February 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.clearskysec.com/fox-kitten/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="46" aria-describedby="qtip-46">[47]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-48') id="scite-ref-48-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dragos. (n.d.). PARISITE. Retrieved December 21, 2020."data-reference="Dragos PARISITE "><sup><a href="https://www.dragos.com/threat/parisite/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="47" aria-describedby="qtip-47">[48]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-49') id="scite-ref-49-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Orleans, A. (2020, August 31). Who Is PIONEER KITTEN?. Retrieved December 21, 2020."data-reference="CrowdStrike PIONEER KITTEN August 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.crowdstrike.com/blog/who-is-pioneer-kitten/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="48" aria-describedby="qtip-48">[49]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-50') id="scite-ref-50-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="CISA. (2020, September 15). Iran-Based Threat Actor Exploits VPN Vulnerabilities. Retrieved December 21, 2020."data-reference="CISA AA20-259A Iran-Based Actor September 2020"><sup><a href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/alerts/aa20-259a" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="49" aria-describedby="qtip-49">[50]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-51') id="scite-ref-51-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="ClearSky. (2020, December 17). Pay2Key Ransomware – A New Campaign by Fox Kitten. Retrieved December 21, 2020."data-reference="ClearSky Pay2Kitten December 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Pay2Kitten.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="50" aria-describedby="qtip-50">[51]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0093"> G0093 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0093"> GALLIUM </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0093">GALLIUM</a> exploited a publicly-facing servers including Wildfly/JBoss servers to gain access to the network.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-52') id="scite-ref-52-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Cybereason Nocturnus. (2019, June 25). Operation Soft Cell: A Worldwide Campaign Against Telecommunications Providers. Retrieved July 18, 2019."data-reference="Cybereason Soft Cell June 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.cybereason.com/blog/operation-soft-cell-a-worldwide-campaign-against-telecommunications-providers" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="51" aria-describedby="qtip-51">[52]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-53') id="scite-ref-53-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="MSTIC. (2019, December 12). GALLIUM: Targeting global telecom. Retrieved January 13, 2021."data-reference="Microsoft GALLIUM December 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2019/12/12/gallium-targeting-global-telecom/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="52" aria-describedby="qtip-52">[53]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0115"> G0115 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0115"> GOLD SOUTHFIELD </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0115">GOLD SOUTHFIELD</a> has exploited Oracle WebLogic vulnerabilities for initial compromise.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-54') id="scite-ref-54-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2019, September 24). REvil/Sodinokibi Ransomware. Retrieved August 4, 2020."data-reference="Secureworks REvil September 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.secureworks.com/research/revil-sodinokibi-ransomware" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="53" aria-describedby="qtip-53">[54]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0125"> G0125 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0125"> HAFNIUM </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0125">HAFNIUM</a> has exploited CVE-2021-44228 in Log4j and CVE-2021-26855, CVE-2021-26857, CVE-2021-26858, and CVE-2021-27065 to compromise on-premises versions of Microsoft Exchange Server.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-55') id="scite-ref-55-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="MSTIC. (2021, March 2). HAFNIUM targeting Exchange Servers with 0-day exploits. Retrieved March 3, 2021."data-reference="Microsoft HAFNIUM March 2020"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/03/02/hafnium-targeting-exchange-servers/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="54" aria-describedby="qtip-54">[55]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-56') id="scite-ref-56-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Gruzweig, J. et al. (2021, March 2). Operation Exchange Marauder: Active Exploitation of Multiple Zero-Day Microsoft Exchange Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 3, 2021."data-reference="Volexity Exchange Marauder March 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.volexity.com/blog/2021/03/02/active-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="55" aria-describedby="qtip-55">[56]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-57') id="scite-ref-57-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Bromiley, M. et al. (2021, March 4). Detection and Response to Exploitation of Microsoft Exchange Zero-Day Vulnerabilities. Retrieved March 9, 2021."data-reference="FireEye Exchange Zero Days March 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2021/03/detection-response-to-exploitation-of-microsoft-exchange-zero-day-vulnerabilities.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="56" aria-describedby="qtip-56">[57]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-58') id="scite-ref-58-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft Threat Intelligence Team & Detection and Response Team . (2022, April 12). Tarrask malware uses scheduled tasks for defense evasion. Retrieved June 1, 2022."data-reference="Tarrask scheduled task"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2022/04/12/tarrask-malware-uses-scheduled-tasks-for-defense-evasion/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="57" aria-describedby="qtip-57">[58]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-32') id="scite-ref-32-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2021, December 11). Guidance for preventing, detecting, and hunting for exploitation of the Log4j 2 vulnerability. Retrieved December 7, 2023."data-reference="Microsoft Log4j Vulnerability Exploitation December 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2021/12/11/guidance-for-preventing-detecting-and-hunting-for-cve-2021-44228-log4j-2-exploitation/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="31" aria-describedby="qtip-31">[32]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0224"> S0224 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0224"> Havij </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0224">Havij</a> is used to automate SQL injection.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-59') id="scite-ref-59-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Ganani, M. (2015, May 14). Analysis of the Havij SQL Injection tool. Retrieved March 19, 2018."data-reference="Check Point Havij Analysis"><sup><a href="https://blog.checkpoint.com/2015/05/14/analysis-havij-sql-injection-tool/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="58" aria-describedby="qtip-58">[59]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0038"> C0038 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0038"> HomeLand Justice </a> </td> <td> <p>For <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0038">HomeLand Justice</a>, threat actors exploited CVE-2019-0604 in Microsoft SharePoint for initial access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-60') id="scite-ref-60-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="CISA. (2022, September 23). AA22-264A Iranian State Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against the Government of Albania. Retrieved August 6, 2024."data-reference="CISA Iran Albanian Attacks September 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa22-264a" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="59" aria-describedby="qtip-59">[60]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1032"> G1032 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1032"> INC Ransom </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1032">INC Ransom</a> has exploited known vulnerabilities including CVE-2023-3519 in Citrix NetScaler for initial access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-61') id="scite-ref-61-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="SOCRadar. (2024, January 24). Dark Web Profile: INC Ransom. Retrieved June 5, 2024."data-reference="SOCRadar INC Ransom January 2024"><sup><a href="https://socradar.io/dark-web-profile-inc-ransom/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="60" aria-describedby="qtip-60">[61]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-62') id="scite-ref-62-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="SentinelOne. (n.d.). What Is Inc. Ransomware?. Retrieved June 5, 2024."data-reference="SentinelOne INC Ransomware"><sup><a href="https://www.sentinelone.com/anthology/inc-ransom/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="61" aria-describedby="qtip-61">[62]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0004"> G0004 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0004"> Ke3chang </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0004">Ke3chang</a> has compromised networks by exploiting Internet-facing applications, including vulnerable Microsoft Exchange and SharePoint servers.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-63') id="scite-ref-63-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="MSTIC. (2021, December 6). NICKEL targeting government organizations across Latin America and Europe. Retrieved March 18, 2022."data-reference="Microsoft NICKEL December 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2021/12/06/nickel-targeting-government-organizations-across-latin-america-and-europe" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="62" aria-describedby="qtip-62">[63]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0094"> G0094 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0094"> Kimsuky </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0094">Kimsuky</a> has exploited various vulnerabilities for initial access, including Microsoft Exchange vulnerability CVE-2020-0688.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-64') id="scite-ref-64-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="KISA. (2021). Phishing Target Reconnaissance and Attack Resource Analysis Operation Muzabi. Retrieved March 8, 2024."data-reference="KISA Operation Muzabi"><sup><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328121326/https://boho.or.kr/filedownload.do?attach_file_seq=2695&attach_file_id=EpF2695.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="63" aria-describedby="qtip-63">[64]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0059"> G0059 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0059"> Magic Hound </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0059">Magic Hound</a> has exploited the Log4j utility (CVE-2021-44228), on-premises MS Exchange servers via "ProxyShell" (CVE-2021-34473, CVE-2021-34523, CVE-2021-31207), and Fortios SSL VPNs (CVE-2018-13379).<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-65') id="scite-ref-65-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Check Point. (2022, January 11). APT35 exploits Log4j vulnerability to distribute new modular PowerShell toolkit. Retrieved January 24, 2022."data-reference="Check Point APT35 CharmPower January 2022"><sup><a href="https://research.checkpoint.com/2022/apt35-exploits-log4j-vulnerability-to-distribute-new-modular-powershell-toolkit/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="64" aria-describedby="qtip-64">[65]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-66') id="scite-ref-66-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="DFIR Report. (2022, March 21). APT35 Automates Initial Access Using ProxyShell. Retrieved May 25, 2022."data-reference="DFIR Report APT35 ProxyShell March 2022"><sup><a href="https://thedfirreport.com/2022/03/21/apt35-automates-initial-access-using-proxyshell" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="65" aria-describedby="qtip-65">[66]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-67') id="scite-ref-67-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, February 1). PowerLess Trojan: Iranian APT Phosphorus Adds New PowerShell Backdoor for Espionage. Retrieved June 1, 2022."data-reference="Cybereason PowerLess February 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.cybereason.com/blog/research/powerless-trojan-iranian-apt-phosphorus-adds-new-powershell-backdoor-for-espionage" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="66" aria-describedby="qtip-66">[67]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-68') id="scite-ref-68-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="DFIR Report. (2021, November 15). Exchange Exploit Leads to Domain Wide Ransomware. Retrieved January 5, 2023."data-reference="DFIR Phosphorus November 2021"><sup><a href="https://thedfirreport.com/2021/11/15/exchange-exploit-leads-to-domain-wide-ransomware/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="67" aria-describedby="qtip-67">[68]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-69') id="scite-ref-69-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="MSTIC. (2021, November 16). Evolving trends in Iranian threat actor activity – MSTIC presentation at CyberWarCon 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2023."data-reference="Microsoft Iranian Threat Actor Trends November 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2021/11/16/evolving-trends-in-iranian-threat-actor-activity-mstic-presentation-at-cyberwarcon-2021" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="68" aria-describedby="qtip-68">[69]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-32') id="scite-ref-32-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft Threat Intelligence. (2021, December 11). Guidance for preventing, detecting, and hunting for exploitation of the Log4j 2 vulnerability. Retrieved December 7, 2023."data-reference="Microsoft Log4j Vulnerability Exploitation December 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/blog/2021/12/11/guidance-for-preventing-detecting-and-hunting-for-cve-2021-44228-log4j-2-exploitation/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="31" aria-describedby="qtip-31">[32]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0045"> G0045 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0045"> menuPass </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0045">menuPass</a> has leveraged vulnerabilities in Pulse Secure VPNs to hijack sessions.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-70') id="scite-ref-70-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="GREAT. (2021, March 30). APT10: sophisticated multi-layered loader Ecipekac discovered in A41APT campaign. Retrieved June 17, 2021."data-reference="Securelist APT10 March 2021"><sup><a href="https://securelist.com/apt10-sophisticated-multi-layered-loader-ecipekac-discovered-in-a41apt-campaign/101519/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="69" aria-describedby="qtip-69">[70]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1009"> G1009 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1009"> Moses Staff </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1009">Moses Staff</a> has exploited known vulnerabilities in public-facing infrastructure such as Microsoft Exchange Servers.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-71') id="scite-ref-71-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Checkpoint Research. (2021, November 15). Uncovering MosesStaff techniques: Ideology over Money. Retrieved August 11, 2022."data-reference="Checkpoint MosesStaff Nov 2021"><sup><a href="https://research.checkpoint.com/2021/mosesstaff-targeting-israeli-companies/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="70" aria-describedby="qtip-70">[71]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0069"> G0069 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0069"> MuddyWater </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0069">MuddyWater</a> has exploited the Microsoft Exchange memory corruption vulnerability (CVE-2020-0688).<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-72') id="scite-ref-72-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="FBI, CISA, CNMF, NCSC-UK. (2022, February 24). Iranian Government-Sponsored Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against Global Government and Commercial Networks. Retrieved September 27, 2022."data-reference="DHS CISA AA22-055A MuddyWater February 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ncas/alerts/aa22-055a" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="71" aria-describedby="qtip-71">[72]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0002"> C0002 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0002"> Night Dragon </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0002">Night Dragon</a>, threat actors used SQL injection exploits against extranet web servers to gain access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-73') id="scite-ref-73-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="McAfee® Foundstone® Professional Services and McAfee Labs™. (2011, February 10). Global Energy Cyberattacks: "Night Dragon". Retrieved February 19, 2018."data-reference="McAfee Night Dragon"><sup><a href="https://scadahacker.com/library/Documents/Cyber_Events/McAfee%20-%20Night%20Dragon%20-%20Global%20Energy%20Cyberattacks.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="72" aria-describedby="qtip-72">[73]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0012"> C0012 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0012"> Operation CuckooBees </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0012">Operation CuckooBees</a>, the threat actors exploited multiple vulnerabilities in externally facing servers.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-74') id="scite-ref-74-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Cybereason Nocturnus. (2022, May 4). Operation CuckooBees: Deep-Dive into Stealthy Winnti Techniques. Retrieved September 22, 2022."data-reference="Cybereason OperationCuckooBees May 2022"><sup><a href="https://www.cybereason.com/blog/operation-cuckoobees-deep-dive-into-stealthy-winnti-techniques" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="73" aria-describedby="qtip-73">[74]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0014"> C0014 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0014"> Operation Wocao </a> </td> <td> <p>During <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0014">Operation Wocao</a>, threat actors gained initial access by exploiting vulnerabilities in JBoss webservers.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-75') id="scite-ref-75-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dantzig, M. v., Schamper, E. (2019, December 19). Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of China’s hidden hacking groups. Retrieved October 8, 2020."data-reference="FoxIT Wocao December 2019"><sup><a href="https://www.fox-it.com/media/kadlze5c/201912_report_operation_wocao.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="74" aria-describedby="qtip-74">[75]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1040"> G1040 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1040"> Play </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1040">Play</a> has exploited known vulnerabilities for initial access including CVE-2018-13379 and CVE-2020-12812 in FortiOS and CVE-2022-41082 and CVE-2022-41040 ("ProxyNotShell") in Microsoft Exchange.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-76') id="scite-ref-76-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="CISA. (2023, December 18). #StopRansomware: Play Ransomware AA23-352A. Retrieved September 24, 2024."data-reference="CISA Play Ransomware Advisory December 2023"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa23-352a" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="75" aria-describedby="qtip-75">[76]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-77') id="scite-ref-77-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Trend Micro Research. (2023, July 21). Ransomware Spotlight: Play. Retrieved September 24, 2024."data-reference="Trend Micro Ransomware Spotlight Play July 2023"><sup><a href="https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/us/security/news/ransomware-spotlight/ransomware-spotlight-play" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="76" aria-describedby="qtip-76">[77]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0106"> G0106 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0106"> Rocke </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0106">Rocke</a> exploited Apache Struts, Oracle WebLogic (CVE-2017-10271), and Adobe ColdFusion (CVE-2017-3066) vulnerabilities to deliver malware.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-78') id="scite-ref-78-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Liebenberg, D.. (2018, August 30). Rocke: The Champion of Monero Miners. Retrieved May 26, 2020."data-reference="Talos Rocke August 2018"><sup><a href="https://blog.talosintelligence.com/2018/08/rocke-champion-of-monero-miners.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="77" aria-describedby="qtip-77">[78]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-79') id="scite-ref-79-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Xingyu, J.. (2019, January 17). Malware Used by Rocke Group Evolves to Evade Detection by Cloud Security Products. Retrieved May 26, 2020."data-reference="Unit 42 Rocke January 2019"><sup><a href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/malware-used-by-rocke-group-evolves-to-evade-detection-by-cloud-security-products/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="78" aria-describedby="qtip-78">[79]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0034"> G0034 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0034"> Sandworm Team </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0034">Sandworm Team</a> exploits public-facing applications for initial access and to acquire infrastructure, such as exploitation of the EXIM mail transfer agent in Linux systems.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-80') id="scite-ref-80-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="National Security Agency. (2020, March 28). Sandworm Actors Exploiting Vulnerability In EXIM Mail Transfer Agent. Retrieved March 1, 2024."data-reference="NSA Sandworm 2020"><sup><a href="https://media.defense.gov/2020/May/28/2002306626/-1/-1/0/CSA%20Sandworm%20Actors%20Exploiting%20Vulnerability%20in%20Exim%20Transfer%20Agent%2020200528.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="79" aria-describedby="qtip-79">[80]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-81') id="scite-ref-81-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Billy Leonard. (2023, April 19). Ukraine remains Russia’s biggest cyber focus in 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2024."data-reference="Leonard TAG 2023"><sup><a href="https://blog.google/threat-analysis-group/ukraine-remains-russias-biggest-cyber-focus-in-2023/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="80" aria-describedby="qtip-80">[81]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0623"> S0623 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0623"> Siloscape </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0623">Siloscape</a> is executed after the attacker gains initial access to a Windows container using a known vulnerability.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-82') id="scite-ref-82-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Prizmant, D. (2021, June 7). Siloscape: First Known Malware Targeting Windows Containers to Compromise Cloud Environments. Retrieved June 9, 2021."data-reference="Unit 42 Siloscape Jun 2021"><sup><a href="https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/siloscape/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="81" aria-describedby="qtip-81">[82]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0024"> C0024 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0024"> SolarWinds Compromise </a> </td> <td> <p>During the <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0024">SolarWinds Compromise</a>, <a href="/groups/G0016">APT29</a> exploited CVE-2020-0688 against the Microsoft Exchange Control Panel to regain access to a network.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-83') id="scite-ref-83-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020."data-reference="Volexity SolarWinds"><sup><a href="https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="82" aria-describedby="qtip-82">[83]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-13') id="scite-ref-13-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="NCSC, CISA, FBI, NSA. (2021, May 7). Further TTPs associated with SVR cyber actors. Retrieved July 29, 2021."data-reference="Cybersecurity Advisory SVR TTP May 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-further-TTPs-associated-with-SVR-cyber-actors.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="12" aria-describedby="qtip-12">[13]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0516"> S0516 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0516"> SoreFang </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0516">SoreFang</a> can gain access by exploiting a Sangfor SSL VPN vulnerability that allows for the placement and delivery of malicious update binaries.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-84') id="scite-ref-84-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="CISA. (2020, July 16). MAR-10296782-1.v1 – SOREFANG. Retrieved September 29, 2020."data-reference="CISA SoreFang July 2016"><sup><a href="https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ncas/analysis-reports/ar20-198a" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="83" aria-describedby="qtip-83">[84]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0225"> S0225 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0225"> sqlmap </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0225">sqlmap</a> can be used to automate exploitation of SQL injection vulnerabilities.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-85') id="scite-ref-85-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Damele, B., Stampar, M. (n.d.). sqlmap. Retrieved March 19, 2018."data-reference="sqlmap Introduction"><sup><a href="http://sqlmap.org/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="84" aria-describedby="qtip-84">[85]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0027"> G0027 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0027"> Threat Group-3390 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0027">Threat Group-3390</a> has exploited the Microsoft SharePoint vulnerability CVE-2019-0604 and CVE-2021-26855, CVE-2021-26857, CVE-2021-26858, and CVE-2021-27065 in Exchange Server.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-86') id="scite-ref-86-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Lunghi, D. and Lu, K. (2021, April 9). Iron Tiger APT Updates Toolkit With Evolved SysUpdate Malware. Retrieved November 12, 2021."data-reference="Trend Micro Iron Tiger April 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.trendmicro.com/en_us/research/21/d/iron-tiger-apt-updates-toolkit-with-evolved-sysupdate-malware-va.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="85" aria-describedby="qtip-85">[86]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1022"> G1022 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1022"> ToddyCat </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1022">ToddyCat</a> has exploited the ProxyLogon vulnerability (CVE-2021-26855) to compromise Exchange Servers at multiple organizations.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-87') id="scite-ref-87-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Dedola, G. (2022, June 21). APT ToddyCat. Retrieved January 3, 2024."data-reference="Kaspersky ToddyCat June 2022"><sup><a href="https://securelist.com/toddycat/106799/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="86" aria-describedby="qtip-86">[87]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0039"> C0039 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0039"> Versa Director Zero Day Exploitation </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0039">Versa Director Zero Day Exploitation</a> involved exploitation of a vulnerability in Versa Director servers, since identified as CVE-2024-39717, for initial access and code execution.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-88') id="scite-ref-88-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Black Lotus Labs. (2024, August 27). Taking The Crossroads: The Versa Director Zero-Day Exploitaiton. Retrieved August 27, 2024."data-reference="Lumen Versa 2024"><sup><a href="https://blog.lumen.com/taking-the-crossroads-the-versa-director-zero-day-exploitation/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="87" aria-describedby="qtip-87">[88]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0123"> G0123 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0123"> Volatile Cedar </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0123">Volatile Cedar</a> has targeted publicly facing web servers, with both automatic and manual vulnerability discovery.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-89') id="scite-ref-89-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Threat Intelligence and Research. (2015, March 30). VOLATILE CEDAR. Retrieved February 8, 2021."data-reference="CheckPoint Volatile Cedar March 2015"><sup><a href="https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2015/03/20082004/volatile-cedar-technical-report.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="88" aria-describedby="qtip-88">[89]</a></sup></span> <span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-90') id="scite-ref-90-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="ClearSky Cyber Security. (2021, January). "Lebanese Cedar" APT Global Lebanese Espionage Campaign Leveraging Web Servers. Retrieved February 10, 2021."data-reference="ClearSky Lebanese Cedar Jan 2021"><sup><a href="https://www.clearskysec.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Lebanese-Cedar-APT.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="89" aria-describedby="qtip-89">[90]</a></sup></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1017"> G1017 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1017"> Volt Typhoon </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1017">Volt Typhoon</a> has gained initial access through exploitation of multiple vulnerabilities in internet-facing software and appliances such as Fortinet, Ivanti (formerly Pulse Secure), NETGEAR, Citrix, and Cisco.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-91') id="scite-ref-91-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Counter Threat Unit Research Team. (2023, May 24). Chinese Cyberespionage Group BRONZE SILHOUETTE Targets U.S. Government and Defense Organizations. Retrieved July 27, 2023."data-reference="Secureworks BRONZE SILHOUETTE May 2023"><sup><a href="https://www.secureworks.com/blog/chinese-cyberespionage-group-bronze-silhouette-targets-us-government-and-defense-organizations" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="90" aria-describedby="qtip-90">[91]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-92') id="scite-ref-92-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="CISA et al.. (2024, February 7). PRC State-Sponsored Actors Compromise and Maintain Persistent Access to U.S. Critical Infrastructure. Retrieved May 15, 2024."data-reference="CISA AA24-038A PRC Critical Infrastructure February 2024"><sup><a href="https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/2024-03/aa24-038a_csa_prc_state_sponsored_actors_compromise_us_critical_infrastructure_3.pdf" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="91" aria-describedby="qtip-91">[92]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1035"> G1035 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1035"> Winter Vivern </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1035">Winter Vivern</a> has exploited known and zero-day vulnerabilities in software usch as Roundcube Webmail servers and the "Follina" vulnerability.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-93') id="scite-ref-93-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Matthieu Faou. (2023, October 25). Winter Vivern exploits zero-day vulnerability in Roundcube Webmail servers. Retrieved July 29, 2024."data-reference="ESET WinterVivern 2023"><sup><a href="https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/winter-vivern-exploits-zero-day-vulnerability-roundcube-webmail-servers/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="92" aria-describedby="qtip-92">[93]</a></sup></span><span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-94') id="scite-ref-94-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Michael Raggi & The Proofpoint Threat Research Team. (2023, March 30). Exploitation is a Dish Best Served Cold: Winter Vivern Uses Known Zimbra Vulnerability to Target Webmail Portals of NATO-Aligned Governments in Europe. Retrieved July 29, 2024."data-reference="Proofpoint WinterVivern 2023"><sup><a href="https://www.proofpoint.com/us/blog/threat-insight/exploitation-dish-best-served-cold-winter-vivern-uses-known-zimbra-vulnerability" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="93" aria-describedby="qtip-93">[94]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0412"> S0412 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0412"> ZxShell </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0412">ZxShell</a> has been dropped through exploitation of CVE-2011-2462, CVE-2013-3163, and CVE-2014-0322.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-95') id="scite-ref-95-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Allievi, A., et al. (2014, October 28). Threat Spotlight: Group 72, Opening the ZxShell. Retrieved September 24, 2019."data-reference="Talos ZxShell Oct 2014"><sup><a href="https://blogs.cisco.com/security/talos/opening-zxshell" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="94" aria-describedby="qtip-94">[95]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1048"> M1048 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1048"> Application Isolation and Sandboxing </a> </td> <td> <p>Application isolation will limit what other processes and system features the exploited target can access.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1050"> M1050 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1050"> Exploit Protection </a> </td> <td> <p>Web Application Firewalls may be used to limit exposure of applications to prevent exploit traffic from reaching the application.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1030"> M1030 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1030"> Network Segmentation </a> </td> <td> <p>Segment externally facing servers and services from the rest of the network with a DMZ or on separate hosting infrastructure.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1026"> M1026 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1026"> Privileged Account Management </a> </td> <td> <p>Use least privilege for service accounts will limit what permissions the exploited process gets on the rest of the system.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1051"> M1051 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1051"> Update Software </a> </td> <td> <p>Update software regularly by employing patch management for externally exposed applications.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1016"> M1016 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1016"> Vulnerability Scanning </a> </td> <td> <p>Regularly scan externally facing systems for vulnerabilities and establish procedures to rapidly patch systems when critical vulnerabilities are discovered through scanning and through public disclosure.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-8') id="scite-ref-8-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="OWASP. (2018, February 23). OWASP Top Ten Project. Retrieved April 3, 2018."data-reference="OWASP Top 10"><sup><a href="https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Category:OWASP_Top_Ten_Project" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="7" aria-describedby="qtip-7">[8]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0015"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0015">DS0015</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0015">Application Log</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0015/#Application%20Log%20Content">Application Log Content</a> </td> <td> <p>Detecting software exploitation may be difficult depending on the tools available. Software exploits may not always succeed or may cause the exploited process to become unstable or crash. Web Application Firewalls may detect improper inputs attempting exploitation. Web server logs (e.g., <code>var/log/httpd</code> or <code>/var/log/apache</code> for Apache web servers on Linux) may also record evidence of exploitation.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0029"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">DS0029</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">Network Traffic</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Content">Network Traffic Content</a> </td> <td> <p>Use deep packet inspection to look for artifacts of common exploit traffic, such as SQL injection strings or known payloads. For example, monitor for successively chained functions that adversaries commonly abuse (i.e. gadget chaining) through unsafe deserialization to exploit publicly facing applications for initial access.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-96') id="scite-ref-96-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Rahman, Alyssa. (2021, December 13). Now You Serial, Now You Don’t — Systematically Hunting for Deserialization Exploits. Retrieved November 28, 2023."data-reference="Now You Serial"><sup><a href="https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/hunting-deserialization-exploits" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="95" aria-describedby="qtip-95">[96]</a></sup></span> In AWS environments, monitor VPC flow logs and/or Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) logs going to and from instances hosting externally accessible applications.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6662" target="_blank"> National Vulnerability Database. (2017, February 2). CVE-2016-6662 Detail. 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