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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b>history of <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></b>, a city that is today the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> Province, China, spans over 10,000 years from its beginnings as a Neolithic settlement to its emergence as a trading port during the final years of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity_to_Western_Zhou">Antiquity to Western Zhou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zhengzhou&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antiquity to Western Zhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Balls from the Lijiagou site (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李家沟遗址</span></span>) unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Xinmi" title="Xinmi">Xinmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a> date to between 10,500 and 8,600 years ago and show evidence of stone tools from the early and late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> periods at a time when the area's inhabitants made the transition between purely hunting for their livelihood to concurrently cultivating cereals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xinzheng</a>, Zhengzhou, 8,000-year-old relics of <a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a> show that at the time local people raised livestock and engaged in the production of handicrafts as they expanded from their original base in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> Basin to develop the foundations of Chinese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large scale Zhengzhou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahecun_Ruins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dahecun Ruins (page does not exist)">Dahecun Ruins</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大河村遗址</span></span>) provide a model example of <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a> with many well preserved building foundations in a unique "Wood & Bone" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">木骨整塑</span></span>) architectural style that provide an important resource for research into ancient Chinese constructions methods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F.png/240px-%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F.png/360px-%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F.png/480px-%E7%82%8E%E9%BB%84%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%A1%91%E5%83%8F.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhengzhou_Yellow_River_Scenic_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhengzhou Yellow River Scenic Area (page does not exist)">Zhengzhou Yellow River Scenic Area</a> (郑州黄河风景名胜区) Twin Statues of the <a href="/wiki/Emperors_Yan_and_Huang" title="Emperors Yan and Huang">Emperors Yan and Huang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the time that the legendary <a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Five Emperors</a> ruled China through the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> to the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, Zhengzhou served as the axis of Chinese civilization. About 5,000 years ago, the primogenitor of the Chinese people,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xuanyuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">轩辕</span></span>) later known as <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> (Huangdi) was born at Xuanyuan's Mound (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">轩辕之丘</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Xuanyuan was 37 years old, he established his capital at Xinzheng<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while according to legend his 25 sons went on to found the Xia and Shang dynasties as well as providing leaders for the early <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>. </p><p>The old ruins of Xishan (<span lang="zh">西山</span>) marked a significant milestone in the development of Chinese architectural development, paving the way for large scale city wall construction and later developments in construction techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 2070 BCE and 1600 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Yu_the_Great" title="Yu the Great">Yu the Great</a>, first leader of the Xia dynasty established his capital at Wanchenggang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王城岗</span></span>) in Yancheng (now <a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a>). <a href="/wiki/Mount_Song" title="Mount Song">Mount Song</a> became the center of the Xia civilization based around the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yi_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi River (China)">Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_River_(Henan)" title="Luo River (Henan)">Luo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ying_River" title="Ying River">Ying</a> river basins as well as parts of southwest <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> Province.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the time of <a href="/wiki/Qi_of_Xia" title="Qi of Xia">Qi of Xia</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Tang_of_Shang" title="Tang of Shang">Tang of Shang</a> the Shang Tribe migrated eight times then in 1675 BCE, King Tang invoked the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate of heaven">mandate of heaven</a> and attacked and overthrew the Xia capital at <a href="/wiki/Fengqiu_County" title="Fengqiu County">Fengqiu</a> thereby destroying the Xia dynasty and paving the way for China's second feudal dynasty, the Shang with its capital at Xibo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">西亳</span></span>) in the Zhengzhou area.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou Shang City</a> is a Shang dynasty site located in the city's Beiguan District. Based upon examination of the soil in the walls of the site, it was built around 1600 BCE at its very beginning. </p><p>Shang dynasty relics have been found both inside and outside Zhengzhou's double city wall. The inner wall is built in the form of a rectangle, while the outside wall is round to reflect these ancient people's circular cosmological view of the world. At the time, these walls exceeded the scale of those of the Middle East's <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> in India, one of the ancient world's major urban settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1046 BCE <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" title="King Wu of Zhou">King Wu of Zhou</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang" title="King Zhou of Shang">King Zhou of Shang</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Western Zhou dynasty</a> with its capital at Chang'an (modern day <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>). He gave his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Guan_Shu" class="mw-redirect" title="Guan Shu">Guan Shu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">管叔</span></span>) a fiefdom around Zhengzhou, which became the <a href="/wiki/Guan_(state)" title="Guan (state)">State of Guan</a>. Other territories in the Zhengzhou area bestowed by King Wu included the states of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuai_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuai (state) (page does not exist)">Kuai</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郐国/鄶國</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Guo_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Guo (state)">Eastern Guo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhai_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhai (state) (page does not exist)">Zhai</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">祭国/祭國</span></span>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mi (state) (page does not exist)">Mi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">密国/密國</span></span>). </p><p>Following the destruction of Western Zhou in 770 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Wu_of_Zheng" title="Duke Wu of Zheng">Duke Wu of Zheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">郑武公</span></span>) in alliance with the armies of the states of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a> beat back an attack by the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a> and as a reward received the office of <i>qīngshì</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">卿士</span></span>), becoming responsible for high level matters of state in <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>. Not long afterwards, Duke Wu escorted <a href="/wiki/King_Ping_of_Zhou" title="King Ping of Zhou">King Ping of Zhou</a> when he moved his capital to Luoyang and was given territory around the <a href="/wiki/Hulao_Pass" title="Hulao Pass">Hulao Pass</a>. Duke Wu established his capital at <a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a> and became the second ruler of the State of Zheng. Shortly afterwards, Duke Wu annexed the States of Kuai, Eastern Guo and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu_(state)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hu (state) (page does not exist)">Hu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">胡国</span></span>) then in 765 BCE he moved his capital back to its original location in the State of Kuai and to distinguish it from Zheng territory in <a href="/wiki/Xihua_County" title="Xihua County">Xihua County</a> he called his Henan capital Xinzheng.<sup id="cite_ref-zzst_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zzst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spring_and_Autumn_period_to_the_Northern_and_Southern_dynasties">Spring and Autumn period to the Northern and Southern dynasties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zhengzhou&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spring and Autumn period to the Northern and Southern dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E6%99%B4%E4%BA%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E6%99%B4%E4%BA%91.jpg/160px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E6%99%B4%E4%BA%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E6%99%B4%E4%BA%91.jpg/240px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E6%99%B4%E4%BA%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E6%99%B4%E4%BA%91.jpg/320px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E6%99%B4%E4%BA%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>Qingyun Ancient Pagoda, Zhengzhou (古塔晴云)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/State_(Ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (Ancient China)">vassal states</a> vying for hegemony and created a period of disorder. The State of Zheng survived through a combination of cooperation with other states, occasional confrontations, diplomacy and mutual acquisition of territory; circumstances that lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. </p><p>When statesman <a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zichan</a> held office in the State of Zheng from about 544 BCE he resisted external incursions and cultivated the rule of law as well as implementing agricultural reforms to make Zheng a rich and powerful state once more. After he died, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zitai_Shu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zitai Shu (page does not exist)">Zitai Shu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">子太叔</span></span>) took over whereupon Zheng's rulers mistakenly enforced strict policies that caused an outbreak of serious banditry. </p><p>In 375 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Han_(Warring_States)" title="Han (Warring States)">State of Han</a> overthrew Zheng and moved its capital to Xinzheng. During 355 BCE reforms by <a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang Yang</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">State of Qin</a>, Han became relatively weak compared to the other vassals but when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquis_Zhao_of_Han&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquis Zhao of Han (page does not exist)">Marquis Zhao of Han</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">韩昭侯</span></span>) succeeded to the throne he appointed former Zheng official <a href="/wiki/Shen_Buhai" title="Shen Buhai">Shen Buhai</a> chancellor. Shen strengthened the Han army such that it became one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Warring_States" title="Seven Warring States">Seven Warring States</a> only to gradually decline towards the end of the Warring States period, leading to its King's capture by the Qin army in 230 BCE and the state's extermination. Xinzheng acted as capital city for both the Han and Zheng states throughout this 500-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-zzst_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zzst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After they invaded, the Qin army made Han territory into a military <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">commandery</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Sanchuan_Commandery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchuan Commandery">Sanchuan Commandery</a> (<i>Sānchuān Jùn</i> 三川郡). When <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shihuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shihuang">Qin Shihuang</a> unified the remaining six warring states in 221 BCE he went on to create a total of thirty six commanderies with the Sanchuan Commandery as one of them and its magistrate's seat first at Luoyang, later moved to Xingyang. A large part of Zhengzhou fell within Sanchuan Commandery while Xinzheng was classified as part of <a href="/wiki/Yingchuan_Commandery" title="Yingchuan Commandery">Yingchuan Commandery</a> (<i>Yĭngchuān Jùn</i> 颖川郡). In 208 BCE at the end of the Qin dynasty the <a href="/wiki/Dazexiang_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazexiang uprising">Dazexiang uprising</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng" title="Chen Sheng">Chen Sheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Guang" title="Wu Guang">Wu Guang</a>, broke out. Wu was killed by his own troops during their siege of Xingyang while Chen pressed on towards Xianyang in modern-day Shanxi to challenge the unified rule of the Qin Court but was eventually crushed. In 206 BCE <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a> stationed troops in Xingyang and fought <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a> in the first battle of the <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> during which both sides fought repeatedly until after a stalemate of several months the parties agreed that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Canal (page does not exist)">Hong Canal</a> (鸿沟 <i>Hóng Gōu</i>) between the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huai_River" title="Huai River">Huai Rivers</a> would form the boundary marking their respective territories. During this period, the area of modern Zhenghou was centered on Xingyang and because of its transportation links acted as an important economic hub.<sup id="cite_ref-zzst_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zzst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</a> period, relying on the rich resources of the Mount Dakui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">隗山</span></span>), Mount Yi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">役山</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Song" title="Mount Song">Mount Song</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Gongyi" title="Gongyi">Gongyi</a> to the west of Zhengzhou and Xingyang both became important national iron smelting centers. Xingyang established an Iron Bureau and many remnants of large scale Han dynasty iron smelting and pig iron production have been unearthed in the area, demonstrating that at that time the Han people had already reached the highest standards of metal casting. The Eastern Han period saw successive revolts and land seizures beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> in 184 CE. <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> occupied the Central China Plain and in 200 CE defeated <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shao" title="Yuan Shao">Yuan Shao</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guandu" title="Battle of Guandu">Battle of Guandu</a>, northeast of present-day <a href="/wiki/Zhongmu_County" title="Zhongmu County">Zhongmu County</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Jin" title="Emperor Hui of Jin">Emperor Hui of Jin</a> ascended the throne in 290 CE, uprisings such as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes" title="War of the Eight Princes">War of the Eight Princes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_of_Yongjia" title="Disaster of Yongjia">Disaster of Yongjia</a> occurred frequently and continued until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> period. Throughout this time, Zhengzhou witnessed unrest with a slump in agriculture and frequent crop failures. During the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei dynasty">Northern Wei dynasty</a> Indian <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> disciple <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a> arrived and remained at the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Temple">Shaolin Temple</a> on Mount Song where stared at a wall for nine years and passed on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Chinese Chán</a> disciple <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zzst_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zzst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sui_dynasty_to_Qing_dynasty">Sui dynasty to Qing dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zhengzhou&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sui dynasty to Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Sui emperor, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a>, established the two-tier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou (country subdivision)"><i>zhōu</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of the People's Republic of China"><i>xiàn</i></a> territorial administration system, renaming Xingzhou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">荥州</span></span>) Zhengzhou in 583 CE and thus establishing the official name of the city that still exists today. After <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a> improved both the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> and its western extension, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongji_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongji Canal (page does not exist)">Tongji Canal</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">通济渠</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a time Zhengzhou became an important national hub for both land- and water-borne commerce. In 618 CE Sui general <a href="/wiki/Yuwen_Huaji" title="Yuwen Huaji">Yuwen Huaji</a> killed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a> marking the end of the Sui dynasty. Thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Tong" title="Yang Tong">Yang Tong</a> seized his opportunity and set himself up as emperor in Luoyang. A year later General <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shichong" title="Wang Shichong">Wang Shichong</a> nullified Yang's appointment and reestablished the State of Zheng, the third iteration of the name in Chinese history. In 621, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Li Shimin</a> (later Emperor Taizong of Tang) led three thousand armored horsemen to face <a href="/wiki/Dou_Jiande" title="Dou Jiande">Dou Jiande</a>'s 100,000 strong army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hulao" title="Battle of Hulao">Battle of Hulao</a>. Dou lost and Wang Shichong immediately surrendered Luoyang.<sup id="cite_ref-zzst_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zzst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in 680 CE, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong of Tang</a> took his consort <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a> on a tour of Mount Song. Wu again visited in 696 CE during her time as empress regnant to present gifts to the Shaolin monks. As this was her <i>Wànsuì dēngfēng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">万岁登峰/萬歲登封</span></span>) <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">regnal year</a>, in commemoration she renamed Songyang County (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">嵩阳县</span></span>) Dengfeng. After the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> in the mid-eighth century, production in the Yellow River basin virtually ceased with miles and miles of the central plain lain waste. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> established their capital at Biànjīng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">汴京</span></span>) [modern day <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>] in 1105 CE whereupon Zhengzhou became one of the four imperial auxiliary capitals and was known as Xifu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">西辅</span></span>). From the beginning the Northern Song dynasty, education came into vogue and many <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> academies sprang up across the country. At that time in Dengfeng, the Songyang Academy (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">嵩阳书院</span></span>) below Junji Ridge (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">峻极峰</span></span>) was one of the largest in China. Economic stagnation set in during the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> with the only developments occurring in astronomy when <a href="/wiki/Guo_Shoujing" title="Guo Shoujing">Guo Shoujing</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xun_(Jin_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Xun (Jin dynasty) (page does not exist)">Wang Xun</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王恂</span></span>) set up a network of 27 astronomical observatories across China with Dengfeng at the center.<sup id="cite_ref-zzst_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zzst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in 1368 CE, the Central China Plain became desolate and overgrown. In succession, migrants arrived from <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> Provinces crowding both Xingyang and <a href="/wiki/Zhongmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongmu">Zhongmu</a> with new residents. Insurrection broke out in all parts of China at the end of the Ming dynasty and in 1635 during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a>'s rebel peasant army occupied areas including Sishui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">汜水</span></span>) and Xingyang County, finally marching on Guangwushan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">广武山</span></span>). The rebels broke through the Ming army, surrounded and annihilated them then more than 200,000 of the peasants assembled to discuss strategy at the "Xingyang Gathering" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">荥阳聚会</span></span>). Following the 40 years of chaos at the end of the Ming dynasty the dykes along the Yellow River were in disarray, with many stretches breached. This had a serious impact on water transport and in June 1662, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, the Yellow River overflowed flooding Zhongmu to the west, south and north. As a result, in 1683 Kangxi ordered the dykes to be rebuilt 40 feet high and 10 feet wide. In the final years of the Qing dynasty the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing–Guangzhou Railway">Pinghan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">平汉</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Longhai_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Longhai Railway">Longhai Railways</a> intersected at Zhengzhou, making the city the link in the main national north–south and east–west transport network. The economic situation continually improved making the city an important agricultural by-product distribution center and a small-scale port for the importation of manufactured goods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_of_China_and_PRC_era">Republic of China and PRC era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zhengzhou&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Republic of China and PRC era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, in 1913 Zhengzhou changed from being a territory directly administered from the capital, (直隶州<i>zhílìzhōu</i>), to Zhengzhou County (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">郑州县</span></span>). In 1920 the Henan Provincial Legislature proposed the set-up of a trading port in the city then in February 1923 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinguan_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinguan Railway (page does not exist)">Jinguan Railway</a> came to a halt during the communist-led "27 Major Strike" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">二七大罢工</span></span>), which originated in Zhengzhou but was quickly resolved. In March the same year, the State Affairs Conference of the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Beiyang Government">Beiyang Government</a> officially approved the creation of a trading port at Zhengzhou and established a government commercial office to run it. By 1927, the newly founded "Travel Magazine" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">旅行杂志</span></span>) published in Shanghai, was already describing Zhengzhou as a 'major northern Chinese metropolis'.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhengzhou was elevated to city status by warlord <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a> in 1928, then in 1931, following the military confrontation between <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a> and Feng during the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a>, Zhengzhou once more became a county. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, on June 9, 1938, to stop the westward advance of the Japanese Army along the Longhai Railway, Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a> troops blew up the dikes along the south bank of the Yellow River at Huayuankou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">花园口</span></span>) causing the <a href="/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood" title="1938 Yellow River flood">1938 Yellow River flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Nationalist Government</a> set up an official <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhengzhou_Appeasement_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhengzhou Appeasement Office (page does not exist)">Zhengzhou Appeasement Office</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">郑州绥靖公署</span></span>) in January 1946 at the Luzu Temple (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">吕祖庙</span></span>) then in October 1948 the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> attacked and occupied the city, taking over the Appeasement Office and thereby taking control from the Nationalists. </p><p>Zhengzhou became a city once more in 1953 then on October 30 the next year the provincial capital of Henan moved to the city from Kaifeng. According to official records, the reason for the move from Kaifeng was Zhengzhou's unrivalled position as a provincial traffic hub compared to other cities while its central position was more convenient for the management of the whole province as opposed to the eastern Kaifeng. On August 5, 1952, the decision to move the capital was official ratified by the Provincial People's Government.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its elevation to provincial capital status, Zhengzhou also became one of 15 national cities to focus on construction. Industry developed rapidly encompassing spinning and weaving, coal mining, machinery production and 65 other backbone industries. Ten vocational colleges and a research institute were constructed at the same time as Zhengzhou commenced a city-wide building program. In 1997 the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Chinese State Council</a> officially approved Zhengzhou as one of three national trade and commerce pilot centers.<sup id="cite_ref-xh_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the 21st century Zhengzhou has successively received awards as "National Garden City", "Excellent Tourism City", "Optimal Conference and Exhibition City", "National Competitive City" and "National Cultural City" amongst others and has established itself as the core city and economic center of the Central China Plain.<sup id="cite_ref-xh_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xh-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zhengzhou&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWang_Youping_(王幼平)2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Youping (王幼平); et al. 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Zhengzhou Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1005-5258">1005-5258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xun+Gen+%28%E5%B0%8B%E6%A0%B9%29&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+Reasons+for+Tang+of+Shang%E2%80%99s+Fortifications+at+Zhengzhou+%28%E5%95%86%E6%B9%AF%E5%9C%A8%E9%84%AD%E5%B7%9E%E7%AD%91%E5%9F%8E%E5%BB%BA%E9%83%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4%29%E3%80%8A%E5%B0%8B%E6%A0%B9%E3%80%8B&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1005-5258&rft.au=Liu+Yue+%28%E5%8A%89%E5%B2%B3%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zhengzhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A H Dani (1992), Critical Assessment of Recent Evidence on Mohenjo-daro, Second International Symposium on Mohenjo-daro, 24–27 February.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hn.wenweipo.com/news/201012/24/hnwenhui_724.html">"Henan's 3,600 Year-old Metropolis (豫现3600年前世界大都市)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wen_Wei_Po" title="Wen Wei Po">Wen Wei Po</a></i> (in Chinese). December 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wen+Wei+Po&rft.atitle=Henan%E2%80%99s+3%2C600+Year-old+Metropolis+%28%E8%B1%AB%E7%8E%B03600%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%29&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhn.wenweipo.com%2Fnews%2F201012%2F24%2Fhnwenhui_724.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zhengzhou" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zzst-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zzst_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zzst_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zzst_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zzst_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zzst_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zzst_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Zhengzhou Region Historical Records Committee Compilation (郑州市地方史志编纂委员会)</i> (in Chinese). 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July 31, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-07/31/c_131021219.htm">the original</a> on December 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Branch+of+Grand+Canal+Identified&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish2010%2Fchina%2F2011-07%2F31%2Fc_131021219.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zhengzhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224633/http://www.chinaweekly.cn/bencandy.php?fid=44&id=4659">"Beijing-Guangdong Railway Changes the Two Cities (被京广线改变的两座城市)"</a> (in Chinese). China Weekly (中国周刊). 16 December 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lost+between+old+and+new+Zhengzhou+%28%E8%BF%B7%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%A8%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%B0%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%29&rft.pub=sina.com&rft.date=2009-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.com.cn%2Fc%2F2005-09-22%2F14597837922.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zhengzhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/fhdsy/detail_2010_07/13/1762501_0.shtml">"A Thousand Years of Crime and Achievement – The Whole Story of the Huayuankou Dike Affair (功罪千秋，花园口决堤事件始末)"</a> (in Chinese). Phoenix TV (凤凰卫视). July 13, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218014327/http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/fhdsy/detail_2010_07/13/1762501_0.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Years+of+Crime+and+Achievement+%E2%80%93+The+Whole+Story+of+the+Huayuankou+Dike+Affair+%28%E5%8A%9F%E7%BD%AA%E5%8D%83%E7%A7%8B%EF%BC%8C%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD%E5%8F%A3%E5%86%B3%E5%A0%A4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%A7%8B%E6%9C%AB%29&rft.pub=Phoenix+TV+%28%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E5%8D%AB%E8%A7%86%29&rft.date=2010-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphtv.ifeng.com%2Fprogram%2Ffhdsy%2Fdetail_2010_07%2F13%2F1762501_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zhengzhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://henan.sina.com.cn/city/2010-04-14/1204.html">"Declassified Records: Henan's Capital Moves From Kaifeng to Zhengzhou (档案解密：河南省会从开封到郑州大搬迁)"</a> (in Chinese). Sina.com (新浪网). April 14, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210223733/http://henan.sina.com.cn/city/2010-04-14/1204.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declassified+Records%3A+Henan%E2%80%99s+Capital+Moves+From+Kaifeng+to+Zhengzhou+%28%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E8%A7%A3%E5%AF%86%EF%BC%9A%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E4%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%81%E5%88%B0%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E6%90%AC%E8%BF%81%29&rft.pub=Sina.com+%28%E6%96%B0%E6%B5%AA%E7%BD%91%29&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhenan.sina.com.cn%2Fcity%2F2010-04-14%2F1204.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zhengzhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xh-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xh_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xh_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024502/http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/add/touti/2009-10/09/content_17886486_3.htm">"Zhengzhou sets the pace on the China Plain (郑州领跑中原)"</a> (in Chinese). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zhengzhou+sets+the+pace+on+the+China+Plain+%28%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E9%A2%86%E8%B7%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%29&rft.pub=Xinhua+%28%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91%29&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ha.xinhuanet.com%2Fadd%2Ftouti%2F2009-10%2F09%2Fcontent_17886486_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zhengzhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-10/07/content_1963574.htm">"Guidance on backing the rapid development of Henan Province as the economic center of the Central China Plain (国务院关于支持河南省加快建设中原经济区的指导意见)"</a> (in Chinese). Chinese State Council. October 9, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009211753/http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-10/07/content_1963574.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidance+on+backing+the+rapid+development+of+Henan+Province+as+the+economic+center+of+the+Central+China+Plain+%28%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%8A%A0%E5%BF%AB%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%81%29&rft.pub=Chinese+State+Council&rft.date=2010-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fzwgk%2F2011-10%2F07%2Fcontent_1963574.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zhengzhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Zhengzhou" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zhengzhou" title="Template:Zhengzhou"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zhengzhou" title="Template talk:Zhengzhou"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zhengzhou" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zhengzhou"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Zhengzhou" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongyuan District">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinshui District">Jinshui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erqi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Erqi District">Erqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guancheng_Hui_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Guancheng Hui District">Guancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiji_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Huiji District">Huiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangjie_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangjie District">Shangjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengdong_New_Area" title="Zhengdong New Area">Zhengdong New Area</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_na"><a href="#endnote_na">*</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Airport_Economy_Zone" title="Zhengzhou Airport Economy Zone">Zhengzhou Airport Economy Zone</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_na"><a href="#endnote_na">*</a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">County-level cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xingyang" title="Xingyang">Xingyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinzheng" title="Xinzheng">Xinzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinmi" title="Xinmi">Xinmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongyi" title="Gongyi">Gongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">County</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongmu_County" title="Zhongmu County">Zhongmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="padding-right:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erqi Memorial Tower"><img alt="Erqi Memorial Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA.jpg/150px-%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA.jpg/225px-%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA.jpg/300px-%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Division_Zhengzhou.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhengzhou"><img alt="Zhengzhou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Administrative_Division_Zhengzhou.png/150px-Administrative_Division_Zhengzhou.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Administrative_Division_Zhengzhou.png/225px-Administrative_Division_Zhengzhou.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Administrative_Division_Zhengzhou.png/300px-Administrative_Division_Zhengzhou.png 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henan_Museum" title="Henan Museum">Henan Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Museum" title="Zhengzhou Museum">Zhengzhou Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geological_Museum_of_Henan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geological Museum of Henan (page does not exist)">Geological Museum of Henan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Historical sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Shang_City" title="Zhengzhou Shang City">Zhengzhou Shang City</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhengzhou_Confucius_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhengzhou Confucius Temple (page does not exist)">Zhengzhou Confucius Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda_Forest_at_Shaolin_Temple" title="Pagoda Forest at Shaolin Temple">Pagoda Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawang_Temple" title="Fawang Temple">Fawang Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyue_Pagoda" title="Songyue Pagoda">Songyue Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaocheng_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory">Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangbaiwan%27s_Mansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangbaiwan's Mansion (page does not exist)">Kangbaiwan's Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Song_dynasty#Tombs_of_the_Northern_Song_emperors" title="Architecture of the Song dynasty">Mausoleums of the Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahuting" title="Dahuting">Dahuting Han Tombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Mountains and scenic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Song" title="Mount Song">Mount Song</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhengzhou_Yellow_River_Scenic_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhengzhou Yellow River Scenic Area (page does not exist)">Zhengzhou Yellow River Scenic Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Theme parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Century_Amusement_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Century Amusement Park (page does not exist)">Century Amusement Park</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Ferris_Wheel" title="Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel">Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantawild_Adventure_Zhengzhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantawild Adventure Zhengzhou (page does not exist)">Fantawild Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fantawild_Dreamland_Zhengzhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantawild Dreamland Zhengzhou (page does not exist)">Fantawild Dreamland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Landmarks and skyscrapers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erqi_Memorial_Tower" title="Erqi Memorial Tower">Erqi Memorial Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperors_Yan_and_Huang" title="Emperors Yan and Huang">Emperors Yan and Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Tower" title="Zhongyuan Tower">Zhongyuan Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Greenland_Plaza" title="Zhengzhou Greenland Plaza">Zhengzhou Greenland Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Greenland_Central_Plaza" title="Zhengzhou Greenland Central Plaza">Zhengzhou Greenland Central Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuda_International_Trade_Center" title="Yuda International Trade Center">Yuda International Trade Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Shopping areas and malls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehua_Pedestrian_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehua Pedestrian Street (page does not exist)">Dehua Pedestrian Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Plaza_(shopping_mall)" title="David Plaza (shopping mall)">David Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_MixC_Zhengzhou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The MixC Zhengzhou (page does not exist)">The MixC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityOn_Zhengzhou_Shopping_Center" title="CityOn Zhengzhou Shopping Center">CityOn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Emporium" title="Grand Emporium">Grand Emporium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Public parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Park_(Zhengzhou)" title="People's Park (Zhengzhou)">People's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishagang_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishagang Park (page does not exist)">Bishagang Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCcheng_Square" title="Lücheng Square">Lücheng Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zijingshan_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zijingshan Park (page does not exist)">Zijingshan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhengzhou_Zoo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhengzhou Zoo (page does not exist)">Zhengzhou Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_Expo_Park_(Zhengzhou)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden Expo Park (Zhengzhou) (page does not exist)">Garden Expo Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhengzhou_Yellow_River_National_Wetland_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhengzhou Yellow River National Wetland Park (page does not exist)">Zhengzhou Yellow River National Wetland Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guandu" title="Battle of Guandu">Battle of Guandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood" title="1938 Yellow River flood">1938 Yellow River flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_opera" title="Henan opera">Yu Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Henan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_cuisine" title="Henan cuisine">Henan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_mian" title="Hui mian">Hui mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_F.C." title="Henan F.C.">Henan F.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_University" title="Zhengzhou University">Zhengzhou University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_University" title="Henan University">Henan University</a> (Longzi Lake Campus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLA_Information_Engineering_University" title="PLA Information Engineering University">PLA Information Engineering University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_Agricultural_University" title="Henan Agricultural University">Henan Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Henan University of Finance and Economics">Henan University of Finance and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_University_of_Technology" title="Henan University of Technology">Henan University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_University_of_Water_Resources_and_Electric_Power" title="North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power">North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_University_of_Light_Industry" title="Zhengzhou University of Light Industry">Zhengzhou University of Light Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_University_of_Chinese_Medicine" title="Henan University of Chinese Medicine">Henan University of Chinese Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Institute_of_Aeronautical_Industry_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management">Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_University_of_Technology" title="Zhongyuan University of Technology">Zhongyuan University of Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Xinzheng_International_Airport" title="Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport">Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Metro" title="Zhengzhou Metro">Zhengzhou Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_BRT" title="Zhengzhou BRT">Zhengzhou BRT</a></li> <li>Railway stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_railway_station" title="Zhengzhou railway station">Zhengzhou railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_East_railway_station" title="Zhengzhou East railway station">Zhengzhou East railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_Hangkonggang_railway_station" title="Zhengzhou Hangkonggang railway station">Zhengzhou Hangkonggang railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_West_railway_station" title="Zhengzhou West railway station">Zhengzhou West railway station</a></li></ul></li> <li>Major roads and expressways <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longhai_Expressway" title="Longhai Expressway">Longhai Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingguang_Expressway" title="Jingguang Expressway">Jingguang Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nongye_Expressway" title="Nongye Expressway">Nongye Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongzhou_Avenue" title="Zhongzhou Avenue">Zhongzhou Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Ring_Road_(Zhengzhou)" title="3rd Ring Road (Zhengzhou)">3rd Ring Road</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_na"><b><a href="#ref_na">^*</a></b></span> Not formal division</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zhengzhou&oldid=1250199499">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zhengzhou&oldid=1250199499</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Zhengzhou" title="Category:History of Zhengzhou">History of Zhengzhou</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language 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