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科学网—杂说香与臭 - 冯大诚的博文
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</h1> </div> <div class="bm_c"> <div class="vw mbm"> <div class="h pbm"> <h1 class="ph"> 杂说香与臭 <a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog.php?mod=recommend"><img src="./static/image/blog/recommendico.gif" width="22px" height="22px" /><font style="font-size:14px; color:#930;" face="宋体">精选</font></a> </h1> <p class="xg2"> <span class="xg1">已有 6285 次阅读</span> <span class="xg1">2024-11-8 07:34</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">个人分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=612874&do=blog&classid=167212&view=me">科学与生活</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&do=blog&view=all&uid=612874&catid=7">科普集锦</a></span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p style="margin-top:16px;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:16px;margin-left:0;text-align:center;line-height:200%"><strong><span style="font-size:24px;line-height: 200%;font-family:黑体;color:red">杂说香与臭</span></strong></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">香和臭是两种气味,都是鼻子嗅觉的结果。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">我们的先人关于感官感觉的结果,对视觉称色,有五色(青黄赤白黑);对听觉称音或声,有五音或五声(宫商角徵羽);对味觉称味,有五味(酸苦甘辛咸)。但是对嗅觉的结果,却没有一个可以用来表示的字。后人到“舌”那里去借来一个味字,组成一个词“气味”。现在大家都用气味这个词来表示嗅觉的结果。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">其实,前人对于嗅觉的结果,曾经试图用一个字来表示。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">例如,孟子就曾经这样说:“口之于味也,目之于色也,耳之于声也,鼻之于臭也,四肢之于安佚也,性也。”(《孟子·尽心下》)这里,孟子用一个臭字来表示嗅觉的结果。不过,这样的用法后来并没有得到大家普遍的应用。臭字并没有能够承担起与味、色、声一样的作用,只是成了“气味”的一种,而且是不被大家欢迎的那一种。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">又如,佛教徒在翻译佛经的时候,把眼耳鼻舌身意这六根即六种器官感觉的结果,说成了色声香味触法六尘。眼对应于色,耳对应于声,舌对应于味,而鼻则对应于香。也就是说,这里把香字代表了一切气味。这个用法,也没有得到大众的普遍应用。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">语言必须得到大众的普遍应用,这就是语言的约定俗成。如果语言如果不是被大众普遍应用,即使是被孟子那样的名人应用了,被佛经那样的经典应用了,只是没有被大众普遍应用,就还是不能算数。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">视觉的动作是视,也称看;听觉的动作是听,也称闻;味觉的动作是品味、尝味、辨味;而嗅觉的动作除了嗅,则从听觉那里借来一个闻字,又从味觉那里借来一个味字,两个字组成了“闻味”这个词,如今绝大多数人对于嗅这个动作,大多说“闻味”。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">总之,在古人那里,跟视觉、听觉、味觉相比,嗅觉似乎总欠缺了一点什么。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">如今,现代生物学和生理性对于嗅觉的研究已经到了基因这样的分子水平,但是也无法像用甜、咸、酸、苦、鲜等来区分各种味道那样对于各种气味进行非常简单而有定义的分类,更无法像用光的波长来定义颜色、用声音的频率来区分声音那样进行精确的科学分类。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">在一般人的心目中,还是只用香和臭两个字来区分气味,认为令人愉快的气味是香,令人反感的便是臭。例如《新华字典》对于香的解释是:“气味好闻,与臭相反”;对于臭的解释是:“气味难闻的,与香相反”。所以,本文要说的还只是香和臭两种气味。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">篆字的香,上部是一个黍字,表示谷物,下部是一个甘,表示甘甜,到了隶书和楷书,黍简化为禾,甘写成了日,这就是香。对于物体气味的爱好,人们的分歧往往比较大,有人喜欢的气味,另外有些人可能不喜欢。但是对于谷物的气味,大概极少有人会不喜欢,因为这谷物是人类生活所需,是世界各国的绝大多数人们生存所共同需要的,是多少千年以来老祖宗一代又一代传下来的。所以,我国古人用“香”这个字表示人们喜欢的味道,是得到最广大的大众认可的。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">臭,从自从犬。自是鼻的本字(鼻字是形声字,自表形,畀表音),鼻是嗅觉器官,犬的嗅觉非常灵敏,对什么都先闻一下,所以,臭字的本义是气味或闻气味。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">本来,臭只是表示气味,无论好闻的、难闻的都可以用它来表示。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">《诗·大雅·文王》有诗句“上天之载,无声无臭”。这里的臭,就是气味,并没有任何好闻、难闻的提示。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">上面曾经提到过的《孟子》的那段话里说到的臭,其实用的正是臭字的本义。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">既然臭字的本义只是表示气味,那么人们既可以用来表示好闻的,也可以用来表示难闻的。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">例如,《周易·系辞上》:“二人同心,其利断金;同心之言,其臭如兰。”其臭如兰,当然是好闻的味道了。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">又如,宋濂在《送东阳马生序》中说,他的同学“左佩刀,右备容臭,烨然若神人”。容臭是放香料的香袋,这里的臭也表示好闻的气味。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">但是,臭字更多的用法,是用来表示难闻的气味。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">例如,《吕氏春秋·遇合》:“人有大臭者,其亲戚、兄弟、妻妾、知识,无能与居者,自苦而居海上。海上有人说其臭者,昼夜随之而弗能去。”这里的“大”就是太,“知识”就是熟识的朋友,“说”就是“悦”,由此得到一个成语“逐臭之夫”。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">又如,《史记》载,秦始皇死后,赵高、李斯秘不发丧,把秦始皇尸体置辒凉车内,“会暑,上辒车臭,乃诏从官令车载一石鲍鱼,以乱其臭。”这里的臭是尸体腐烂的气味,是极其难闻的。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">香和臭现在专用于相对立的两种气味,也都引申到形容一般的事物,香是正面的、好的,臭则是反面的、坏的。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">如果说,在古代臭字的用法,有“中性”的,有偏向于好闻的,也有偏向于难闻的,那么,到了近代,臭就专用于难闻的气味,也引申为坏的,腐败的,成为一个完全的贬义了。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">例如臭味相投这个成语,本来只表示双方志趣、性情相投合。如《醒世恒言</span><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 'MS Mincho'">・</span><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">薛录事鱼服证仙》:“这二位官人,为官也都清正。因臭味相投,每遇公事之暇,或谈诗,或奕棋,或在花前竹下,开樽小饮,彼来此往,十分款洽。”现在恐怕没有一个人把臭味相投这样用的了。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">但是,对于实际的气味,还是不能绝对地分出究竟是香还是臭。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">一方面,不同的人对于同一种气味,会有不同的感觉。有人认为好闻,是香;另一些人则认为难闻,是臭。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">另一方面,即使是同一种物质发出的气味,往往也与这种物质的浓度有关,浓度不同,给大多数人的感觉也不同。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">例如对于吲哚类物质,如甲基吲哚,在浓度略大的情况下也很臭的。粪便很臭,而甲基吲哚是其中主要的臭味物质,因而甲基吲哚也称粪臭素。但是,当甲基吲哚的浓度很小时,却呈现出令人愉快的香味。茉莉花香就以甲基吲哚为最重要成分之一。所以甲基吲哚是化妆品、饮料、糖果等行业所用到的重要化工原料。当然,我们现在并不需要从粪便中提取甲基吲哚,它现在主要由用苯肼与醛、酮在酸催化下加热重排的方法来制备,或者从煤焦油中提取。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">许多含氮或含硫的化合物是有臭味的。众所周知的氨气(NH3),过去音译为阿摩尼亚,就是很臭的。而氨的取代物胺类化合物(RNH2、RˊRNH)就特别臭。像丁二胺(腐胺)、戊二胺(尸胺)就特别臭,动物尸体腐烂所产生的臭味,主要来自这两种胺。吲哚也是一类胺类化合物。鱼的腥味也与多种胺类化合物有关。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">硫的化合物,例如硫化氢,也是特别臭,毒性也很大。而硫化氢的取代物如有些硫醇则极臭。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">我们的食物中,蛋白质中含有氮和硫两种元素比较多,所以如果我们的食物中蛋白质含量高,粪便也就会比较臭。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">人的味觉是很灵敏的。有些物质,只需要很少一点量,极小的浓度,就能够被人们所嗅出。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">例如很香的物质麝香,在每升空气中只需要含有百亿分之五毫克便可以嗅得到;而如今已知最臭的物质之一,乙硫醇,则只需要每升空气中有千亿分之五毫克这样的微量,人们就可以嗅出来。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">极臭也有极臭的用处。把极其微量的乙硫醇掺到煤气中去,当煤气有泄露时,人们就能够迅速闻出臭味,从而避免造成大的灾难。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">毫无疑问,很多动物的嗅觉比人还要灵敏得多。它们根据气味来确定自己的领地,确定是否有竞争者的侵入。更重要的,是动物们根据气味来寻找配偶,在这个问题上,许多动物的嗅觉甚至可以感觉到只有几个分子的数量。对于异性体味或性激素的嗅觉,可能是许多动物嗅觉特别灵敏的最重要原因。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:16px;text-indent:37px;line-height:200%;background:white"><span style="font-size: 19px;line-height: 200%;font-family: 黑体">在这个意义上,人或动物的嗅觉与视觉、听觉、味觉相比,其重要性一点也不差哦。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 16px; text-indent: 37px; line-height: 200%; background: white;"></p> <br /><br /> <label style="font-size:13px; 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