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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Japanese sinology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_sinology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_sinology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_sinology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chinese sinology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_sinology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_sinology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_sinology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Western sinology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_sinology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Western sinology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Western_sinology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Sinology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Sinology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Arab Sinology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arab_Sinology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arab Sinology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arab_Sinology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Before 1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>20th century and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sinologists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library_and_research_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_and_research_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Library and research guides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_and_research_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم الصينيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الصينيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Չինաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сіналогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіналогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Китаистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китаистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologia" title="Sinologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sinologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologie" title="Sinologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sinologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologi" title="Sinologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sinologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologie" title="Sinologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sinologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σινολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σινολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinolog%C3%ADa" title="Sinología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88inologio" title="Ĉinologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉinologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologia" title="Sinologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="چین‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چین‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologie" title="Sinologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sinologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADneola%C3%ADocht" title="Síneolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síneolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinolox%C3%ADa" title="Sinoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Hon-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%ED%95%99" title="중국학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sinology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologi" title="Sinologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologia" title="Sinologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="סינולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სინოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Қытайтану – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытайтану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%AEnnas%C3%AE" title="Çînnasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çînnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Синология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologia" title="Sinologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sinologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologija" title="Sinologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinol%C3%B3gia" title="Sinológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sinológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хятад судлал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologie" title="Sinologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sinologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6" title="中国学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologi" title="Sinologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sinologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologia" title="Sinologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sinologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologia" title="Sinologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologie" title="Sinologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Синология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologjia" title="Sinologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sinologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sinology" 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data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologi" title="Sinologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sinologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinolohiya" title="Sinolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சீனவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனவியல்" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area studies focused on China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Synology" title="Synology">Synology</a>. For the study of sound, see <a href="/wiki/Sonology" title="Sonology">Sonology</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Sinology</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">漢學</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">汉学</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">hànxué</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄏㄢˋ ㄒㄩㄝˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>han<sup>4</sup>-hsüeh<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">hàn-syué</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[xân.ɕɥě]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">hon3 hok6</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[hɔn˧ hɔk̚˨]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">hàn-ha̍k</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Hán học</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">한학</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">漢學</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">hanhak</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">hanhak</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漢学</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">かんがく</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">カナガク</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">kangaku</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sinology</b>, also referred to as <b>China studies</b>, is a subfield of <a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">area studies</a> or <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian studies</a> involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a> that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">cinema</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">science</a>. Its origin "may be traced to the examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until the 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">literature</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney2001xi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney2001xi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese history">Chinese history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Chinese literature">palaeography</a>, among other subjects. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms <i>sinology</i> and <i>sinologist</i> were coined around 1838,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney2001xi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney2001xi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sinae</i></span>, in turn from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sinae</i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sin</i></span>—which ultimately derive from "Qin", i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">area studies</a>, the European and the American usages may differ. In Europe, sinology is usually known as "Chinese studies", whereas in the United States, sinology is a subfield<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Need to elaborate on the difference of scope here (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of Chinese studies. A <a href="/wiki/China_watcher" title="China watcher">China watcher</a> is a person who monitors current events and power struggles in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_sinology">Japanese sinology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Japanese sinology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kangaku" title="Kangaku">Kangaku</a></div> <p>In Japan, sinology was known as <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kangaku" title="Kangaku">kangaku</a></i></span>. It was contrasted with the study of Japan (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">kokugaku</a></i></span>) as well as with the study of the West (first <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">rangaku</a></i></span>, then more broadly <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">yōgaku</i></span>). This historical field is distinguished from modern sinology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_sinology">Chinese sinology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chinese sinology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern China, the studies of China-related subjects is known as "national studies" (<span lang="zh-Hans">国学</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">國學</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">guóxué</span></i>), and foreign sinology is translated as "Han studies" (<span lang="zh-Hans">汉学</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">漢學</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hànxué</span></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_sinology">Western sinology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western sinology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest Westerners known to have studied Chinese in significant numbers were 16th-century Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian missionaries. All were either <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> seeking to spread <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Christianity to the Chinese people. An early Spanish Dominican mission in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> operated a printing press; between 1593 and 1607, they produced four works on Catholic doctrine for the Chinese immigrant community, three in <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> and one in a mixture of Literary Chinese and vernacular <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney20016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney20016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dominican accomplishments among the Chinese diaspora pale in comparison to the success of the Jesuits in mainland China, led by the renowned pioneer <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney20019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney20019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricci arrived in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> in 1583, and would spend the rest of his life in China. Unlike most of his predecessors and contemporaries, Ricci did not view the Chinese firstly as pagans or idolators, but as "like-minded literati approachable on the level of learning".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney200110_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200110-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Chinese literati, he studied the Confucian classics in order to present Catholic doctrine and European learning to the Chinese using their own terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney200110_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200110-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, sinologists started to introduce Chinese philosophy, ethics, legal system, and aesthetics into the West. Though often unscientific and incomplete, their works inspired the development of <i><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">chinoiserie</a></i> and a series of debates comparing Chinese and Western cultures. At that time, sinologists often described China as an enlightened kingdom, comparing it to Europe, which had just emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>. Among the European literati interested in China was <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, who wrote the play <i><a href="/wiki/L%27orphelin_de_la_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="L'orphelin de la Chine">L'orphelin de la Chine</a></i> inspired by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a> who penned his famous <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Novissima Sinica</i></span></i> (News from China) and <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>. </p><p>Because Chinese texts did not have any major connections to most important European topics (such as the Bible), they were scarcely studied by European universities until around 1860. An exception to this was France, where Chinese studies were popularized owing to efforts from <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. In 1711, he appointed a young Chinese man named <a href="/wiki/Arcadio_Huang" title="Arcadio Huang">Arcadio Huang</a> to catalog the royal collection of Chinese texts. Huang was assisted by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fourmont" title="Étienne Fourmont">Étienne Fourmont</a>, who published a grammar of Chinese in 1742. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1732, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ripa" title="Matteo Ripa">Matteo Ripa</a>, a missionary of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Neapolitan</a> "Sacred Congregation" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De propaganda fide</i></span>) founded the "Chinese Institute" in Naples—the first school of sinology on the European continent, and sanctioned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a>. The institute was first nucleus of what would become today's <span title="Italian-language text"><span lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_studi_di_Napoli_L%27Orientale" class="mw-redirect" title="Università degli studi di Napoli L'Orientale">Università degli studi di Napoli L'Orientale</a></span></span>. Ripa had worked as a painter and copper-engraver in the court of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> between 1711 and 1723, and returned to Naples with four young Chinese Christians, who all taught their native language and formed the institute to teach Chinese to missionaries en route to China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1814, a chair of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> was founded at <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Abel-R%C3%A9musat" title="Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat">Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Western_study_of_the_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western study of the Chinese language">taught himself Chinese</a>, filled the position, becoming the first professor of Chinese in Europe. By then the first Russian sinologist, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Bichurin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikita Bichurin">Nikita Bichurin</a>, had been living in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> for ten years. Abel-Rémusat's counterparts in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> were <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kidd" title="Samuel Kidd">Samuel Kidd</a> (1797–1843) and Wilhelm Schott (1807–1889) respectively, though the first important secular sinologists in these two countries were <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Conon_von_der_Gabelentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz">Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz</a>. In 1878, a professorship of Far Eastern languages, the first of its kind in the German-speaking world, was created at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a> with von der Gabelentz taking the position. Scholars like Legge often relied on the work of ethnic Chinese scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Wang_Tao_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Tao (19th century)">Wang Tao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer19998-14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer19998-14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Julien" title="Stanislas Julien">Stanislas Julien</a> served as the chair of Chinese at the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Collège de France</span></span> for over 40 years, starting his studies with Rémusat and succeeding him in 1833. He was notable for his translations not only of classical texts but also works of vernacular literature, and for his knowledge of Manchu. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chavannes" title="Édouard Chavannes">Édouard Chavannes</a> succeeded to the position after the death of <a href="/wiki/Marquis_d%27Hervey-Saint-Denys" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys">Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys</a> in 1893. Chavannes pursued broad interests in history as well as language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer19998-14_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer19998-14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The image of China as an essentially Confucian society conveyed by Jesuit scholars dominated Western thought in these times. While some in Europe learned to speak Chinese, most studied written classical Chinese. These scholars were in what is called the "commentarial tradition" through critical annotated translation. This emphasis on translating classical texts inhibited the use of social science methodology or comparing these texts of other traditions. One scholar described this type of sinology as "philological hairsplitting" preoccupied with marginal or curious aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqcommentarialtradition_14-15]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqcommentarialtradition_14-15]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secular scholars gradually came to outnumber missionaries, and in the 20th century sinology slowly gained a substantial presence in Western universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Paris-based type of sinology dominated learning about China until the Second World War even outside France. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Maspero" title="Henri Maspero">Henri Maspero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Granet" title="Marcel Granet">Marcel Granet</a> both published basic studies and trained students. Pelliot's knowledge of the relevant languages, especially those of Central Asia, and control of bibliography in those languages, gave him the power to write on a range of topics and to criticize in damning detail the mistakes of other scholars. Maspero expanded the scope of sinology from Confucianism to include Daoism, Buddhism, and popular religion, as well as art, mythology, and the history of science. The contribution of Granet was to apply the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a>, a pioneer sociologist, to the society of ancient China, especially the family and ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer199932–33_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer199932–33-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian school of sinology was focused mainly on learning classical Chinese texts. For example, the contribution of the Russian sinologist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Shchutsky" title="Julian Shchutsky">Julian Shchutsky</a> was especially valuable. The best full translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i> (<i>Book of Changes</i>) was made by him in 1937. Later his translation was translated in English and other European languages. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, China studies developed along diverging lines. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a>, the role of <a href="/wiki/China_watcher" title="China watcher">China watchers</a>, and the growth of university graduate programs has changed the role of sinology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqFairbank_32]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqFairbank_32]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding for Chinese and Taiwanese studies comes from a variety of sources; one prominent source is the <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo_Foundation" title="Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation">Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Area studies approach, especially in the United States, challenged the dominance of classical sinology. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/John_King_Fairbank" title="John King Fairbank">John King Fairbank</a> promoted the "study of China within a discipline," an approach which downplayed the role of philological sinology and focused on issues in history and the social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqFairbank_32]_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqFairbank_32]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest American scholars of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> China and Sino-American relations was Chinese-American <a href="/wiki/Tang_Tsou" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Tsou">Tang Tsou</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. Tsou emphasized the importance of academic objectivity in general and in sinology in particular, stressing that intellectual and academic exchange between China and the West was the only way for both parties to come to a greater understanding of one another.<sup id="cite_ref-"heqliu"_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"heqliu"-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964 an exchange in the pages of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Asian Studies">Journal of Asian Studies</a></i> debated the continued relevance of sinology. The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/G._William_Skinner" title="G. William Skinner">G. William Skinner</a> called for the social sciences to make more use of China, but wrote "In recent years the cry has gone up: Sinology is dead; long live Chinese studies!" and concluded that "Sinology, a discipline unto itself, is being replaced by Chinese studies, a multidisciplinary endeavour with specific research objectives."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Levenson" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Levenson">Joseph Levenson</a>, a historian, went further. He doubted that sinology was a tool that social scientists would still find useful,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another historian, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_I._Schwartz" title="Benjamin I. Schwartz">Benjamin I. Schwartz</a>, on the other hand, replied that the disciplines were too often treated as ends in themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinology had its backers. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Mote" title="Frederick W. Mote">Frederick W. Mote</a>, a specialist in traditional China, replying to Skinner, spoke up for sinology, which he saw as a field or discipline in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another specialist in traditional China, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Twitchett" title="Denis Twitchett">Denis Twitchett</a>, in reply to the back and forth of this debate, issued what he called "A Lone Cheer for Sinology". He did not accept the assumption that there is "some implicit hostility between 'Sinology' and the disciplines of history and social sciences." Sinology, he continued, is used in too a wide range of meanings to be so confined: </p> <dl><dd>At one extreme it is used to characterize a rather ridiculous caricature compounded of pedantry and preoccupation with peripheral and precious subjects of little general significance.... At the other extreme, the definition used by Prof. Mote is so broad and all-inclusive as to mean little more than the humanistic studies in the Chinese field.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, China Watchers centered in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, especially American government officials or journalists. Mutual distrust between the United States and China and the prohibition of travel between the countries meant they did not have access to press briefings or interviews. They therefore adopted techniques from <a href="/wiki/Kremlinology" title="Kremlinology">Kremlinology</a>, such as the close parsing of official announcements for hidden meanings, movements of officials reported in newspapers, and analysis of photographs of public appearances. But in the years since the opening of China, China watchers can live in China and take advantage of normal sources of information. </p><p>Towards the end of the century, many of those studying China professionally called for an end to the split between sinology and the disciplines. The Australian scholar <a href="/wiki/Geremie_Barm%C3%A9" title="Geremie Barmé">Geremie Barmé</a>, for instance, suggests a "New Sinology", one which "emphasizes strong scholastic underpinnings in both the classical and modern Chinese language and studies, at the same time as encouraging an ecumenical attitude in relation to a rich variety of approaches and disciplines, whether they be mainly empirical or more theoretically inflected."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_Sinology">Arab Sinology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arab Sinology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1900">Before 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Before 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese historical sources indicate that the Chinese had knowledge of the Arabs several centuries before Islam, as the history of relations between the two civilizations dates back to the pre-Islamic era. The policy of the Han Dynasty (206 BC) aimed at opening trade routes with the western regions, which are today called Central Asia, India and Western Asia, extending to the Arabian Peninsula and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical studies confirmed that Muslim Arabs entered China during the early days of Islam to spread the religion, when four of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad's</a> companions namely Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Jaafar bin Abi Talib, and Jahsh bin Riab preached in China in the year 616/17.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of Emperor Yongle, the first Chinese fleet arrived on the shores of the Arabian Peninsula, led by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, on his fourth voyage in 1412 AD. It is clear from the foregoing that there had been friction between China and the Arabs from a long time ago, and that there are cultural and commercial relations existing between the Arab and Chinese civilizations, which required the visiting Arabs to learn the Chinese language and vice versa. However, there are no texts indicating that the Arabs during this period studied the Chinese language or culture beyond what their missionary or trades affairs demanded, and the reason for this is due to the fact that the purpose of the visits was often to trade or to spread Islam. </p><p>At the beginning of the seventh century until the eighth century, the power of the Arabs increased due to the expansion of Islam and its spread throughout the world, and their control expanded to the east and west. Their power was strengthened by their vast lands, their advanced network of postal stations, and the pilgrimage to Mecca, in addition to the flourishing of land and sea trade. All this led to the advancement of their studies in geography and thus, new knowledge about China found its way to the Arab world. Up to the twelfth century, the Arabs possessed exclusive knowledge about the East, and they were contributing to the transmission of knowledge to the West, which contributed to the advancement of Islamic civilization and its impact on world culture. </p><p>Arabs such as Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Masoudi, who is a well-known historical figure in the Arabian Peninsula, made significant contributions to Sinology. Al-Masoudi has traveled all over the world since he was a child, visiting faraway places. In the year 915, he visited India, Ceylon, Champa, and the coastal regions of China, and then visited Zabagh and Turkistan in Central Asia. He died in the year 956, and he is the author of the book "Meadows of Gold", which deals with history, geography, and other fields. He had many records about China, and these records were popular among orient scholars. </p><p>Abu Zayd's book "On China and India" was a well-known and highly regarded Arabic historical material. The book had two separate parts, the first part was "History of Indian and Chinese Affairs" by an unknown author, and the second part was "A Collection of Rumors of India and China" by Abu Zayd. The first part was a selection from Solomon's "Chinese experiences" and other anonymous sources, written and recorded in 851, together with their experiences in India.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_after">20th century and after</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th century and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 20th century, projects of cooperation between China and the Arab countries led to the development of Sinology in the Arab countries nominally after expanding the scope of Chinese-Arab cooperation in the field of education, with some difference according to the level of cooperation. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Egypt in 1956, Egypt began to open the Chinese language specialization course in Egyptian universities, but on a small scale at that time. <a href="/wiki/Ain_Shams_University" title="Ain Shams University">Ain Shams University</a> opened the Chinese language specialization in 1958. However, the course was stopped for prevailing political reasons at the time. In the period between 1958 and 1963, 33 Chinese language students graduated from Egyptian universities. In 1977, Ain Shams University reintroduced the Sinology specialization course. In addition to Egypt, there were activities to teach the Chinese language in Kuwait as well, but they stopped after a short period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Arabs that learn the Chinese Language has increased. The Chinese Language Department at Ain Shams University is a major center for teaching the Chinese language in Egypt and one of the notable centers for teaching the Chinese language in the Arab world and Africa in terms of student size, teaching quality, and the level of teachers and staff. The Bourguiba Institute for Modern Languages was also opened in Tunisia, and it specializes in the Chinese language in 1977. Cairo University also established the Chinese Language Department in September 2004 becoming a major center for Sinology is <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. </p><p>Arab scholars sought to delve deeper into Sinology for academic, political, cultural and diplomatic purposes in order to build a bridge of communication between the Arab and Chinese peoples. Their interest in the history of China also increased greatly. Many books related to the history of Chinese culture and its people were published in the Arabic language. In 2020 after spending about six years as a consul in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_Ghanem_Al-Hajri" title="Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri">Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri</a>, a Qatari diplomat who is considered one of the Arabs with a lot of original Arabic academic works in sinology, published the book "Zheng He, Chinese Emperor of the Seas". The book covers the history and adventures of a Chinese commander by the name Zheng He whose fleet went round the known world in seven voyages between the years 1415 and 1432. He also wrote before that the novel "The Fleet of the Sun" inspired by the story of the Chinese commander. It was considered the first Arabic novel with a Chinese as the central character, thus it achieved some fame in the Arab world, although it was not published until recently. He also published "China in the Eyes of Travelers", a book that delved deep into the history of ancient China through the discoveries made by travellers and explorers. Al-hajri further wrote the book "Arts in the Ming Dynasty", in which he elaborated on the political and economic development of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> and the historical development of Chinese culture. Four of his books are translated into Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many books have been translated from Chinese into Arabic as part of these efforts. Where more than 700 books about the people of China, their culture, economy, literature and philosophy have been translated into Arabic by the (House of Wisdom) company located in the Ningxia Hui region, northwest China since its establishment in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinologists">Sinologists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sinologists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_sinologists" title="List of sinologists">List of sinologists</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_de_l%27%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Extr%C3%AAme_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême Orient">Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême Orient</a></i></li> <li><i>Chinese Heritage Quarterly</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China Heritage Project, Australian National University</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euro-Sinica" title="Euro-Sinica">Euro-Sinica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Asiatic_Studies" title="Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies">Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Asian Studies">Journal of Asian Studies</a></i></li> <li><i>Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies</i></li> <li><i>The (Cambridge) China Quarterly</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Asiatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal Asiatique">Journal Asiatique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Late_Imperial_China_(journal)" title="Late Imperial China (journal)">Late Imperial China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Serica" title="Monumenta Serica">Monumenta Serica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers" title="Sino-Platonic Papers">Sino-Platonic Papers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%27oung_Pao" title="T'oung Pao">T'oung Pao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_China_(journal)" title="Modern China (journal)">Modern China</a></i></li> <li><i>Toho Gakuho</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Toyoshi Kenkyu</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sinology" title="Outline of sinology">Outline of sinology</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinophile" title="Sinophile">Sinophile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shambaugh, David (2024). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10670564.2023.2237918">The Evolution of American Contemporary China Studies: Coming Full Circle?</a>". <i>Journal of Contemporary China</i>. <b>33</b> (146): 314–331.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. p.4, Zurndorfer, <i>China Bibliography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney2001xi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney2001xi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney2001xi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoney2001">Honey (2001)</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 3rd edition 1992): 1686.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney20016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney20016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoney2001">Honey (2001)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney20019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney20019_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoney2001">Honey (2001)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200110-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney200110_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoney200110_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoney2001">Honey (2001)</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer19998-14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer19998-14_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer19998-14_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZurndorfer1999">Zurndorfer (1999)</a>, p. 8-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqcommentarialtradition_14-15]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqcommentarialtradition_14-15]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZurndorfer1999">Zurndorfer (1999)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uu5zn7-ImJoC&q=commentarial+tradition">14-15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer199932–33-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer199932–33_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZurndorfer1999">Zurndorfer (1999)</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqFairbank_32]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqFairbank_32]_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZurndorfer1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduu5zn7-ImJoCqFairbank_32]_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZurndorfer1999">Zurndorfer (1999)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uu5zn7-ImJoC&q=Fairbank">32</a>.</span> </li> 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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"A Lone Cheer for Sinology". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 109–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2050419">10.2307/2050419</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2050419">2050419</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162434544">162434544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Lone+Cheer+for+Sinology&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-112&rft.date=1964-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162434544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2050419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2050419&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barmé, Geremie R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciw.anu.edu.au/new_sinology/index.php">On New Sinology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411173608/http://ciw.anu.edu.au/new_sinology/index.php">Archived</a> 2015-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, China Heritage Project, The <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226185410/https://jbhsc.ae/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7/">"الأساطير المتعلقة بوصول الإسلام إلى الصين – مركز جمال بن حويرب للدراسات"</a>. 26 December 2022. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86+%E2%80%93+%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2+%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA&rft.date=2022-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjbhsc.ae%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A5%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/China%201.pdf">"Jewel of Chinese Muslim's Heritage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 24 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124104901/https://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/China%201.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewel+of+Chinese+Muslim%27s+Heritage&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimheritage.com%2Fuploads%2FChina%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMò1943" class="citation book cs1">Mò, Dōngyín (1943). <i>History of the development of Sinology</i> (Translated by Lóng Jiāng 2020 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+development+of+Sinology&rft.edition=Translated+by+L%C3%B3ng+Ji%C4%81ng+2020&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=M%C3%B2&rft.aufirst=D%C5%8Dngy%C3%ADn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207013556/http://www.chinatoday.com.cn:80/ctarabic/2018/wmdslzdf/201909/t20190929_800180170.html">"التعاون التعليمي الصيني- العربي في سبعين عاما"</a>. 7 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatoday.com.cn:80/ctarabic/2018/wmdslzdf/201909/t20190929_800180170.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qauthors.qa/en/author-profile-en/">the original</a> on 17 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qauthors.qa%2Fen%2Fauthor-profile-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526084033/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-05/02/c_136251298.htm">"Across China: Publishing house brings Chinese wisdom to Arabic speakers - Xinhua | English.news.cn"</a>. 26 May 2022. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/issue/thgakho.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%AD%A6%E5%A0%B1+%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.date=2008-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fissue%2Fthgakho.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090405164109/http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/toyoshi/index.html">"東洋史研究会"</a>. 5 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/toyoshi/index.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%B1%E6%B4%8B%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwsoc.nii.ac.jp%2Ftoyoshi%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsato2013" class="citation book cs1">Asato, Noriko, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UROMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">"China"</a>. <i>Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 25–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-843-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-843-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+Asian+Studies+Specialists%3A+A+Guide+to+Research+Materials+and+Collection+Building+Tools&rft.pages=25-134&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-843-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUROMAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Barrett, Timothy Hugh, <i>Singular Listlessness: A Short History of Chinese Books and British Scholars</i> (London: Wellsweep, 1989). 125 pages. "Published in its original form in F. Wood, ed., British Library Occasional papers, 10: Chinese studies [1988], p. 9-53.".</li> <li>Cayley, John & Ming Wilson ed., <i>Europe Studies China: Papers from an International Conference on the History of European Sinology</i>, London: Han-Shan Tang Books, 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2003" class="citation book cs1">Cole, James H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqad0vqasoC"><i>Twentieth Century China: An Annotated Bibliography of Reference Works in Chinese, Japanese, and Western Languages</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0395-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0395-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-0395-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+China%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography+of+Reference+Works+in+Chinese%2C+Japanese%2C+and+Western+Languages&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0395-1&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOqad0vqasoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoney2001" class="citation book cs1">Honey, David B. (2001). <i>Incense at the Altar: Pioneering Sinologists and the Development of Classical Chinese Philology</i>. New Haven: American Oriental Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0940490161" title="Special:BookSources/978-0940490161"><bdi>978-0940490161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incense+at+the+Altar%3A+Pioneering+Sinologists+and+the+Development+of+Classical+Chinese+Philology&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0940490161&rft.aulast=Honey&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span> (See also <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">E.G. Pulleyblank</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087543">review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827181735/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3087543">Archived</a> 2016-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the work in the <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, Vol. 122, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 2002), pp. 620–624, available through <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>).</li> <li>Mungello, David E., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wb4yPw4ZgZQC">Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206124531/https://books.google.com/books?id=wb4yPw4ZgZQC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 2022-12-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Stuttgart: F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, 1985; rpr. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824812190" title="Special:BookSources/0824812190">0824812190</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). <a href="/wiki/Chinese_History:_A_New_Manual" title="Chinese History: A New Manual"><i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674067158" title="Special:BookSources/9780674067158"><bdi>9780674067158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center%2C+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780674067158&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yang Liansheng, <i>Excursions in Sinology</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYe2014" class="citation book cs1">Ye, Yunshan (2014). <i>ALA Guide to Researching Modern China</i>. American Library Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-1209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-1209-6"><bdi>978-0-8389-1209-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ALA+Guide+to+Researching+Modern+China&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8389-1209-6&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Yunshan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zurndorfer, Harriet, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uu5zn7-ImJoC&q=Sinology">A Brief History of Chinese Studies and Sinology</a>," in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurndorfer1999" class="citation book cs1">Zurndorfer, Harriet (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uu5zn7-ImJoC"><i>China Bibliography: A Research Guide to Reference Works About China Past and Present</i></a>. Honolulu: Brill; reprinted, University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004102781" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004102781"><bdi>978-9004102781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Bibliography%3A+A+Research+Guide+to+Reference+Works+About+China+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=Brill%3B+reprinted%2C+University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9004102781&rft.aulast=Zurndorfer&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duu5zn7-ImJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sinology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Sinology">Sinology</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sinologist" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Sinologist">Sinologist</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Sinology</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sinology">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sinology&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinologyinstitute.com/">The Sinology Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechinastory.org/new-sinology/">New Sinology 后汉学/後漢學</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210104939/http://www.thechinastory.org/new-sinology/">Archived</a> 2017-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechinastory.org/">The China Story</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechinastory.org/about-the-australian-centre-on-china-in-the-world/">Australian Center on China in the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215034814/http://www.thechinastory.org/about-the-australian-centre-on-china-in-the-world/">Archived</a> 2017-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/">Guoxue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/">Chinese Text Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.cciv.cityu.edu.hk/">Chinese Civilisation Centre</a> - City University of Hong Kong</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/profiles/">Sinology Project, University of Massachusetts, Amherst</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032959/http://www.umass.edu/wsp/resources/profiles/">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspas.anu.edu.au/pah/chinaheritageproject/">China Heritage Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105937/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/pah/chinaheritageproject/">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Australian National University</li> <li>Torbjörn Lodén,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227231224/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/ccs/Newsletter/newsletter9/swedishSinology.html">"Swedish Sinology: A Historical Perspective"</a> (archived)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_and_research_guides">Library and research guides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Library and research guides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino.uni-heidelberg.de/igcs/">"Internet Guide for Chinese Studies"</a>. Netherlands: Sinological Institute, <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>. 21 August 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Guide+for+Chinese+Studies&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pub=Sinological+Institute%2C+Leiden+University&rft.date=1998-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino.uni-heidelberg.de%2Figcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moyak.com/papers/east-asian-libraries.html">Electronic Resources for Chinese Studies and East Asian Libraries</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.lib.uchicago.edu/chinese">"Chinese Studies"</a>. <i>Library Guides</i>. USA: University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Guides&rft.atitle=Chinese+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fchinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.library.harvard.edu/Chinese">"Chinese Studies"</a>. <i>Research Guides</i>. Harvard University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Guides&rft.atitle=Chinese+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.harvard.edu%2FChinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107001839/https://libraries.indiana.edu/?pageId=1000824">"Chinese Studies"</a>. <i>Resources by Subject</i>. USA: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a> Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=1000824">the original</a> on 7 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resources+by+Subject&rft.atitle=Chinese+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraries.iub.edu%2Findex.php%3FpageId%3D1000824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/subjects/china/">"China and Inner Asia"</a>. <i>Subject Guides</i>. <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a> Library, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Subject+Guides&rft.atitle=China+and+Inner+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fsubjects%2Fchina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.lib.umich.edu/chinesestudies">"Chinese Studies"</a>. <i>Research Guides</i>. USA: University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Guides&rft.atitle=Chinese+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.umich.edu%2Fchinesestudies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthwestern_University_Library" class="citation web cs1">Northwestern University Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.northwestern.edu/content.php?pid=19719">"Chinese Studies"</a>. <i>LibGuides</i>. Illinois, USA: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LibGuides&rft.atitle=Chinese+Studies&rft.au=Northwestern+University+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibguides.northwestern.edu%2Fcontent.php%3Fpid%3D19719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107001832/https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/chinese%20">"China and Inner Asia"</a>. <i>Oxford LibGuides</i>. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, Bodleian Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/chinese">the original</a> on 7 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+LibGuides&rft.atitle=China+and+Inner+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fchinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_Libraries" class="citation web cs1">University Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.rutgers.edu/content.php?pid=410442">"Research Resources for Chinese Studies"</a>. <i>Research Guides</i>. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Guides&rft.atitle=Research+Resources+for+Chinese+Studies&rft.au=University+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibguides.rutgers.edu%2Fcontent.php%3Fpid%3D410442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107001816/http://libguides.nus.edu.sg/libguides.nus.edu.sg#7854256">"Area Studies"</a>. <i>Subject Guides</i>. National University of Singapore Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.nus.edu.sg/content.php?pid=165681&sid=1397327#7854256">the original</a> on 7 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" 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