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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Digital+badge" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_Badge_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_Badge_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Open Badge standard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_Badge_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motivation_to_participate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation_to_participate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Motivation to participate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation_to_participate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivation_to_collaborate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivation_to_collaborate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Motivation to collaborate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivation_to_collaborate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_and_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_and_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Recognition and assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_and_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation_of_Digital_Badges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_of_Digital_Badges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Implementation of Digital Badges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_of_Digital_Badges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_badging_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_badging_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digital badging software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital_badging_software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital badging software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital_badging_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_credentials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_credentials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Alternative credentials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_credentials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations_of_competencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_of_competencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Representations of competencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representations_of_competencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggregation_and_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregation_and_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aggregation and exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggregation_and_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indicator of accomplishment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_badge" title="Electronic badge">electronic badge</a>.</div> <p><b>Digital badges</b> (also known as ebadges, or singularly as ebadge) are a validated indicator of accomplishment, skill, quality or interest that can be earned in various learning environments.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional physical <a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">badges</a> have been used for many years by various organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Army">Russian Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-29-15_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29-15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (August 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to give members a physical emblem to display the accomplishment of various achievements. </p><p>While physical badges have been in use for hundreds of years, the idea of digital badges is a relatively recent development drawn from research into <a href="/wiki/Gamification" title="Gamification">gamification</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As game elements, badges have been used by organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Foursquare_City_Guide" title="Foursquare City Guide">Foursquare</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a></i> to reward users for accomplishing certain tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Microsoft introduced the Xbox 360 Gamerscore system, which is considered to be the original implementation of an <a href="/wiki/Achievement_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Achievement system">achievement system</a>. </p><p>According to Shields & Chugh (2017, pg 1817), "digital badges are quickly becoming an appropriate, easy and efficient way for educators, community groups and other professional organisations to exhibit and reward participants for skills obtained in professional development or formal and informal learning".<sup id="cite_ref-doi:_10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi:_10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Baker">Eva Baker</a>, the President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association" title="American Educational Research Association">American Educational Research Association</a> (AERA), gave the Presidential Address at their annual conference on the need to develop merit-badge-like "Qualifications" that certify accomplishments, not through standardized tests, but as "an integrated experience with performance requirements." Such a system would apply to learning both in and out of school and support youth to develop and pursue passionate interests. Baker envisioned youth assembling "their unique Qualifications to show to their families, to adults in university and workforce, and to themselves." Ultimately, Baker believed "the path of Qualifications shifts attention from schoolwork to usable and compelling skills, from school life to real life."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2010, the digital badge service provider Basno launched a platform that allowed users to create and collect badges that represent real-world accomplishments like running the 2011 ING New York City Marathon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effort marked a strong shift from viewing badges as game-like elements to creating badges to certify learning. Many instructional sites such as P2PU and Khan Academy make use of a digital badging system. </p><p>In September 2011, US Secretary of Education <a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a>, announced the launch of the <a href="/wiki/HASTAC" title="HASTAC">HASTAC</a>/MacArthur Foundation Badges for Lifelong Learning Competition.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Arne Duncan, badges "can help engage students in learning and broaden the avenues for all learners or all ages, to acquire and to demonstrate as well as document and display their skills. Badges can help speed the shift from credentials that simply measure seat time to ones that more accurately measure competency, and we must do everything we can to accelerate that transition.It can also help to account for both formal and informal learning and in a variety of different settings."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funded by the <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a>, with additional support from the <a href="/wiki/Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gates Foundation">Gates Foundation</a>, HASTAC administers the Badges for Lifelong Learning Competition, which awarded funds to thirty organizations in March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_Badge_standard">Open Badge standard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Open Badge standard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Open_Badges" title="Mozilla Open Badges">Mozilla Open Badges</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mozilla's Open Badges Project</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Badges_-_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo"><img alt="Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Open_Badges_-_Logo.png/180px-Open_Badges_-_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Open_Badges_-_Logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openbadges.org">openbadges<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">15 September 2011<span class="noprint">; 13 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011-09-15</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The use of digital badges as credentials remained largely under the radar until 2011, following the release of "An Open Badge System Framework", a white paper authored by <a href="/wiki/P2PU" title="P2PU">Peer 2 Peer University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a>. In the paper, badges are explained as "a symbol or indicator of an accomplishment, skill, quality or interest," with examples of badge systems used by the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA" title="Girl Scouts of the USA">Girl Scouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/PADI" class="mw-redirect" title="PADI">PADI</a> diving instruction, and the more recently popular geo-locative games, like Foursquare.<sup id="cite_ref-waters_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waters-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report asserts that badges "have been successfully used to set goals, motivate behaviors, represent achievements and communicate success in many contexts" and proposes that when learning happens across various contexts and experiences, "badges can have a significant impact, and can be used to motivate learning, signify community and signal achievement." The report also makes clear that the value of badges comes less from its visual representation than from the context around how and why it was conferred. The stronger the connection between the two, the more effective the badging system will be. "Badges are conversation starters," the report explains, "and the information linked to or 'behind' each badge serves as justification and even validation of the badge." For example, a badge should include information about how it was earned, who issued it, the date of issue, and, ideally, a link back to some form of artifact relating to the work behind the badge.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 2011, the Mozilla Foundation announced their plan to develop an open technical standard called <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Open_Badges" title="Mozilla Open Badges">Open Badges</a> to create and build a common system for the issuance, collection, and display of digital badges on multiple instructional sites.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To launch the Open Badges project, Mozilla and MacArthur engaged with over 300 nonprofit organizations, government agencies and others about informal learning, breaking down education monopolies and fuelling individual motivation. Much of this work was guided by "Open Badges for Lifelong Learning", an early working paper created by Mozilla and the MacArthur Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Mozilla launched Open Badges 1.0 and partnered with the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Chicago">City of Chicago</a> to launch The Chicago Summer of Learning (CSOL), a badges initiative to keep local youth aged four to 24 active and engaged during the summer. Institutions and organizations like <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>, MOUSE and the U.K.-based DigitalME adopted badges, and Mozilla saw international interest in badging programs from Australia and Italy to China and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-webmaker.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmaker.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2013, over 1,450 organizations were issuing Open Badges and Mozilla's partnership with Chicago had grown into the Cities of Learning Initiative, an opportunity to apply CSOL's success across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-webmaker.org_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmaker.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Mozilla launched the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badgealliance.org/">Badge Alliance</a>, a network of organizations and individuals committed to building the open badging ecosystem and advancing the Open Badges specification. Founding members include Mozilla, the MacArthur Foundation, DigitalME, Sprout Fund, National Writing Project, Blackboard and others. More than 650 organizations from six continents signed up through the Badge Alliance to contribute to the Open Badges ecosystem. </p><p>In 2015, the Badge Alliance spun out of Mozilla and became a part of <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a> spin off, Collective Shift - a nonprofit devoted to redesigning social systems for a connected world.<sup id="cite_ref-webmaker.org_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webmaker.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, Collective Shift partnered with <a href="/wiki/Concentric_Sky" title="Concentric Sky">Concentric Sky</a> to develop Open Badges 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-mozillabackpack_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mozillabackpack-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Concentric Sky launched the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> project <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://badgr.org">Badgr</a> to serve as a reference implementation for Open Badges.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2016, IMS Global announced their commitment to Open Badges as an inter-operable standard for digital credentials,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in late 2016, Mozilla announced that stewardship of the Open Badges standard would transition officially to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imsglobal.org/activity/digital-credentials-and-badges">IMS Global</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IMS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2018, Mozilla announced that it would retire the Mozilla Backpack (see below) and migrate all users to Badgr.<sup id="cite_ref-mozillabackpack_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mozillabackpack-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as badges in the physical world serve many functions, digital badges are employed in a variety of ways. Badges can serve different functions depending on the activities with which they are associated. Commonly, badges are thought of as rewards but have been found to be most effective when they also contribute to goal setting, reputation, status affirmation, instruction and group identification. Badges also promote lifelong learning that extends beyond the classroom and brings to light accomplishments that otherwise might have been hidden.<sup id="cite_ref-Antin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital badges are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gamification_of_learning" title="Gamification of learning">gamification of learning</a>, whereby <a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">game design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_mechanics" title="Game mechanics">game mechanics</a> are used in non-game contexts to encourage learning.<sup id="cite_ref-2012K_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012K-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibbons (2020) identified 13 roles for digital open badges in a higher education setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbons_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benefits associated with digital badges include the ability to capture the complete learning path, so it "travels" with the user wherever they decide to display the badge. The digital badge carries with it information about assessment, evidence and other metadata required by the badge. Digital badges can signal achievement to potential employers; motivate engagement and collaboration; improve retention and levelling up in learning; support innovation and flexibility in the skills that matter; and build and formalize identity and reputation within learning communities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some digital badge platforms allow organizations to create, issue, earn and display digital badges on members' websites, social media pages, and resumes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivation_to_participate">Motivation to participate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Motivation to participate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the ways in which badges are often used is to encourage participation by recognizing the participants. Motivation is often one of the major reasons designers decide to employ badges. Participation is encouraged because badges offer a new pathway of lifelong learning separate from the traditional, formalized academic pathway. Badges highlight and recognize skills and knowledge that come from personal initiative and investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-7_Things_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_Things-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When TripAdvisor started showing badges on user pages, they explicitly indicated that this was to recognize the most frequent contributors.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems that have been successful at motivating people with badges cite their ability to intrinsically motivate participants by showcasing challenges overcome, displaying pathways for learning, and improving social connections.<sup id="cite_ref-badgeville_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-badgeville-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> used Open Badges to launch a world-wide training initiative and saw dramatic increases in employee participation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivation_to_collaborate">Motivation to collaborate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motivation to collaborate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most online media, open badge programs are collaborative ones that promote active, engaged involvement. While there are several modes of online collective action, all of the systems are largely run by a very small number of people; "for example, just two percent of Wikipedia users account for 75% of participation".<sup id="cite_ref-Antin_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given more collaboration by an increased number of people, even more solutions, ideas and theories could be presented and analyzed. Badges have the potential to work for any company or online collaborative action system in order to engage more people and motivate those people to participate in online data sharing and social media. </p><p>Badges "enhance identity and reputation, raising profiles within learning communities and among peers by aggregating identities across other communities... [and] build community and social capital by helping learners find peers and mentors with similar interests. Community badges help formalize camaraderie, team synthesis, and communities of practice".<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badges quantify the soft skills of teamwork that are pivotal to success in many professions today. </p><p>Open Badges are used by organizations such as <a href="/wiki/OER_Commons" title="OER Commons">OER Commons</a> to spur collaboration and resource sharing in their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_and_assessment">Recognition and assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recognition and assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes digital badges are used to recognize quality or provide for community approval. The "<a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a> Seal of Approval" provides this in non-digital formats, but there are similar indicators of trust, for example, that indicate best practices in e-commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-levins_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levins-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes such badges are indicators of awards, like the <a href="/wiki/Webbie" title="Webbie">Webbies</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Edublog_Awards" title="The Edublog Awards">Edublog Awards</a>. Open Badges differ from more basic digital badges in that they allow an earner to represent, verify, and communicate their skills, interests and achievements across a wide array of learning systems.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In learning environments, badges have been used to encourage alternative, peer-based assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badges can be associated with summative assessments of prior learning as well as formative assessment that provide guidance and feedback. They can also function as <a href="/wiki/Transformative_assessment" title="Transformative assessment">transformative assessment</a> that shape existing learning or allow new ones to be created.<sup id="cite_ref-hickey_assessment_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hickey_assessment-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital badges might be particularly useful as part of a formative assessment process, providing constant feedback and tracking of what has been learned and what the next step might be. <a href="/wiki/Massive_online_open_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive online open course">Massive online open courses</a> (MOOCs) and <a href="/wiki/E-assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="E-assessment">e-assessments</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> can be used to deliver content at scale, while providing structured points for formative assessment, connections to learning communities, and new possibilities for strengthening individual agency in the learning process.<sup id="cite_ref-hickey_assessment_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hickey_assessment-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such environments might leverage self- and peer-assessment, again as part of formative processes. </p><p>A drawback is that these types of assessment take time.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, strategies like peer review, interactive games or simulations, and self-administered tests might help in fragmenting assessment processes, while still providing essential feedback to the learner along the way. Also, as markers or benchmarks of learning, it is possible that digital badges might work particularly well for individuals who are stressed by testing, and for educators looking for mechanisms to accommodate differentiated learning pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_of_Digital_Badges">Implementation of Digital Badges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implementation of Digital Badges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A double-loop learning process for the implementation of digital badges is recommended (Shields & Chugh, 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-doi:_10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi:_10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inclusion of range of stakeholders at the design, implementation and review stages is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbons_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double-loop_learning_process_with_digital_badges.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Double-loop_learning_process_with_digital_badges.png/220px-Double-loop_learning_process_with_digital_badges.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Double-loop_learning_process_with_digital_badges.png/330px-Double-loop_learning_process_with_digital_badges.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Double-loop_learning_process_with_digital_badges.png/440px-Double-loop_learning_process_with_digital_badges.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Double-loop learning process with digital badges (Shields & Chugh, 2017, pg 1822)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_badging_software">Digital badging software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Digital badging software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital badge management software helps to create, issue, store, and share digital badges that verify awardees' skills, and credentials. These platforms offer enterprise level security to ensure the badges are secure and private. Using a digital badge platform organizations can issue badges that save time and cost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_credentials">Alternative credentials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternative credentials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital badges are seen as a potential challenger to the dominant paradigm of diplomas in higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-CHE_Badges_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHE_Badges-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle of Higher Education">Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i> notes that more and more online educational websites are adopting badges to mark achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With two-thirds of U.S. college or university students falling into the non-traditional category (meaning they aren't first-time, first-year students arriving on campus straight from high school), non-degree certificate programs will play an increasing role in providing post-secondary education opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One website utilizing badges for alternative credentials is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829090223/http://badgesforvets.org/">Badges for Vets</a>. It is a free website funded by the HASTAC/MacArthur that provides U.S. military veterans with a means to use Open Badges to indicate relevant military training and experience to prospective employers. Examples of available badges include translator, engineering construction, law enforcement and finance, and employers are able to browse the Badges for Vets database to match specific qualifications or find qualified veterans in their local community.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representations_of_competencies">Representations of competencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Representations of competencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Digital badges can also be used as competency-based signifier of achievement, which is in contrast to traditional educational models that stress time-based quantification of education goals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital badges also have the ability to be more nimble than school curriculum that take time to create, change, and evolve. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>, an early adopter of the Open Badges standard, cites a number of advantages to using badges to represent competencies, including the subjectivity of grades and the lack of transparency and granularity in traditional diplomas.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aggregation_and_exchange">Aggregation and exchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aggregation and exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Openbadges.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Showing a user's group of badges from the Mozilla Backpack."><img alt="Showing a user's group of badges from the Mozilla Backpack." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Openbadges.png/500px-Openbadges.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Openbadges.png 1.5x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>Showing a user's group of badges from the Mozilla Backpack.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mozilla originally made available a service called the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backpack.openbadges.org">Mozilla Backpack</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that allowed users to aggregate and display their open badges. In late 2018, Mozilla announced that it would retire the Mozilla Backpack and migrate all users to Badgr.<sup id="cite_ref-mozillabackpack_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mozillabackpack-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to that, several attempts had been made to aggregate digital badges found on multiple sites.<sup id="cite_ref-van-grove_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-grove-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been criticisms of the use of badges, suggesting that the functions described above come with significant risks. Some claim that the long history of physical badges in military and quasi-military settings might encourage similar hierarchical relationships when employed online.<sup id="cite_ref-halavais_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halavais-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badges have been criticized for rewarding tasks that are not inherently interesting to badge recipients because they are created to promote behavior that aligns with the goals of the badge issuer and not necessarily the badge recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-hastac.org_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hastac.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics have also observed that badges are a type of extrinsic motivator that could compete with an individual's intrinsic motivation for accomplishment and mastery.<sup id="cite_ref-hastac.org_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hastac.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, it is like giving out rewards for things that individuals or students should already be doing. Like with any system of rewards, it overall reduces students' motivation when the reward no longer becomes desirable.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the biggest criticisms of badges is their validity, and whether they can be viewed as "trusted credentials". Another criticism of digital badges is that the badge earner's performance is not directly observed so there could be some difficulty in making sure that the badge is awarded to the person who completed the assignment or met the specific criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-net.educause.edu_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-net.educause.edu-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open Badges attempt to address these concerns by including the earner's email address in the badge and proving a verifiable link back to the issuer.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "gamification" of education is also something that skeptics fear because they feel that students would only be concerned with earning the most badges rather than focusing on the material presented. Additionally, there could be a slew of badges that do not mean anything at all, for example, like earning a badge because your name starts with the letter A. The creation of these "meaningless" badges reinforces the issue of validity because now the badge earner needs to decipher which badges are valuable, and various institutions need to do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_badge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carey, Kevin (April 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/A-Future-Full-of-Badges/131455/">"A Future Full of Badges"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=A+Future+Full+of+Badges&rft.date=2012-04-08&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FA-Future-Full-of-Badges%2F131455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+badge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29-15-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29-15_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Badges_and_decorations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Badges and decorations of the Soviet Union">Badges and decorations of the Soviet Union</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenning" class="citation web cs1">Henning, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scouters.us/homemb.html">"Merit Badges, Past and Present, And Their Evolution"</a>. <i>Henning's Scouters' Pages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henning%27s+Scouters%27+Pages&rft.atitle=Merit+Badges%2C+Past+and+Present%2C+And+Their+Evolution&rft.aulast=Henning&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scouters.us%2Fhomemb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+badge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffPo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HuffPo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_JulieAltadonna,_Nathan2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Julie; Altadonna, Nathan (2012). "We don't need no stinkin' badges". <i>Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work</i>. pp. 249–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2145204.2145244">10.1145/2145204.2145244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450310864" title="Special:BookSources/9781450310864"><bdi>9781450310864</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16739008">16739008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=We+don%27t+need+no+stinkin%27+badges&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM+2012+conference+on+Computer+Supported+Cooperative+Work&rft.pages=249-252&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16739008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2145204.2145244&rft.isbn=9781450310864&rft.au=Jones%2C+Julie&rft.au=Altadonna%2C+Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+badge" class="Z3988"></span> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doi:_10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi:_10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi:_10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shields, R. & Chugh, R, 2017, ‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x">Digital badges – rewards for learning</a>?’, Education and Information Technologies, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1817–1824, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x">doi: 10.1007/s10639-016-9521-x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Eva L. 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