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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Christian_Church_in_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Christian_Church_in_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Christian_Church_in_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Contributions to Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coptic_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Coptic Greeks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic_Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ecumenical councils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Chalcedon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Chalcedon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Council of Chalcedon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Chalcedon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_conquest_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Arab conquest of Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_conquest_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copts_in_modern_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copts_in_modern_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Copts in modern Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copts_in_modern_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Socioeconomic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharaonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharaonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Pharaonism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharaonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Church affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copts_in_modern_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copts_in_modern_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Copts in modern Ethiopia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copts_in_modern_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copts_in_modern_Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copts_in_modern_Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Copts in modern Sudan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copts_in_modern_Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_and_discrimination_in_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_and_discrimination_in_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Persecution and discrimination in Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_and_discrimination_in_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Calendar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Calendar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coptic_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Coptic year </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Copts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Copts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prominent Copts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Copts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Copts</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopte" title="Kopte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kopte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="أقباط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أقباط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibtil%C9%99r" title="Qibtilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qibtilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="قیبطی‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیبطی‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="কিবতীয় জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কিবতীয় জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Копты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Копты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Копты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Копты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Копти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Копти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptes" title="Coptes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coptes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptov%C3%A9" title="Koptové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koptové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt" title="Copt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Copt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopter" title="Kopter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kopter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopten" title="Kopten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kopten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopty" title="Kopty – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kopty" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptid" title="Koptid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koptid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κόπτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόπτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copto" title="Copto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Copto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptoj" title="Koptoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koptoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopto" title="Kopto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kopto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="قبطی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قبطی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptes" title="Coptes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coptes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptaigh" title="Coptaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coptaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_copto" title="Pobo copto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo copto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A5%ED%8A%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="콥트인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콥트인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ղպտիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղպտիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptojo" title="Koptojo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Koptojo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptik" title="Koptik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koptik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copti" title="Copti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Copti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კოპტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოპტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Копттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Копттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakopti" title="Wakopti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakopti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipt%C3%AE" title="Qiptî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qiptî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copti" title="Copti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Copti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptai" title="Koptai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koptai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptok" title="Koptok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koptok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Копти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Копти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4pta_(vahoaka)" title="Kôpta (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôpta (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კოპტეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოპტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اقباط مسيحيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اقباط مسيحيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopten" title="Kopten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kopten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%88" title="コプト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コプト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptere" title="Koptere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koptere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptarar" title="Koptarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koptarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2ptes" title="Còptes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Còptes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibtiylar" title="Qibtiylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qibtiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਕੁਬਤੀ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਬਤੀ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="قبطی مسیحی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قبطی مسیحی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قبطيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قبطيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptowie" title="Koptowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koptowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptas" title="Coptas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coptas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C8%9Bi" title="Copți – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Copți" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Копты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Копты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptiket" title="Koptiket – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koptiket" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="කොප්ට්වරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොප්ට්වරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copt" title="Copt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قیبتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قیبتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Копти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Копти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopti" title="Kopti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kopti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptit" title="Koptit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koptit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopter" title="Kopter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kopter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கோப்துக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோப்துக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igafsen" title="Igafsen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Igafsen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1pt%C3%AEler" title="Kıptîler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıptîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Копти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Копти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="قبطی مسیحی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قبطی مسیحی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Copt" title="Người Copt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Copt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopto" title="Kopto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kopto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="科普特人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科普特人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1pti" title="Qıpti – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qıpti" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="科普特人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科普特人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Qibti" title="Jolma Qibti – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Qibti" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopton" title="Kopton – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kopton" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q146744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Copts</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="cop"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style>ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_diaspora_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coptic_diaspora_map.png/220px-Coptic_diaspora_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coptic_diaspora_map.png/330px-Coptic_diaspora_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coptic_diaspora_map.png/440px-Coptic_diaspora_map.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Coptic diaspora</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data">10 million (2019)<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data">400,000-500,000 (previously); a smaller number (as of 2018)<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data">60,000<a href="#cite_note-LookLex_Encyclopedia-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Diaspora:</th><td class="infobox-data">1–2 million (estimates vary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">500,000 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-Telushkin2018-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-KermalliRNS2017-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">75,000 (2003)<a href="#cite_note-parliament.nsw.gov.au-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="infobox-data">45,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-la-croix.com-13">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<a href="#cite_note-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">25,000–30,000 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Arab Emirates</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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font-size:200%; background:#870409; color:white;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: {{{cWidth}}}px; height: {{{cHeight}}}px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 175px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coptic_cross.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/175px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/263px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/350px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#870409; color:white;"> Culture</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_architecture" title="Coptic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic placenames">Toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Language</a></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copto-Arabic_literature" title="Copto-Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_philosophy" title="Coptic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Writing system</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#870409; color:white;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States">churches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Canada" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Canada">churches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Australia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia">churches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Africa" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Asia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Europe" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_North_America" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_South_America" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#870409; color:white;"> Denominations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Egypt" title="Protestantism in Egypt">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copts_sidebar" title="Template:Copts sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copts_sidebar" title="Template talk:Copts sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copts_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copts sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Copts (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: ⲛⲓⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, romanized: niremənkhēmi; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الْقِبْط, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-qibṭ) are a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious</a> group native to <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> who have primarily inhabited the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and predominantly follow the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Orthodox Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> They are the largest <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christian denomination in Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CNN1-22">[21]</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a><a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Libya-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Copts</a> account for roughly 5–15 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">population of Egypt</a>;<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Copts in Sudan</a> account for 1 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan" title="Demographics of Sudan">Sudanese population</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Copts in Libya</a> similarly account for 1 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Libya" title="Demographics of Libya">Libyan population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LookLex_Encyclopedia-9">[8]</a> Originally referring to all Egyptians,<a href="#cite_note-Van-26">[25]</a> the term Copt became synonymous with native <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in light of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> in 639–646 AD.<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[26]</a> Copts have historically spoken the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a>, a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Egyptian_language" title="Demotic Egyptian language">Demotic Egyptian</a> that was spoken in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. Following the Muslim conquest, the treatment of the Coptic Christians who refused to <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">convert</a> ranged from relative <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">tolerance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">open persecution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Historically, the Copts suffered from "waves of persecution giving way to relative tolerance in cycles that varied according to the local ruler and other political and economic circumstances".<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[26]</a> Persecution is significantly involved in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Copts' ethnic identity</a> due to historic and current conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Deighton,_H._S_1946_p._519-32">[31]</a> Most Copts adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-U.S.Dept_of_State/Egypt-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FCO/Egypt/-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The smaller <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Church</a>, in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See of Rome</a>; others belong to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt</a>. The Copts played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Arab Renaissance</a> as well as the modernization of Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> as a whole;<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[26]</a> they also contributed to the "social and political life and key debates such as <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>, good governance, <a href="/wiki/Education_reform" title="Education reform">educational reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>",<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[26]</a> and they have historically flourished in business affairs.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36">[35]</a> While Coptic Christians speak the same dialects and are culturally similar to other Egyptians, they strongly oppose Arab identity and associate it with Islam and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CoptBirtannica-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In Egypt, Copts have a relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a>, a relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth index</a>, and a stronger representation in <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar job types</a>, but limited representation in military and security agencies. The majority of demographic, socio-economic, and health indicators are similar among Christians and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-39">[38]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Egypt">Name of Egypt</a></div> The English language adopted the word Copt in the 17th century from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> Coptus, Cophtus, which derives from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> collective qubṭ / qibṭ قبط "the Copts" with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar#nisba" title="Arabic grammar">nisba</a> adjective qubṭī, qibṭī قبطى, plural aqbāṭ أقباط; Also quftī, qiftī (where the Arabic /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ reflects the historical Coptic /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/) an Arabisation of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> word ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ aiguption (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Bohairic" title="Coptic language">Bohairic</a>) or ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ kuptaion (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Sahidic" title="Coptic language">Sahidic</a>). The Coptic word in turn represents an adaptation of the Greek term for the indigenous people of Egypt, Aigýptios (Αἰγύπτιος).<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-40">[39]</a> The Greek term for Egypt, Aígyptos (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Αἴγυπτος), itself derives from the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>, but dates to a much earlier period, being attested already in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> as a3-ku-pi-ti-jo (lit. "Egyptian"; used here as a man's name). This Mycenaean form probably comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Egyptian">Middle Egyptian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A5wt_k%EA%9C%A3_pt%E1%B8%A5#Egyptian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ḥwt kꜣ ptḥ">ḥwt kꜣ ptḥ</a> (reconstructed pronunciation /ħawitˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħajiʔˌkuʀpiˈtaħ/ → /ħəjˌkuʔpəˈtaħ/, <a href="/wiki/Egyptological_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptological pronunciation">Egyptological pronunciation</a> Hut-ka-Ptah), literally "estate/palace of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul#kꜣ_"double"" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">kꜣ</a> ("double" spirit) of <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>" (compare <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> āluḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ), the name of the temple complex of the god <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> (and a <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> for the city of Memphis and the region around it). The term Aigýptios in Greek came to designate the native Egyptian population in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> (as distinct from Greeks, Romans, Jews, etc.). After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> (639-646) it became restricted to those Egyptians adhering to the Christian religion.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The Coptic name for <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, remənkhēmi (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ), is realized in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language#Fayyumic" title="Coptic language">Fayyumic Coptic</a> as ⲗⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ lemenkēmi and as ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲕⲏⲙⲉ remənkēme in the Sahidic dialect; cf. Egyptian rmṯ n <a href="/wiki/Km_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Km (hieroglyph)">kmt</a>, Demotic rmṯ n kmỉ. The Arabic word qibṭ "Copt" has also been connected[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to the Greek name of the town of Kóptos (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: Κόπτος, now <a href="/wiki/Qift" title="Qift">Qifṭ</a>; Coptic Kebt and Keft) in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>. This association may have contributed to making "Copt" the settled form of the name.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In the 20th century, some Egyptian nationalists and intellectuals in the context of <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a> began using the term qubṭ in the historical sense.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Egypt">History of Christianity in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMarkcoptic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/StMarkcoptic.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="376" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Coptic icon of <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">St. Mark</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp/200px-Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp/300px-Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp/400px-Bertha_M%C3%BCller_-_portrait_d%27une_copte.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a Coptic Christian woman by <a href="/wiki/Bertha_M%C3%BCller" title="Bertha Müller">Bertha Müller</a>, circa 1850</figcaption></figure> The Copts are one of the oldest Christian communities in the Middle East. Although integrated in the larger Egyptian nation state, the Copts have survived as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">religious community</a> forming around 5 to 20 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Coptic_population-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FCO/Egypt/-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_world_factbook/Egypt/-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-nlgsolutions1-46">[45]</a> They pride themselves on the apostolicity of the Egyptian Church: its founder was the first in an unbroken chain of patriarchs. The main body has been out of communion with the Roman Catholic Church since the 5th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Christian_Church_in_Egypt">Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Christian Church in Egypt">edit</a>]</div> According to ancient tradition, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was introduced to present day <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">St. Mark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, shortly after the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> and during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> around 42 AD.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The legacy that St. Mark left in Egypt was a considerable Christian community in Alexandria. Within half a century of St. Mark's arrival Christianity had spread throughout Egypt. This is clear from a fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> and found in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> that can be dated to the first half of the 2nd century, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> writings found in <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a>, which date around 200 AD. In the 2nd century, Christianity began to spread to the rural areas, and scriptures were translated into Coptic (then known as Egyptian). By the beginning of the 3rd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> constituted the majority of Egypt's population, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a> was recognized as one of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>'s four apostolic sees, second in honor only to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Church in Rome</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Church of Alexandria is therefore the oldest Christian church in Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_Christianity">Contributions to Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contributions to Christianity">edit</a>]</div> The Copts in Egypt contributed immensely to Christian tradition. The <a href="/wiki/Catechetical" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical">Catechetical</a> School of Alexandria was the oldest school of its kind in the world. Founded around 190 AD by the scholar <a href="/wiki/Pantanaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantanaeus">Pantanaeus</a>, the school became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, the father of theology who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a>. However, the scope of this school was not limited to theological subjects: science, mathematics and humanities were also taught there. The question-and-answer method of commentary began there, and 15 centuries before <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a>, wood-carving techniques were in use there by blind scholars to read and write. Another major contribution the Egyptian Copts made to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was the creation and organization of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>. Worldwide Christian monasticism stems, either directly or indirectly, from the Egyptian example.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The most prominent figures of the monastic movement were <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macarius_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Macarius the Great">Macarius the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenouda_the_Archimandrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenouda the Archimandrite">Shenouda the Archimandrite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pachomius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachomius">Pachomius the Cenobite</a>. By the end of the 5th century, there were hundreds of monasteries, and thousands of cells and caves scattered throughout the Egyptian desert. Since then pilgrims have visited the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a> to emulate their spiritual, disciplined lives. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Basil">St Basil the Great</a> Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Mazaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Mazaca">Caesarea Mazaca</a>, and the founder and organiser of the monastic movement in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, visited Egypt around 357 AD and his monastic rules are followed by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a>, who translated the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, came to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> while en route to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> around 400 AD, leaving details of his experiences in his letters. <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">St. Benedict</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine Order">Benedictine Order</a> in the 6th century on the model of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pachomius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Pachomius">Saint Pachomius</a>, although in a stricter form. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christians</a> practice male <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> as a rite of passage.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic_Greeks">Coptic Greeks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coptic Greeks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Greeks">Coptic Greeks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreekEgyptianIlluminatedSaqaraShroud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/GreekEgyptianIlluminatedSaqaraShroud.jpg/220px-GreekEgyptianIlluminatedSaqaraShroud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/GreekEgyptianIlluminatedSaqaraShroud.jpg/330px-GreekEgyptianIlluminatedSaqaraShroud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/GreekEgyptianIlluminatedSaqaraShroud.jpg/440px-GreekEgyptianIlluminatedSaqaraShroud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>An Egyptiot man with <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic empire">Ptolemaic empire</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_mummy_portraits" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiyum mummy portraits">Faiyum mummy portraits</a> reflect the complex synthesis of the predominant Egyptian culture and that of the Hellenized Middle East. By the time of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> in the 2nd century AD, ethnic Egyptians could be distinguished from Egyptian Greeks only by their speech.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Egyptian Greek is the variety of Greek spoken in Egypt from antiquity until the <a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Islamic conquest of Egypt</a> in the 7th century. Egyptian Greek adopted many loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Egyptian language</a>; there was a great deal of intracommunity <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-papyrology-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-postclassicalbyzantinegreek-52">[51]</a> The following is an example of Egyptian Greek language, used in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Church">Coptic Church</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">ⲇⲟⲝⲁ ⲡⲁⲧⲣⲓ ⲕⲉ ⲩⲓⲱ: ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲱ ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁⲧⲓ: ⲕⲉ ⲛⲩⲛ ⲕⲉ ⲁ̀ⲓ̀ ⲕⲉ ⲓⲥ ⲧⲟⲩⲥ ⲉⲱⲛⲁⲥ ⲧⲱⲛ ⲉ̀ⲱ̀ⲛⲱⲛ ⲁ̀ⲙⲏⲛ</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Δόξα Πατρὶ κὲ Υἱῷ κὲ Ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, κὲ νῦν κὲ ἀῒ κὲ ἰς τοὺς ἐῶνας τῶν ἐώνων. Ἀμήν.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Glory to the Father, to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, both now and always, and unto the ages of ages. Amen.</blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritratto_funebre_di_giovane_soldato_con_diadema_e_cinturone_reggi_spada,_da_fayum,_100-150_dc_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ritratto_funebre_di_giovane_soldato_con_diadema_e_cinturone_reggi_spada%2C_da_fayum%2C_100-150_dc_ca.JPG/150px-Ritratto_funebre_di_giovane_soldato_con_diadema_e_cinturone_reggi_spada%2C_da_fayum%2C_100-150_dc_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ritratto_funebre_di_giovane_soldato_con_diadema_e_cinturone_reggi_spada%2C_da_fayum%2C_100-150_dc_ca.JPG/225px-Ritratto_funebre_di_giovane_soldato_con_diadema_e_cinturone_reggi_spada%2C_da_fayum%2C_100-150_dc_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ritratto_funebre_di_giovane_soldato_con_diadema_e_cinturone_reggi_spada%2C_da_fayum%2C_100-150_dc_ca.JPG/300px-Ritratto_funebre_di_giovane_soldato_con_diadema_e_cinturone_reggi_spada%2C_da_fayum%2C_100-150_dc_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2908" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">An Egyptiot centurion</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Testa_di_donna,_egitto_romano,_130-160_dc_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Testa_di_donna%2C_egitto_romano%2C_130-160_dc_ca.jpg/150px-Testa_di_donna%2C_egitto_romano%2C_130-160_dc_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Testa_di_donna%2C_egitto_romano%2C_130-160_dc_ca.jpg/225px-Testa_di_donna%2C_egitto_romano%2C_130-160_dc_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Testa_di_donna%2C_egitto_romano%2C_130-160_dc_ca.jpg/300px-Testa_di_donna%2C_egitto_romano%2C_130-160_dc_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="3108" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">An Egyptiot woman</div></div></div></div></div> According to Walker, early Ptolemaic Greek colonists married local women and adopted Egyptian religious beliefs, and by Roman times, their descendants were viewed as Egyptians by the Roman rulers, despite their own self-perception of being Greek.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The dental morphology<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> of the Roman-period Faiyum mummies was also compared with that of earlier Egyptian populations, and was found to be "much more closely akin" to that of ancient Egyptians than to Greeks or other European populations.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Victor J. Katz notes that "research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities".<a href="#cite_note-Katz_184-56">[55]</a> Modern day Copts use predominantly Arabic and Coptic, the latter being the direct descendent of the Ancient Egyptian language. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Church">Coptic Church</a> is recited in the native <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1107333977">Ϧⲉⲛ ⲫ̀ⲣⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ: ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡ̀ϣⲏⲣⲓ: ⲛⲉⲙ Ⲡⲓⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ: ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲛ̀ⲟⲩⲱⲧ: Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ Ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲱⲧ ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ: ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲥⲓ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ: ⲡⲉⲧⲉϩⲛⲁⲕ ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥϣⲱⲡⲓ Ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ ϧⲉⲛ ⲧ̀ⲫⲉ ⲛⲉⲙ ϩⲓϫⲉⲛ ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ ⲡⲉⲛⲱⲓⲕ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲣⲁⲥϯ ⲙⲏⲓϥ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲙ̀ⲫⲟⲟⲩ Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲭⲁ ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉⲣⲟⲛ ⲛⲁⲛ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ: ⲙ̀ⲫ̀ⲣⲏϯ ϩⲱⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲭⲱ ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ ⲛ̀ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉ ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲛ ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ Ⲟⲩⲟϩ ⲙ̀ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲛⲧⲉⲛ ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲥⲙⲟⲥ: ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉⲛ ⲉⲃⲟⲗϩⲁ ⲡⲓⲡⲉⲧϩⲱⲟⲩ Ϧⲉⲛ Ⲡⲭ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲓⲏ̅ⲥ̅ Ⲡⲉⲛⲟ̅ⲥ̅ Ϫⲉ ⲑⲱⲕ ⲧⲉ ϯⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩⲣⲟ ⲛⲉⲙ ϯϫⲟⲙ ⲛⲉⲙ ⲡⲓⲱⲟⲩ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ. Ⲁⲙⲏⲛ. </blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the Name of the Father: and the Son: and the Holy Spirit: One God: Amen Our Father Who art in heaven: hallowed be Thy name: Thy kingdom come: Thy will be done On earth as it is in heaven Give us this day our daily bread And forgive us our trespasses: as we forgive those who trespass against us And lead us not into temptation: but deliver us from evil one In Christ Jesus our Lord For Thine is the kingdom and the power and the glory forever. Amen.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenical_councils">Ecumenical councils</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecumenical councils">edit</a>]</div> The major contributions that the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Alexandria">See of Alexandria</a> has contributed to the establishment of early Christian theology and dogma are attested to by fact that the first three <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a> in the history of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> were headed by Egyptian patriarchs. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> (325 AD) was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">St. Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Hosius_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosius of Córdoba">Saint Hosius of Córdoba</a>. In addition, the most prominent figure of the council was the future Patriarch of Alexandria <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>, who played the major role in the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, recited today in most Christian churches of different denominations. One of the council's decisions was to entrust the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch of Alexandria</a> with calculating and annually announcing the exact date of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> to the rest of the Christian churches. The <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Council of Constantinople</a> (381 AD) was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy I of Alexandria">Patriarch Timothy of Alexandria</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431 AD) was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Council of Chalcedon">edit</a>]</div> In 451 AD, following the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Church of Alexandria</a> was divided into two branches. Those who accepted the terms of the Council became known as <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkites</a>. Those who did not abide by the council's terms were labeled <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonian">non-Chalcedonians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monophysites" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysites">Monophysites</a> and later Jacobites after <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacob Baradaeus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonian">non-Chalcedonians</a>, however, rejected the term <a href="/wiki/Monophysites" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysites">Monophysites</a> as erroneous and referred to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysites</a>. The majority of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a> branch, which led to their persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_conquest_of_Egypt">Arab conquest of Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arab conquest of Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg/170px-Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg/255px-Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg/340px-Kairo_Hanging_Church_BW_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="3710" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hanging_Church" title="Hanging Church">Hanging Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Cairo" title="Coptic Cairo">Coptic Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> In 641 AD, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> who faced off with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> army. Local resistance by the Egyptians however began to materialize shortly thereafter and would last until at least the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Despite the political upheaval, Egypt remained mainly Christian, but Coptic Christians lost their majority status after the 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-FA-59">[58]</a> as a result of the intermittent persecution and the destruction of the Christian churches there.<a href="#cite_note-auto-29">[28]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a> onwards, the Coptic Christians were persecuted by different Muslim regimes,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-28">[27]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saunders2002-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rustow2014-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">persecution of Coptic</a> Christians included closing and demolishing churches, <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> and heavy <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> for those who refused to convert.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copts_in_modern_Egypt">Copts in modern Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Copts in modern Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Copts in Egypt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg/180px-Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg/270px-Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg/360px-Copts-with-Nasser-1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>President Nasser welcomes a delegation of Coptic bishops (1965)</figcaption></figure> During the Ottoman period, Copts were classified alongside other Oriental Orthodox and Nestorian peoples under the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian millet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Under Muslim rule, Christians paid special taxes, had lower access to political power, and were exempt from military service. Their position improved dramatically under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> in the early 19th century. He abolished the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> (a tax on non-Muslims) and allowed Egyptians (Copts) to enroll in the army. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria">Pope Cyril IV</a>, 1854–61, reformed the church and encouraged broader Coptic participation in Egyptian affairs. Khedive <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Isma'il Pasha</a>, in power 1863–79, further promoted the Copts. He appointed them judges to Egyptian courts and awarded them political rights and representation in government. They flourished in business affairs.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36">[35]</a> Some Copts participated in the Egyptian national movement for independence and occupied many influential positions. Two significant cultural achievements include the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Museum" title="Coptic Museum">Coptic Museum</a> in 1910 and the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies in 1954. Some prominent Coptic thinkers from this period are <a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Awad" title="Louis Awad">Louis Awad</a> and Secretary General of the Wafd Party <a href="/wiki/Makram_Ebeid" title="Makram Ebeid">Makram Ebeid</a>. In 1952, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> led some army officers in a coup d'état against <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a>, which overthrew the Kingdom of Egypt and established a republic. <a href="/wiki/Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser">Nasser</a>'s mainstream policy was <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arab">pan-Arab</a> nationalism and socialism. The Copts were severely affected by Nasser's nationalization policies, though they represented about 10 to 20 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-nisan-73">[72]</a> In addition, Nasser's pan-Arab policies undermined the Copts' strong attachment to and sense of identity about their Egyptian pre-Arab, and certainly non-Arab identity which resulted in permits to construct churches to be delayed along with Christian religious courts to be closed.<a href="#cite_note-nisan-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socioeconomic">Socioeconomic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic">edit</a>]</div> In Egypt, Copts have relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a>, relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> index, and a stronger representation in <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar job</a> types, but limited representation in security agencies. The majority of demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators are similar among Copts and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-39">[38]</a> Historically; many Copts were <a href="/wiki/Accountants" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountants">accountants</a>, and in 1961 Coptic Christians owned 51% of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Egyptian banks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Pew_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Center">Pew Center</a> study about <a href="/wiki/Religiosity_and_education" title="Religiosity and education">religion and education</a> around the world in 2016, found that around 26% of Egyptian Christians obtain a <a href="/wiki/University_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="University degree">university degree</a> in institutions of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew2016-75">[74]</a> According to the scholar Andrea Rugh Copts tend to belong to the educated <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">upper-middle class</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> and according to scholar Lois Farag "The Copts still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20% of total state capital, 45% of government employment, and 45% of government salaries".<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> According to scholar J. D. Pennington 45% of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_doctors" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical doctors">medical doctors</a>, 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacists">pharmacists</a> of Egypt were Christians.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> A number of Coptic <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and land-owning families became very wealthy and influential such as the Egyptian Coptic Christian <a href="/wiki/Sawiris_family" title="Sawiris family">Sawiris family</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> that owns the <a href="/wiki/Orascom_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Orascom group">Orascom conglomerate</a>, spanning telecommunications, construction, tourism, industries and technology.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> estimated the family's net worth at $36 billion.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> According to scholars Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein argue that Copts have relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment" title="Educational attainment">educational attainment</a> and relatively higher <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> index, due to <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christianity">Coptic Christianity</a> emphasis on literacy and that <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christianity">Coptic Christianity</a> encouraged the accumulation of human capital.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pharaonism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Coptic identity</a></div> Many Coptic intellectuals hold to <a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a>, which states that Coptic culture is largely derived from pre-Christian, <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaonic</a> Egyptian culture. It gives the Copts a claim to a deep heritage in Egyptian history and culture. Pharaonism was widely held by Coptic and Muslim scholars in the early 20th century, and it helped bridge the divide between those groups. Some scholars see Pharaonism as shaped by <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_affairs">Church affairs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Church affairs">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_monks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coptic_monks.jpg/300px-Coptic_monks.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coptic_monks.jpg/450px-Coptic_monks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coptic_monks.jpg/600px-Coptic_monks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="1903" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian Coptic monks at the <a href="/wiki/American_Colony,_Jerusalem" title="American Colony, Jerusalem">American Colony, Jerusalem</a>, between 1898 and 1914.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> Today, members of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonian">non-Chalcedonian</a> Coptic Orthodox Church constitute the majority of the Egyptian Christian population. Mainly through emigration and partly through European, American, and other missionary work and conversions, the Egyptian Christian community now also includes other Christian denominations such as <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (known in Arabic as <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic">Eastern Rite Catholics</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> congregations. The term Coptic remains exclusive however to the Egyptian natives, as opposed to the Christians of non-Egyptian origins. Some Protestant churches for instance are called "<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Evangelical_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Evangelical Church">Coptic Evangelical Church</a>", thus helping differentiate their native Egyptian congregations from churches attended by non-Egyptian immigrant communities such as Europeans or Americans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The previous head of the Coptic Orthodox Church, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Shenouda_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria">Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria</a>, died 17 March 2012. On 4 November 2012, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Tawadros_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria">Bishop Tawadros</a> was chosen as the new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians. His name was selected from a glass bowl containing the three shortlisted candidates by a blindfolded boy at a ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark%27s_Coptic_Orthodox_Cathedral,_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, Cairo">St Mark's Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNANKH-BBC-4NOV2012-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copts_in_modern_Ethiopia">Copts in modern Ethiopia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Copts in modern Ethiopia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Christianity in Ethiopia</a></div> In Ethiopia the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> was part of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959 when it was granted its own patriarch by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_popes" title="List of Coptic Orthodox popes">Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copts_in_modern_Sudan">Copts in modern Sudan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Copts in modern Sudan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Copts in Sudan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Christianity in Sudan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cathedral_(Khartoum)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg/170px-Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg/255px-Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg/340px-Coptic_cathedral_%28Khartoum%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Holy Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> has a native Coptic minority, although many Copts in Sudan are descended from more recent Egyptian immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> Copts in Sudan live mostly in northern cities, including <a href="/wiki/Al_Obeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Obeid">Al Obeid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atbara" title="Atbara">Atbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wad_Medani" class="mw-redirect" title="Wad Medani">Wad Medani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> Many Sudanese Copts have advanced educations.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> They have occasionally faced forced <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">conversion to Islam</a>, resulting in their emigration and decrease in number.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> Modern immigration of Copts to Sudan peaked in the early 19th century, and they generally received a tolerant welcome there. However, this was interrupted by a decade of persecution under <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mahdist_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mahdist Sudan">Mahdist rule</a> at the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> As a result of this persecution, many were forced to relinquish their faith, adopt <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and intermarry with the native Sudanese population. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian invasion</a> in 1898 allowed Copts greater religious and economic freedom, and they extended their original roles as artisans and merchants into trading, banking, engineering, medicine, and the civil service. Proficiency in business and administration made them a privileged minority. However, the return of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">militant Islam</a> in the mid-1960s and subsequent demands by radicals for an <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic constitution</a> prompted Copts to join in public opposition to religious rule.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry" title="Gaafar Nimeiry">Gaafar Nimeiry</a>'s introduction of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law in 1983 began a new phase of oppressive treatment of Copts, among other non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> After the overthrow of Nimeiry, Coptic leaders supported a secular candidate in the 1986 elections. However, when the <a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a> overthrew the elected government of <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a> with the help of the military, discrimination against Copts returned in earnest. Hundreds of Copts were dismissed from the civil service and judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> In February 1991, a Coptic pilot working for <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Airways" title="Sudan Airways">Sudan Airways</a> was executed for illegal possession of foreign currency.<a href="#cite_note-sudanupdate1-91">[90]</a> Before his execution, he had been offered amnesty and money if he converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, but he refused. Thousands attended his funeral, and the execution was taken as a warning by many Copts, who began to flee the country.<a href="#cite_note-sudanupdate1-91">[90]</a> Restrictions on the Copts' rights to Sudanese nationality followed, and it became difficult for them to obtain Sudanese nationality by birth or by naturalization, resulting in problems when attempting to travel abroad. The confiscation of Christian schools and the imposition of an Arab-Islamic emphasis in language and history teaching were accompanied by harassment of Christian children and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> dress laws. A Coptic child was flogged for failing to recite a <a href="/wiki/Koranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Koranic">Koranic</a> verse.<a href="#cite_note-sudanupdate1-91">[90]</a> In contrast with the extensive media broadcasting of the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday prayers">Friday prayers</a>, the radio ceased coverage of the Christian Sunday service. As the civil war raged throughout the 1990s, the government focused its religious fervor on the south. Although experiencing discrimination, the Copts and other long-established Christian groups in the north had fewer restrictions than other types of Christians in the <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">south</a>. As of 2010, the Coptic Church in Sudan was officially registered with the government, and exempt from property tax.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement" title="Comprehensive Peace Agreement">Sudanese government of National Unity</a> (GNU) named a Coptic Orthodox priest to a government position, though the ruling Islamist party remained dominant.<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> After the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_revolution" title="Sudanese revolution">Sudanese revolution</a>, one Copt (<a href="/wiki/Raja_Nicola" title="Raja Nicola">Raja Nicola Issa Abdul-Masseh</a>) was appointed in 2019 to the 11-member <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a>, which was convened as part of plan to transition Sudan to democracy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">military coup in 2019</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hamdan_Dagalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo">Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo</a>, dissolved the council and halted the democratic transition; Christians, including Copts, were subjected to intensified persecution during a <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">civil war that began in 2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JCasper2023-93">[92]</a> Many became refugees or were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced">internally displaced</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JCasper2023-93">[92]</a> In 2023, Fikiru Mehari, an researcher for the Christian charity <a href="/wiki/Open_Doors" title="Open Doors">Open Doors</a>, estimated that about 4% of Sudanese population was Christian; the majority of these were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church of Sudan">Episcopal Church of Sudan</a> with a "smattering" of Coptic Orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Africa_Inland_Mission" title="Africa Inland Mission">Africa Inland Mission</a> adherents.<a href="#cite_note-Mehari-94">[93]</a> A 2018 report by the <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority Rights Group">Minority Rights Group</a> said Sudanese Copts had previously estimated their numbers at 400,000 to 500,000,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> about 1% of the Sudanese population,<a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-8">[7]</a> but that emigration and conversion (including forced conversion) to Islam had decreased their number.<a href="#cite_note-Mehari-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Christianity in Sudan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christianity in Libya</a></div> Living in countries with Muslim majorities (Egypt, Sudan, Libya), the size of the population of Copts is a continuously disputed matter, frequently for reasons of religious jealousy and animosity. The Coptic population <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">in Egypt</a> is difficult to estimate because researchers are forbidden by Egyptian authorities to ask a survey participant's religion.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> As of 2019, "Copts are generally understood to make up approximately 10 percent of Egypt's population,"<a href="#cite_note-Hanna-97">[96]</a> with an estimated population of 9.5 million (figure cited in the Wall Street Journal, 2017)<a href="#cite_note-RoccaKholaif-1">[1]</a> or 10 million (figure cited in the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, 2019).<a href="#cite_note-Elhennawy-2">[2]</a> Smaller or larger figures have also been cited, in the range of "somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population,"<a href="#cite_note-WSJ2015-3">[3]</a> with the Egyptian government estimating lower numbers and the Coptic Orthodox Church estimating much higher numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Hanna-97">[96]</a> A lack of definite, reliable demographic data renders all estimates uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanna-97">[96]</a> Despite challenges, Copts are well integrated in Egyptian society. The highest concentrations of Copts are in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, especially around <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mohamoud_Cuadros_Abu-Raddad_2013_p._22-98">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Coptic population in Libya</a> is uncertain. A 2013 estimate by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> placed the entire population of non-Muslim Libyans at 180,000 (roughly 3% of the country's population). However, the Coptic Orthodox Church in Libya estimated that its membership alone was 300,000, including those who do not regularly attend church services.<a href="#cite_note-Tadros-99">[98]</a> In 2011, there were three Coptic churches in the country. From 2011 to 2015, during the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan civil war</a>, at least 200,000 Christians <a href="/wiki/Libyan_refugees" title="Libyan refugees">fled Libya</a>; during that time, Islamist militants such as the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Libya)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)">Ansar al-Sharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nusra_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusra Front">Nusra Front</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Libya">Islamic State</a> violently persecuted Copts.<a href="#cite_note-Tadros-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Coptic diaspora</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG/180px-StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG/270px-StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG/360px-StMarkCopticOrthodoxChurchBellaireTX0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church in <a href="/wiki/Bellaire,_Texas" title="Bellaire, Texas">Bellaire, Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a>). There are about 1–2 million Egyptian born Copts living outside of Egypt, and are known as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Coptic diaspora</a>.</figcaption></figure> Outside of the Coptic primary area of residence within parts of present-day Egypt (<a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Copts in Egypt</a>), Sudan (<a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Copts in Sudan</a>), and Libya (<a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Copts in Libya</a>), the largest Coptic diaspora population is located within the United States, Canada, and Australia. The first Coptic Orthodox church in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> is St. Mark in Toronto; it was built in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Clark2016-100">[99]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in the United States">Coptic Orthodox church in the United States</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/St._Mark_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_(Jersey_City,_New_Jersey)" title="St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church (Jersey City, New Jersey)">St. Mark</a>, was built in <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a> shortly afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Clark2016-100">[99]</a> As of 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic American">Coptic American</a> population was estimated to be more than 500,000, with more than 250 Coptic churches in the United States at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Telushkin2018-10">[9]</a> In the early 2010s, the Canadian Coptic Association estimates that the population of <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Copts in Canada">Canadian Copts</a> was 35,000.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2011-101">[100]</a> By 2017, there were an estimated 50,000 Canadian Copts, with more than 80% living in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KermalliRNS2017-11">[10]</a> many in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBC2011-101">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Copts in Australia">Coptic Australians</a> population has been estimated at 30,000 (<a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>, 2017)<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> to 100,000 (<a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>, 2018).<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The first Coptic Orthodox priest in Australia arrived in 1969; the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Australia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia">Coptic Orthodox Church in Australia</a> is organized into two dioceses, the first based in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> (diocese organized in 1999) and the second in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> (diocese organized in 2002).<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> There is a single Coptic Catholic church in Australia, consecrated in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Smaller communities are found in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> France (45,000),<a href="#cite_note-la-croix.com-13">[12]</a> South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Come_Across_And_Help_Us_Book_2-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-CopticMission-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> has a minor community of Copts; the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Times">Jordan Times</a> reported in 2005 that the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_(Jordan)" title="Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church (Jordan)">Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Abdali_area" title="Abdali area">Abdali</a> district of Amman had 8,000 members, mostly Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> As of 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>'s Syriac League estimated that the Coptic population in that country numbered 3,000 to 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-state2-111">[110]</a> As of 2017, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> was home to between 6,000 and 10,000 Copts.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In the 2020s, the Coptic Orthodox population of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> was estimated to be 10,000, although the 2001 Austrian census (the country's last to record religious affiliation) tallied just 1,633 Coptic Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the first Copts arrived in the 1960s, mostly students and those fleeing Egypt after the <a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 revolution</a>; the first Coptic church in Switzerland opened in 2004, when there were approximately 1,000 Copts in the country.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, there were approximately 1,000 Copts as of 2014, mostly residing in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution_and_discrimination_in_Egypt">Persecution and discrimination in Egypt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Persecution and discrimination in Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution of Copts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion in Egypt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts#Modern_era" title="Persecution of Copts">Modern persecution</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coptic Christians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coptic_Cross_Black.svg/100px-Coptic_Cross_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coptic_Cross_Black.svg/150px-Coptic_Cross_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coptic_Cross_Black.svg/200px-Coptic_Cross_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="442" /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Egypt" title="Secularism in Egypt">Secularism in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism in Egypt</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Terrorist attacks</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh, 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Alexandria_riot" title="2005 Alexandria riot">Alexandria, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Fana#Tensions" title="Monastery of Saint Fana">Saint Fana, 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi, 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">Alexandria, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_Church_Attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Imbaba Church Attacks">Imbaba, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero, 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">Libya, 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Abbasia, 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Alexandria and Tanta, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Minya_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Minya attack">Minya, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Menas_church_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Saint Menas church attack">Helwan, 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Minya_bus_attack" title="2018 Minya bus attack">Minya, 2018</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Figures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidhom_Bishay" title="Sidhom Bishay">Sidhom Bishay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Malati" title="Master Malati">Master Malati</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hegazy" title="Mohammed Hegazy">Mohammed Hegazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahaa_el-Din_Ahmed_Hussein_el-Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahaa el-Din Ahmed Hussein el-Akkad">Bahaa el-Akkad</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Gabriel" title="Mark A. Gabriel">Mark Gabriel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Botros" title="Zakaria Botros">Zakaria Botros</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Template:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Template talk:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_persecution_of_Coptic_Christians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern persecution of Coptic Christians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religious freedom</a> in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. Until recently, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> were required to obtain presidential approval for even minor repairs in churches. Although the law was eased in 2005 by handing down the authority of approval to the governors, Copts continue to face many obstacles and restrictions in building new churches. These restrictions do not apply for building mosques. Copts face ethnic and racial discrimination as they are called Adma Zarqa or blue bone and كوفت From Coptic ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲥ (guptios, “Copt”). Hence a doublet of قبطي (ʔibṭi) and in fact the more native form, but apparently adopted by the Arabs in a mocking manner and is still used today by racists in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The Coptic community has been targeted by hate crimes by Islamic extremists. The most significant was the 2000–01 El Kosheh attacks, in which Muslims and Christians were involved in bloody inter-religious clashes following a dispute between a Muslim and a Christian. "Twenty Christians and one Muslim were killed after violence broke out in the town of el-Kosheh, 440 kilometres (270 mi) south of Cairo".<a href="#cite_note-Egyptian_court_orders_clashes_retrial-118">[117]</a> In February 2001 a new Coptic church and 35 houses belonging to Christians were burned.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> In 2006, one person attacked three churches in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, killing one person and injuring 5–16.<a href="#cite_note-Coptic_Christians_attacked_in_churches-120">[119]</a> The attacker was not linked to any organisation and described as "psychologically disturbed" by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Egypt)" title="Ministry of Interior (Egypt)">Ministry of Interior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> In May 2010, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported increasing waves of mob attacks by Muslims against Copts.<a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_Persecuted_Christians-122">[121]</a> Despite frantic calls for help, the police typically arrived after the violence was over.<a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_Persecuted_Christians-122">[121]</a> The police also coerced the Copts to accept "reconciliation" with their attackers to avoid prosecuting them, with no Muslims convicted for any of the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-2010_USCIRF-123">[122]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Marsa_Matrouh" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsa Matrouh">Marsa Matrouh</a>, a Bedouin mob of Muslims tried to attack Copts, with 400 Copts having to barricade themselves in their church while the mob destroyed 18 homes, 23 shops and 16 cars.<a href="#cite_note-Egypt's_Persecuted_Christians-122">[121]</a> Members of U.S. Congress have expressed concern about "human trafficking" of Coptic women and girls who are victims of abductions, forced conversion to Islam, sexual exploitation and forced marriage to Muslim men.<a href="#cite_note-trafficking-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> was a Copt who served as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s foreign minister under President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>. Previously, only two Copts were in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s governmental cabinet: Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Boutros_Ghali" title="Youssef Boutros Ghali">Youssef Boutros Ghali</a> and Environment Minister Magued George during former president Mubarak's rule. There also used to be one Coptic governor out of 25, that of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egyptian</a> governorate of <a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>, and is the first Coptic governor in decades due to the higher concentration of Copts in Upper Egypt. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Sawiris" title="Naguib Sawiris">Naguib Sawiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassef_Sawiris" title="Nassef Sawiris">Nassef Sawiris</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samih_Sawiris" title="Samih Sawiris">Samih Sawiris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> who are extremely successful businessmen and one of the world's 100 wealthiest people, are Copts.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In 2002, under the <a href="/wiki/Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak">Mubarak</a> government, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic Christmas</a> (January 7) was recognized as an official holiday.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> However, many Copts continue to complain of being minimally represented in higher positions in law enforcement, state security and public office, and of being discriminated against in the workforce on the basis of their religion.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> While freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Egyptian constitution, according to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, "Egyptians are able to <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">convert</a> to Islam generally without difficulty, but Muslims who convert to Christianity face difficulties in getting new identity papers and some have been arrested for allegedly forging such documents."<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The Coptic community, however, takes pains to prevent conversions from Christianity to Islam due to the ease with which Christians can often become Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Public officials, being conservative themselves, intensify the complexity of the legal procedures required to recognize the religion change as required by law. Security agencies will sometimes claim that such conversions from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (or occasionally vice versa) may stir social unrest, and thereby justify themselves in wrongfully detaining the subjects, insisting that they are simply taking steps to prevent likely social troubles from happening.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In 2007, a Cairo administrative court denied 45 citizens the right to obtain identity papers documenting their reversion to Christianity after converting to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> However, in February 2008 the Supreme Administrative Court overturned the decision, allowing 12 citizens who had reverted to Christianity to re-list their religion on identity cards,<a href="#cite_note-Egyptian_Court_Allows_Return_to_Christianity-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> but they will specify that they had adopted Islam for a brief period of time.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In August 2013, following the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">3 July 2013 coup</a> and clashes between the military and Morsi supporters, there were <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat#Violence_against_Coptic_Christians" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">widespread attacks</a> on Coptic churches and institutions in Egypt by <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> According to at least one Egyptian scholar (Samuel Tadros), the attacks are the worst violence against the Coptic Church since the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-MB-war-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> reported that "forty churches have been looted and torched, while 23 others have been attacked and heavily damaged". More than 45 churches across Egypt were attacked.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> page of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party was "rife with false accusations meant to foment hatred against Copts". The Party's page claimed that the Coptic Church had declared "war against Islam and Muslims" and that "The Pope of the Church is involved in the removal of the first elected Islamist president. The Pope of the Church alleges Islamic Sharia is backwards, stubborn, and reactionary."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] On August 15, nine Egyptian human rights groups under the umbrella group "Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights", released a statement saying, <blockquote>"In December … Brotherhood leaders began fomenting anti-Christian sectarian incitement. The anti-Coptic incitement and threats continued unabated up to the demonstrations of June 30 and, with the removal of President Morsi … morphed into sectarian violence, which was sanctioned by … the continued anti-Coptic rhetoric heard from the group's leaders on the stage … throughout the sit-in."<a href="#cite_note-personal-142">[141]</a></blockquote> Coptic women and girls are abducted, <a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversions_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversions in Egypt">forced to convert to Islam</a> and marry Muslim men.<a href="#cite_note-trafficking-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcforcedmarriage-143">[142]</a> In 2009 the Washington, D.C. based group <a href="/wiki/Christian_Solidarity_International" title="Christian Solidarity International">Christian Solidarity International</a> published a study of the abductions and <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriages</a> and the anguish felt by the young women because returning to Christianity is against the law. Further allegations of organised abduction of Copts, trafficking and police collusion continue in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In April 2010, a bipartisan group of 17 members of the U.S. Congress expressed concern to the State Department's Trafficking in Persons Office about Coptic women who faced "physical and sexual violence, captivity ... exploitation in forced domestic servitude or commercial sexual exploitation, and financial benefit to the individuals who secure the forced conversion of the victim."<a href="#cite_note-trafficking-124">[123]</a> According to the Egyptian NGO Association of Victims of Abduction and Forced Disappearance, between 2011 and March 2014, around 550 Coptic girls have been kidnapped, and forced to convert to Islam. According to the same survey around 40% of the girls were raped prior to their conversion to Islam and married their captors.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/220px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/330px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg/440px-Coptic_and_Arabic_inscriptions_in_an_Old_Cairo_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Coptic and Arabic inscriptions in an Old Cairo church</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a> is the most recent stage of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a>. Coptic should more correctly be used to refer to the script rather than the language itself. Even though this script was introduced as far back as the 1st century BC, it has been applied to the writing of the Egyptian language from the 1st century AD to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Coptic remained the spoken language of most Egyptians until it was slowly replaced by colloquial <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sa%27idi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'idi Arabic">Sa'idi Arabic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> by the end of the 17th century, although it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer.<a href="#cite_note-Allen2010-147">[146]</a> Today Coptic is extinct but it is still the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of the native Egyptian Churches (the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>). It is taught worldwide in many prestigious institutions, but its teaching within Egypt remains limited. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg/170px-Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg/255px-Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg/340px-Leaves_from_a_Coptic_Manuscript_MET_sf21-148-2as1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>Leaf from a Coptic manuscript, 6th-14th century, Metropolitan museum of art, NYC</figcaption></figure> Dialects of the Coptic language: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahidic">Sahidic</a>: Theban or <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egyptian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohairic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohairic">Bohairic</a>: The dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> and of the medieval and modern Coptic Church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmimic" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmimic">Akhmimic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopolitan">Lycopolitan</a> (also known as Subakhmimic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayyumic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyumic">Fayyumic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchite" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyrhynchite">Oxyrhynchite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar">Calendar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Calendar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a>, also called the Alexandrian calendar, is used by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and also by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopia</a> as its official calendar (with different names). This <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> is based on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian calendar</a>. To avoid the calendar creep of the latter, a reform of the ancient Egyptian calendar was introduced at the time of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy III">Ptolemy III</a> (Decree of Canopus, in 238 BC) which consisted of the intercalation of a sixth <a href="/wiki/Epagomenal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Epagomenal day">epagomenal day</a> every fourth year. However, this reform was opposed by the Egyptian priests, and the idea was not adopted until 25 BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> formally reformed the calendar of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, keeping it forever synchronized with the newly introduced <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. To distinguish it from the Ancient Egyptian calendar, which remained in use by some astronomers until medieval times, this reformed calendar is known as the Coptic calendar. Its years and months coincide with those of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a> but have different numbers and names.<a href="#cite_note-calendar-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic_year">Coptic year</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Coptic year">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">Computus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/220px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/330px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/440px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Coptic Orthodox Cross with traditional Coptic script reading: 'Jesus Christ, the Son of God'</figcaption></figure> The Coptic year is the extension of the ancient Egyptian civil year, retaining its subdivision into the three seasons, four months each. The three seasons are commemorated by special prayers in the Coptic liturgy. This calendar is still in use all over Egypt by farmers to keep track of the various agricultural seasons. The Coptic calendar has 13 months, 12 of 30 days each and an intercalary month at the end of the year of 5 or 6 days, depending whether the year is a leap year or not. The year starts on 29 August in the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Calendar">Julian Calendar</a> or on the 30th in the year before (Julian) Leap Years. The Coptic Leap Year follows the same rules as the Julian Calendar so that the extra month always has six days in the year before a Julian Leap Year.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The Feast of <a href="/wiki/Neyrouz" class="mw-redirect" title="Neyrouz">Neyrouz</a> marks the first day of the Coptic year. Its celebration falls on the first day of the month of <a href="/wiki/Thout" title="Thout">Thout</a>, the first month of the Egyptian year, which for AD 1901 to 2098 usually coincides with 11 September, except before a Gregorian leap year when it's September 12. Coptic years are counted from 284 AD, the year <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> became Roman Emperor, whose reign was marked by tortures and mass executions of Christians, especially in Egypt. Hence, the Coptic year is identified by the abbreviation A.M. (for Anno Martyrum or "Year of the Martyrs").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The A.M. abbreviation is also used for the unrelated Jewish year (Anno Mundi).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Every fourth Coptic year is a leap year without exception, as in the Julian calendar, so the above-mentioned new year dates apply only between AD 1900 and 2099 inclusive in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Julian Calendar, the new year is always 29 August, except before a Julian leap year when it's August 30. <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> is reckoned by the Julian Calendar in the Old Calendarist way. To obtain the Coptic year number, subtract from the Julian year number either 283 (before the Julian new year) or 284 (after it).<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Copts are the descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians, when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Most ethnic Copts are <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Oriental Orthodox Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colbert-154">[153]</a> According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), around 45% of Copts in Sudan carry the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup J</a>. The remainder mainly belong to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> clade (21%). Both paternal lineages are common among other local <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking populations (Beja, Ethiopians, Sudanese Arabs), as well as the Nubians.<a href="#cite_note-Hassan2008-155">[154]</a> E1b1b/E3b reaches its highest frequencies among North Africans, Levantine Middle Easterners, and Ethiopid East Africans.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The next most common haplogroups borne by Copts in Sudan are the European-linked <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> clade (15%), as well as the archaic African <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B-M60" title="Haplogroup B-M60">B</a> lineage (15%).<a href="#cite_note-Hassan2008-155">[154]</a> Maternally, Hassan (2009) found that Copts in Sudan exclusively carry various descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">macrohaplogroup N</a>. This mtDNA clade is likewise closely associated with local Afroasiatic-speaking populations, including Berbers and Ethiopid peoples. Of the N derivatives borne by Copts, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U6</a> is most frequent (28%), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">haplogroup T</a> (17%).<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> A 2015 study by Dobon et al. identified an ancestral autosomal component of Western Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a>. Known as the Coptic component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. In their analysis, Sudan's Copts formed a separated group in the <a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">PCA</a>, a close outlier to other Egyptians, Afro-Asiatic-speaking Northeast Africans and Middle East populations. The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt, or Middle Eastern and North African populations. Copts in general shared the same main ancestral component with North African/Middle Eastern populations. They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-Dobon2015-cae-158">[157]</a> Hollfelder et al. (2017) analysed various populations in Sudan and observed that Egyptians and Copts showed low levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of genetic diversity compared to the northeast African groups. Copts and Egyptians displayed similar levels of European or Middle Eastern ancestry (Copts were estimated to be of 69.54% ± 2.57 European ancestry, and the Egyptians of 70.65% ± 2.47 European ancestry). The authors concluded that the Copts and the Egyptians have a common history linked to smaller population sizes, and that Sudanese Copts have remained relatively isolated since their arrival to Sudan with only low levels of admixture with local northeastern Sudanese groups.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> An allele frequency comparative study conducted in 2020 between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups, Muslims and Christians, supported the conclusion that Egyptian Muslims and Egyptian Christians genetically originate from the same ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Copts">Prominent Copts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prominent Copts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Copts" title="List of Copts">List of Copts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halim_El-Dabh2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Halim_El-Dabh2.jpg/170px-Halim_El-Dabh2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Halim_El-Dabh2.jpg/255px-Halim_El-Dabh2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Halim_El-Dabh2.jpg/340px-Halim_El-Dabh2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Halim El-Dabh at a <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> festival in 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg/170px-Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg/255px-Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg/340px-Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a></figcaption></figure> Some famous Copts include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hani_Azer" title="Hani Azer">Hani Azer</a>, prominent civil engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halim_El-Dabh" title="Halim El-Dabh">Halim El-Dabh</a>, Egyptian-American musician and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a>, sixth <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Malek" title="Rami Malek">Rami Malek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian-American">Egyptian-American</a> actor of Coptic origins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mena_Massoud" title="Mena Massoud">Mena Massoud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian-Canadian">Egyptian-Canadian</a> actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Powell" title="Dina Powell">Dina Powell</a>, American Politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sarofim" title="Fayez Sarofim">Fayez Sarofim</a>, heir to the Sarofim family fortune.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Sawiris" title="Naguib Sawiris">Naguib Sawiris</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Orascom" class="mw-redirect" title="Orascom">Orascom</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samih_Sawiris" title="Samih Sawiris">Samih Sawiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>-born <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegrin</a> businessman, investor and billionaire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdi_Yacoub" title="Magdi Yacoub">Magdi Yacoub</a>, Egyptian-British cardiothoracic surgeon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Hossam Boutros Messiha</a>, Egyptian-French politician.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/48px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/64px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/48px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/64px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Libya portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Coptic diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Coptic identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copto-Arabic_literature" title="Copto-Arabic literature">Copto-Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Museum" title="Coptic Museum">Coptic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coptic_Union" title="International Coptic Union">International Coptic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">List of Coptic saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Christianity in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Christianity in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Copts" title="List of Copts">List of prominent Copts worldwide</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> In 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported that "the vast majority of Egypt's estimated 9.5 million Christians, approximately 10% of the country's population, are Orthodox Copts."<a href="#cite_note-RoccaKholaif-1">[1]</a> In 2019, the Associated Press cited an estimate of 10 million Copts in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Elhennawy-2">[2]</a> In 2015, the Wall Street Journal reported: "The Egyptian government estimates about 5 million Copts, but the Coptic Orthodox Church says 15-18 million. Reliable numbers are hard to find but estimates suggest they make up somewhere between 6% and 18% of the population."<a href="#cite_note-WSJ2015-3">[3]</a> In 2004, BBC News reported that Copts were 5–10% of the Egyptian population.<a href="#cite_note-2004Egypt-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> reported a 2015 estimate that 10% of the Egyptian population is Christian (including both Copts and non-Copts).<a href="#cite_note-CIA2015-5">[5]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority Rights Group">Minority Rights Group</a> reported that figures for the population of Egyptian Copts "range between 4.7 and 7.1 million, comprising between six and nine per cent of the population, though some estimates put the proportion at as much as 10 to 20 per cent."<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RoccaKholaif-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoccaKholaif_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoccaKholaif_1-1">b</a> Francis X. Rocca & Dahlia Kholaif, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/pope-francis-calls-on-egypts-catholics-to-embrace-forgiveness-1493464066">Pope Francis Calls on Egypt’s Catholics to Embrace Forgiveness</a>, Wall Street Journal (April 29, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-Elhennawy-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elhennawy_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elhennawy_2-1">b</a> Noha Elhennawy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/a115f4d4a86c4f9b8cdb0802ccf3e5e5">Egyptian woman fights unequal Islamic inheritance laws</a>, Associated Press (November 15, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ2015-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ2015_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ2015_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ2015_3-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2015/02/16/5-five-things-to-know-about-egypts-coptic-christians/">"Five Things to Know About Egypt's Coptic Christians"</a>. Wall Street Journal. February 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Five+Things+to+Know+About+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fbriefly%2F2015%2F02%2F16%2F5-five-things-to-know-about-egypts-coptic-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2004Egypt-4"><a href="#cite_ref-2004Egypt_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4117831.stm">"Egyptian Coptic protesters freed"</a>. BBC News. 22 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Coptic+protesters+freed&rft.date=2004-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4117831.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA2015-5"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA2015_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/">"Egypt"</a>. The World Factbook. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 10 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Egypt&rft.date=2023-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/copts/">"Copts in Egypt"</a>. Minority Rights Group. October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copts+in+Egypt&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fcopts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unhcr1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr1_8-12">m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/en/64852">Sudan: Copts</a>, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, Minority Rights Group International (June 2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-LookLex_Encyclopedia-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LookLex_Encyclopedia_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LookLex_Encyclopedia_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjeilen" class="citation web cs1">Kjeilen, Tore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083550/http://i-cias.com/e.o/coptic_c.htm">"Coptic Church"</a>. LookLex Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/coptic_c.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LookLex+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Coptic+Church&rft.aulast=Kjeilen&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi-cias.com%2Fe.o%2Fcoptic_c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telushkin2018-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telushkin2018_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telushkin2018_10-1">b</a> Shira Telushkin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/03/coptic-church/555515/">The Americanization of an Ancient Faith</a>, The Atlantic (March 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-KermalliRNS2017-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KermalliRNS2017_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KermalliRNS2017_11-1">b</a> Shenaz Kermalli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sojo.net/articles/canadian-copts-ponder-future-their-faith">Canadian Copts Ponder Future of Their Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a> (April 25, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-parliament.nsw.gov.au-12"><a href="#cite_ref-parliament.nsw.gov.au_12-0">^</a> In the year 2003, there was an estimated 70,000 Copts in New South Wales alone: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cocpta1990518/">"Coptic Orthodox Church (NSW) Property Trust Act 1990"</a>. New South Wales Consolidated Acts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+South+Wales+Consolidated+Acts&rft.atitle=Coptic+Orthodox+Church+%28NSW%29+Property+Trust+Act+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fnsw%2Fconsol_act%2Fcocpta1990518%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-la-croix.com-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-la-croix.com_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-la-croix.com_13-1">b</a> In the year 2017, there was an estimated 45,000 Copts in France: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Orthodoxie/Qui-sont-coptes-France-2017-03-16-1200832369">"Qui sont les coptes en France ?"</a>. La Croix. 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=Qui+sont+les+coptes+en+France+%3F&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.la-croix.com%2FReligion%2FOrthodoxie%2FQui-sont-coptes-France-2017-03-16-1200832369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)-14"><a href="#cite_ref-CESNUR_–_Centro_studi_sulle_nuove_religioni_(Center_for_Studies_on_New_Religions)_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cesnur.com/la-chiesa-copta/">"La Chiesa copta"</a>. March 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Chiesa+copta&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcesnur.com%2Fla-chiesa-copta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121192147/http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid=2631&option=com_cifeed&task=newsarticle">"Middle Killeavy Parish Web Site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid%3D2631%26option%3Dcom_cifeed%26task%3Dnewsarticle">the original</a> on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2008-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Killeavy+Parish+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middlekilleavy.com%2Findex.php%3Fartid%253D2631%2526option%253Dcom_cifeed%2526task%253Dnewsarticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090521225825/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_86.html">British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeller2015" class="citation news cs1">Teller, Matthew (12 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33480115">"Free to pray – but don't try to convert anyone"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 12 July 2015. <q>Ten-thousand or more live in the UAE, and young, bearded priest Father Markos, 12 years in Dubai, told me his flock are "more than happy – they enjoy their life, they are free."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Free+to+pray+%E2%80%93+but+don%27t+try+to+convert+anyone&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft.aulast=Teller&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-33480115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gereformeerdebond.nl/de-waarheidsvriend/artikelen/welkom-welkom-2/">"'De Koptische kerk telt in Nederland ongeveer tienduizend leden, die grotendeels afkomstig zijn uit Egypte.'"</a>. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27De+Koptische+kerk+telt+in+Nederland+ongeveer+tienduizend+leden%2C+die+grotendeels+afkomstig+zijn+uit+Egypte.%27&rft.date=2015-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgereformeerdebond.nl%2Fde-waarheidsvriend%2Fartikelen%2Fwelkom-welkom-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#Minahan">Minahan 2002</a>, p. 467 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalchristianrelief.org/christian-persecution/countries/sudan/">History of Christianity:Sudan</a>, <q>Coptic Christianity reached Sudan as early as the 2nd century, and there is even a tradition that St Matthew the Apostle came to the region even earlier.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Christianity%3ASudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalchristianrelief.org%2Fchristian-persecution%2Fcountries%2Fsudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldAtlas-20"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldAtlas_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-largest-coptic-christian-populations.html">"Coptic Christianity"</a>, worldatlas.com</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=worldatlas.com&rft.atitle=Coptic+Christianity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fcountries-with-the-largest-coptic-christian-populations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/alex/english/Saint%20Mark%20Coptic.html">"Saint Mark Cathedral"</a>, alexandria.gov.eg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=alexandria.gov.eg&rft.atitle=Saint+Mark+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandria.gov.eg%2Falex%2Fenglish%2FSaint%2520Mark%2520Coptic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN1_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/09/middleeast/egypt-coptic-christians/index.html">"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?"</a>. CNN. 10 April 2017. <q>The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of Churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+are+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F09%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-coptic-christians%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libya-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Libya_23-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copt.org.au/publications/diary/D2005.pdf">Coptic Orthodox Church Listings for Libya, p. 136</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719031825/http://www.copt.org.au/publications/diary/D2005.pdf">Archived</a> July 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/281789/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx">"Egypt's Sisi meets world Evangelical churches delegation in Cairo – Politics – Egypt"</a>. Ahram Online. Retrieved 2019-10-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ahram+Online&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Sisi+meets+world+Evangelical+churches+delegation+in+Cairo+%E2%80%93+Politics+%E2%80%93+Egypt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F1%2F64%2F281789%2FEgypt%2FPolitics-%2FEgypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2011" class="citation web cs1">Hackett, Conrad (2011-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/2011/02/16/how-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt/">"How many Christians are there in Egypt?"</a>. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2023-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+many+Christians+are+there+in+Egypt%3F&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2F2011%2F02%2F16%2Fhow-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Van_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoorn-Harder2017" class="citation book cs1">Doorn-Harder, Nelly van (3 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ens2DwAAQBAJ&dq=copts+originally+referred+all+egyptians&pg=PT14">Copts in Context: Negotiating Identity, Tradition, and Modernity</a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611177855" title="Special:BookSources/9781611177855"><bdi>9781611177855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copts+in+Context%3A+Negotiating+Identity%2C+Tradition%2C+and+Modernity&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft.isbn=9781611177855&rft.aulast=Doorn-Harder&rft.aufirst=Nelly+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dens2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcopts%2Boriginally%2Breferred%2Ball%2Begyptians%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahebLamport2020" class="citation book cs1">Raheb, Mitri; Lamport, Mark A. (2020-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1cBEAAAQBAJ&q=%22The+fortunes+of+Copts+rose+and+fell%22&pg=PA468">The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2418-5"><bdi>978-1-5381-2418-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Handbook+of+Christianity+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2418-5&rft.aulast=Raheb&rft.aufirst=Mitri&rft.au=Lamport%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1cBEAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2Bfortunes%2Bof%2BCopts%2Brose%2Band%2Bfell%2522%26pg%3DPA468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d2b2d.html">"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Egypt : Copts of Egypt"</a>. Refworld. Retrieved 2020-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Egypt+%3A+Copts+of+Egypt&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F49749d2b2d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtheredge2011" class="citation book cs1">Etheredge, Laura S. (2011). Middle East, Region in Transition: Egypt. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East%2C+Region+in+Transition%3A+Egypt&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=Etheredge&rft.aufirst=Laura+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyster2013" class="citation book cs1">Lyster, William (2013). The Cave Church of Paul the Hermit at the Monastery of St. Pau. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>. <q>Al Hakim Bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021), however, who became the greatest persecutor of Copts.... within the church that also appears to coincide with a period of forced rapid conversion to Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cave+Church+of+Paul+the+Hermit+at+the+Monastery+of+St.+Pau&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=Lyster&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Swanson2010" class="citation book cs1">N. Swanson, Mark (2010). The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517). American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Papacy+in+Islamic+Egypt+%28641-1517%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=N.+Swanson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deighton,_H._S_1946_p._519-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Deighton,_H._S_1946_p._519_32-0">^</a> Deighton, H. S. "The Arab Middle East and the Modern World", International Affairs, vol. xxii, no. 4 (October 1946) </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S.Dept_of_State/Egypt-33"><a href="#cite_ref-U.S.Dept_of_State/Egypt_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm">"Egypt from "U.S. Department of State/Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs""</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. September 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+from+%22U.S.+Department+of+State%2FBureau+of+Near+Eastern+Affairs%22&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5309.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCO/Egypt/-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FCO/Egypt/_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FCO/Egypt/_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121212135632/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt">"Egypt from "Foreign and Commonwealth Office""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">Foreign and Commonwealth Office -UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. August 15, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/middle-east-north-africa/egypt">the original</a> on December 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+from+%22Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office%22&rft.pub=Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office+-UK+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fabout-the-fco%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fmiddle-east-north-africa%2Fegypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyBailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Betty Jane; Bailey, J. Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGL7o69KBIC&pg=PA145">Who Are the Christians in the Middle East?</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1020-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1020-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-1020-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Are+the+Christians+in+the+Middle+East%3F&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-1020-5&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Betty+Jane&rft.au=Bailey%2C+J.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrGL7o69KBIC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1">b</a> Samuel Tadros, Motherland Lost, ch 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-CoptBirtannica-37"><a href="#cite_ref-CoptBirtannica_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Copt">"Britannica: Egyptian Christians - Copt"</a>, britannica.com, retrieved 30 July 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Britannica%3A+Egyptian+Christians+-+Copt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCopt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobonHassanLaayouniLuisi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446898">"The genetics of East African populations: A Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape"</a>. Scientific Reports. 5: 9996. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5E9996D">2015NatSR...5E9996D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep09996">10.1038/srep09996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446898">4446898</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017457">26017457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+East+African+populations%3A+A+Nilo-Saharan+component+in+the+African+genetic+landscape&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=9996&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4446898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...5E9996D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26017457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep09996&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Dobon&rft.aufirst=Bego%C3%B1a&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Hisham+Y.&rft.au=Laayouni%2C+Hafid&rft.au=Luisi%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Rica%C3%B1o-Ponce%2C+Isis&rft.au=Zhernakova%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Wijmenga%2C+Cisca&rft.au=Tahir%2C+Hanan&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft.au=Netea%2C+Mihai+G.&rft.au=Bertranpetit%2C+Jaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4446898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_39-1">b</a> Mohamoud YA, Cuadros DF, Abu-Raddad LJ. Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators, QScience Connect 2013:22 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5339%2Fconnect.2013.22">10.5339/connect.2013.22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroydEvans1963" class="citation book cs1">Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnG2067meU0C&pg=PA27">The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09973-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09973-8"><bdi>978-0-521-09973-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%3A+Volume+1%2C+From+the+Beginnings+to+Jerome&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09973-8&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft.au=Evans%2C+C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnG2067meU0C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "The people of Egypt before the Arab conquest in the 7th century identified themselves and their language in Greek as Aigyptios (Arabic qibt, Westernized as Copt); when Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves Aigyptioi, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026216">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> s.v. "Copt". </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> qtd. in M. Hussein. el Ittigahat el Wataneyya fil Adab el Muʻaṣir [National Trends in Modern Literature]. Vol. 2. Cairo, 1954. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Coptic_population-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Coptic_population_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2011" class="citation web cs1">Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/2011/02/16/how-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt/">"How many Christians are there in Egypt?"</a>. Pew Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+many+Christians+are+there+in+Egypt%3F&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2F2011%2F02%2F16%2Fhow-many-christians-are-there-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_world_factbook/Egypt/-45"><a href="#cite_ref-The_world_factbook/Egypt/_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/">"Egypt from "The World Factbook""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)</a>. September 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+from+%22The+World+Factbook%22&rft.pub=American+Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28CIA%29&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fegypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nlgsolutions1-46"><a href="#cite_ref-nlgsolutions1_46-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlgsolutions.com/packages/show_country.asp?countryid=EG">NLG Solutions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324214315/http://www.nlgsolutions.com/packages/show_country.asp?countryid=EG">Archived</a> 2016-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <Online>. Egypt. Retrieved 28 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOSB2018" class="citation book cs1">OSB, Hugh Somerville Knapman (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GObDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT87">Ecumenism of Blood: Heavenly Hope for Earthly Communion</a>. Paulist Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58768-744-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58768-744-0"><bdi>978-1-58768-744-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecumenism+of+Blood%3A+Heavenly+Hope+for+Earthly+Communion&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-58768-744-0&rft.aulast=OSB&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Somerville+Knapman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GObDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> "The Coptic church, however, is not in communion with Rome due to the fifth-century Christological maelstrom of heresies that resulted from an attempt to more fully understand the identity of Christ." </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the fourth century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e., 41 or 43 AD. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity" Otto F.A. Meinardus p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/circumcision.html">"Circumcision"</a>. Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circumcision&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fscience%2Fcircumcision.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> qtd. in Alan K. Bowman, Egypt after the Pharaohs, 332 BC – AD 642, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996, p. 126: "genuine Egyptians can easily be recognized among the linen-weavers by their speech." </li> <li id="cite_note-papyrology-51"><a href="#cite_ref-papyrology_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennart_SundelinPetra_Sijpesteijn2004" class="citation book cs1">Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2004). Papyrology and the History of Early Islamic Egypt. Brill. p. 165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papyrology+and+the+History+of+Early+Islamic+Egypt&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Lennart+Sundelin&rft.au=Petra+Sijpesteijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-postclassicalbyzantinegreek-52"><a href="#cite_ref-postclassicalbyzantinegreek_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennart_SundelinPetra_Sijpesteijn2020" class="citation book cs1">Lennart Sundelin; Petra Sijpesteijn (2020). Varieties of Post-classical and Byzantine Greek. De Gruyter. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Post-classical+and+Byzantine+Greek&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Lennart+Sundelin&rft.au=Petra+Sijpesteijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Walker, Susan, op cit., p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Dentition helps archaeologists to assess biological and ethnic population traits and relationships </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Irish JD (2006). "Who were the ancient Egyptians? Dental affinities among Neolithic through postdynastic peoples.". Am J Phys Anthropol 129 (4): 529-43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz_184-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Katz_184_56-0">^</a> Victor J. Katz (1998). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, p. 184. Addison Wesley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-01618-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-01618-1">0-321-01618-1</a>: "But what we really want to know is to what extent the Alexandrian mathematicians of the period from the first to the fifth centuries C.E. were Greek. Certainly, all of them wrote in Greek and were part of the Greek intellectual community of Alexandria. And most modern studies conclude that the Greek community coexisted [...] So should we assume that <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diophantus" title="Diophantus">Diophantus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pappus_of_Alexandria" title="Pappus of Alexandria">Pappus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a> were ethnically Greek, that their ancestors had come from Greece at some point in the past but had remained effectively isolated from the Egyptians? It is, of course, impossible to answer this question definitively. But research in papyri dating from the early centuries of the common era demonstrates that a significant amount of intermarriage took place between the Greek and Egyptian communities [...] And it is known that Greek marriage contracts increasingly came to resemble Egyptian ones. In addition, even from the founding of Alexandria, small numbers of Egyptians were admitted to the privileged classes in the city to fulfill numerous civic roles. Of course, it was essential in such cases for the Egyptians to become "Hellenized," to adopt Greek habits and the Greek language. Given that the Alexandrian mathematicians mentioned here were active several hundred years after the founding of the city, it would seem at least equally possible that they were ethnically Egyptian as that they remained ethnically Greek. In any case, it is unreasonable to portray them with purely European features when no physical descriptions exist." </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar (2 vols., Bulaq, 1854), by <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Chronicles, by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FA-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FA_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shea, Nina (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/egypt/2017-06-20/do-copts-have-future-egypt">"Do Copts have a future in Egypt"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201311/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/egypt/2017-06-20/do-copts-have-future-egypt">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Do+Copts+have+a+future+in+Egypt&rft.date=2017-06&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fegypt%2F2017-06-20%2Fdo-copts-have-future-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World. Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2000" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Hugh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq2oLEvHzl8C&pg=PA71">A History of Christian–Muslim Relations</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566633400" title="Special:BookSources/1566633400"><bdi>1566633400</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian%E2%80%93Muslim+Relations&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1566633400&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBq2oLEvHzl8C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2017" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Frank (2017). "The Bashmurite Revolts in the Delta and the 'Bashmuric Dialect'". In Gabra, Gawdat; Takla, Hany N. (eds.). Christianity and Monasticism in Northern Egypt: Beni Suef, Giza, Cairo, and the Nile Delta. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 33–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bashmurite+Revolts+in+the+Delta+and+the+%E2%80%98Bashmuric+Dialect%E2%80%99&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Monasticism+in+Northern+Egypt%3A+Beni+Suef%2C+Giza%2C+Cairo%2C+and+the+Nile+Delta&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira M.</a> (1972). "The Conversion of Egypt to Islam". Israel Oriental Studies. 2: 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Oriental+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Conversion+of+Egypt+to+Islam&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Ousterhout_1989_pp._66-78_64-0">^</a> Robert Ousterhout, "Rebuilding the Temple: Constantine Monomachus and the Holy Sepulchre" in The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 48, No. 1 (March, 1989), pp.66–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders2002-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders2002_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Joseph_Saunders2002" class="citation book cs1">John Joseph Saunders (11 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_d2KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT109">A History of Medieval Islam</a>. Routledge. pp. 109–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93005-0"><bdi>978-1-134-93005-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Islam&rft.pages=109-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-03-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-93005-0&rft.au=John+Joseph+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_d2KAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rustow2014-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Rustow2014_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarina_Rustow2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Rustow" title="Marina Rustow">Marina Rustow</a> (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGWsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT219">Heresy and the Politics of Community: The Jews of the Fatimid Caliphate</a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 219–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5529-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-5529-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresy+and+the+Politics+of+Community%3A+The+Jews+of+the+Fatimid+Caliphate&rft.pages=219-&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5529-2&rft.au=Marina+Rustow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMGWsBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeule2013" class="citation book cs1">Teule, Herman G. B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgy7SN3ZixsC&pg=PA11">"Introduction: Constantinople and Granada, Christian-Muslim Interaction 1350-1516"</a>. In Thomas, David; Mallett, Alex (eds.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History, Volume 5 (1350-1500). Brill. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004252783" title="Special:BookSources/9789004252783"><bdi>9789004252783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Constantinople+and+Granada%2C+Christian-Muslim+Interaction+1350-1516&rft.btitle=Christian-Muslim+Relations.+A+Bibliographical+History%2C+Volume+5+%281350-1500%29&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004252783&rft.aulast=Teule&rft.aufirst=Herman+G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddgy7SN3ZixsC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerthmuller2010" class="citation book cs1">Werthmuller, Kurt J. (2010). Coptic Identity and Ayyubid Politics in Egypt, 1218-1250. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805440737" title="Special:BookSources/9780805440737"><bdi>9780805440737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coptic+Identity+and+Ayyubid+Politics+in+Egypt%2C+1218-1250&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780805440737&rft.aulast=Werthmuller&rft.aufirst=Kurt+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Swanson2010" class="citation book cs1">N. Swanson, Mark (2010). The Coptic Papacy in Islamic Egypt (641-1517). American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774160936" title="Special:BookSources/9789774160936"><bdi>9789774160936</bdi></a>. <q>By late 1012 the persecution had moved into high gear with demolitions of churches and the forced conversion of Christian ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Papacy+in+Islamic+Egypt+%28641-1517%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789774160936&rft.aulast=N.+Swanson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> ha-Mizraḥit ha-Yiśreʼelit, Ḥevrah (1988). Asian and African Studies, Volume 22. Jerusalem Academic Press. Muslim historians note the destruction of dozens of churches and the forced conversion of dozens of people to Islam under al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in Egypt ...These events also reflect the Muslim attitude toward forced conversion and toward converts. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5576%200x00372f27.pdf">Conversion, Exemption, and Manipulation: Social Benefits and Conversion to Islam in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Forcing taxes on those who refuse to convert</a> (PDF), <q>ʿUmar is depicted as having ordered that "the poll-tax should be taken from all men who would not become Muslims"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion%2C+Exemption%2C+and+Manipulation%3A+Social+Benefits+and+Conversion+to+Islam+in+Late+Antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Forcing+taxes+on+those+who+refuse+to+convert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalworlds.net%2F0xc1aa5576%25200x00372f27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else">"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%22%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nisan-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nisan_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nisan_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisan2002" class="citation book cs1">Nisan, Mordechai (2002). Minorities in the Middle East. McFarland. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1375-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1375-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-1375-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1375-1&rft.aulast=Nisan&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos2014" class="citation journal cs1">Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/accursed-superior-men-ethnoreligious-minorities-and-politics-in-the-medieval-mediterranean/EB9A103390FE521CB065862F5918BA07">"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean"</a>. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417514000425">10.1017/S0010417514000425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145603557">145603557</a>. <q>In the mid-nineteenth century, Lane reported that many Copts were accountants, who served primarily in government bureaus. As late as 1961, Coptic Christians owned 51 percent of Egyptian banks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Accursed%2C+Superior+Men%3A+Ethno-Religious+Minorities+and+Politics+in+the+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=844-869&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417514000425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145603557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Catlos&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcomparative-studies-in-society-and-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Faccursed-superior-men-ethnoreligious-minorities-and-politics-in-the-medieval-mediterranean%2FEB9A103390FE521CB065862F5918BA07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew2016-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew2016_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf">"Religion and Education Around the World"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center. 19 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152619/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-22. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Education+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2016%2F12%2F21094148%2FReligion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Rugh2016" class="citation book cs1">B. Rugh, Andrea (2016). Christians in Egypt: Strategies and Survival. Springer. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137566133" title="Special:BookSources/9781137566133"><bdi>9781137566133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+Egypt%3A+Strategies+and+Survival&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137566133&rft.aulast=B.+Rugh&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Farag2013" class="citation book cs1">M. Farag, Lois (2013). The Coptic Christian Heritage: History, Faith and Culture. Routledge. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134666843" title="Special:BookSources/9781134666843"><bdi>9781134666843</bdi></a>. <q>The Copts, who were 7 percent of the population in the nineteenth century, still played the major role in managing Egypt's state finances. They held 20 percent of total state capital, 45 percent of government employment ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Christian+Heritage%3A+History%2C+Faith+and+Culture&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134666843&rft.aulast=M.+Farag&rft.aufirst=Lois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennington1982" class="citation journal cs1">Pennington, J. D. (3 October 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282879">"The Copts in Modern Egypt"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 18 (2). JSTOR: 158–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263208208700503">10.1080/00263208208700503</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282879">4282879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Copts+in+Modern+Egypt&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-179&rft.date=1982-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263208208700503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pennington&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4282879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabianbusiness.com/culture-society/432946-naguib-sawiris-if-god-wanted-women-to-be-veiled-he-would-have-created-them-with-veil">"Naguib Sawiris: 'If God wanted women to be veiled, he would have created them with a veil'"</a>. Arabian Business. 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Business&rft.atitle=Naguib+Sawiris%3A+%27If+God+wanted+women+to+be+veiled%2C+he+would+have+created+them+with+a+veil%27&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Fculture-society%2F432946-naguib-sawiris-if-god-wanted-women-to-be-veiled-he-would-have-created-them-with-veil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407183236/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/richlist/profile/16?">"Arabian Business: The Sawiris Family"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianbusiness.com/richlist/profile/16">the original</a> on 7 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabian+Business%3A+The+Sawiris+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianbusiness.com%2Frichlist%2Fprofile%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921050058/http://www.clickafrique.com/Magazine/ST014/CP0000003388.aspx">"The richest men in Africa – 2009"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clickafrique.com/Magazine/ST014/CP0000003388.aspx">the original</a> on 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+richest+men+in+Africa+%E2%80%93+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickafrique.com%2FMagazine%2FST014%2FCP0000003388.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Naguib-Sawiris_4MRK.html">"#60 Naguib Sawiris - Forbes.com"</a>. www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forbes.com&rft.atitle=%2360+Naguib+Sawiris+-+Forbes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2008%2F10%2Fbillionaires08_Naguib-Sawiris_4MRK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Nassef-Sawiris_FWHQ.html">"#68 Nassef Sawiris - Forbes.com"</a>. www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forbes.com&rft.atitle=%2368+Nassef+Sawiris+-+Forbes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2008%2F10%2Fbillionaires08_Nassef-Sawiris_FWHQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Onsi-Sawiris_PPZY.html">"#96 Onsi Sawiris - Forbes.com"</a>. www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forbes.com&rft.atitle=%2396+Onsi+Sawiris+-+Forbes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2008%2F10%2Fbillionaires08_Onsi-Sawiris_PPZY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/10/billionaires08_Samih-Sawiris_L391.html">"#396 Samih Sawiris - Forbes.com"</a>. www.forbes.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forbes.com&rft.atitle=%23396+Samih+Sawiris+-+Forbes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2008%2F10%2Fbillionaires08_Samih-Sawiris_L391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos2014" class="citation journal cs1">Catlos, Brian A. (3 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/accursed-superior-men-ethnoreligious-minorities-and-politics-in-the-medieval-mediterranean/EB9A103390FE521CB065862F5918BA07">"Accursed, Superior Men: Ethno-Religious Minorities and Politics in the Medieval Mediterranean"</a>. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 56 (4). Cambridge University Press: 844–869. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417514000425">10.1017/S0010417514000425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145603557">145603557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Accursed%2C+Superior+Men%3A+Ethno-Religious+Minorities+and+Politics+in+the+Medieval+Mediterranean&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=844-869&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417514000425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145603557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Catlos&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcomparative-studies-in-society-and-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Faccursed-superior-men-ethnoreligious-minorities-and-politics-in-the-medieval-mediterranean%2FEB9A103390FE521CB065862F5918BA07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Vliet2009" class="citation cs2">van der Vliet, Jacques (June 2009), "The Copts: 'Modern Sons of the Pharaohs'?", Church History & Religious Culture, 89 (1–3): 279–90, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187124109x407934">10.1163/187124109x407934</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History+%26+Religious+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Copts%3A+%27Modern+Sons+of+the+Pharaohs%27%3F&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=279-90&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187124109x407934&rft.aulast=van+der+Vliet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2003" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Donald Malcolm (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeviPDy08e8C&pg=PA258">"7"</a>. Whose Pharaohs?: Archaeology, Museums, and Egyptian National Identity from Napoleon to World War I. U. of California Press. pp. 258ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520240698" title="Special:BookSources/9780520240698"><bdi>9780520240698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Whose+Pharaohs%3F%3A+Archaeology%2C+Museums%2C+and+Egyptian+National+Identity+from+Napoleon+to+World+War+I&rft.pages=258ff&rft.pub=U.+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520240698&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Donald+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeviPDy08e8C%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatson1925" class="citation book cs1">Matson, G. Olaf (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMLTAAAAMAAJ">The American Colony Guide-book to Jerusalem and Environs</a>. Vester. p. 20. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <q>Copts. A very small community representing the large Coptic Church in Egypt.[...] Abyssinian. Also represented by a Bishop in Jerusalem. They, like the Copts, are Monophysites</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Colony+Guide-book+to+Jerusalem+and+Environs&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Vester&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=G.+Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMLTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNANKH-BBC-4NOV2012-90"><a href="#cite_ref-CNANKH-BBC-4NOV2012_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20192922">"Bishop Tawadros new pope of Egypt's Coptic Christians"</a>. BBC News. 4 November 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bishop+Tawadros+new+pope+of+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians&rft.date=2012-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-20192922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sudanupdate1-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sudanupdate1_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudanupdate1_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sudanupdate1_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudanupdate.org/REPORTS/PEOPLES/COPTS.HTM">"Copts"</a>. www.sudanupdate.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sudanupdate.org&rft.atitle=Copts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sudanupdate.org%2FREPORTS%2FPEOPLES%2FCOPTS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Mohammed Alamin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_sudans-copts-see-hope-appointment-first-christian/6177321.html">Sudan's Copts See Hope in Appointment of First Christian</a>, Voice of America (October 9, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-JCasper2023-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCasper2023_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCasper2023_93-1">b</a> Jayson Casper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2023/may/sudan-christians-burhan-rsf-civil-war-khartoum-churches.html">Khartoum Churches Damaged as Sudan Descends Closer to Civil War</a>, Christianity Today (May 2, 2023). </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehari-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehari_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehari_94-1">b</a> Fikiru Mehari, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/blogs/1/2421/the-fears-and-vulnerabilities-of-christians-amid-the-conflict-in-sudan">The fears and vulnerabilities of Christians amid the conflict in Sudan</a>, The Tablet (April 28, 2023). </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/communities/copts-2/">Copts in Sudan</a>, Minority Rights Group (June 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYerkes2016" class="citation web cs1">Yerkes, Sarah (20 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/06/20/what-egypt-under-sissi-is-really-like-for-coptic-christians/">"What Egypt under Sissi is really like for Coptic Christians"</a>. <q>Egyptian authorities prevent surveyors from asking a participant's religion when doing research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Egypt+under+Sissi+is+really+like+for+Coptic+Christians&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.aulast=Yerkes&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fmarkaz%2F2016%2F06%2F20%2Fwhat-egypt-under-sissi-is-really-like-for-coptic-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanna-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna_97-2">c</a> Michael Wahid Hanna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcf.org/content/report/christian-exclusion-from-egypts-security-state/">Excluded and Unequal: Copts on the Margins of the Egyptian Security State</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Foundation" title="The Century Foundation">The Century Foundation</a> (May 9, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohamoud_Cuadros_Abu-Raddad_2013_p._22-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohamoud_Cuadros_Abu-Raddad_2013_p._22_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamoudCuadrosAbu-Raddad2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mohamoud, Yousra A.; Cuadros, Diego F.; Abu-Raddad, Laith J. (2013). "Characterizing the Copts in Egypt: Demographic, socioeconomic and health indicators". QScience Connect (2013): 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5339%2Fconnect.2013.22">10.5339/connect.2013.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2223-506X">2223-506X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QScience+Connect&rft.atitle=Characterizing+the+Copts+in+Egypt%3A+Demographic%2C+socioeconomic+and+health+indicators&rft.issue=2013&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5339%2Fconnect.2013.22&rft.issn=2223-506X&rft.aulast=Mohamoud&rft.aufirst=Yousra+A.&rft.au=Cuadros%2C+Diego+F.&rft.au=Abu-Raddad%2C+Laith+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadros-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tadros_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tadros_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariz_Tadros2018" class="citation book cs1">Mariz Tadros (2018). "Christians in Egypt, Libya, and Palestine Responding to the Aftermaths of the Arab Revolts". In Daniel Philpott & Timothy Samuel Shah (ed.). Under Caesar's Sword: How Christians Respond to Persecution. Cambridge Studies in Law and Christianity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Egypt%2C+Libya%2C+and+Palestine+Responding+to+the+Aftermaths+of+the+Arab+Revolts&rft.btitle=Under+Caesar%27s+Sword%3A+How+Christians+Respond+to+Persecution&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Law+and+Christianity&rft.pages=108-113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Mariz+Tadros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark2016-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2016_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark2016_100-1">b</a> Stanley A. Clark, "Coptic Orthodox Church" in Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States (eds. George Thomas Kurian & Mark A. Lamport: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), pp. 638-39. </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC2011-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2011_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBC2011_101-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/coptic-christians-in-canada-1.1020870">Coptic Christians in Canada</a>, CBC News (January 4, 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Steven Viney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-10/who-are-egypts-copts/8429634">Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians and why are they persecuted?</a>, ABC News (April 10, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Hannah Sinclair, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/coptic-christians-celebrate-christmas-after-sadness-of-terror-attacks/6nh50nn4v">Coptic Christians celebrate Christmas after 'sadness' of terror attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> (January 7, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_J._Hughes,_Margaret_Fraser,_and_Stephen_Breck_Reid2012" class="citation book cs1">Philip J. Hughes, Margaret Fraser, and Stephen Breck Reid (2012). Australia's Religious Communities: Facts and Figures from the 2011 Australian Census and Other Sources. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Association" title="Christian Research Association">Christian Research Association</a>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Religious+Communities%3A+Facts+and+Figures+from+the+2011+Australian+Census+and+Other+Sources&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Christian+Research+Association&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Philip+J.+Hughes%2C+Margaret+Fraser%2C+and+Stephen+Breck+Reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Mary Brazell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicoutlook.org/first-coptic-catholic-church-in-australia-blessed-and-consecrated-in-western-sydney/">First Coptic Catholic church in Australia blessed and consecrated in Western Sydney.</a>, Catholic Outlook (March 18, 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51603.htm">"Kuwait"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2018-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Kuwait&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2005%2F51603.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Copts number at least 20,000 in Britain <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid=2631&option=com_cifeed&task=newsarticle">middle school ireland marriages family at middlekilleavy.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090121192147/http://www.middlekilleavy.com/index.php?artid=2631&option=com_cifeed&task=newsarticle">Archived</a> January 21, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> plus another 5,000 – 10,000 Copts who are directly under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090521225825/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_86.html">British Orthodox Church (1999 figures)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Come_Across_And_Help_Us_Book_2-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Come_Across_And_Help_Us_Book_2_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008090221/http://www.copticafrica.org/bookcomehelp3.htm">"Come Across And Help Us Book 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copticafrica.org/bookcomehelp3.htm">the original</a> on October 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Come+Across+And+Help+Us+Book+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticafrica.org%2Fbookcomehelp3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CopticMission-109"><a href="#cite_ref-CopticMission_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131014720/http://www.copticmission.org/copticmission">"CopticMission"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copticmission.org/copticmission">the original</a> on January 31, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CopticMission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticmission.org%2Fcopticmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926234617/http://www.jordanembassyus.org/06032005001.htm">"King commends Coptic Church's role in promoting coexistence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jordanembassyus.org/06032005001.htm">the original</a> on September 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+commends+Coptic+Church%27s+role+in+promoting+coexistence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jordanembassyus.org%2F06032005001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-state2-111"><a href="#cite_ref-state2_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/nea/208400.htm">"Lebanon"</a>. 2012 <a href="/wiki/Report_on_International_Religious_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on International Religious Freedom">Report on International Religious Freedom</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2012+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom&rft.atitle=Lebanon&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2012%2Fnea%2F208400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/faith-matters-germanys-growing-coptic-church/video-37051273">Germany's growing Coptic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/DW_News" title="DW News">DW News</a> (January 7, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Andreas Schmoller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/journal/785">The Syriac Orthodox and Coptic Orthodox Churches in Austria: Inter-Church Relations and State Recognition</a>, Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies, vol. 8, no. 1 (2020). </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnand2004" class="citation news cs1">Burnand, Frédéric (July 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/history/orthodox-copts-open-church-in-switzerland/4000104">"Orthodox Copts open church in Switzerland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SWI_swissinfo" title="SWI swissinfo">SWI swissinfo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo&rft.atitle=Orthodox+Copts+open+church+in+Switzerland&rft.date=2004-07-17&rft.aulast=Burnand&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fhistory%2Forthodox-copts-open-church-in-switzerland%2F4000104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parshan.co.il/index2.php?id=11204&lang=HEB">"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel"</a>. parshan.co.il (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parshan.co.il&rft.atitle=The+ethnic+origin+of+Christians+in+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parshan.co.il%2Findex2.php%3Fid%3D11204%26lang%3DHEB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> WorldWide Religious News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=19813&sec=36&cont=3">Church Building Regulations Eased</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318161245/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=19813&sec=36&cont=3">Archived</a> March 18, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. December 13, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071017013530/http://www.compassdirect.org/en/display.php?page=news&lang=en&length=long&idelement=4132">"Egypt: Church Building Regulations Eased"</a>. Compass Direct News. 13 December 2005. 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December 17, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014332/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-12014779">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Christian+minority+under+pressure+in+Egypt&rft.date=2010-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-12014779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2017/09/egypt-ex-kidnapper-admits-get-paid-every-copt-christian-girl-bring/">"Egypt: ex-kidnapper admits 'they get paid for every Coptic Christian girl they bring in'"</a>. World Watch Monitor. 2017-09-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913115753/https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/2017/09/egypt-ex-kidnapper-admits-get-paid-every-copt-christian-girl-bring/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-13. Retrieved 2017-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Egypt%3A+ex-kidnapper+admits+%27they+get+paid+for+every+Coptic+Christian+girl+they+bring+in%27&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwatchmonitor.org%2F2017%2F09%2Fegypt-ex-kidnapper-admits-get-paid-every-copt-christian-girl-bring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/557e7e814.html">"Refworld | Egypt: Situation of Coptic Christians, including treatment; state protection available (2014-May 2015)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm#Definition">the original</a> on 2012-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coptic+Studies%27+Corner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stshenouda.com%2Fcoptlang%2Fcopthist.htm%23Definition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2010-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2010_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lF78Max-h8MC&pg=PA2">Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48635-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48635-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Egyptian%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Language+and+Culture+of+Hieroglyphs&rft.pages=1-2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48635-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlF78Max-h8MC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-calendar-148"><a href="#cite_ref-calendar_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copticchurch.net/easter.html">"The Coptic Calendar of Martyrs"</a>. 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Isd. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51050-7"><bdi>978-2-503-51050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anno+Domini%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Isd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51050-7&rft.aulast=Declercq&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8AZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copticchurch.net/easter.html">"Coptic Orthodox Calendar / Easter Calculation"</a>. copticchurch.net. Retrieved 2018-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=copticchurch.net&rft.atitle=Coptic+Orthodox+Calendar+%2F+Easter+Calculation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopticchurch.net%2Feaster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Copt">Britannica: Copts</a>, 3 May 2024, <q>The Copts are descendants of pre-Islamic Egyptians. When Egyptian Muslims later ceased to call themselves by the demonym, the term became the distinctive name of the Christian minority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britannica%3A+Copts&rft.date=2024-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCopt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copticchurch.org/about/thecopts/">"Learn the History of the Copts | What is the Coptic | Coptic"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learn+the+History+of+the+Copts+%26%23124%3B+What+is+the+Coptic+%26%23124%3B+Coptic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopticchurch.org%2Fabout%2Fthecopts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_GendiPinfari2020" class="citation journal cs1">El Gendi, Yosra; Pinfari, Marco (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1750635219866137">"Icons of contention: The iconography of martyrdom and the construction of Coptic identity in post-revolutionary Egypt"</a>. 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Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (7): 1940–1950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv118">10.1093/gbe/evv118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4524485">4524485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26108492">26108492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeographic+refinement+and+large+scale+genotyping+of+human+Y+chromosome+haplogroup+E+provide+new+insights+into+the+dispersal+of+early+pastoralists+in+the+African+continent&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1940-1950&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524485%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26108492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevv118&rft.au=Trombetta%2C+Beniamino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4524485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed" class="citation web cs1">Mohamed, Hisham Yousif Hassan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1">"Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan"</a> (PDF). 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Scientific Reports. 5: 8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...5E9996D">2015NatSR...5E9996D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep09996">10.1038/srep09996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4446898">4446898</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017457">26017457</a>. <q>The North African/Middle Eastern genetic component is identified especially in Copts. The Coptic population present in Sudan is an example of a recent migration from Egypt over the past two centuries. They are close to Egyptians in the PCA, but remain a differentiated cluster, showing their own component at k = 4 (Fig. 3). The Coptic component at k = 4 peaks highest among Copts and makes up most of their distribution while it is not predominant among Egyptians. K = 2 to K = 5 (Fig. 3) shows Egyptians distribution resemble Qatar more than Copts. Copts lack the influence found in Egyptians from Qatar, an Arabic population. It may suggest that Copts have a genetic composition that could resemble the ancestral Egyptian population, without the present strong Arab influence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+East+African+populations%3A+a+Nilo-Saharan+component+in+the+African+genetic+landscape&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4446898%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26017457&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep09996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...5E9996D&rft.au=Bego%C3%B1a+Dobon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4446898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollfelderSchlebuschGüntherBabiker2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hollfelder, Nina; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Günther, Torsten; Babiker, Hiba; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5587336">"Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 13 (8): e1006976. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006976">10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5587336">5587336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28837655">28837655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Northeast+African+genomic+variation+shaped+by+the+continuity+of+indigenous+groups+and+Eurasian+migrations&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1006976&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5587336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28837655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006976&rft.aulast=Hollfelder&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Schlebusch%2C+Carina+M.&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Babiker%2C+Hiba&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Hisham+Y.&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5587336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006976">text</a> available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> license. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahaElzalabanyFawziHisham2020" class="citation journal cs1">Taha, Tarek; Elzalabany, Sagy; Fawzi, Sahar; Hisham, Ahmed; Amer, Khaled; Shaker, Olfat (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521421/">"Allele frequency comparative study between the two main Egyptian ethnic groups"</a>. Forensic Science International. 313: 110348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2020.110348">10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1872-6283">1872-6283</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521421">32521421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219586129">219586129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Science+International&rft.atitle=Allele+frequency+comparative+study+between+the+two+main+Egyptian+ethnic+groups&rft.volume=313&rft.pages=110348&rft.date=2020-08&rft.issn=1872-6283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219586129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32521421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2020.110348&rft.aulast=Taha&rft.aufirst=Tarek&rft.au=Elzalabany%2C+Sagy&rft.au=Fawzi%2C+Sahar&rft.au=Hisham%2C+Ahmed&rft.au=Amer%2C+Khaled&rft.au=Shaker%2C+Olfat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F32521421%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts1978" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Robert B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHstAQAAIAAJ">Christians in the Arab East: A Political Study</a> (2nd rev. ed.). Athens: Lycabettus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804207966" title="Special:BookSources/9780804207966"><bdi>9780804207966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+the+Arab+East%3A+A+Political+Study&rft.place=Athens&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=Lycabettus+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780804207966&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgHstAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Capuani, Massimo et al. Christian Egypt: Coptic Art and Monuments Through Two Millennia (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Christian-Egypt-Monuments-Through-Millennia/dp/0814624065/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_(scholar)" title="Robert Charles (scholar)">Charles, Robert H.</a> (2007) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC">The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text</a>. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758879" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758879"><bdi>9781889758879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Translated+from+Zotenberg%27s+Ethiopic+Text&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Courbage, Youssef and Phillipe Fargues. Judy Mabro (Translator) Christians and Jews Under Islam, 1997.</li> <li>Ibrahim, Vivian. The Copts of Egypt: The Challenges of Modernisation and Identity (I.B. Tauris, distributed by Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 258 pages; examines historical relations between Coptic Christians and the Egyptian state and describes factionalism and activism in the community.</li> <li>Kamil, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and a Guide. Revised Ed. American University in Cairo Press, 1990.</li> <li>Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August. Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity (2010)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Martyn, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ooAaaMdOwpAC">Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege : Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23–25, 2004</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783857100406" title="Special:BookSources/9783857100406"><bdi>9783857100406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copts+in+Egypt%3A+A+Christian+Minority+Under+Siege+%3A+Papers+Presented+at+the+First+International+Coptic+Symposium%2C+Zurich%2C+September+23%E2%80%9325%2C+2004&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783857100406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DooAaaMdOwpAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ">Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</a> The Church in history. Vol. 2. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410556" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410556"><bdi>9780881410556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+New+York&rft.series=The+Church+in+history&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410556&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ">History of the Byzantine State</a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopts" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Van Doorn-Harder, Nelly. "Finding a Platform: Studying the Copts in the 19th and 20th Centuries" International Journal of Middle East Studies (Aug 2010) 42#3 pp 479–482. Historiography</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Copt" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Copt">Copt</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://directory.nihov.org/">Worldwide Coptic Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptsunited.com/">Copts United Newspaper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptic-cairo.com/">Coptic Cairo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5636.htm">U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Egypt</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copts_footer" 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title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Protestant">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Egypt_(Synod_of_the_Nile)" title="Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile)">Evangelical Church of Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coptic cross"><img alt="Coptic cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/100px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/150px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/200px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Egypt" title="Copts in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Libya" title="Copts in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts_in_Sudan" title="Copts in Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_diaspora" title="Coptic diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Australians" title="Coptic Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Canadians" title="Coptic Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Africa" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Asia" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Europe" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_South_America" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_architecture" title="Coptic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptology" title="Coptology">Coptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_cross" title="Coptic cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Encyclopedia" title="Coptic Encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_identity" title="Coptic identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_philosophy" title="Coptic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian traditions</a> that developed since <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a> Christ Pantocrator (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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