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href="#Controversy_within_Dutch_Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Controversy within Dutch Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_within_Dutch_Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edict_of_toleration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edict_of_toleration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Edict of toleration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edict_of_toleration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arrest and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life in Paris</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_in_Paris-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life in Paris subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_theory_of_atonement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_theory_of_atonement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Governmental theory of atonement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_theory_of_atonement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Jure_Belli_ac_Pacis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Jure_Belli_ac_Pacis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>De Jure Belli ac Pacis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Jure_Belli_ac_Pacis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Natural law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Grotius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Grotius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Influence of Grotius</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_of_Grotius-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence of Grotius subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Grotius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_his_time_to_the_end_of_the_17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_his_time_to_the_end_of_the_17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>From his time to the end of the 17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_his_time_to_the_end_of_the_17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentaries_of_the_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentaries_of_the_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Commentaries of the 18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentaries_of_the_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_of_interest_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_interest_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Revival of interest in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_interest_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_(selection)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_(selection)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography (selection)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_(selection)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hugo Grotius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotius" title="Grotius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grotius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوغو غروتيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوغو غروتيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCqo_Qrotsi" title="Hüqo Qrotsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüqo Qrotsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="হুগো গ্রোশিয়াস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুগো গ্রোশিয়াস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Гуга Гроцый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуга Гроцый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хуго Гроций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хуго Гроций" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_de_Groot" title="Hugo de Groot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hugo de Groot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Ούγκο Γκρότιους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ούγκο Γκρότιους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grocio" title="Hugo Grocio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hugo Grocio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوگو گروتیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوگو گروتیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_de_Groot" title="Hugo de Groot – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hugo de Groot" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EA%B3%A0_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%8B%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="후고 그로티우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후고 그로티우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հուգո Գրոտիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուգո Գրոտիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Grozio" title="Ugo Grozio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ugo Grozio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הוגו גרוטיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוגו גרוטיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰუგო გროციუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰუგო გროციუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гуго Гроций – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гуго Гроций" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гуго Гроций – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гуго Гроций" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grocijs" title="Hugo Grocijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hugo Grocijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Grozju" title="Ugo Grozju – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ugo Grozju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰუგო გროციუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰუგო გროციუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هوجو جروشيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوجو جروشيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_de_Groot_(rechtsgeleerde)" title="Hugo de Groot (rechtsgeleerde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hugo de Groot (rechtsgeleerde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="フーゴー・グローティウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フーゴー・グローティウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹਿਊਗੋ ਗਰੋਸ਼ੀਅਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਊਗੋ ਗਰੋਸ਼ੀਅਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%88_%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="هوګو ګروشيس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هوګو ګروشيس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grocjusz" title="Hugo Grocjusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hugo Grocjusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Gr%C3%B3cio" title="Hugo Grócio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hugo Grócio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Гроций, Гуго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гроций, Гуго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_de_Groot" title="Hugo de Groot – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hugo de Groot" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grocije" title="Hugo Grocije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hugo Grocije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Гуго Гроцій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуго Гроцій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ہیوگو گروشیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیوگو گروشیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E9%9C%8D%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%80%81%E7%A7%80%E6%96%AF" title="许霍·格老秀斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="许霍·格老秀斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hugo Grotius" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%80%81%E7%A7%80%E6%96%AF" title="格老秀斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格老秀斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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For the crash of the KLM plane known under that name, see <a href="/wiki/KLM_Flight_607-E" title="KLM Flight 607-E">KLM Flight 607-E</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hugo Grotius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt_-_Hugo_Grotius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt_-_Hugo_Grotius.jpg/220px-Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt_-_Hugo_Grotius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt_-_Hugo_Grotius.jpg/330px-Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt_-_Hugo_Grotius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt_-_Hugo_Grotius.jpg/440px-Michiel_Jansz_van_Mierevelt_-_Hugo_Grotius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Hugo Grotius<br />by <a href="/wiki/Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt" title="Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt">Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt</a>, 1631</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">10 April 1583<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1645 (aged 62)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a>, grounding <a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a> principles in <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governmental_theory_of_atonement" title="Governmental theory of atonement">governmental theory of atonement</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Grotius_signature_1634.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hugo_Grotius_signature_1634.svg/150px-Hugo_Grotius_signature_1634.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hugo_Grotius_signature_1634.svg/225px-Hugo_Grotius_signature_1634.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hugo_Grotius_signature_1634.svg/300px-Hugo_Grotius_signature_1634.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="890" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hugo Grotius</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GROH</span>-shee-əss</i></a>; 10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as <b>Hugo de Groot</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɦyɣoː<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɣroːt]</a></span>) or <b>Huig de Groot</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɦœyɣ<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɣroːt]</a></span>), was a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist">humanist</a>, diplomat, lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a>, jurist, statesman, poet and playwright. A teenage prodigy, he was born in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> and studied at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>. He was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Loevestein_Castle" title="Loevestein Castle">Loevestein Castle</a> for his involvement in the controversies over religious policy of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, but escaped hidden in a chest of books that was regularly brought to him and was transported to <a href="/wiki/Gorinchem" title="Gorinchem">Gorinchem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grotius wrote most of his major works in exile in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p><p>Grotius was a major figure in the fields of philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political theory</a> and law during the 16th and 17th centuries. Along with the earlier works of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberico_Gentili" title="Alberico Gentili">Alberico Gentili</a>, his writings laid the foundations for <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> side. Two of his books have had a lasting impact in the field of international law: <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis" title="De jure belli ac pacis">De jure belli ac pacis</a></i> (<i>On the Law of War and Peace</i>) dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Liberum" title="Mare Liberum">Mare Liberum</a></i> (<i>The Free Seas</i>) for which Grotius has been called the "father of international law."<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_Hugo-Grotius_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_Hugo-Grotius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grotius has also contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of <i><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a></i>. Before him, rights were, above all, perceived as attached to objects; after him, they are seen as belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to act, or as a means of realizing something. </p><p>Peter Borschberg suggests that Grotius was significantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, who supported the idea that the sovereignty of a nation does not lie simply in a ruler through God's will, but originates in its people, who agree to confer such authority upon a ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also thought that Grotius was not the first to formulate the <a href="/wiki/International_society" class="mw-redirect" title="International society">international society</a> doctrine, but he was one of the first to define expressly the idea of one society of states, governed not by <a href="/wiki/Force_(law)" title="Force (law)">force</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> but by actual laws and mutual agreement to enforce those laws. As <a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a> declared in 1990: "The idea of international society which Grotius propounded was given concrete expression in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, and Grotius may be considered the intellectual father of this first general peace settlement of modern times."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullRobertsKingsbury2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullRobertsKingsbury2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> helped provide the seeds for later Arminian-based movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>; Grotius is acknowledged as a significant figure in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Arminian–Calvinist debate</a>. Because of his theological underpinning of free trade, he is also considered an "economic theologist".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThumfart2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThumfart2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After fading over time, the influence of Grotius's ideas revived in the 20th century following the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Grotius00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hugo_Grotius00.jpg/170px-Hugo_Grotius00.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hugo_Grotius00.jpg/255px-Hugo_Grotius00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Hugo_Grotius00.jpg/340px-Hugo_Grotius00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="3906" /></a><figcaption>Grotius at age 16, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Antonisz._van_Ravesteyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn">Jan Antonisz. van Ravesteyn</a>, 1599</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch Revolt</a>, Grotius was the first child of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Cornets_De_Groot" title="Jan Cornets De Groot">Jan Cornets de Groot</a> and Alida van Overschie. His father was a man of learning, once having studied with the eminent <a href="/wiki/Justus_Lipsius" title="Justus Lipsius">Justus Lipsius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as of political distinction. His family was considered Delft <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patrician</a> as his ancestors played an important role in local government since the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jan de Groot was also the translator of <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> and a friend of <a href="/wiki/Ludolph_van_Ceulen" title="Ludolph van Ceulen">Ludolph van Ceulen</a>. He groomed his son from an early age in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> education.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigy" title="Child prodigy">prodigious</a> learner, Grotius entered <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> when he was just eleven years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he studied with some of the most acclaimed intellectuals in northern Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Junius_(the_elder)" title="Franciscus Junius (the elder)">Franciscus Junius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger" title="Joseph Justus Scaliger">Joseph Justus Scaliger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Snellius" title="Rudolph Snellius">Rudolph Snellius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917chap_1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917chap_1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 16 (1599), he published his first book: a scholarly edition of the <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antique</a> author <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>'s work on the <a href="/wiki/Seven_liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven liberal arts">seven liberal arts</a>, <i>Martiani Minei Felicis Capellæ Carthaginiensis viri proconsularis Satyricon.</i> It remained a reference for several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahl1965_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahl1965-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1598, at the age of 15 years, he accompanied <a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt" title="Johan van Oldenbarnevelt">Johan van Oldenbarnevelt</a> to a diplomatic mission in Paris. On this occasion, the King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henri IV of France</a> would have presented Grotius to his court as "the miracle of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Siebold1847_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Siebold1847-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his stay in France, he passed or bought a law degree from the University of Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20142_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20142-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Holland, Grotius earned an appointment as advocate to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> in 1599<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then as official <a href="/wiki/Historiographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographer">historiographer</a> for the States of Holland in 1601. It was on this date that the States of Holland requested from Grotius an account of the United Provinces’ revolt against Spain;<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_Hugo-Grotius_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_Hugo-Grotius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grotius is indeed contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20142_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20142-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting work, entitled <i>Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicis,</i> describing the period from 1559 to 1609, was written in the style of the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was first finished in 1612. The States, however, did not publish it, possibly because of the way the work resonated with the politico-religious tensions within the Dutch Republic (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first occasion to write systematically on issues of international justice came in 1604 when he became involved in the legal proceedings following the seizure by Dutch merchants of a Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> and its cargo in the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Strait" title="Singapore Strait">Singapore Strait</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Throughout his life Grotius wrote a variety of philological, theological and politico-theological works. </p><p>In 1608, he married <a href="/wiki/Maria_van_Reigersberch" title="Maria van Reigersberch">Maria van Reigersberch</a>; they had three daughters and four sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20142_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20142-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurist_career">Jurist career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jurist career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotius_de_iure_praedae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grotius_de_iure_praedae.jpg/170px-Grotius_de_iure_praedae.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grotius_de_iure_praedae.jpg/255px-Grotius_de_iure_praedae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Grotius_de_iure_praedae.jpg/340px-Grotius_de_iure_praedae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Page written in Grotius' hand from the manuscript of <i>De Indis</i> (circa 1604/05)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch were at <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">war with Spain</a>; although Portugal was <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">closely allied</a> with Spain, it was not yet <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">at war with the Dutch</a>. Near the start of the war, Grotius's cousin captain <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob van Heemskerk">Jacob van Heemskerk</a> captured a loaded Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> merchant ship, <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(ship)" title="Santa Catarina (ship)">Santa Catarina</a></i>, off present-day Singapore in 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heemskerk was employed with the United Amsterdam Company (part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>), and though he did not have authorization from the company or the government to initiate the use of force, many shareholders were eager to accept the riches that he brought back to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ittersum2006Chap._1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ittersum2006Chap._1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only was the legality of keeping the <a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">prize</a> questionable under Dutch statute, but a faction of shareholders (mostly <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a>) in the Company also objected to the forceful seizure on moral grounds, and of course, the Portuguese demanded the return of their cargo. The scandal led to a public judicial hearing and a wider campaign to sway public (and international) opinion. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was in this wider context that representatives of the Company called upon Grotius to draft a <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical</a> defence of the seizure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ittersum2006Chap._1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ittersum2006Chap._1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mierevelt_grotius_1608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mierevelt_grotius_1608.jpg/170px-Mierevelt_grotius_1608.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Mierevelt_grotius_1608.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Grotius at age 25 (<a href="/wiki/Michiel_Jansz._van_Mierevelt" title="Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt">Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt</a>, 1608)</figcaption></figure> <p>The result of Grotius' efforts in 1604/05 was a long, theory-laden treatise that he provisionally entitled <i>De Indis</i> (<i>On the Indies</i>). Grotius sought to ground his defense of the seizure in terms of the natural principles of justice. In this, he had cast a net much wider than the case at hand; his interest was in the source and ground of war's lawfulness in general. The treatise was never published in full during Grotius' lifetime, perhaps because the court ruling in favor of the Company preempted the need to garner public support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="any source? (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm/220px--Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="800" data-mwtitle="Mare_Liberum,_or_the_Free_Sea,_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Mare_Liberum,_or_the_Free_Sea,_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm/Mare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMare_Liberum%2C_or_the_Free_Sea%2C_by_Hugo_Grotius._Preface_read_in_Latin.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Preface to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Mare Liberum</i></span>, read in Latin with English subtitles</figcaption></figure><p> In <i>The Free Sea</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Liberum" title="Mare Liberum">Mare Liberum</a></i>, published 1609), Grotius formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory and all <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> were free to use it for seafaring <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraska201188_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraska201188-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grotius, by claiming 'free seas' (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_seas" title="Freedom of the seas">freedom of the seas</a>), provided suitable ideological justification for the Dutch breaking up of various trade <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a> through its formidable naval power. <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, competing fiercely with the Dutch for domination of world trade, opposed this idea and claimed in <a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_clausum" title="Mare clausum">Mare clausum</a></i> <i>(The Closed Sea)</i>, "That the Dominion of the British Sea, or That Which Incompasseth the Isle of Great Britain, is, and Ever Hath Been, a Part or Appendant of the Empire of that Island.<i>"</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelden1652_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden1652-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is generally assumed that Grotius first propounded the principle of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_seas" title="Freedom of the seas">freedom of the seas</a>, although all countries in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and other Asian seas accepted the right of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation" title="Freedom of navigation">unobstructed navigation</a> long before Grotius wrote his <i>De Jure Praedae</i> (<i>On the Law of Spoils</i>) in the year of 1604. Additionally, 16th-century Spanish theologian <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> had postulated the idea of freedom of the seas in a more rudimentary fashion under the principles of <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_gentium" title="Jus gentium">jus gentium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENussbaum1947_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum1947-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grotius's notion of the freedom of the seas would persist until the mid-20th century, and it continues to be applied even to this day for much of the <a href="/wiki/High_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="High seas">high seas</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea#Background" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">application of the concept and the scope of its reach is changing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arminian_controversy,_arrest_and_exile"><span id="Arminian_controversy.2C_arrest_and_exile"></span>Arminian controversy, arrest and exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arminian controversy, arrest and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Calvinist–Arminian debate">History of Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ordinum_Hollandiae_ac_Westfrisiae_pietas" title="Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas">Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas</a></div> <p>Aided by his continued association with <a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt" title="Johan van Oldenbarnevelt">Van Oldenbarnevelt</a>, Grotius made considerable advances in his political career, being retained as Oldenbarnevelt's resident advisor in 1605, Advocate General of the <a href="/wiki/Fisc" title="Fisc">Fisc</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> in 1607, and then as <a href="/wiki/Pensionary" title="Pensionary">Pensionary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> (the equivalent of a mayoral office) in 1613.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917chap_3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917chap_3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1613, following the capture of two Dutch ships by the British, he was sent on a mission to London,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20143_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20143-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mission tailored to a man who wrote <i>Mare liberum</i> [<i>The Free Seas</i>] in 1609. However, it was opposed by the English by reason of force and he didn't obtain the return of the boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20143_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20143-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In these years a great <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> controversy broke out between the chair of theology at Leiden <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> and his followers (who are called Arminians or <a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrants</a>) and the strongly <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> theologian, <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a>, whose supporters are termed Gomarists or Counter-Remonstrants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Leiden University "was under the authority of the States of Holland – they were responsible, among other things, for the policy concerning appointments at this institution, which was governed in their name by a board of Curators – and, in the final instance, the States were responsible for dealing with any cases of heterodoxy among the professors."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotiusRabbie1995_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotiusRabbie1995-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The domestic dissension resulting over Arminius' professorship was overshadowed by the continuing war with Spain, and the professor died in 1609 on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a>. The new peace would move the people's focus to the controversy and Arminius' followers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Grotius played a decisive part in this politico-religious conflict between the Remonstrants, supporters of religious tolerance, and the orthodox Calvinists or Counter-Remonstrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20143_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20143-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_within_Dutch_Protestantism">Controversy within Dutch Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy within Dutch Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The controversy expanded when the Remonstrant theologian <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Vorstius" title="Conrad Vorstius">Conrad Vorstius</a> was appointed to replace Jacobus Arminius as the theology chair at Leiden. Vorstius was soon seen by Counter-Remonstrants as moving beyond the teachings of Arminius into <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a> and he was accused of teaching irreligion. Leading the call for Vorstius' removal was theology professor <a href="/wiki/Sibrandus_Lubbertus" title="Sibrandus Lubbertus">Sibrandus Lubbertus</a>. On the other side, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wtenbogaert" title="Johannes Wtenbogaert">Johannes Wtenbogaert</a> (a Remonstrant leader) and <a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt" title="Johan van Oldenbarnevelt">Johan van Oldenbarnevelt</a>, Grand Pensionary of Holland, had strongly promoted the appointment of Vorstius and began to defend their actions. Gomarus resigned his professorship at Leyden, in protest that Vorstius was not removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Counter-Remonstrants were also supported in their opposition by King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a> "who thundered loudly against the Leyden nomination and gaudily depicted Vorstius as a horrid heretic. He ordered his books to be publicly burnt in London, Cambridge, and Oxford, and he exerted continual pressure through his ambassador in the Hague, Ralph Winwood, to get the appointment canceled."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENijenhuis1972_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENijenhuis1972-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James began to shift his confidence from Oldenbarnevelt towards Maurice. </p><p>Grotius joined the controversy by defending the civil authorities' power to appoint (independently of the wishes of religious authorities) whomever they wished to a university's faculty. He did this by writing <i><a href="/wiki/Ordinum_Pietas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinum Pietas">Ordinum Pietas</a></i>, "a pamphlet...directed against an opponent, the Calvinist Franeker professor Lubbertus; it was ordered by Grotius' masters the States of Holland, and thus written for the occasion – though Grotius may already have had plans for such a book."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work is twenty-seven pages long, is "polemical and acrimonious" and only two-thirds of it speaks directly about ecclesiastical politics (mainly of synods and offices).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work met with a violent reaction from the Counter-Remonstrants, and "It might be said that all Grotius' next works until his arrest in 1618 form a vain attempt to repair the damage done by this book."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grotius would later write <i>De Satisfactione</i> aiming "at proving that the <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminians</a> are far from being <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinians</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edict_of_toleration">Edict of toleration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Edict of toleration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Led by Oldenbarnevelt, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Holland">States of Holland</a> took an official position of <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">religious toleration</a> towards Remonstrants and Counter-Remonstrants. Grotius (who acted during the controversy first as Attorney General of Holland and later as a member of the Committee of Counsellors) was eventually asked to draft an edict to express the policy of toleration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917Appendix_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917Appendix-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This edict, <i>Decretum pro pace ecclesiarum</i> was completed in late 1613 or early 1614. The edict put into practice a view that Grotius had been developing in his writings on <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">church and state</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Erastianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Erastianism">Erastianism</a>): that only the basic tenets necessary for undergirding civil order (e.g., the existence of God and His <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">providence</a>) ought to be enforced while differences on obscure theological doctrines should be left to private conscience.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Hugo_Grotius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Hugo_Grotius.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Hugo_Grotius.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Hugo_Grotius.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Hugo_Grotius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Statue_of_Hugo_Grotius.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Hugo_Grotius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Grotius in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>The edict "imposing moderation and toleration on the ministry" was backed up by Grotius with "thirty-one pages of quotations, mainly dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Remonstrant Articles</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to Grotius' <i>Ordinum Pietas</i>, Professor Lubbertus published <i>Responsio Ad Pietatem Hugonis Grotii</i> in 1614. Later that year, Grotius anonymously published <i>Bona Fides Sibrandi Lubberti</i> in response to Lubbertus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Trigland" title="Jacobus Trigland">Jacobus Trigland</a> joined Lubberdus in expressing the view that tolerance in matters of doctrine was inadmissible, and in his 1615 works <i>Den Recht-gematigden Christen: Ofte vande waere Moderatie</i> and <i>Advys Over een Concept van moderatie</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotiusBlom2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotiusBlom2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trigland denounced Grotius' stance. </p><p>In late 1615, when Middelburg professor <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Walaeus" title="Antonius Walaeus">Antonius Walaeus</a> published <i>Het Ampt der Kerckendienaren</i> (a response to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wtenbogaert" title="Johannes Wtenbogaert">Johannes Wtenbogaert</a>'s 1610 <i>Tractaet van 't Ampt ende authoriteit eener hoogher Christelijcke overheid in kerckelijkcke zaken</i>) he sent Grotius a copy out of friendship. This was a work "on the relationship between ecclesiastical and secular government" from the moderate counter-remonstrant viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1616, Grotius also received the 36-page letter championing a remonstrant view <i>Dissertatio epistolica de Iure magistratus in rebus ecclesiasticis</i> from his friend <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Vossius" title="Gerardus Vossius">Gerardus Vossius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letter was "a general introduction on (in)tolerance, mainly on the subject of predestination and the sacrament...[and] an extensive, detailed and generally unfavourable review of Walaeus' <i>Ampt</i>, stuffed with references to ancient and modern authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Grotius wrote asking for some notes "he received a treasure-house of ecclesiastical history. ...offering ammunition to Grotius, who gratefully accepted it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time (April 1616) Grotius went to Amsterdam as part of his official duties, trying to persuade the civil authorities there to join Holland's majority view about church politics. </p><p>In early 1617 Grotius debated the question of giving counter-remonstrants the chance to preach in the <a href="/wiki/Kloosterkerk,_The_Hague" title="Kloosterkerk, The Hague">Kloosterkerk in The Hague</a> which had been closed. During this time lawsuits were brought against the States of Holland by counter-remonstrant ministers and riots over the controversy broke out in Amsterdam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_exile">Arrest and exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrest and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slot_loevestein_1619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Slot_loevestein_1619.jpg/220px-Slot_loevestein_1619.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Slot_loevestein_1619.jpg/330px-Slot_loevestein_1619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Slot_loevestein_1619.jpg/440px-Slot_loevestein_1619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loevestein" class="mw-redirect" title="Loevestein">Loevestein</a> Castle at the time of Grotius' imprisonment in 1618–21</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Oldenbarnevelt,_Grotius_and_Hogerbeets" title="Trial of Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and Hogerbeets">Trial of Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and Hogerbeets</a></div> <p>As the conflict between civil and religious authorities escalated, in order to maintain civil order Oldenbarnevelt eventually proposed that local authorities be given the power to raise troops (the <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Resolution" title="Sharp Resolution">Sharp Resolution</a> of August 4, 1617). Such a measure undermined the unity of the Republic's military force, the very same reason Spain had managed to retake so much lost territory in the 1580s, something the Captain-General of the republic, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange</a> could not allow with the treaty nearing its end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Maurice seized the opportunity to solidify the preeminence of the <a href="/wiki/Gomarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomarist">Gomarists</a>, whom he had supported, and to eliminate the nuisance he perceived in Oldenbarnevelt (the latter had previously brokered the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a> with Spain in 1609 against Maurice's wishes). During this time Grotius made another attempt to address ecclesiastical politics by completing <i>De Imperio Summarum Potestatum circa Sacra</i>, on "the relations between the religious and secular authorities...Grotius had even cherished hopes that publication of this book would turn the tide and bring back peace to church and state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredrik-Duim-De-vlugt-van-Huig-de-Groot_MG_1299.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fredrik-Duim-De-vlugt-van-Huig-de-Groot_MG_1299.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Fredrik-Duim-De-vlugt-van-Huig-de-Groot_MG_1299.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fredrik-Duim-De-vlugt-van-Huig-de-Groot_MG_1299.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Fredrik-Duim-De-vlugt-van-Huig-de-Groot_MG_1299.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fredrik-Duim-De-vlugt-van-Huig-de-Groot_MG_1299.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Fredrik-Duim-De-vlugt-van-Huig-de-Groot_MG_1299.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3331" data-file-height="5288" /></a><figcaption>Grotius' escape from <a href="/wiki/Loevestein" class="mw-redirect" title="Loevestein">Loevestein</a> Castle in 1621</figcaption></figure> <p>The conflict between Maurice and the States of Holland, led by Oldenbarnevelt and Grotius, about the Sharp Resolution and Holland's refusal to allow a National Synod, came to a head in July 1619 when a majority in the States General authorized Maurice to disband the auxiliary troops in Utrecht. Grotius went on a mission to the States of Utrecht to stiffen their resistance against this move, but Maurice prevailed. The States General then authorized him to arrest Oldenbarnevelt, Grotius and <a href="/wiki/Rombout_Hogerbeets" title="Rombout Hogerbeets">Rombout Hogerbeets</a> on 29 August 1618. They were tried by a court of delegated judges from the States General. Van Oldenbarnevelt was sentenced to death and was beheaded in 1619. Grotius was sentenced to life imprisonment and transferred to Loevestein Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From his imprisonment in Loevestein, Grotius made a written justification of his position "as to my views on the power of the Christian [civil] authorities in ecclesiastical matters, I refer to my...booklet <i>De Pietate Ordinum Hollandiae</i> and especially to an unpublished book <i>De Imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra</i>, where I have treated the matter in more detail...I may summarize my feelings thus: that the [civil] authorities should scrutinize God's Word so thoroughly as to be certain to impose nothing which is against it; if they act in this way, they shall in good conscience have control of the public churches and public worship – but without persecuting those who err from the right way."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because this stripped Church officials of any power some of their members (such as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Althusius" title="Johannes Althusius">Johannes Althusius</a> in a letter to Lubbertus) declared Grotius' ideas diabolical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLANL_-_Pachango_-_Slot_Loevestein_-_Boekenkist_van_Hugo_de_Groot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/WLANL_-_Pachango_-_Slot_Loevestein_-_Boekenkist_van_Hugo_de_Groot.jpg/220px-WLANL_-_Pachango_-_Slot_Loevestein_-_Boekenkist_van_Hugo_de_Groot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/WLANL_-_Pachango_-_Slot_Loevestein_-_Boekenkist_van_Hugo_de_Groot.jpg/330px-WLANL_-_Pachango_-_Slot_Loevestein_-_Boekenkist_van_Hugo_de_Groot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/WLANL_-_Pachango_-_Slot_Loevestein_-_Boekenkist_van_Hugo_de_Groot.jpg/440px-WLANL_-_Pachango_-_Slot_Loevestein_-_Boekenkist_van_Hugo_de_Groot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A book chest exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Loevestein" class="mw-redirect" title="Loevestein">Loevestein</a>, presumed to be that in which Grotius escaped in 1621</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1621, with the help of his wife and his maidservant, <a href="/wiki/Elsje_van_Houwening" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsje van Houwening">Elsje van Houwening</a>, Grotius managed to escape the castle in a book chest and fled to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. In the Netherlands today, he is mainly famous for this daring escape. Both the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and the museum <a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenhof">Het Prinsenhof</a> in Delft claim to have the original book chest in their collection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlot_Loevestein2019_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlot_Loevestein2019-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_Paris">Life in Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Life in Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grotius then fled to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where the authorities granted him an annual royal pension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20144_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20144-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grotius lived in France almost continuously from 1621 to 1644. His stay coincides with the period (1624-1642) during which the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> led France under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>. In France in 1625 Grotius published his most famous book, <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis" title="De jure belli ac pacis">De jure belli ac pacis</a></i> [<i>On the Law of War and Peace</i>] dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a>. </p><p>While in Paris, Grotius set about rendering into Latin prose a work which he had originally written as Dutch verse in prison, providing rudimentary yet systematic arguments for the truth of Christianity. The Dutch poem, <i>Bewijs van den waren Godsdienst</i>, was published in 1622, the Latin treatise in 1627, under the title <i>De veritate religionis Christianae</i>. </p><p>In 1631, he tried to return to Holland, but the authorities remained hostile to him. He moved to Hamburg in 1632. But as early as 1634, the Swedes - a European superpower - sent him to Paris as ambassador. He remained in this position for ten years, where he had the mission to negotiate for Sweden at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. During this period, he had been interested in the unity of Christians and published many texts that would posthumously (1679) be published under the title of <i>Opera Omnia Theologica</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_theory_of_atonement">Governmental theory of atonement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governmental theory of atonement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grotius also developed a particular view of the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> of Christ known as the "<a href="/wiki/Governmental_theory_of_atonement" title="Governmental theory of atonement">Governmental theory of atonement</a>". He theorized that Jesus' sacrificial death occurred in order for the Father to forgive while still maintaining his just rule over the universe. This idea, further developed by theologians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a>, became one of the prominent views of the atonement in <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooley2013184_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooley2013184-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_Jure_Belli_ac_Pacis"><i>De Jure Belli ac Pacis</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: De Jure Belli ac Pacis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis" title="De jure belli ac pacis">De jure belli ac pacis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/220px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/330px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg/440px-381px-Grotius_de_jure_1631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Title page from the second edition (Amsterdam 1631) of <i>De jure belli ac pacis</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Living in the times of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the Netherlands and the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> between Catholic and Protestant European nations (Catholic France being in the otherwise Protestant camp), it is not surprising that Grotius was deeply concerned with matters of conflicts between nations and religions. His most lasting work, begun in prison and published during his exile in Paris, was a monumental effort to restrain such conflicts on the basis of a broad moral consensus. Grotius wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>Fully convinced...that there is a common law among nations, which is valid alike for war and in war, I have had many and weighty reasons for undertaking to write upon the subject. Throughout the Christian world, I observed a lack of restraint in relation to war, such as even barbarous races should be ashamed of; I observed that men rush to arms for slight causes or no cause at all and that when arms have once been taken up, there is no longer any respect for the law, divine or human; it is as if, in accordance with a general decree, frenzy had openly been let loose for the committing of all crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotiusKelsey1925_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotiusKelsey1925-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/De_jure_belli_ac_pacis_libri_tres" class="mw-redirect" title="De jure belli ac pacis libri tres">De jure belli ac pacis libri tres</a></i> (<i>On the Law of War and Peace: Three books</i>) was first published in 1625, dedicated to Grotius' current patron, Louis XIII. The treatise advances a system of principles of natural law, which are held to be binding on all people and nations regardless of local custom. The work is divided into three books: </p> <ul><li>Book I advances his conception of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">war</a> and of natural <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, arguing that there are some circumstances in which war is justifiable.</li> <li>Book II identifies three 'just causes' for war: <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">reparation of injury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>; Grotius considers a wide variety of circumstances under which these rights of war attach and when they do not.</li> <li>Book III takes up the question of what rules govern the conduct of war once it has begun; influentially, Grotius argued that all parties to war are bound by such rules, whether their cause is just or not.</li></ul> <ul><li>Further information: <i><a href="/wiki/Temperamenta_belli" title="Temperamenta belli">Temperamenta belli</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_law">Natural law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Natural law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo-de-Groot-Johann-Niclas-Serlin-Drey-B%C3%BCcher-von-Kriegs-und-Friedens-Rechten_0157.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hugo-de-Groot-Johann-Niclas-Serlin-Drey-B%C3%BCcher-von-Kriegs-und-Friedens-Rechten_0157.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Hugo-de-Groot-Johann-Niclas-Serlin-Drey-B%C3%BCcher-von-Kriegs-und-Friedens-Rechten_0157.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hugo-de-Groot-Johann-Niclas-Serlin-Drey-B%C3%BCcher-von-Kriegs-und-Friedens-Rechten_0157.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Hugo-de-Groot-Johann-Niclas-Serlin-Drey-B%C3%BCcher-von-Kriegs-und-Friedens-Rechten_0157.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hugo-de-Groot-Johann-Niclas-Serlin-Drey-B%C3%BCcher-von-Kriegs-und-Friedens-Rechten_0157.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Hugo-de-Groot-Johann-Niclas-Serlin-Drey-B%C3%BCcher-von-Kriegs-und-Friedens-Rechten_0157.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3078" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Engraved portrait of Grotius</figcaption></figure> <p>Grotius' concept of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> had a strong impact on the philosophical and theological debates and political developments of the 17th and 18th centuries. Among those he influenced were <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pufendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pufendorf">Samuel Pufendorf</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, and by way of these philosophers, his thinking became part of the cultural background of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in England and the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Grotius' understanding, <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> was not an entity in itself but God's <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creation</a>. Therefore, his concept of natural law had a theological foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1986_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1986-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> contained moral precepts (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Decalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Decalogue">Decalogue</a>), which <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> confirmed and therefore were still valid. They were useful in interpreting the content of natural law. Both Biblical <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> and natural law originated in God and could, therefore, not contradict each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElze1958_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElze1958-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many exiled Remonstrants began to return to the Netherlands after the death of Prince Maurice in 1625 when toleration was granted to them. In 1630, they were allowed complete freedom to build and run churches and schools and to live anywhere in Holland. The Remonstrants guided by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wtenbogaert" title="Johannes Wtenbogaert">Johannes Wtenbogaert</a> set up a presbyterial organization. They established a theological seminary at Amsterdam where Grotius came to teach alongside <a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Episcopius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_van_Limborch" title="Philipp van Limborch">van Limborch</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Courcelles" title="Étienne de Courcelles">de Courcelles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leclerc_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Leclerc (theologian)">Leclerc</a>. </p><p>In 1634, Grotius was given the opportunity to serve as <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>'s ambassador to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. <a href="/wiki/Axel_Oxenstierna" title="Axel Oxenstierna">Axel Oxenstierna</a>, regent of the successor of the recently deceased Swedish king, <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, was keen to have Grotius in his employ. Grotius accepted the offer and took up <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> residence in Paris, which remained his home until he was released from his post in 1645.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1644, the queen <a href="/wiki/Christine_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine of Sweden">Christine of Sweden</a>, who had become an adult, began to perform her duties and brought him back to Stockholm. During the winter of 1644–1645, he went to Sweden in difficult conditions, which he decided to leave in the summer of 1645. </p><p>While departing from his last visit to Sweden, Grotius was <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwrecked</a> on the voyage. He washed up on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, ill and weather-beaten, and on August 28, 1645, he died; his body at last returned to the country of his youth, being laid to rest in the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)">Nieuwe Kerk</a> in Delft.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hug._Grotii_Bataui_Syntagma_Arateorum_981373_00009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hug._Grotii_Bataui_Syntagma_Arateorum_981373_00009.jpg/170px-Hug._Grotii_Bataui_Syntagma_Arateorum_981373_00009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hug._Grotii_Bataui_Syntagma_Arateorum_981373_00009.jpg/255px-Hug._Grotii_Bataui_Syntagma_Arateorum_981373_00009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hug._Grotii_Bataui_Syntagma_Arateorum_981373_00009.jpg/340px-Hug._Grotii_Bataui_Syntagma_Arateorum_981373_00009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption><i>Syntagma Arateorum</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Grotius' personal motto was <i>Ruit hora</i> ("Time is running away"); his last words were purportedly, "By understanding many things, I have accomplished nothing" (<i>Door veel te begrijpen, heb ik niets bereikt</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant friends and acquaintances of his included the theologian <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Junius_(the_elder)" title="Franciscus Junius (the elder)">Franciscus Junius</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Heinsius" title="Daniel Heinsius">Daniel Heinsius</a>, the philologist <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Johann_Vossius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Johann Vossius">Gerhard Johann Vossius</a>, the historian <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Meursius" title="Johannes Meursius">Johannes Meursius</a>, the engineer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a>, the historian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou" title="Jacques Auguste de Thou">Jacques Auguste de Thou</a>, the Orientalist and Arabic scholar <a href="/wiki/Thomas_van_Erpe" title="Thomas van Erpe">Erpinius</a>, and the French ambassador in the Dutch Republic, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Aubery_du_Maurier" title="Benjamin Aubery du Maurier">Benjamin Aubery du Maurier</a>, who allowed him to use the French diplomatic mail in the first years of his exile. He was also friends with the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabantian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Schottus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andreas Schottus">Andreas Schottus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH.M.1988note_67_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH.M.1988note_67-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grotius was the father of regent and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_Groot" title="Pieter de Groot">Pieter de Groot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_Grotius">Influence of Grotius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Influence of Grotius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grotius designed his theory to apply not only to states but also to rulers and subjects of law in general. Grotius's masterpiece <i>De Jure Belli ac Pacis</i> thus proved useful in the later development of theories of both private and criminal law.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_his_time_to_the_end_of_the_17th_century">From his time to the end of the 17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: From his time to the end of the 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The king of Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a>, was said to have always carried a copy of <i>De jure belli ac pacis</i> in his saddle when leading his troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201425-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/King_James_VI_and_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King James VI and I">King James VI and I</a> of Great Britain reacted very negatively to Grotius' presentation of the book during a diplomatic mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201425-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some philosophers, notably Protestants such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> and the main representatives of the Scottish Enlightenment <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a> held him in high esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201425-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Enlightenment, on the other hand, was much more critical. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> called it boring and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> developed an alternative conception of human nature. <a href="/wiki/Pufendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a>, another theoretician of the natural law concept, was also skeptical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201425-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentaries_of_the_18th_century">Commentaries of the 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commentaries of the 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote> <p>Into the very midst of all this welter of evil, at a point in time to all appearance hopeless, at a point in space apparently defenseless, in a nation of which every man, woman, and child was under sentence of death from its sovereign, was born a man who wrought as no other has ever done for the redemption of civilization from the main cause of all that misery; who thought out for Europe the precepts of right reason in international law; who made them heard; who gave a noble change to the course of human affairs; whose thoughts, reasonings, suggestions, and appeals produced an environment in which came an evolution of humanity that still continues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1910_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1910-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> satirized the Grotian <a href="/wiki/Governmental_theory_of_atonement" title="Governmental theory of atonement">governmental</a> approach to theology in <i><a href="/wiki/Methuselah%27s_Children" title="Methuselah's Children">Methuselah's Children</a></i>: "There is an old, old story about a theologian who was asked to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Mercy">Divine Mercy</a> with the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">infant damnation</a>. 'The Almighty,' he explained, 'finds it <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">necessary</a> to do things in His official and public capacity which in His private and personal capacity He deplores.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinlein1958324_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinlein1958324-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_interest_in_the_20th_century">Revival of interest in the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Revival of interest in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The influence of Grotius declined following the rise of <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> in the field of international law and the decline of natural law in philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde1998639_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde1998639-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Foundation</a> has nevertheless re-issued and re-translated <i>On the Law of War and Peace</i> after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon_Institute2010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon_Institute2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 20th century, his work aroused renewed interest as a controversy over the originality of his ethical work developed. For Irwing, Grotius would only repeat the contributions of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving2008_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2008-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, Schneewind argues that Grotius introduced the idea that "the conflict can not be eradicated and could not be dismissed, even in principle, by the most comprehensive metaphysical knowledge possible of how the world is made up".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneewind1993_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneewind1993-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201425-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As far as politics is concerned, Grotius is most often considered not so much as having brought new ideas but rather as one who has introduced a new way of approaching political problems. For Kingsbury and Roberts, "the most important direct contribution of ["On the Law of War and Peace"] lies in the way it systematically brings together practices and authorities on the traditional but fundamental subject of <i>jus belli</i>, which he organizes for the first time from a body of principles rooted in the law of nature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullRobertsKingsbury2003Introduction_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullRobertsKingsbury2003Introduction-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201424_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201424-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_(selection)"><span id="Bibliography_.28selection.29"></span>Bibliography (selection)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography (selection)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Grotius_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hugo_Grotius_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg/170px-Hugo_Grotius_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hugo_Grotius_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg/255px-Hugo_Grotius_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Hugo_Grotius_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Marble bas-relief of Grotius among 23 reliefs of great historical lawgivers in the chamber of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> in the United States Capitol</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annotationes_ad_Vetus_Testamentum.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Annotationes_ad_Vetus_Testamentum.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Annotationes_ad_Vetus_Testamentum.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Annotationes_ad_Vetus_Testamentum.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Annotationes_ad_Vetus_Testamentum.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Annotationes_ad_Vetus_Testamentum.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Annotationes_ad_Vetus_Testamentum.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="6280" /></a><figcaption><i>Annotationes ad Vetus Testamentum</i> (1732)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace_Library" title="Peace Palace Library">Peace Palace Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> holds the Grotius Collection, which has a large number of books by and about Grotius. The collection was based on a donation from <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff" title="Martinus Nijhoff">Martinus Nijhoff</a> of 55 editions of <i>De jure belli ac pacis libri tres</i>. </p><p>Works are listed in order of publication, with the exception of works published posthumously or after long delay (estimated composition dates are given).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeace_Palace_(The_Hague)1983_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeace_Palace_(The_Hague)1983-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bunge2017_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bunge2017-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where an English translation is available, the most recently published translation is listed beneath the title. </p> <ul><li><i>Martiani Minei Felicis Capellæ Carthaginiensis viri proconsularis Satyricon, in quo De nuptiis Philologiæ & Mercurij libri duo, & De septem artibus liberalibus libri singulares. Omnes, & emendati, & Notis, siue Februis Hug. Grotii illustrati</i> [The Satyricon by Martianus Minneus Felix Capella, a man from Carthage, which includes the two books of 'On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury', and the book named 'On the Seven Liberal Arts'. Everything, including corrections, annotations as well as deletions and illustrations by Hug. Grotius] - 1599</li> <li><i>Adamus exul</i> (The Exile of Adam; tragedy) – The Hague, 1601</li> <li><i>De republica emendanda</i> (To Improve the Dutch Republic; manuscript 1601) – pub. The Hague, 1984</li> <li><i>Parallelon rerumpublicarum</i> (Comparison of Constitutions; manuscript 1601–02) – pub. Haarlem 1801–03</li> <li><i>De Indis</i> (On the Indies; manuscript 1604–05) – pub. 1868 as <i>De Jure Praedae</i></li> <li><i>Christus patiens</i> (The Passion of Christ; tragedy) – Leiden, 1608</li> <li><i>Mare Liberum</i> (The Free Seas; from chapter 12 of <i>De Indis</i>) – Leiden, 1609</li> <li><i>De antiquitate reipublicae Batavicae</i> (On the Antiquity of the Batavian Republic) – Leiden, 1610 (An extension of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vranck" title="François Vranck">François Vranck</a>'s <i>Deduction</i> of 1587<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeb1973_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeb1973-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>The Antiquity of the Batavian Republic</i>, ed. Jan Waszink and others (van Gorcum, 2000).</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Meletius</i> (manuscript 1611) – pub. Leiden, 1988</li></ul> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFH.M.1988"><i>Meletius</i>, ed. G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes (Brill, 1988).</cite></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicis</i> (Annals and History of the Low Countries' War; manuscript 1612-13) – pub. Amsterdam, 1657</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>The Annals and History of the Low-Countrey-warrs</i>, ed. Thomas Manley (London, 1665):</dd> <dd>- Modern English translation of the <i>Annales</i> only in: Hugo Grotius, <i>Annals of the War in the Low Countries</i>, ed. with introduction by J. Waszink (Latin/English edition), Leuven UP 2023. Bibliotheca Latinitatis Novae, ISBN 978 94 6270 351 3 / eISBN 978 94 6166 485 3, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11116%2F9789461664853">10.11116/9789461664853</a>.</dd> <dd>- Modern Dutch translation of the <i>Annales</i> only in: Hugo de Groot, "Kroniek van de Nederlandse Oorlog. De Opstand 1559-1588", ed. Jan Waszink (Nijmegen, Vantilt 2014), with introduction, index, plates.</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas</i> (The Piety of the States of Holland and Westfriesland) – Leiden, 1613</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas</i>, ed. Edwin Rabbie (Brill, 1995).</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra</i> (On the power of sovereigns concerning religious affairs; manuscript 1614–17) – pub. Paris, 1647</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra</i>, ed. Harm-Jan van Dam (Brill, 2001).</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>De satisfactione Christi adversus Faustum Socinum</i> (On the satisfaction of Christ against [the doctrines of] <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Socinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus Socinus">Faustus Socinus</a>) – Leiden, 1617</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione Christi</i>, ed. Edwin Rabbie (van Gorcum, 1990).</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrotius1889" class="citation book cs1">Grotius, Hugo (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yoel.info/grotius.pdf"><i>A defence of the Catholic faith concerning the satisfaction of Christ against Faustus Socinus</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Andover, MA: W. F. Draper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+defence+of+the+Catholic+faith+concerning+the+satisfaction+of+Christ+against+Faustus+Socinus&rft.place=Andover%2C+MA&rft.pub=W.+F.+Draper&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Grotius&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyoel.info%2Fgrotius.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Inleydinge tot de Hollantsche rechtsgeleertheit</i> (Introduction to Dutch Jurisprudence; written in Loevenstein) – pub. The Hague, 1631</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>The Jurisprudence of Holland</i>, ed. R.W. Lee (Oxford, 1926).</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Bewijs van den waaren godsdienst</i> (Proof of the True Religion; didactic poem) – Rotterdam, 1622</li> <li><i>Apologeticus</i> (Defense of the actions which led to his arrest (This was for a long time the only source for what transpired during Grotius' trial in 1619, because the trial record was not published at the time. However, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fruin" title="Robert Fruin">Robert Fruin</a> edited this trial record in<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruin1871_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruin1871-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) – Paris, 1922</li> <li><i>De jure belli ac pacis</i> (On the Law of War and Peace) – Paris, 1625 (2nd ed. Amsterdam 1631)</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Hugo Grotius: On the Law of War and Peace</i>. Student edn. Ed. Stephen C. Neff (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012)</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>De veritate religionis Christianae</i> (On the Truth of the Christian religion) – Paris, 1627</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>The Truth of the Christian Religion</i>, ed. John Clarke (Edinburgh, 1819).</dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Sophompaneas</i> (Joseph; tragedy) – Amsterdam, 1635</li> <li><i>De origine gentium Americanarum dissertatio</i> (Dissertation of the origin of the American peoples) – Paris 1642</li> <li><i>Via ad pacem ecclesiasticam</i> (The way to religious peace) – Paris, 1642</li> <li><i>Annotationes in Vetus Testamentum</i> (Commentaries on the Old Testament) – Amsterdam, 1644</li> <li><i>Annotationes in Novum Testamentum</i> (Commentaries on the New Testament) – Amsterdam and Paris, 1641–50</li> <li><i>De fato</i> (On Destiny) – Paris, 1648</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coenraad_van_Beuningen" title="Coenraad van Beuningen">Coenraad van Beuningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emer_de_Vattel" title="Emer de Vattel">Emer de Vattel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school of international relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotius_Lectures" title="Grotius Lectures">Grotius Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9994_Grotius" title="9994 Grotius">9994 Grotius</a> – an asteroid named after Grotius</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this <a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> de Groot</i>, not <i> Groot</i>. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ug.edu.pl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ug.edu.pl_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Prof." class="mw-redirect" title="Prof.">Prof.</a> dr hab. Edmund Kotarski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literat.ug.edu.pl/autors/frycz.htm">"Andrzej FRYCZ Modrzewski (Fricius Modrevius)" with bibliography.</a> <i>Virtual Library of Polish Literature.</i> Retrieved September 28, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUlam1946" class="citation journal cs1">Ulam, Adam (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400051108/type/journal_article">"Andreas Fricius Modrevius—A Polish Political Theorist of the Sixteenth Century"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>40</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">485–</span>494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1949322">10.2307/1949322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1949322">1949322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146226931">146226931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Andreas+Fricius+Modrevius%E2%80%94A+Polish+Political+Theorist+of+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E494&rft.date=1946&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146226931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1949322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1949322&rft.aulast=Ulam&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400051108%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howell A. Lloyd, <i>Jean Bodin</i>, Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray1838" class="citation book cs1">Murray, John (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfortra20firgoog"><i>A hand-book for travellers on the continent: being a guide through Holland, Belgium, Prussia</i></a>. BIBLIOBAZAAR. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfortra20firgoog/page/n126">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-117-07017-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-117-07017-4"><bdi>1-117-07017-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+hand-book+for+travellers+on+the+continent%3A+being+a+guide+through+Holland%2C+Belgium%2C+Prussia&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=BIBLIOBAZAAR&rft.date=1838&rft.isbn=1-117-07017-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahandbookfortra20firgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_Davies" title="Charles Maurice Davies">Davies, Charles Maurice</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9kBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA539"><i>History of Holland, from the beginning of the tenth to the end of the Eighteenth Century, Volume 2</i></a>. General Books. p. 539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-151-01164-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-151-01164-0"><bdi>978-1-151-01164-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Holland%2C+from+the+beginning+of+the+tenth+to+the+end+of+the+Eighteenth+Century%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-151-01164-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Charles+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9kBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_Hugo-Grotius-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_Hugo-Grotius_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_Hugo-Grotius_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugo-Grotius">"Hugo Grotius | Dutch statesman and scholar | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius+%7C+Dutch+statesman+and+scholar+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHugo-Grotius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borschberg, Peter (2011), <i>Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies</i>, Singapore and Leiden, NUS Press & KITLV Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-467-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-467-8">978-9971-69-467-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullRobertsKingsbury2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullRobertsKingsbury2003_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullRobertsKingsbury2003">Bull, Roberts & Kingsbury 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThumfart2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThumfart2009_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThumfart2009">Thumfart 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNellen2014" class="citation book cs1">Nellen, Henk J. M. (2014). <i>Hugo Grotius: A Lifelong Struggle for Peace in Church and State, 1583 – 1645</i>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27436-5"><bdi>978-90-04-27436-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%3A+A+Lifelong+Struggle+for+Peace+in+Church+and+State%2C+1583+%E2%80%93+1645&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27436-5&rft.aulast=Nellen&rft.aufirst=Henk+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlom2009" class="citation book cs1">Blom, Hans W. (2009). <i>Property, Piracy and Punishment: Hugo Grotius on War and Booty in De iure praedae: Concepts and Contexts</i>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17513-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17513-6"><bdi>978-90-04-17513-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property%2C+Piracy+and+Punishment%3A+Hugo+Grotius+on+War+and+Booty+in+De+iure+praedae%3A+Concepts+and+Contexts&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17513-6&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Hans+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunstetterO’Driscoll2017" class="citation book cs1">Brunstetter, Daniel R.; O’Driscoll, Cian (2017). <i>Just War Thinkers: From Cicero to the 21st Century</i>. Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30711-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30711-2"><bdi>978-1-317-30711-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+War+Thinkers%3A+From+Cicero+to+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-30711-2&rft.aulast=Brunstetter&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Driscoll%2C+Cian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917chap_1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917chap_1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVreeland1917">Vreeland 1917</a>, chap 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahl1965-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahl1965_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahl1965">Stahl 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Siebold1847-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Siebold1847_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Siebold1847">von Siebold 1847</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20142-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20142_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20142_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20142_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014">Miller 2014</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorab-Karpowicz2010" class="citation book cs1">Korab-Karpowicz, W. Julian (2010). <i>A History of Political Philosophy: From Thucydides to Locke</i>. New York, NY: Global Scholarly Publications. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59267-113-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59267-113-7"><bdi>978-1-59267-113-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Political+Philosophy%3A+From+Thucydides+to+Locke&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Global+Scholarly+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59267-113-7&rft.aulast=Korab-Karpowicz&rft.aufirst=W.+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugo-Grotius">"Hugo Grotius | Dutch statesman and scholar | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius+%7C+Dutch+statesman+and+scholar+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHugo-Grotius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span> and: J. Waszink, ‘Tacitism in Holland: Hugo Grotius' <i>Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicis</i>’ in Rhoda Schnur (ed.), Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Bonnensis: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies (Bonn 2003). Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies vol. 315, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrotius_and_Waszink2023" class="citation book cs1">Grotius and Waszink (2023). Waszink, Jan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11116/9789461664853"><i>Annals of the War in the Low Countries, ed. with an introduction by J. Waszink</i></a>. Bibliotheca Latinitatis Novae. Leuven (BE): Leuven UP. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11116%2F9789461664853">10.11116/9789461664853</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6270-351-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6270-351-3"><bdi>978-94-6270-351-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251530133">251530133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+War+in+the+Low+Countries%2C+ed.+with+an+introduction+by+J.+Waszink&rft.place=Leuven+%28BE%29&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Latinitatis+Novae&rft.pub=Leuven+UP&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251530133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11116%2F9789461664853&rft.isbn=978-94-6270-351-3&rft.au=Grotius+and+Waszink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11116%2F9789461664853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/48d0a785-2b61-467a-8c85-f2728e33702c">"The Santa Catarina Incident"</a>. The National Library Board, Government of Singapore. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>[The Santa Catarina] was taken under the laws of war by Dutch Admiral Jacob van Heemskerk</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Santa+Catarina+Incident&rft.pub=The+National+Library+Board%2C+Government+of+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fhistory%2Fevents%2F48d0a785-2b61-467a-8c85-f2728e33702c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ittersum2006Chap._1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ittersum2006Chap._1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ittersum2006Chap._1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ittersum2006">van Ittersum 2006</a>, Chap. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraska201188-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraska201188_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraska2011">Kraska 2011</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden1652-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelden1652_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelden1652">Selden 1652</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENussbaum1947-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENussbaum1947_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNussbaum1947">Nussbaum 1947</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917chap_3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917chap_3_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVreeland1917">Vreeland 1917</a>, chap 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20143-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20143_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20143_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20143_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014">Miller 2014</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotiusRabbie1995-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotiusRabbie1995_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotiusRabbie1995">Grotius & Rabbie 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENijenhuis1972-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENijenhuis1972_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNijenhuis1972">Nijenhuis 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Dam1994_30-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Dam1994">Van Dam 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917Appendix-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVreeland1917Appendix_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVreeland1917">Vreeland 1917</a>, AppendixA translation edict is printed in full in the appendix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See his manuscript for <i>Meletius</i> (1611) and the more systematic <i>De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra</i> (finished 1617, published 1647)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotiusBlom2009-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotiusBlom2009_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotiusBlom2009">Grotius & Blom 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlot_Loevestein2019-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlot_Loevestein2019_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlot_Loevestein2019">Slot Loevestein 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20144-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20144_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014">Miller 2014</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooley2013184-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooley2013184_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTooley2013">Tooley 2013</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrotiusKelsey1925-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrotiusKelsey1925_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrotiusKelsey1925">Grotius & Kelsey 1925</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron2002_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaldron2002">Waldron 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1986-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1986_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf1986">Wolf 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElze1958-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElze1958_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElze1958">Elze 1958</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Delft"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Delft">"Delft" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delft&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=954&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpuyman2019" class="citation web cs1">Spuyman, Ceren (10 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchreview.com/culture/history/hugo-de-groot-history/">"Hugo de Groot: one of the greatest Dutch thinkers of all time"</a>. <i>DutchReview</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DutchReview&rft.atitle=Hugo+de+Groot%3A+one+of+the+greatest+Dutch+thinkers+of+all+time&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft.aulast=Spuyman&rft.aufirst=Ceren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchreview.com%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fhugo-de-groot-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2014-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2014_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014">Miller 2014</a>. While they are probably apocryphal, his supposed last words—“By attempting many things, I have accomplished nothing”—do evoke the span of his life's work and his personal assessment of the results.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH.M.1988note_67-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH.M.1988note_67_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH.M.1988">H.M. 1988</a>, note 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugo-Grotius/Later-life">"Hugo Grotius - Later life | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius+-+Later+life+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHugo-Grotius%2FLater-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201425-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201425_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014">Miller 2014</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1910-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1910_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite1910">White 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinlein1958324-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinlein1958324_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinlein1958">Heinlein 1958</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde1998639-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde1998639_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForde1998">Forde 1998</a>, p. 639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon_Institute2010-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon_Institute2010_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFActon_Institute2010">Acton Institute 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving2008-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrving2008_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrving2008">Irving 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneewind1993-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneewind1993_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneewind1993">Schneewind 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullRobertsKingsbury2003Introduction-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullRobertsKingsbury2003Introduction_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullRobertsKingsbury2003">Bull, Roberts & Kingsbury 2003</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201424-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201424_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2014">Miller 2014</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeace_Palace_(The_Hague)1983-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeace_Palace_(The_Hague)1983_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeace_Palace_(The_Hague)1983">Peace Palace (The Hague) 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Bunge2017-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Bunge2017_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Bunge2017">van Bunge 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeb1973-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeb1973_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeb1973">Leeb 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruin1871-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruin1871_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFruin1871">Fruin 1871</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFActon_Institute2010" class="citation journal cs1">Acton Institute (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acton.org/pub/religion-liberty/volume-9-number-6/hugo-grotius">"Hugo Grotius"</a>. <i>Religion & Liberty</i>. <b>9</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+%26+Liberty&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Acton+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facton.org%2Fpub%2Freligion-liberty%2Fvolume-9-number-6%2Fhugo-grotius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBullRobertsKingsbury2003" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Hedley; Roberts, Adam; Kingsbury, Benedict (2003). <i>Hugo Grotius and International Relations</i>. Oxford: Oxford UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-825569-7"><bdi>978-0-19-825569-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius+and+International+Relations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-825569-7&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Hedley&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Adam&rft.au=Kingsbury%2C+Benedict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElze1958" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elze, M. (1958). "Grotius, Hugo". <i>Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i> (in German). <b>3</b>. Tübingen (Germany): Mohr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Religion+in+Geschichte+und+Gegenwart&rft.atitle=Grotius%2C+Hugo&rft.volume=3&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Elze&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForde1998" class="citation journal cs1">Forde, Steven (1998). "Hugo Grotius on Ethics and War". <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>92</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">639–</span>648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2585486">10.2307/2585486</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2585486">2585486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143831729">143831729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius+on+Ethics+and+War&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E639-%3C%2Fspan%3E648&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143831729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2585486%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2585486&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFruin1871" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fruin, R. (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GN9FAAAAcAAJ&q=proces+tegen++Hugo+Grotius&pg=PR5">"Verhooren en andere bescheiden betreffende het rechtsgeding van Hugo de Groot"</a>. <i>Google Books</i> (in Dutch). Kemink en Zn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=Verhooren+en+andere+bescheiden+betreffende+het+rechtsgeding+van+Hugo+de+Groot&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Fruin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGN9FAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dproces%2Btegen%2B%2BHugo%2BGrotius%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrotiusKelsey1925" class="citation book cs1">Grotius, Hugo; Kelsey, Francis W. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46564"><i>The Law of War and Peace</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+War+and+Peace&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Grotius&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.au=Kelsey%2C+Francis+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F46564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrotiusRabbie1995" class="citation book cs1">Grotius, Hugo; Rabbie, Edwin (1995). <i>Hugo Grotius: Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae Pietas, 1613</i>. New York: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%3A+Ordinum+Hollandiae+ac+Westfrisiae+Pietas%2C+1613.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Grotius&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.au=Rabbie%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrotiusBlom2009" class="citation book cs1">Grotius, Hugo; Blom, Hans W. (2009). <i>Property, Piracy and Punishment: Hugo Grotius on War and Booty in De Iure Praedae – Concepts and Contexts</i>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property%2C+Piracy+and+Punishment%3A+Hugo+Grotius+on+War+and+Booty+in+De+Iure+Praedae+%E2%80%93+Concepts+and+Contexts&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Grotius&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.au=Blom%2C+Hans+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein1988" class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, Guillaume (1988). <i>Hugo Grotius, Meletius sive De iis quae inter Christianos conveniunt Epistola: Critical Edition with Translation, Commentary and Introduction</i>. Brill. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%2C+Meletius+sive+De+iis+quae+inter+Christianos+conveniunt+Epistola%3A+Critical+Edition+with+Translation%2C+Commentary+and+Introduction&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein, Robert A.</a> (1958). <i>Revolt in 2100 & Methuselah's Children</i>. Riverdale, New York: Baen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+2100+%26+Methuselah%27s+Children&rft.place=Riverdale%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Baen&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrving2008" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Terence (2008). <i>The Development of Ethics</i>. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">447–</span>449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1"><bdi>0-19-873072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness%2C+and+Fall+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E449&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-873072-1&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKraska2011" class="citation book cs1">Kraska, James (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NgPm_7mP0-YC"><i>Contemporary Maritime Piracy: International Law, Strategy, and Diplomacy at Sea: International Law, Strategy, and Diplomacy at Sea</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313387258" title="Special:BookSources/9780313387258"><bdi>9780313387258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Maritime+Piracy%3A+International+Law%2C+Strategy%2C+and+Diplomacy+at+Sea%3A+International+Law%2C+Strategy%2C+and+Diplomacy+at+Sea&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-06&rft.isbn=9780313387258&rft.aulast=Kraska&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNgPm_7mP0-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeb1973" class="citation book cs1">Leeb, I. Leonard (1973). <i>Ideological Origins of the Batavian Revolution: History and Politics in the Dutch Republic, 1747–1800</i>. 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Stanford: Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2014%2Fentries%2Fgrotius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNellen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nellen, Henk (January 2012). "Minimal Religion, Deism, and Socinianism: On Grotius's Motives for Writing <i>De Veritate</i>". <i>Grotiana</i>. <b>33</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18760759-03300006">10.1163/18760759-03300006</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1876-0759">1876-0759</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-3831">0167-3831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grotiana&rft.atitle=Minimal+Religion%2C+Deism%2C+and+Socinianism%3A+On+Grotius%27s+Motives+for+Writing+De+Veritate&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2012-01&rft.issn=0167-3831&rft.eissn=1876-0759&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18760759-03300006&rft.aulast=Nellen&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNijenhuis1972" class="citation book cs1">Nijenhuis, Willem (1972). <i>Ecclesia reformata: Studies on the Reformation</i>. 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"To a Better Understanding of Martianus Capella". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">102–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2856467">10.2307/2856467</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856467">2856467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161708230">161708230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=To+a+Better+Understanding+of+Martianus+Capella&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161708230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2856467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2856467&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThumfart2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thumfart, Johannes (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3067362">"On Grotius's Mare liberum and Vitoria's de indis, following Agamben and Schmitt"</a>. <i>Grotiana</i>. <b>30</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F016738309X12537002674286">10.1163/016738309X12537002674286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grotiana&rft.atitle=On+Grotius%27s+Mare+liberum+and+Vitoria%27s+de+indis%2C+following+Agamben+and+Schmitt&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F016738309X12537002674286&rft.aulast=Thumfart&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3067362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTooley2013" class="citation book cs1">Tooley, W. Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/20230/1/Final%20Version_Tooley%20PhD%20Thesis_Reinventing%20Redemption%20The%20Methodist%20Doctrine%20of%20Atonement%20in%20Britain%20and%20America%20in%20the%20Long%20Nineteenth%20Century.pdf"><i>Reinventing Redemption: The Methodist Doctrine of Atonement in Britain and America in the Long Nineteenth Century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Phd thesis). Stirling: University of Stirling.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+Redemption%3A+The+Methodist+Doctrine+of+Atonement+in+Britain+and+America+in+the+Long+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=University+of+Stirling&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tooley&rft.aufirst=W.+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.stir.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F1893%2F20230%2F1%2FFinal%2520Version_Tooley%2520PhD%2520Thesis_Reinventing%2520Redemption%2520The%2520Methodist%2520Doctrine%2520of%2520Atonement%2520in%2520Britain%2520and%2520America%2520in%2520the%2520Long%2520Nineteenth%2520Century.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bunge2017" class="citation journal cs1">van Bunge, Wiep (2017). "Grotius, Hugo". <i>Dictionary of Seventeenth Century Dutch Philosophers</i>. England: Bloomsbury.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Seventeenth+Century+Dutch+Philosophers&rft.atitle=Grotius%2C+Hugo&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=van+Bunge&rft.aufirst=Wiep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dam1994" class="citation book cs1">Van Dam, Harm-Jan (1994). "De Imperio Summarum Potestatum Circa Sacra". In Henk J.M. Nellen & Edwin Rabbie (ed.). <i>Hugo Grotius Theologian – Essays in Honor of G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes</i>. New York: E.J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Imperio+Summarum+Potestatum+Circa+Sacra&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius+Theologian+%E2%80%93+Essays+in+Honor+of+G.H.M.+Posthumus+Meyjes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Harm-Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Ittersum2006" class="citation book cs1">van Ittersum, Martine Julia (2006). <i>Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies 1595–1615</i>. Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14979-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14979-3"><bdi>978-90-04-14979-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%2C+Natural+Rights+Theories+and+the+Rise+of+Dutch+Power+in+the+East+Indies+1595%E2%80%931615&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14979-3&rft.aulast=van+Ittersum&rft.aufirst=Martine+Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldron2002" class="citation book cs1">Waldron, Jeremy (2002). <i>God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought</i>. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. pp. 189, 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89057-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89057-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Locke%2C+and+Equality%3A+Christian+Foundations+in+Locke%27s+Political+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge+%28UK%29&rft.pages=189%2C+208&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89057-1&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Siebold1847" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Siebold, Philipp Franz (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OPlKAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3">"Nécrologie de Jhr. Hugo Cornets de Groot"</a>. <i>Le Moniteur des Indes-Orientales et Occidentales</i> (in French). <b>3</b>: 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Moniteur+des+Indes-Orientales+et+Occidentales&rft.atitle=N%C3%A9crologie+de+Jhr.+Hugo+Cornets+de+Groot&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=von+Siebold&rft.aufirst=Philipp+Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOPlKAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVreeland1917" class="citation book cs1">Vreeland, Hamilton (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hugogrotiusfathe00vreeuoft/page/n10"><i>Hugo Grotius: The Father of the Modern Science of International Law</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-2702-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8377-2702-8"><bdi>978-0-8377-2702-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Grotius%3A+The+Father+of+the+Modern+Science+of+International+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.isbn=978-0-8377-2702-8&rft.aulast=Vreeland&rft.aufirst=Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhugogrotiusfathe00vreeuoft%2Fpage%2Fn10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite1910" class="citation book cs1">White, Andrew Dickson (1910). <i>Seven great Statesmen in the warfare of humanity with unreason By Andrew Dickson White</i>. New York: Century Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+great+Statesmen+in+the+warfare+of+humanity+with+unreason+By+Andrew+Dickson+White&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Century+Co&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Dickson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolf1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolf, Ernst (1986). "Naturrecht". <i>Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart</i> (in German). <b>3</b>. Tübingen (Germany): Mohr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Religion+in+Geschichte+und+Gegenwart&rft.atitle=Naturrecht&rft.volume=3&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <i>Catalogue of the Grotius Collection</i> (Peace Palace Library, The Hague) and 'Grotius, Hugo' in <i>Dictionary of Seventeenth Century Dutch Philosophers</i> (Thoemmes Press 2003). </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlvarado2018" class="citation book cs1">Alvarado, Ruben (2018). <i>The Debate That Changed the West: Grotius versus Althusius</i>. Aalten: Pantocrator Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-76660-51-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-76660-51-6"><bdi>978-90-76660-51-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1060613096">1060613096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debate+That+Changed+the+West%3A+Grotius+versus+Althusius&rft.place=Aalten&rft.pub=Pantocrator+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1060613096&rft.isbn=978-90-76660-51-6&rft.aulast=Alvarado&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle, Pierre</a>. (1720). "Grotius", in <i>Dictionaire historique et critique</i>, 3rd ed. (Rotterdam: Michel Bohm).</li> <li>Bell, Jordy: <i>Hugo Grotius: Historian</i>. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1980</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlom2016" class="citation book cs1">Blom, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/grotius/">"Hugo Grotius"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fgrotius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Blom, H. W.; Winkel, L. C.: <i>Grotius and the Stoa</i>. Van Gorcum Ltd, 2004, 332pp</li> <li>Borschberg, Peter, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4302729"><i>Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies</i></a>, Singapore and Leiden: Singapore University Press and KITLV Press.</li> <li>Brandt, Reinhard: <i>Eigentumstheorien von Grotius bis Kant (Problemata)</i>. Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1974, 275pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrett2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brett, Annabel (2 April 2002). "Natural Right and Civil Community: The Civil Philosophy of Hugo Grotius". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>45</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X01002102">10.1017/S0018246X01002102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159489997">159489997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Natural+Right+and+Civil+Community%3A+The+Civil+Philosophy+of+Hugo+Grotius&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2002-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X01002102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159489997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Annabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Buckle, Stephen: <i>Natural Law and the Theory of Property: Grotius to Hume</i>. 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Oxford University Press, USA, 2005, 230 pp</li> <li>Wilson, Eric: <i>Savage Republic: De Indis of Hugo Grotius, Republicanism and Dutch Hegemony within the Early Modern World-System (c. 1600–1619)</i>. Martinus Nijhoff, 2008, 534p</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuckert,_Michael_P." class="mw-redirect" title="Zuckert, Michael P.">Zuckert, Michael P.</a>: <i>Natural Rights and the New Republicanism</i>. Princeton University Press, 1998, 410pp</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" class="extiw" title="q:Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8308">Works by Hugo Grotius</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=952">Works by Hugo Grotius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Post-Reformation_Digital_Library" title="Post-Reformation Digital Library">Post-Reformation Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picarta.pica.nl/xslt/DB=3.11/TTL=1/REL?PPN=068407017">Works by Hugo Grotius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220114154015/http://picarta.pica.nl/xslt/DB=3.11/TTL=1/REL?PPN=068407017">Archived</a> 14 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picarta.pica.nl">Short Title Catalogue Netherlands (STCN)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531043354/http://picarta.pica.nl/xslt/login/LNG=NE/COOKIE/REQUEST?DB=2.41&REDIRECT=http%3A%2F%2Fpicarta.pica.nl%2Fxslt%2F">Archived</a> 31 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>Individual works by Grotius</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/gro/djbp.htm"><i>On the Laws of War and Peace</i> (abridged)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86069579.r=Hugo+Grotius.langEN"><i>On the Laws of War and Peace</i> (Latin, first edition 1625)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1887/4549"><i>Logicarum disputationum quarta de postpraedicamentis</i></a>; disputation, aged 14, at Leiden University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1887/4550"><i>Physicarum disputationum septima de infinito, loco et vacuo</i></a>; disputation, aged 14, at Leiden University</li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/collection/special-collections/grotius-collection/">Extensive catalogue of Grotius' writings at the Peace Palace Library, The Hague.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503123400/https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/collection/special-collections/grotius-collection/">Archived</a> 3 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Unfortunately, this links leads to: "Forbidden. You don't have permission to access /files/Grotius_Collection.pdf on this server."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/blog/?catalogue=hugo-de-groot">The Correspondence of Hugo de Groot (Grotius)</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/home">EMLO</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlom" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blom, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/grotius">"Hugo Grotius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fgrotius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/grotius/">"Hugo Grotius"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hugo+Grotius&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fgrotius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Grotius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azquotes.com/author/23838-Hugo_Grotius/">Hugo Grotius' Quotes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="James Arminius"><img alt="James Arminius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/125px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/188px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png/250px-Arminius_5_flopped_and_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrant_Confession" title="Remonstrant Confession">Remonstrant Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Episcopius" title="Simon Episcopius">Simon Episcopius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugo Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwin_(preacher)" title="John Goodwin (preacher)">John Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grantham_(Baptist)" title="Thomas Grantham (Baptist)">Thomas Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osmond_Summers" title="Thomas Osmond Summers">Thomas Osmond Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burt_Pope" title="William Burt Pope">William Burt Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Orton_Wiley" title="Henry Orton Wiley">Henry Orton Wiley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Oden" title="Thomas C. Oden">Thomas C. Oden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_R._Osborne" title="Grant R. Osborne">Grant R. Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington_III" title="Ben Witherington III">Ben Witherington III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_E._Olson" title="Roger E. Olson">Roger E. Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_S._Keener" title="Craig S. Keener">Craig S. Keener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._J._Oropeza" title="B. J. Oropeza">B. J. Oropeza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism in the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Baptists" title="General Baptists">General Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventist church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir" title="Dimitrie Cantemir">Cantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jurisprudence774" style="padding:3px"><table 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title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_law_articles" title="Index of philosophy of law articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal theory">Legal theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_legal_studies" title="Critical legal studies">Critical legal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Economic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal norms">Legal norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="International legal theory">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology of law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexy" title="Robert Alexy">Alexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartosz_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Bartosz Brożek">Brożek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch" title="Georges Gurvitch">Gurvitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_H%C3%A4gerstr%C3%B6m" title="Axel Hägerström">Hägerström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Jhering" title="Rudolf von Jhering">Jhering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn" title="Karl Llewellyn">Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Olivecrona" title="Karl Olivecrona">Olivecrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Petra%C5%BCycki" title="Leon Petrażycki">Petrażycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Ross" title="Alf Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Scaevola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_jurisprudence" title="Category:Books about jurisprudence">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 355 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law" title="Pure Theory of Law">Pure Theory of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law" title="The Concept of Law">The Concept of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_law" title="Category:Theories of law">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_jurisprudence" title="Analytical jurisprudence">Analytical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)" title="Interpretivism (legal)">Interpretivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_moralism" title="Legal moralism">Legal moralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Constitutional amendment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa (concept)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_reform" title="Judicial reform">Judicial reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_without_the_state" title="Law without the state">Law without the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_legal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country legal systems">Legal system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-Fiqh">Usul al-Fiqh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121266471">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32005141">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/28249/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc7VpRqDjvRvxqRtXDXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118542702">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78087113">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119854851">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119854851">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00467633">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grotius, Hugo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV081853">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35154120">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700637&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000015804&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000015805&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX908856">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/40244">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068407017">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90301590">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14218194">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01150916?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:grozio.u">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500044269">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hugo Grotius</span></div> </div> 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