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cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-測量通貨膨脹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#測量通貨膨脹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>測量通貨膨脹</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-測量通貨膨脹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-痛苦指數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#痛苦指數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>痛苦指數</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-痛苦指數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通貨膨脹的起因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通貨膨脹的起因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>通貨膨脹的起因</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-通貨膨脹的起因-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关通貨膨脹的起因子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-通貨膨脹的起因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-货币主义的解释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#货币主义的解释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>货币主义的解释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-货币主义的解释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新凯恩斯主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新凯恩斯主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>新凯恩斯主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新凯恩斯主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-菲利普斯曲线通货膨胀說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#菲利普斯曲线通货膨胀說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>菲利普斯曲线通货膨胀說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-菲利普斯曲线通货膨胀說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-菲利普斯曲线之位移" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#菲利普斯曲线之位移"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>菲利普斯曲线之位移</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-菲利普斯曲线之位移-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-供給面學說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#供給面學說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>供給面學說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-供給面學說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-通貨膨脹與經濟泡沫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#通貨膨脹與經濟泡沫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>通貨膨脹與經濟泡沫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-通貨膨脹與經濟泡沫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反通货膨胀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反通货膨胀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>反通货膨胀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反通货膨胀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">通货膨胀</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。121种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasie" title="Inflasie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Inflasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="تضخم اقتصادي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضخم اقتصادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89" title="تضخم اقتصادى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تضخم اقتصادى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মুদ্ৰাস্ফীতি – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মুদ্ৰাস্ফীতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n" title="Inflación – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inflación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nflyasiya" title="İnflyasiya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnflyasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تورم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflazion" title="Inflazion – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Inflazion" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implasyon" title="Implasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Implasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Інфляцыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інфляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Інфляцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфляцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфлация – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инфлация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="इन्फ्लेशन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इन्फ्लेशन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মুদ্রাস্ফীতি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুদ্রাস্ফীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monc%27hwez" title="Monc'hwez – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Monc'hwez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacija" title="Inflacija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Inflacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3" title="Inflació – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inflació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ھەڵاوسانی ئابووری – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵاوسانی ئابووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflace" title="Inflace – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inflace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwyddiant" title="Chwyddiant – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwyddiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C9%94r%C3%AB%C9%A3%C9%94%CC%88c" title="Thiɔrëɣɔ̈c – 丁卡语" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Thiɔrëɣɔ̈c" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enflasyon" title="Enflasyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Enflasyon" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%9D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އިންފްލޭޝަން – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިންފްލޭޝަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πληθωρισμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πληθωρισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacio" title="Inflacio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inflacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n" title="Inflación – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inflación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatsioon" title="Inflatsioon – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inflatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflazio" title="Inflazio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inflazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enflacion" title="Enflacion – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Enflacion" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تورم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaatio" title="Inflaatio – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Inflaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatsion" title="Inflatsion – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Inflatsion" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilsci%C3%BA" title="Boilsciú – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Boilsciú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaci%C3%B3n" title="Inflación – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inflación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B" title="ફુગાવો – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફુગાવો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="אינפלציה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינפלציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="मुद्रास्फीति – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुद्रास्फीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacija" title="Inflacija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Inflacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavich%C3%A8" title="Lavichè – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lavichè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Infláció – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infláció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B3" title="Գնաճ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնաճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaciono" title="Inflaciono – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Inflaciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%B0b%C3%B3lga" title="Verðbólga – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verðbólga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflazione" title="Inflazione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inflazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="インフレーション – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフレーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინფლაცია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფლაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0" title="ಹಣದುಬ್ಬರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಣದುಬ್ಬರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="인플레이션 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인플레이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatio_monetalis" title="Inflatio monetalis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inflatio monetalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatioun" title="Inflatioun – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Inflatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatie" title="Inflatie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Inflatie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflazion" title="Inflazion – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Inflazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%89" title="ສະພາວະເງິນເຟີ້ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະພາວະເງິນເຟີ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infliacija" title="Infliacija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Infliacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C4%81cija" title="Inflācija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Inflācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidangan%27_ny_vidim-piainana" title="Fidangan' ny vidim-piainana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fidangan' ny vidim-piainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Инфлација – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инфлација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="നാണയപ്പെരുപ്പം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാണയപ്പെരുപ്പം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Инфляци – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Инфляци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2" title="चलनवाढ – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चलनवाढ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ငွေကြေးဖောင်းပွခြင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငွေကြေးဖောင်းပွခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatschoon" title="Inflatschoon – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Inflatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatie" title="Inflatie – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Inflatie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="मुद्रा स्फिती – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मुद्रा स्फिती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatie" title="Inflatie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inflatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasjon" title="Inflasjon – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Inflasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasjon" title="Inflasjon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Inflasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacion" title="Inflacion – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Inflacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਮਹਿੰਗਾਈ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਿੰਗਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacja" title="Inflacja – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inflacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="افراط زر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افراط زر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="انفلاسيون – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انفلاسيون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infla%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Inflação – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inflação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infla%C8%9Bie" title="Inflație – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inflație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nflazzioni" title="Nflazzioni – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nflazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="افراط زر – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="افراط زر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacija" title="Inflacija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Inflacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="උද්ධමනය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උද්ධමනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C3%A1cia_(ekonomika)" title="Inflácia (ekonomika) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Inflácia (ekonomika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacija" title="Inflacija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Inflacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflacioni" title="Inflacioni – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inflacioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Инфлација – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инфлација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflasi" title="Inflasi – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Inflasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inflation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பணவீக்கம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பணவீக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="ద్రవ్యోల్బణం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రవ్యోల్బణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Таваррум – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таваррум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD" title="ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C3%BDasi%C3%BDa_n%C3%A4medir" title="Inflýasiýa nämedir – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Inflýasiýa nämedir" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implasyon_(presyo)" title="Implasyon (presyo) – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Implasyon (presyo)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enflasyon" title="Enflasyon – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enflasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфляция – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Инфляция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%87%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82%D9%89" title="پۇل پاخاللىقى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پۇل پاخاللىقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Інфляція – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інфляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="افراط زر – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افراط زر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflyatsiya" title="Inflyatsiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Inflyatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1m_ph%C3%A1t" title="Lạm phát – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lạm phát" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implasyon" title="Implasyon – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Implasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="通货膨胀 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="通货膨胀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ინფლაცია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინფლაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אינפלאציע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינפלאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="通貨膨脹 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="通貨膨脹" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thong-h%C3%B2e_ph%C3%B2ng-ti%C3%B2ng" title="Thong-hòe phòng-tiòng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thong-hòe phòng-tiòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="通貨膨脹 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="通貨膨脹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="浏览条目正文[c]" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&oldid=85034657" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" 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class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_inflation_rate_April_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_inflation_rate_April_2024.png/220px-World_inflation_rate_April_2024.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_inflation_rate_April_2024.png/330px-World_inflation_rate_April_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/World_inflation_rate_April_2024.png/440px-World_inflation_rate_April_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>2022年各国的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="通货膨胀率">通货膨胀率</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>通货膨胀</b>（英語：<span lang="en">inflation</span>，简称<b>通脹</b>）指整體價格或<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="物价">物价</a>水準持續上漲的經濟現象。當整體<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="物价">物价</a>水準上漲，人们的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B" title="購買力">購買力</a>就會減少<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。相反的是<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E7%B7%8A%E7%B8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="通貨緊縮">通貨緊縮</a>。 </p><p>通货膨脹與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E8%B2%B6%E5%80%BC" title="貨幣貶值">貨幣貶值</a>不同，整體通貨膨脹為特定經濟體內之<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3" title="貨幣">貨幣</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BC%E8%B2%B7%E5%8A%9B" title="購買力">購買力</a>的下降，而貨幣貶値為貨幣在不同經濟體之間相對價値的降低。前者影響此貨幣在國內市場上的價値，而後者影響此貨幣在國際市場上的價值，兩者之相關性為經濟學上的爭議之一。 </p><p>因為不同物價影響不同人，通貨膨脹有許多不同的衡量方式，最常見的兩種衡量指數有衡量帳面消費者物價的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="消費者物價指數">消費者物價指數</a>，以及衡量新出現的商品和服務的通貨膨脹的<a href="/wiki/GDP%E5%B9%B3%E5%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP平减指数">GDP平减指数</a>。 </p><p>主流經濟學家對於通貨膨脹起因的看法可大略分為兩派，「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="貨幣主義">貨幣主義</a>者」相信貨幣是通脹率數值最主要的影響，「<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="凱因斯主義">凱因斯主義</a>者」相信貨幣、利率和產出間的相互作用才是最主要的影響，凱因斯主義者也傾向除了一般標準消費性商品物價通脹外再另附上生產性商品（資本）通脹。其他理論，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利經濟學派">奧地利經濟學派</a>，相信通膨是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="中央銀行">中央銀行</a>增加<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="貨幣供給">貨幣供給</a>導致。簡單地說，當政府發行了過多貨幣時，貨幣便會貶値，而物價因而上升。 </p><p>相關概念包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" class="mw-redirect" title="反通货膨胀">通貨膨脹減緩</a>（disinflation），意指通脹率的降低。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="恶性通货膨胀">惡性通貨膨脹</a>，意指通脹失去控制急遽增加。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%AF%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="停滯性通脹">停滯性通脹</a>，意指通脹率與失業率同時增加。</li> <li>通貨再膨脹（reflation），意指企圖提高物價以反制來自通貨緊縮的壓力。</li></ul> <p>在古典<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="政治經濟學">政治經濟學</a>，「通貨膨脹」意指增加貨幣供給，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E7%B7%8A%E7%B8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="通貨緊縮">通貨緊縮</a>則是減少，增加貨幣供給的目的是為了容納實質GDP的增長。一些學派的經濟學家，通常被歸類為自由意志主義者、古典自由主義者或超保守主義者，仍然採用這種用法。在主流經濟術語這則被稱為擴張性和緊縮性貨幣政策。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="測量通貨膨脹"><span id=".E6.B8.AC.E9.87.8F.E9.80.9A.E8.B2.A8.E8.86.A8.E8.84.B9"></span>測量通貨膨脹</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：測量通貨膨脹"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="經濟學" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:經濟學">經濟學主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <p>通貨膨脹之測量由觀察一經濟體中之大量的勞務所得或物品價格之改變而得，通常是基於由政府所收集的資料，而工會與商業雜誌也做過這樣的調查。物價與勞務所得兩者共同組成<i>物價指數</i>，為整組物品的<b>平均物價水準</b>之測量基準。<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E7%8E%87" title="通貨膨脹率">通貨膨脹率</a>為該項指數的上昇幅度。物價水準量測<i>整體物價</i>，而通貨膨脹是指整體物價的<i>上揚幅度</i>。 </p><p>對通貨膨脹沒有單獨性的確實量測法，因通貨膨脹值取決於物價指數中各特定物品之價格比重，以及受測經濟區域的範圍。通用的量測法包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生活指數（页面不存在）">生活指數</a>（<span lang="en">CLI，Cost of Living Index</span>）為個人生活所需費用的理論增幅，以消費者物價指數（<span lang="en">Consumer Price Indexes</span>）概估之。經濟學家對特定的CPI值應估計為高於或低於CLI值有不同的看法。這是因為CPI值公認具「偏向性」（<span lang="en">bias</span>）。CLI可用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7" title="购买力平价">购买力平价</a>來調整以反應區域性商品與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界物價（页面不存在）">世界物價</a>的廣泛差距。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="消費者物價指數">消費者物價指數</a>測量由典型消費者所購物品之價格。在許多工業國家中，該指數的年度性變化百分比為最通用的通貨膨脹曲線報告。該項測量值通常用於薪資報酬談判中，因為雇員希望薪資（名目）能相等或高於消費者物價指數。有時勞資合約中會包含<b>按生活指數調整</b>條款（<span lang="en">cost of living escalators</span>），表示名目薪資會隨消費者物價指數的昇高自動調整，其調整之時機通常於通貨膨脹發生之後，幅度較實際通貨膨脹率為低。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E8%80%85%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生產者物價指數">生產者物價指數</a>測量生產者收購物料的價格，與消費者物價指數於物價津貼、盈利、與稅負上有所不同，導致生產者之所得與消費者之付出產生差距。生產者物價指數反應於消費者物價指數昇高而上昇，具有典型的延遲。雖說其具多樣化的組合，一般相信這種延遲的特性使得根據今日的生產者物價指數通貨膨脹粗估（<span lang="en">rough-and-ready</span>）明日的消費者物價指數通貨膨脹成為可能；各種的論述與內容有極重要的不同。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%89%E5%94%AE%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="躉售物價指數">躉售物價指數</a>（<span lang="en">Wholesale Price Index</span>）測量選擇性貨品之批發價格變化（特別是銷售稅），與PPI極為類似。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E5%83%B9%E6%A0%BC%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商品價格指數（页面不存在）">商品價格指數</a>（<span lang="en">Commodity Price Index</span>）測量選擇性商品售價之變化。若使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8D" title="金本位">金本位</a>制，則其所選擇的商品為黃金。美國使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A4%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="複本位制（页面不存在）">複本位制</a>，其指數包含黃金與白銀兩者。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDP%E5%B9%B3%E6%B8%9B%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP平減指數">GDP平減指數</a>為基於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">國内生產總值</a>的計算：名目GDP與經通貨膨脹修正後的GDP（即不變價格（<span lang="en">constant-price</span>）GDP或實質GDP）兩者間所使用的金錢之比例（參見<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E8%B3%AA%E8%88%87%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實質與名目經濟（页面不存在）">實質與名目經濟</a>）。這是對價格水準最宏觀測量。本指數也用來計算GDP的組成部分，如個人消費開支。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%84%B2%E5%82%99%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美國聯邦儲備局">美國聯邦儲備局</a>改用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E5%B9%B3%E6%B8%9B%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核心個人消費平減指數（页面不存在）">核心個人消費平減指數</a>（<span lang="en">personal consumption deflator</span>）及其他平減指數作為制訂“反通胀政策”的參考。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="个人消费支出价格指数（页面不存在）">个人消费支出价格指数</a>（<span lang="en">PCEPI，Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index</span>）。2000年2月17日，在半年一度的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國會金融政策報告（页面不存在）">國會金融政策報告</a>（亦即Humphrey-Hawkins報告）中，聯邦公開市場委員會（<span lang="en">FOMC，Federal Open Market Committee</span>）聲稱將主要的通貨膨脹測量法自CPI改為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E5%BC%8F%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E9%96%8B%E6%94%AF%E5%83%B9%E6%A0%BC%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="連鎖式個人消費開支價格指數（页面不存在）">連鎖式個人消費開支價格指數</a>。</li></ul> <p>因為每一種測量法都基於他種測量法，並以固定模式結合在一起，經濟學家經常爭議在各測量法及通貨膨脹模式中是否有偏差存在。例如，Boskin委員會於1995年找出美國勞工部統計局（BLS）所計算出的CPI具有偏差。在對其偏差進行定量分析後，他們認為當年度的通貨膨脹遭過分誇大。因「快樂論」（<span lang="en">hedonic</span>）所帶來的科技創新增加與以平價品取代昂貴的商品，兩者都會降低CPI-U的昇高率。另一個例子是在1980年代早期，無人居住的出租單位並不計入CPI-U與CPI-W的租金收入部分；在加計此部分後，通貨膨脹率實際上是極度的受低估，於是在1982年的CPI計算中加入了這項改變。 </p><p>現存的爭論為應否計入關於快樂論的調整部分，包含人們會在高物價的地區不可企及時搬遷到較便宜的地區。也有人認為指數中的購屋部分極度低估了日常生活費用對房價的衝擊，亦極度低估了醫療費用在退休者的日常費用中的重要性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E8.B2.A8.E8.86.A8.E8.84.B9.E5.9C.A8.E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F.E5.AD.B8.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.92.E8.89.B2"></span>通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：通貨膨脹在經濟學上的角色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯">凯恩斯</a>曾经说过一句话：“通过连续的通货膨胀过程，政府可以秘密地、不为人知地没收公民财富的一部分。用这种办法可以任意剥夺人民的财富，在使多数人贫穷的过程中，却使少数人暴富。” </p><p>穩定的小幅度通貨膨脹一般会被认为对经济有益。其中一個原因是某些价格難以重新談判降價，特別是對薪資與合約而言更是如此。所以物價若緩步上漲，則相關的價格便較易於調整。有多種物價會抗拒降價（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粘性价格">粘性价格</a>）,而倾向于不断上漲。所以试图达到零通貨膨脹（物價維持平準）的做法會导致其他行业的價格、盈利、與雇員數降低。所以，若干公司的執行部門視溫和的通貨膨脹為「潤滑商業巨輪」。追求完完全全的價格穩定會帶來極具毁滅性的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E7%B7%8A%E7%B8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="通貨緊縮">通貨緊縮</a>（物價持續降低），將導致<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E7%94%A2" title="破產">破產</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟衰退">經濟衰退</a>，甚至是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="经济萧条">經濟蕭條</a>。 </p><p>金融體系視通貨膨脹之「潛在風險」為高於儲蓄累積財富的基本投資誘因。換句話說，通貨膨脹就是市場對<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%8C%A2%E7%9A%84%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" title="金錢的時間價值">金錢的時間價值</a>之措辭。也就是說，因為今天的一元較明年的一元更具價值，所以未來的資本價值在經濟學上有所扣減。此種觀點視通貨膨脹為對未來資本價值的不確定性。 </p><p>對低階層者而言，通貨膨脹通常會提高由經濟活動之前的貼現所產生的負面影響。通貨膨脹通常導因於政府提高<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="貨幣供給">貨幣供給</a>政策。政府對通貨膨脹的所能進行的影響是對停滯的資金課稅。通貨膨脹昇高時，政府提高對停滯的資金的稅負以刺激消費與借支，於提高了資金的流動速度，又增強了通貨膨脹，形成惡性循環。在極端的情形下會形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="恶性通货膨胀">惡性通貨膨脹</a>： </p> <ul><li>增強<i>不確定性</i>可能會打擊投資與儲蓄。</li> <li><i>重新分配</i> <ul><li>从效果上将收入从固定收入者（收入来源于养老金之類）手中重新分配至非固定收入者（收入来源于薪水或投资回报），因为薪水或投资回报会随通货膨胀而上涨。</li> <li>同樣的，固定金額的放款者，其資產可能會重新分配給貸方（若放款方對通貨膨脹预期不足从而利率偏低）。例如，政府通常是貸方，通貨膨脹使政府实际<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E5%82%B5" title="負債">負債</a>降低,从而會將資金重新分配回政府手中。這種情況有時被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E7%A8%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="通货膨胀税">通貨膨脹稅</a>。</li></ul></li> <li><i>國際貿易</i>：若國內通貨膨脹率較低，遭削減的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93%E9%A4%98%E9%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="貿易餘額">貿易餘額</a>會破壞固定<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%AF%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="匯率">匯率</a>。</li> <li><i>鞋底成本</i>：因為現金的價值在通貨膨脹時會萎縮，在通貨膨脹時期人們因此會傾向持有較少的現金。这种行为会导致成本增高，比如去銀行的次数增加。（鞋底成本一詞是句玩笑話，意指因走到銀行而磨損鞋底所產生的成本。）</li> <li><i>菜單成本</i>：商號須更動於改變產品價格，这导致成本增加。一个例子是餐廳由於改印菜單所增加的成本。</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="恶性通货膨胀">惡性通貨膨脹</a></i>：若通貨膨脹昇高的程度失去控制，會干擾到正常的經濟活動，損害供給能力。</li></ul> <p>在一經濟體中，會有若干部門編入通貨膨脹指數，而若干部門沒有，通貨膨脹行為會自未編入的部門向編入的部門重新分配。在影響幅度小時，這屬於一種政策性的選擇，不對儲蓄而對變現優先權與手頭資金課稅。若影響超出一定幅度時，則其效應歪曲，成為個人對通貨膨脹的投資，也就是鼓勵對通貨膨脹的預期心理。 </p><p>因為以上打擊通貨膨脹的理由都高於打擊其預期行為與打擊持有大量資金所需的小幅影響，大部分的中央銀行顧及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物價穩定性（页面不存在）">物價穩定性</a>，都以可見但極低的通貨膨脹為目標。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="痛苦指數"><span id=".E7.97.9B.E8.8B.A6.E6.8C.87.E6.95.B8"></span>痛苦指數</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：痛苦指數"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%9B%E8%8B%A6%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="痛苦指数">痛苦指數</a>（Misery index）於1970年代由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E8%82%AF" title="亞瑟·奧肯">亞瑟·奧肯</a>發表，代表令人不快的經濟狀況，等於通貨膨脹與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業">失業</a>率之總合。其公式為：痛苦指數 = 通貨膨脹百分比 + 失業率百分比，表示一般大眾對相同昇幅的通貨膨脹率與失業率感受到相同程度的不愉快。現代經濟學家不同意以完全負面的「痛苦」一詞來形容上述通貨膨脹機轉的負面衝擊。實際上，經濟學家中有許多認為公眾對溫和通貨膨脹的成見是來自其相互影響：群眾只記得在高通貨膨脹時期相關的經濟困難狀況。以現代經濟學家的觀點來說，溫和的通貨膨脹是較不重要的經濟問題，可由對抗<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%AF%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="停滯性通貨膨脹">滞胀</a>（可能由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="貨幣主義">貨幣主義</a>所刺激）來作部分中止。 </p> <ul><li>許多經濟學家（特別是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>）曾鼓吹以較高的通貨膨脹作為經濟衰退的一個解決方案。</li> <li>所有對通貨膨脹的調查都顯示出<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="新古典經濟學">新古典經濟學</a>派學者與一般大眾對溫和通貨膨脹所造成的損害有岐見：公眾仍然認為其損害劇烈，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="財政">財政</a>型經濟學者視其損害為微不足道，許多學者甚至說一點傷害也沒有。</li></ul> <p>因通貨膨脹具重分配之性質，反對承受通貨膨脹重負的意見落居下風。因為資本利得稅為名目數額，所以通貨膨脹被主張為與「富人稅」一樣重要，而低度通貨膨脹的社會會傾向於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A1%E5%AF%8C%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="財富凝結（页面不存在）">財富凝結</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="通貨膨脹的起因"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E8.B2.A8.E8.86.A8.E8.84.B9.E7.9A.84.E8.B5.B7.E5.9B.A0"></span>通貨膨脹的起因</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：通貨膨脹的起因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不同學派對通貨膨脹的起因有不同的學說。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="货币主义的解释"><span id=".E8.B4.A7.E5.B8.81.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.A3.E9.87.8A"></span><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="货币主义">货币主义</a>的解释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：货币主义的解释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對於通貨膨脹最廣為人知也最直接的理論是：通貨膨脹導因於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="貨幣供給">貨幣供給</a>率高於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟成長">經濟成長</a>。此說主張以比較GDP平減指數與貨幣供給增長來作測量，並由中央銀行設定利率來維持貨幣數量。此觀點不同於下述之<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利經濟學派">奧地利學派</a>者在於其著重於貨幣之數量而非實質。在貨幣主義架構下，貨幣的聚集是重點所在。 </p><p>貨幣數量理論，簡單的說，就是經濟體所耗貨幣總量取決於現存貨幣總量。下列公式創自此說： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P={\frac {D_{C}}{S_{C}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P={\frac {D_{C}}{S_{C}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff981fb9362827293497a62d0578ecd12e55d150" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:9.086ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P={\frac {D_{C}}{S_{C}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span> 為一般<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E5%93%81%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B7%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="消费品物价水平（页面不存在）">消费品物价水平</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{C}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{C}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16ba28691302b0004b20a0bf94a53dcd6e98d4c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.406ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{C}}"></span>為消費品總需求量，而<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{C}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{C}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecd3ee7ca09f03be6a20c2bc904cf33508d0dff5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.906ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{C}}"></span>則為消費品總供給量。公式背後的觀念是：在消費品總供應量對消費品總需求量相對下降，或消費品總需求量對消費品總供應量相對上昇時，一般消費品物價會隨之提高。基於總開銷主要基於現存貨幣總量的觀點，經濟學者們以貨幣總量計算消費品總需求量。於是乎，他們斷定總開銷與消費品總需求量隨著貨幣總量提高。於是相信貨幣數量理論的學者們同樣也相信物價上漲的唯一原因就是經濟成長（表示消費品總需求量正提高），以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中央银行">央行</a>因之以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" class="mw-redirect" title="貨幣政策">貨幣政策</a>提高現存<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E7%B8%BD%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貨幣總量（页面不存在）">貨幣總量</a>。 </p><p>以此觀點來說，通貨膨脹的最根本原因是貨幣供給量多於需求量，於是「通貨膨脹是一定會到處發生的貨幣現象」，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="米尔顿·弗里德曼">米尔顿·弗里德曼</a>如是說。意指通貨膨脹的控制有賴於貨幣上與財政上的限制。政府不可令<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%9F%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="借支（页面不存在）">借支</a>過於容易，其自身亦不可超額貸款。此觀點著重於中央政府預算赤字與利率，以及經濟生產力，也就是由生產成本（總供應）所推動的通貨膨脹（Cost - Pull Inflation）。 </p><p>所以，通貨膨脹就是指有錢人增加了。因為購物速度比製造速度快時，引起物價上漲，但是物價不是無限大上漲，而是物價上漲在超過某值時會發生購物速度下降。當購物速度下降時就是貧窮戶多於有錢户。當購物速度下降時，學者特別的指出是通貨膨脹的逆流，等於是有錢人的逆流回到貧窮人了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="新凯恩斯主义"><span id=".E6.96.B0.E5.87.AF.E6.81.A9.E6.96.AF.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>新凯恩斯主义</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：新凯恩斯主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="新凯恩斯经济学">新凯恩斯经济学</a></div> <p>依新凯恩斯主义，通货膨胀有三種主要的形式，為<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010195003/http://faculty-web.at.nwu.edu/economics/gordon/indexlayers.html">Robert J. Gordon</a>所說的"<b>三角模型</b>"之一部分: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%9A%E8%83%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="需求拉动通胀（页面不存在）">需求拉动通胀</a> - 通货膨胀發生於因GDP所產生的高需求與低失業，又稱<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="菲利普斯曲线">菲利普斯曲线</a>型通货膨胀。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%9A%E8%83%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成本推动通胀（页面不存在）">成本推动通胀</a> - 今稱「供給震盪型通货膨胀」（supply shock inflation），發生於油價突然提高時。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E5%9E%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="固有型通货膨胀（页面不存在）">固有型通货膨胀</a>（Built-in inflation） - 因<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合理預期（页面不存在）">合理預期</a>所引起，通常與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="价格/工资螺旋">价格/工资螺旋</a>有關。工人希望持續提高薪資，其費用傳遞至產品成本與價格，形成惡性循環。固有型通货膨胀反應已發生的事件，被視為<b>殘留型通货膨胀</b>，又稱「慣性通货膨胀」，甚至是「結構性通货膨胀」。</li></ul> <p>這三型的通货膨胀可隨時合併解釋現行的通货膨胀率。然而，大多時前兩種型態的通货膨胀（及其實際的通货膨胀率）會影響固有型通货膨胀的大小：持續性的高（或低）通货膨胀帶動提高（或降低）固有型通货膨胀。 </p><p>三角模型中有兩項基本元素：沿著<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="菲利普斯曲线">菲利普斯曲线</a>移動，如低<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業">失业率</a>刺激昇高通货膨胀；以及轉移其曲線，如通货膨胀昇高或降低對<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="失業率">失業率</a>的影響。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="菲利普斯曲线通货膨胀說"><span id=".E8.8F.B2.E5.88.A9.E6.99.AE.E6.96.AF.E6.9B.B2.E7.BA.BF.E9.80.9A.E8.B4.A7.E8.86.A8.E8.83.80.E8.AA.AA"></span>菲利普斯曲线通货膨胀說</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：菲利普斯曲线通货膨胀說"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="菲利普斯曲线">菲利普斯曲线</a></div> <p>需求帶動理論主要集中於货币供給：通货膨胀可由流通中的货币數量與經濟供應力（其<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9B%E5%9C%A8%E8%BC%B8%E5%87%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潛在輸出（页面不存在）">潛在輸出</a>）相關。這點在政府（可能於對外戰爭或內戰期間）印行超額的货币引起金融危機時特別鮮明，有時會導致惡性通货膨胀使得物價飛漲（或達每月上漲一倍的程度）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="貨幣供給">货币供給</a>在程度溫和的通货膨胀中也扮演主要角色，但其重要性有爭議。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="貨幣主義">货币主義</a>經濟學家相信其具強力連結；相反地，<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="凯恩斯主义">凯恩斯主义</a>經濟學者強調<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="總體需求">總體需求</a>在其中的角色，而货币供給僅只是總體需求的決定性因素。 </p><p>凯恩斯主义解釋法的基本觀念為通货膨胀與失業率之間的關係，稱之為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="菲利普斯曲线">菲利普斯曲线</a>模型。此模型在物價穩定度與失業率之間权衡（trade off）；故為將失業率降至最低，可允許一定程度的通货膨胀。菲利普斯曲线模型極佳的描述出美國在1960年代的經歷，但不足以詮釋其於1970年代所遭遇到的通货膨胀昇高與經濟停滯結合。現今菲利普斯曲线用以關聯薪資總額增長與一般性通货膨胀的關係而非失業率與通货膨胀率。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="菲利普斯曲线之位移"><span id=".E8.8F.B2.E5.88.A9.E6.99.AE.E6.96.AF.E6.9B.B2.E7.BA.BF.E4.B9.8B.E4.BD.8D.E7.A7.BB"></span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="菲利普斯曲线">菲利普斯曲线</a>之位移</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：菲利普斯曲线之位移"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>因為供給震盪與通货膨胀已成為經濟活動的固定因素，當代整體經濟使用「位移」過的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="菲利普斯曲线">菲利普斯曲线</a>（以及物價穩定度與失業率之間的取捨平衡）來描述通货膨胀。供給震盪意指1970年代的油價震盪，而固有型的通货膨胀意指<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9/%E8%96%AA%E8%B3%87%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物價/薪資循環（页面不存在）">物價/薪資循環</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E9%A0%90%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通货膨胀預期（页面不存在）">通货膨胀預期</a>，表示在正常經濟情況下容忍通货膨胀。因此，菲利普斯曲线僅代表三角模式中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A8%E9%80%9A%E8%83%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="需求拉动通胀（页面不存在）">需求拉动通胀</a>。 </p><p>另一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="凯恩斯主义">凯恩斯主义</a>的觀點為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9B%E5%9C%A8%E7%94%A2%E5%87%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潛在產出（页面不存在）">潛在產出</a>（有時稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="國內生產總值">國內生產總值</a>）－也就是達到最高生產力的狀況下經濟體之GDP水準－為習慣性且固有的限制。此種輸出標準對應於<a href="/w/index.php?title=NAIRU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAIRU（页面不存在）">NAIRU</a>－固有失业率、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%A4%B1%E4%B8%9A%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="自然失业率">自然失业率</a>或全職性的失業率。在如此架構下，固有型通货膨胀率為內因性地取決於經濟體內的勞動量： </p> <ul><li>GDP超出其潛在水準（且失業率低於NAIRU）時。該理論指出，在其他條件相等時，通货膨胀隨著供應者提高價格而加劇，且固有型通货膨胀會更惡化。進一步將導致<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="菲利普斯曲线">菲利普斯曲线</a>朝著高通胀與高失業擺向<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%AF%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="停滯性通貨膨脹">滞胀</a>。這種"加速型通货膨胀"曾見於1960年代的美國，當時<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越戰</a>的開銷（由小額加稅抵消）在數年間將失業率壓低在百分之四以下。</li> <li>GDP低於其潛在水準（且失業率高於NAIRU），而其他條件相等時，通货膨胀隨著供應者企圖降價，讓市場消化超額數量，並低估固有型通货膨胀而減低；即阻止通货膨胀。將導致菲利普斯曲线朝著低通胀與低失業擺向期望的方向。阻止通货膨胀曾見於1980年代的美國，當時<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%82%A8%E5%A4%87%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="美国联邦储备系统">美联储</a>主席<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="保罗·沃尔克">保羅·沃爾克</a>的抗通胀措施帶來數年的高失業率，其中兩年曾高達百分之十。</li> <li>GDP相等於其潛在水準（且失業率也等於NAIRU）時，只要沒有供給震盪，通货膨胀率即不變。長期說來，大多數的新凯恩斯總體經濟學者視菲利普斯曲线為<i>垂直</i>。也就是說，若通货膨胀率高到可以壓過失業率的情況下，失業率為其前提，且等相於NAIRU。</li></ul> <p>然而，以該理論作為政策制訂的標的存在缺陷。潛在產出（以及NAIRU）的數量通常為未知，且會隨時間改變。另外，通货膨胀率的發生並不對稱，上昇的速度較下降為快；更糟的是還趨向隨政策而變。例如說，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%92%92%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="玛格利特·撒切尔">撒切尔</a>首相主政時期，失業者發覺自己處於結構性失業，也就是無法在不列顛經濟體內找到適才適所的就業機會，當時英國的高失業率可能提高了NAIRU（且潛力降低）。在一經濟體避免跨越高通货膨胀的門坎時，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="結構性失業">结构性失业</a>率的提高暗示著只有小量的人力可在NAIRU中找到就業機會。 </p><p>若假定NAIRU與潛在產出兩者皆具獨特性且迅速達成，則絕大多數的非<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="凯恩斯主义">凯恩斯主义</a>的通货膨胀理論可理解為包含於新凯恩斯主义的觀點中。當"供給面"固定時，通货膨胀取決於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="總體需求">總體需求</a>（aggregate demand）。固定供給面也暗示著公私機構的開銷定然相互衝突。故政府的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%A4%E5%AD%97%E9%96%8B%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赤字開支（页面不存在）">赤字開支</a>會對私營機構產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%93%A0%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="排擠效果">排擠效果</a>，而對就業水準並無影響。也就是說，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%87%E9%87%91%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="資金供給（页面不存在）">資金供給</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金融政策（页面不存在）">金融政策</a>為唯一可影響通货膨胀者。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="供給面學說"><span id=".E4.BE.9B.E7.B5.A6.E9.9D.A2.E5.AD.B8.E8.AA.AA"></span>供給面學說</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：供給面學說"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6%E9%9D%A2%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="供給面經濟學說（页面不存在）">供給面經濟學說</a>假定通貨膨脹一定由資金供給過剩與資金需求不足所引起。對這兩個因素而言，資金數量純粹只是標的物。於是，歐洲於中世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>流行期間所發生的通貨膨脹，可視為因資金需求降低所引起；而1970年代的通貨膨脹可歸因於美國脫離<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E9%A1%BF%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="布雷顿森林协定">布雷顿森林体系</a>所訂定的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8D" title="金本位">金本位</a>後所產生的資金供給過剩。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%BB%99%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="供给学派">供给学派</a>假定，資金供給與需求同時提高時，不會導致通貨膨脹。 </p><p>供給面經濟學說所闡述的一個要素，稱美國1980年代由低稅負所引領的經濟擴張為結束高通貨膨脹的手段。其論點在經濟擴張提高對基本資金的需求，且此種作法抵銷通貨膨脹的影響。經濟擴張可視為經常性的帶來對資金的高需求，且其他條件等同於提高資金數量。在國際貨幣市場中，此種政策無可置辯。供給面經濟學說主張，經濟擴張不僅提高國內對資金的評價，也會提高國際上的評價。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="通貨膨脹與經濟泡沫"><span id=".E9.80.9A.E8.B2.A8.E8.86.A8.E8.84.B9.E8.88.87.E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F.E6.B3.A1.E6.B2.AB"></span>通貨膨脹與經濟泡沫</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：通貨膨脹與經濟泡沫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>歷史上著名的泡沫經濟案例，鬱金香狂熱，在1630年代的荷蘭，鬱金香的價格，從1636年12月到1637年2月的三個月內價格快速通貨膨脹飆升了12倍。1637年5月，泡沫破滅，價格暴跌。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在美國2000年到2006年房屋價格幾乎翻了一番，房市價格快速膨脹上升，到2008年時引起了金融海嘯、房市泡沫化。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>這種快速的通貨膨脹伴隨著價值的快速下降或收縮，被稱為經濟泡沫化。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="反通货膨胀"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E9.80.9A.E8.B4.A7.E8.86.A8.E8.83.80"></span>反通货膨胀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：反通货膨胀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>國家<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="中央銀行">中央銀行</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%BA%96%E5%82%99%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="美國聯邦準備理事會">聯準會</a>，可經由設定利率及其他<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="货币政策">货币政策</a>來有力地影響通貨膨脹率。高利率（及資金需求成長遲緩）為央行反通胀的典型手法，以降低就業及生產來抑制物價上漲。 </p><p>然而，不同國家的央行對控制通貨膨脹有不同的觀點。例如說，有些央行密切注意<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對稱性通貨膨脹目標（页面不存在）">對稱性通貨膨脹目標</a>，而有些僅在通貨膨脹率過高時加以控制。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲中央銀行">歐洲中央銀行</a>因在面對高失業率時採行後者而受指責。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="货币主义">货币主义</a>者著重經由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金融政策（页面不存在）">金融政策</a>以降低資金供給來提高<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%87" title="利率">利率</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="凯恩斯主义">凯恩斯主义</a>者則著重於經由增稅或降低<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%96%8B%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政府開支（页面不存在）">政府開支</a>等<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%89%8B%E6%AE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="財政手段（页面不存在）">財政手段</a>來普遍性的降低需求。其對金融政策的解釋部分來自<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%B4%9B" title="罗伯特·索洛">罗伯特·索罗</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%94%A8%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="日用品">日用品</a>價格上漲所作的研究成果。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%BB%99%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="供给学派">供給学派</a>所主張的抵抗通貨膨脹方法為：固定貨幣與黃金等固定參考物的兌換率，或降低浮動貨幣結構中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B9%E9%99%85%E7%A8%8E%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="边际税率（页面不存在）">边际税率</a>以鼓勵形成資本。所有這些政策可透過<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C" title="公开市场操作">公开市场操作</a>達成。 </p><p>另一種方法為直接控制薪資與物價（參見<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E8%AD%B0%E5%83%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工資議價（页面不存在）">工資議價</a>，incomes policies）。美國在1970年代早期，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE" title="理查德·尼克松">尼克森</a>主政下，曾試驗過這種方法。其中一個主要的问题是，這些政策與刺激需求面同時實施。故供給面的限制（控制手段、潛在產出）與需求增長產生衝突。經濟學家一般視物價控制為不良作法，因其助長<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%AD%E7%BC%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="短缺（页面不存在）">短缺</a>、降低生產品質，從而扭曲經濟運行。然而，若能避免因經濟嚴重衰退導致成本昇高，或在抵抗戰時通貨膨脹的情形下，這樣的代價或許值得。 </p><p>實際上，物价控制可能因抵抗通貨膨脹而使經濟衰退更具影響力（因降低需求而提高失業率），而經濟衰退可在需求高漲時防止物價因控制產生歪曲。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.history.com/news/tulip-mania-financial-crash-holland">Dave Roos,August 4, 2023</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409055615/https://www.history.com/news/tulip-mania-financial-crash-holland">存档</a>于2024-04-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&rft.btitle=Dave+Roos%2CAugust+4%2C+2023&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Ftulip-mania-financial-crash-holland&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gobonbee.com/en/la-inflacion-del-tulipan-en-holanda-una-locura-floral-que-hizo-historia/">Tulip inflation in the Netherlands, Feb 22, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-the-2008-financial-crisis-tells-us-about-todays-inflation-surge-11649263077">Greg Ip,April 6, 2022,Wall Street Journal</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216082017/https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-the-2008-financial-crisis-tells-us-about-todays-inflation-surge-11649263077">存档</a>于2024-02-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&rft.btitle=Greg+Ip%2CApril+6%2C+2022%2CWall+Street+Journal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-the-2008-financial-crisis-tells-us-about-todays-inflation-surge-11649263077&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsmanguide.com/commercial/bubble-trouble/">August 2023,Garry Barnes.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216083153/https://www.scotsmanguide.com/commercial/bubble-trouble/">存档</a>于2024-02-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&rft.btitle=August+2023%2CGarry+Barnes.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsmanguide.com%2Fcommercial%2Fbubble-trouble%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gplantin.net/MonetaryBubblesInflation12.pdf">Journal of Economic Theory,2 August 2023</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312102118/https://www.gplantin.net/MonetaryBubblesInflation12.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2024-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Economic+Theory%2C2+August+2023&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gplantin.net%2FMonetaryBubblesInflation12.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ol><li>Barro, Robert J. Macroeconomics</li> <li>Brown, A. World Inflation Since 1950</li> <li>Case, Karl E. and Fair, Ray C. Principles of Macroeconomics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130423042046/http://www.bls.gov/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>Kieler, Mads The ECB's Inflation Objective</li> <li>George Reisman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/books/capitalism.pdf"><i>Capitalism: A Treatise on Economics</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131028114214/http://www.mises.org/books/capitalism.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（Ottawa : Jameson Books, 1990）, 503-506 & Chapter 19 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0915463733" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-915463-73-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_N._Rothbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray N. Rothbard（页面不存在）">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mises.org/money.asp">What has government done to our money?</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141008191825/http://mises.org/money.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0945466102" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-945466-10-2</a>. Good introduction to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrian school（页面不存在）">Austrian school</a>'s view on money, inflation etc.</li> <li>Chechulin V. L., About the inflation circles // Vestnik PSU, 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=12859176">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210214102054/http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=12859176">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/通货膨胀">通货膨胀</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国通货膨胀率列表">各国通货膨胀率列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="恶性通货膨胀">恶性通货膨胀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%AF%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="停滯性通貨膨脹">滞胀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9%E7%8E%87" title="通貨膨脹率">通貨膨脹率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E7%B4%A7%E7%BC%A9" title="通货紧缩">通货紧缩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E8%B2%B6%E5%80%BC" title="貨幣貶值">貨幣貶值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中央银行">中央银行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%AB%94%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="總體經濟學">总体经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="货币主义">货币主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%BE%9B%E7%BB%99" class="mw-redirect" title="货币供给">货币供给</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E5%83%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="物價革命">物價革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="無條件基本收入">無條件基本收入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="72律">72律</a>（計算通貨膨脹時期削減固定數量購買力的經驗法則）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="通货膨胀税" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inflation tax"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E7%A8%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="通货膨胀税">通货膨胀税</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%84%E5%B9%A3%E7%A8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="鑄幣稅">鑄幣稅</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samvak.tripod.com/inflation.html">Arguments for and against inflation and inflation targeting</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210518141118/http://samvak.tripod.com/inflation.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808205626/http://www.westegg.com/inflation/">The Inflation Calculator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl">Another Inflation Calculator by the Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080529155647/http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=6949">Project Gutenberg Edition of Fiat Money Inflation in France: How ... - November 2004</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210318194941/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=6949">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abelard.org/inflation.htm">The mechanics of inflation</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080509104808/http://www.abelard.org/inflation.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>政府的大騙局及其如何生效</i> 是abelard.org中關於經濟與資金的系列專文之一</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107150728/http://www.greekshares.com/inflation.asp">Basics of Inflation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20070813/10381599906.shtml">通货膨胀与财富再分配</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210318020304/http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20070813/10381599906.shtml">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/products_and_services/products/publications/free_reference_materials/index_tc_cd_B8XX0021_dt_latest.jsp">政府統計處 - 消費物價指數簡介</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210518141143/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/products_and_services/products/publications/free_reference_materials/index_tc_cd_B8XX0021_dt_latest.jsp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5119371">漲價就是通貨膨脹？通膨是什麼又該怎麼進行通膨投資？｜天下雜誌</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:宏观经济学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:宏观经济学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:宏观经济学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:宏观经济学;_zh-hk:宏觀經濟學;_zh-tw:總體經濟學;&#125;-" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="宏观经济学">宏观经济学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="總需求">總需求</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BE%9B%E7%BB%99" title="总供给">总供给</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="有效需求">有效需求</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%A3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="景氣循環">商业周期</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0" title="经济扩张">经济扩张</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="金融危机">金融危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%A1%B0%E9%80%80" title="经济衰退">经济衰退</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="经济萧条">经济萧条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%BE%A9%E7%94%A6" title="經濟復甦">經濟復甦</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Demand shock" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Demand shock"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demand_shock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demand shock（页面不存在）">需求冲击</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_shock" class="extiw" title="en:Demand shock"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Demand shock</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>预期 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F" title="适应性预期">适应性预期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F" title="理性预期">理性预期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF" title="经济增长">经济增长</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">通货膨胀</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="需求拉动型通货膨胀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Demand-pull inflation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E6%8B%89%E5%8A%A8%E5%9E%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="需求拉动型通货膨胀（页面不存在）">需求拉动型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand-pull_inflation" class="extiw" title="en:Demand-pull inflation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Demand-pull inflation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成本推动型通货膨胀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cost-push inflation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%A8%E5%9E%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成本推动型通货膨胀（页面不存在）">成本推动型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-push_inflation" class="extiw" title="en:Cost-push inflation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cost-push inflation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%A9%E6%B0%B4%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" title="缩水式通货膨胀">縮水式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%9C%E6%BB%AF%E6%80%A7%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="停滯性通貨膨脹">停滯性</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E7%B4%A7%E7%BC%A9" title="通货紧缩">通货紧缩</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%BA%E5%8A%A1%E5%9E%8B%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E7%B4%A7%E7%BC%A9" title="债务型通货紧缩">债务型通货紧缩</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" class="mw-redirect" title="反通货膨胀">反通货膨胀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%87" title="利率">利率</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="投資 (宏觀經濟學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Investment (macroeconomics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87_(%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%80%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="投資 (宏觀經濟學)（页面不存在）">投資</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics)" class="extiw" title="en:Investment (macroeconomics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Investment (macroeconomics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E6%80%A7%E9%99%B7%E9%98%B1" title="流動性陷阱">流動性陷阱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国民收入和产出的衡量指标" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Measures of national income and output"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%A7%E5%87%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A1%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%A0%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国民收入和产出的衡量指标（页面不存在）">国民收入和产出的衡量指标</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" class="extiw" title="en:Measures of national income and output"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Measures of national income and output</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国内生产总值">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5" title="國民收入">GNI</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国民净收入" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Net national income"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%87%80%E6%94%B6%E5%85%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国民净收入（页面不存在）">NNI</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_national_income" class="extiw" title="en:Net national income"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Net national income</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%80%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E" title="微觀基礎">微觀基礎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3" title="貨幣">貨幣</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内生货币" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Endogenous money"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内生货币（页面不存在）">内生货币</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenous_money" class="extiw" title="en:Endogenous money"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Endogenous money</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E6%89%A9%E5%BC%A0" title="货币扩张">货币扩张</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="货币需求">货币需求</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E5%A5%BD" title="流动性偏好">流动性偏好</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E4%BE%9B%E6%87%89%E9%87%8F" title="貨幣供應量">貨幣供應量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%A0%B8%E7%AE%97" title="国民经济核算">国民经济核算</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国民核算制度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="System of National Accounts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%A0%B8%E7%AE%97%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国民核算制度（页面不存在）">国民核算制度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_National_Accounts" class="extiw" title="en:System of National Accounts"><span lang="en" dir="auto">System of National Accounts</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E6%80%A7_(%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6)" title="黏性 (经济学)">黏性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3" title="价格水平">价格水平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%BB%99%E5%86%B2%E5%87%BB" title="供给冲击">供给冲击</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%82%A8%E8%93%84" title="国民储蓄">国民储蓄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="失業">失業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E5%92%8C%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F" title="长期和短期">长期和短期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关领域与次级学科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="发展经济学">发展经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF" title="经济增长">增长经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="貨幣銀行學">貨幣經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政策</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="财政政策">财政政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="货币政策">货币政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="中央银行">中央银行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%B9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="雷根經濟學">里根经济学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">模型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS-LM%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="IS-LM模型">IS-LM模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="菲利普斯曲线">菲利普斯曲线</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿罗-德布鲁模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arrow–Debreu model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97-%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿罗-德布鲁模型（页面不存在）">阿罗-德布鲁模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow%E2%80%93Debreu_model" class="extiw" title="en:Arrow–Debreu model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arrow–Debreu model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7-%E5%A4%9A%E9%A9%AC%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="哈罗德-多马模型">哈罗德-多马模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%B4%9B%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="索洛模型">索洛模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90-%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF-%E5%BA%93%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="拉姆齐-卡斯-库普曼斯模型">拉姆齐-卡斯-库普曼斯模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%A0%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="世代交叠模型">世代交叠模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="一般均衡理论">一般均衡理论</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1" title="动态随机一般均衡">动态随机一般均衡</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="内生经济增长理论">内生经济增长理论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="匹配理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Matching theory (economics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="匹配理论（页面不存在）">匹配理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_theory_(economics)" class="extiw" title="en:Matching theory (economics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Matching theory (economics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94-%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="蒙代尔-弗莱明模型">蒙代尔-弗莱明模型</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超调模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Overshooting model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%B0%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超调模型（页面不存在）">超调模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overshooting_model" class="extiw" title="en:Overshooting model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Overshooting model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E9%80%9A%E8%B4%A7%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80%E5%A4%B1%E4%B8%9A%E7%8E%87" title="非加速通货膨胀失业率">非加速通货膨胀失业率</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学派</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主流</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="凯恩斯主义经济学">凯恩斯主义经济学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%87%B1%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="新凱恩斯學派">第一代新凱恩斯主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="新兴凯恩斯学派">第二代新凱恩斯主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="货币主义">货币主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="新興古典經濟學派">新興古典經濟學派</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9E%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="真实商业周期理论">真实商业周期理论</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="斯德哥爾摩學派">斯德哥爾摩學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6%E9%9D%A2%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="供給面學派">供給面學派</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新新古典综合学派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New neoclassical synthesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新新古典综合学派（页面不存在）">新新古典综合学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" class="extiw" title="en:New neoclassical synthesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New neoclassical synthesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE%E4%B8%8E%E5%92%B8%E6%B0%B4%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="淡水学派与咸水学派">淡水学派与咸水学派</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非主流</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="奧地利學派">奧地利經濟學派</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="名目主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chartalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名目主义（页面不存在）">名目主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartalism" class="extiw" title="en:Chartalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chartalism</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="现代货币理论">现代货币理论</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不均衡宏观经济学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不均衡宏观经济学（页面不存在）">不均衡宏观经济学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" class="extiw" title="en:Disequilibrium macroeconomics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Disequilibrium macroeconomics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义政治经济学">马克思主义政治经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="后凯恩斯学派">后凯恩斯学派</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="货币循环理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Monetary circuit theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="货币循环理论（页面不存在）">货币循环理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Monetary circuit theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Monetary circuit theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="市场货币主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Market monetarism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="市场货币主义（页面不存在）">市场货币主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_monetarism" class="extiw" title="en:Market monetarism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Market monetarism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">宏观经济学家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E9%AD%81%E5%A5%88" title="弗朗索瓦·魁奈">弗朗索瓦·魁奈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%86" title="亚当·斯密">亚当·斯密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯">托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">卡尔·马克思</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="里昂·瓦尔拉斯">里昂·瓦尔拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%AA%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="克努特·維克塞爾">克努特·维克塞尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E9%9B%AA" title="欧文·费雪">欧文·费雪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯">约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7" title="彼得·戴蒙德">彼得·戴蒙德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="马丁·费尔德斯坦">马丁·费尔德斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B" title="弗里德里希·哈耶克">弗里德里希·哈耶克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="海曼·明斯基">海曼·明斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E5%88%A9%E6%B0%91" title="米爾頓·佛利民">米尔顿·弗里德曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%9B%A0" title="勞倫斯·克萊因">劳伦斯·克莱因</a></li> <li><a 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tooltip-dotted" title="inflation (economic concept)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300379084">AAT</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12446">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Inflation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013660">瑞士历史词典</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Inflation (Finance)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638421">NARA</a></span></span></li></ul> 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