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id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期語言學研究[3]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期語言學研究[3]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>早期語言學研究<sup><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期語言學研究[3]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古希臘哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古希臘哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>古希臘哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古希臘哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世紀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世紀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>中世紀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世紀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文藝復興至啟蒙時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文藝復興至啟蒙時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>文藝復興至啟蒙時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文藝復興至啟蒙時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-十九世紀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#十九世紀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>十九世紀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-十九世紀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代語言學研究_[3][4]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代語言學研究_[3][4]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>現代語言學研究 <sup><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></sup><sup><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代語言學研究_[3][4]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-現代語言學開端" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代語言學開端"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>現代語言學開端</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代語言學開端-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構語言學（描寫學派）[5]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構語言學（描寫學派）[5]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>結構語言學（描寫學派）<sup><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構語言學（描寫學派）[5]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-杭士基同生成語言學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#杭士基同生成語言學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>杭士基同生成語言學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-杭士基同生成語言學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-說明性_vs._描述性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#說明性_vs._描述性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>說明性 vs. 描述性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-說明性_vs._描述性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>定律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">語言學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有202種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">202種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalwetenskappe" title="Taalwetenskappe – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taalwetenskappe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የቋንቋ ጥናት – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቋንቋ ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C7%A3ccr%C3%A6ft" title="Sprǣccræft – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sprǣccræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم اللغويات – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم اللغويات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Llingüística – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingüística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avopa" title="Avopa – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Avopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil%C3%A7ilik" title="Dilçilik – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dilçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="دیلچیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیلچیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Тел ғилеме – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тел ғилеме" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – 峇里文" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="峇里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbuot%C4%ABra" title="Kalbuotīra – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kalbuotīra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwistika" title="Linggwistika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Linggwistika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мовазнаўства – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мовазнаўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мовазнаўства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мовазнаўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Езикознание – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Езикознание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषा बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भाषा बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%82%8F%E1%80%92" title="ဘာႏသာႏဗေႏဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဘာႏသာႏဗေႏဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankalan" title="Kankalan – 班巴拉文" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kankalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাষাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐད་བརྡ་རིག་པ། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐད་བརྡ་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezhoniezh" title="Yezhoniezh – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D_%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэлэ шэнжэлэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэлэ шэнжэлэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-ngi%C3%B2ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngṳ̄-ngiòng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwistika" title="Linggwistika – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linggwistika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانەوانی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانەوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwistika" title="Lingwistika – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lingwistika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%A8%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D0%BE%EA%99%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%A5" title="Ѩꙁꙑкоꙁнаниѥ – 宗教斯拉夫文" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ѩꙁꙑкоꙁнаниѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="宗教斯拉夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithyddiaeth" title="Ieithyddiaeth – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprogvidenskab" title="Sprogvidenskab – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprogvidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachwissenschaft" title="Sprachwissenschaft – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprachwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6%C3%B6c%C3%ABthook" title="Piööcëthook – 丁卡文" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piööcëthook" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Zıwanşınasiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9Bcyw%C4%9Bda" title="Rěcywěda – 下索布文" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rěcywěda" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ބަހަވިއްޔާތު – 迪維西文" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަހަވިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪維西文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γλωσσολογία – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλωσσολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistiko" title="Lingvistiko – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvistiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeleteadus" title="Keeleteadus – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keeleteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntzalaritza" title="Hizkuntzalaritza – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntzalaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان‌شناسی – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielitiede" title="Kielitiede – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kielitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeletiid%C3%BCs" title="Keeletiidüs – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keeletiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Málfrøði – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Málfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linguistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengouistica" title="Lengouistica – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengouistica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Spr%C3%A4kewaasenschap" title="Portaal:Spräkewaasenschap – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Portaal:Spräkewaasenschap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghistiche" title="Lenghistiche – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghistiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalkunde" title="Taalkunde – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Taalkunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangeola%C3%ADocht" title="Teangeolaíocht – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengwistik" title="Lengwistik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lengwistik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nanachas" title="Cànanachas – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànanachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingüística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDkuaaty_ha_%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDtekuaa" title="Ñe'ẽkuaaty ha Ñe'ẽtekuaa – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽkuaaty ha Ñe'ẽtekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%BCikii" title="Anüikii – 瓦尤文" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Anüikii" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="瓦尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengoaylleeaght" title="Çhengoaylleeaght – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengoaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בלשנות – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלשנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषाविज्ञान – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषाविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezikoslovlje" title="Jezikoslovlje – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jezikoslovlje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9B%C4%8Despyt" title="Rěčespyt – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rěčespyt" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengwistik" title="Lengwistik – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lengwistik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyelv%C3%A9szet" title="Nyelvészet – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyelvészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեզվաբանություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզվաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեզուաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լեզուաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguistika" title="Lingguistika – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lingguistika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistiko" title="Linguistiko – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linguistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsindi" title="Málvísindi – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málvísindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%96%84%E1%93%AF%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐅᖄᓯᓕᕆᓂᖅ – 因紐特文" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐅᖄᓯᓕᕆᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因紐特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="言語学 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bauske" title="bauske – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bauske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ენათმეცნიერება – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენათმეცნიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnilest_tamatut" title="Tasnilest tamatut – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnilest tamatut" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyenlilyem" title="Lyenlilyem – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lyenlilyem" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ភាសាសាស្ត្រ – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭಾಷಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಷಾ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99" title="언어학 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimannas%C3%AE" title="Zimannasî – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimannasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciens_yeth" title="Sciens yeth – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sciens yeth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Тил илими – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тил илими" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistika" title="Linguistika – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Linguistika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproochw%C3%ABssenschaft" title="Sproochwëssenschaft – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sproochwëssenschaft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalweitesjap" title="Taalweitesjap – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taalweitesjap" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengo%C3%ACstica" title="Lengoìstica – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengoìstica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguistega" title="Lenguistega – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguistega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ພາສາສາດ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbotyra" title="Kalbotyra – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalbotyra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%C5%ABdzineiba" title="Volūdzineiba – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Volūdzineiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valodniec%C4%ABba" title="Valodniecība – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valodniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кяльлувкссодама – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кяльлувкссодама" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitsikerafiteny" title="Haitsikerafiteny – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haitsikerafiteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Йылмышанче – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йылмышанче" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭാഷാശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэл шинжлэл – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэл шинжлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯏꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भाषाशास्त्र – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भाषाशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwistika" title="Lingwistika – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwistika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဘာသာဗေဒ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာသာဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlahtolmatiliztli" title="Tlahtolmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlahtolmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraakwetenschop" title="Spraakwetenschop – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Spraakwetenschop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproaklear" title="Sproaklear – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sproaklear" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषाविज्ञान – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भाषाविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taalkunde" title="Taalkunde – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taalkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lingvistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistikk" title="Lingvistikk – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lingvistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistike" title="Linguistike – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Linguistike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%90%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߞߊ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ – 曼德文字 (N’Ko)" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߲ߟߐ߲ߘߐߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="曼德文字 (N’Ko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEndgistique" title="Lîndgistique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lîndgistique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BCistica" title="Lingüistica – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lingüistica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭାଷା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାଷା ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Æвзагзонынад – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзагзонынад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguistika" title="Lingguistika – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Lingguistika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica" title="Linguistica – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Linguistica" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistiks" title="Linguistiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Linguistiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zykoznawstwo" title="Językoznawstwo – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Językoznawstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengh%C3%ACstica" title="Lenghìstica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghìstica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لسانیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γλωσσολογία – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γλωσσολογία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ژبپوهنه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ADstica" title="Linguística – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguística" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_yachay" title="Simi yachay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simi yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhibavipen" title="Chhibavipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chhibavipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistic%C4%83" title="Lingvistică – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lingvistică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistic%C3%A2" title="Lingvisticâ – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lingvisticâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Линґвистика – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Линґвистика" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лінґвістіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лінґвістіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भाषाविज्ञानम् – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भाषाविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D2%AF%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D" title="Тыл үөрэҕэ – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыл үөрэҕэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ACstica" title="Linguìstica – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linguìstica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ACstica" title="Linguìstica – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linguìstica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingueestics" title="Lingueestics – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lingueestics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانيات – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لسانيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වාග් විද්‍යාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වාග් විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linguistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazykoveda" title="Jazykoveda – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jazykoveda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezikoslovje" title="Jezikoslovje – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezikoslovje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel%C3%A2tie%C4%91%C3%A2" title="Kielâtieđâ – 伊納裡薩米文" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kielâtieđâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊納裡薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ururimi" title="Ururimi – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ururimi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABsia" title="Gjuhësia – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лингвистика – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sproakwietenskup" title="Sproakwietenskup – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sproakwietenskup" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik" title="Linguistik – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kvetenskap" title="Språkvetenskap – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Språkvetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isimu" title="Isimu – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மொழியியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Забоншиносӣ – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забоншиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาศาสตร์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguwistika" title="Lingguwistika – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lingguwistika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadi_bilong_pasin_bilong_ol_tokples" title="Stadi bilong pasin bilong ol tokples – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Stadi bilong pasin bilong ol tokples" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbilim" title="Dilbilim – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilbilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_krkari" title="Knklaan krkari – 太魯閣文" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan krkari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="太魯閣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_beleme" title="Tel beleme – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Tel beleme" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="تىلشۇناسلىق – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تىلشۇناسلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мовознавство – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мовознавство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لسانیات – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لسانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilshunoslik" title="Tilshunoslik – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tilshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengu%C3%ACstega" title="Lenguìstega – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lenguìstega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelentedo" title="Kelentedo – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kelentedo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ngôn ngữ học – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngôn ngữ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwince" title="Linwince – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Linwince" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingguwistika" title="Lingguwistika – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lingguwistika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="语言学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლინგვისტიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლინგვისტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="לינגוויסטיק – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לינגוויסטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taelkunde" title="Taelkunde – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Taelkunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ – 標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语言学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語言學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A2n-g%C3%BA-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Giân-gú-ha̍k – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giân-gú-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&oldid=2008903" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&id=2008903&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E5%25AD%25B8"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E5%25AD%25B8"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linguistics" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8162" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2009783">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notepad"><img alt="Notepad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>呢篇文要由頭寫過。</b><br /><small>請用<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="Talk:語言學">討論頁</a>商量細節。</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.4em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speech_bubbles_clipart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png/290px-Speech_bubbles_clipart.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png/435px-Speech_bubbles_clipart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Speech_bubbles_clipart.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><th class="" style=";padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">語言學</a>系列</th> </tr><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="自然語言">自然語言</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="人造語言">人造語言</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="語言學史">語言學史</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>（<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linguists" class="extiw" title="en:List of linguists">一覽</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%98%85%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" title="語言學嘅大綱">語言學嘅大綱</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言結構</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="語音學">語音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="語言聲學">語言聲學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="發聲語音學">發聲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A6%BA%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="聽覺語音學">聽覺</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="音系">音系</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="句法學">句法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="語義學">語義</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙語義學">詞彙語義學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結構語義學 (無呢版)">結構語義學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9E%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="原型理論">原型語義學</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="語用學">語用</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言學領域</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範</a>語言學<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="理論語言學">理論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="應用語言學">應用</a>語言學<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較語言學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="語言類型學">語言類型學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="音位學 (無呢版)">音位學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詞法學 (無呢版)">詞法學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="計量語言學">計量語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="描述語言學">描述語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="心理語言學">心理語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">神經語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="社會語言學">社會語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="語言習得">語言習得</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%92%E5%BE%97" title="第二語言習得">SLA</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生成語言學 (無呢版)">生成語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="認知語言學">認知語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="運算語言學">運算語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%99%82%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共時語言學 (無呢版)">共時語言學</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對照語言學 (無呢版)">對照語言學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%B8" title="文體學">文體學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="規範語言學">規範語言學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%BA%90%E5%AD%B8" title="語源學">語源學</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語料庫語言學">語料庫語言學</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 語言學應用</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%AD%B8" title="詞彙學">詞彙學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="辭典學">辭典學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" title="正字法">正字法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="語言教育">語言教育</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" title="自然語言處理">自然語言處理</a></td> </tr><tr> <th class="" style="padding:0.1em;;background:#efefef;;"> 拉雜相關</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;;"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="文法範疇">文法範疇</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學">文學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E7%90%86" title="樂理">樂理</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="聲學">聲學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Linguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Linguistics (無呢版)">Portal</a></td> </tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:語言學"><span title="睇呢個模" style="">睇</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:語言學 (無呢版)"><span title="討論呢個模" style="">論</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><span title="編輯呢個模" style=";">改</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=history"><span title="睇呢個模嘅歷史" style=";">歷</span></a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>語言學</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/語言學/#yue"><span>jyu<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> jin<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></a></span>），係一門研究人類<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>嘅一門<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>。語言學以前係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="人類學">人類學</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a>其中一個分支，但係宜家已經成為咗一門獨立嘅科學。而研究呢門學問嘅，就叫做<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a><sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kraintro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraintro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現代語言學嘅目的，係對人類嘅語言作出客觀嘅記述。所謂記述就係將現有語言嘅法則同埋性質，用語言資料做準嘅記錄。就好似物理學家會諗點解蘋果會噉樣跌落黎一樣，語言學家會諗點解某種語言會用某一個方法去講某一樣嘢或者某一件事。 </p><p>另外，現代語言學嘅一項重要原則同埋大前提，就係唔可以先入為主咁認定某種語言係「上等語言」或者「劣等語言」。以前有人以為語言嘅進化同埋社會發展、文明程度有關係，但係後來因為理解到任何語言都有番咁上下嘅複雜性，所以現代語言學否定咗語言上有進化呢回事（但係語言演變就依然係不爭嘅事實）。而家嘅語言學認為所有語言都唔單止可以滿足社會溝通嘅需要，重係文化嘅載體。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/300px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/450px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg/600px-151st_EMG_Conducts_Chemical_Training_With_Moroccan_Counterparts_During_African_Lion_2010_DVIDS280113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">語言嘅基礎－人同人之間用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢">講嘢</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>嚟<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="溝通">溝通</a>。</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png/300px-Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png/450px-Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png/600px-Vizig%C3%B3tsk%C3%A1_minuskula.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>通常係嘗試用視覺化嘅方式將<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E" title="口語">口語</a>記低。上圖係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬字">羅馬字</a>，好似<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文">法文</a>等嘅多種<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="歐洲語言">歐洲語言</a>嘅文字，傳統上都係用羅馬字嚟寫嘅。</div></div></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="複雜度">複雜度</a></div> <p>2022 年嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="不列顛百科全書">不列顛百科全書</a>用咗一句咁簡短嘅句子，<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="界定">界定</a> <b>linguistics</b>（語言學）呢隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>字<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："<b>linguistics</b>, the scientific study of language."<br /> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>翻譯：<b>語言學</b>，（係）對<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科學研究">科學研究</a>。 </p> </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>至於「語言」呢個概念要點定義，有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學者">語言學者</a>噉講<sup id="cite_ref-Kraintro_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraintro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:p. 3</sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："Languages are sets of signs. Signs combine an exponent (a sequence of letters or sounds) with a meaning. Grammars are ways to generate signs from more basic signs..."<br /> <p>粵文翻譯：語言係<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88" title="集合">集合</a>。符號會結合一嚿 <a href="/wiki/Exponent_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="Exponent (語言學)">exponent</a>（一串<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%9A%BB%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="單隻字母">單隻字母</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2" title="聲">聲</a>）掕住個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="語義">意思</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>係由基本啲（細啲散啲）嘅符號度產生（更複雜嘅）符號嘅方法... </p> </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 分類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>語言本身嘅結構，其實就係將聲同意思做嘅配對。但係由聲音去到意思，可以細分做幾個範疇。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="語音學">語音學</a>：對人所發出嘅聲音嘅研究</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻學">音韻學</a>：對語音之間嘅規律嘅研究</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%A9%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="構詞學">構詞學</a>：對詞嘅內部結構嘅研究</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="句法學">句法學</a>：探討啱文法嘅句子點樣由字組成</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="語義學">語義學</a>：對字嘅意思嘅研究，同時會探討埋點樣由字嘅意思夾埋變做成句句子嘅意思</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="語用學">語用學</a>：探討喺唔同環境底下，人點樣表達同理解語言嘅字面同埋背後嘅意思</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他分類"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>其他分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 其他分類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歷史語法學 (無呢版)">歷史語法學</a>：或者叫「歷時語言學」，研究某一種語言從<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="歷史">歷史</a>上語法結構發展演變嘅學科；</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比較語法學 (無呢版)">比較語法學</a>：研究各親屬語言語法結構之間嘅關係同互相影響，同埋確定各種語言之間嘅親屬關係嘅學科；</li></ul> <p>歷史語法學亦都從屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="歷史語言學">歷史語言學</a>，比較語法學亦從屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="比較語言學">比較語言學</a>，描寫語法學亦從屬於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%99%82%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共時語言學 (無呢版)">共時語言學</a>，歷史語法學、比較語法學、描寫語法學都係交叉學科。 </p><p>上面嘅分類並唔係所有語言學家都認同，而每一個細類之間亦都有相當多嘅重疊。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 歷史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>語言學嘅歷史好耐。啲人初初嘅語言研究自從古代歷史已經開始咗，因為佢同古代<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>，歷史同埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學">文學</a>有關。喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="中國史">中國史</a>上語言學出現喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%93%E8%A9%81%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="訓詁學 (無呢版)">訓詁學</a>。喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>公元前4世紀到3世紀已經有咗當地嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="文法學">文法學</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期語言學研究[3]"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.AD.B8.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.5B3.5D"></span>早期語言學研究<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 早期語言學研究[3]"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="古希臘哲學"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.B8.8C.E8.87.98.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>古希臘哲學</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 古希臘哲學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現代語言學嘅起源主要係嚟自古希臘。古希臘哲學中經常討論嘅語言問題主要有三個：# 語言係自然而生定係社會習俗；# 語言有無一種基礎嘅規則；同# 究竟有幾多種詞類。第三個問題一般被認為喺大約公元後500年被寫拉丁文法嘅語法學家柏利西安（英文：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscian" class="extiw" title="en:Priscian">Priscian</a>）所解決。而第二個問題就有所爭論。第一個問題牽涉到人類對語言嘅掌控，喺西方嘅傳統就仍未被解決。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中世紀"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80"></span>中世紀</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 中世紀"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中世紀嘅西方語言學研究大多集中喺歐洲語言同拉丁文上。大多數歐洲語言學家依賴經典文獻，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BE%85" title="西塞羅">西塞羅</a>（Cicero）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE" title="維吉爾">維吉爾</a>（Virgil）嘅文字嚟詮釋「正確」嘅拉丁文語法。中世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="經院哲學">經院哲學</a>傳統都經常對現實論同唯名論（nominalism）有所爭論。一派認為名詞基於現實嘅指向，而另一派就覺得有非指向性嘅普遍用詞（例如人類，馬）。中世紀嘅語言學教育一般教授拉丁文語法、修辭同邏輯學。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="文藝復興至啟蒙時期"><span id=".E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E5.BE.A9.E8.88.88.E8.87.B3.E5.95.9F.E8.92.99.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>文藝復興至啟蒙時期</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 文藝復興至啟蒙時期"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>文藝復興時期嘅人對古典語言有好大嘅興趣，當時大多數集中喺研究已經無人用嘅古典語言。1600之後嘅君主集中制推動咗當時嘅語言統一運動。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="笛卡兒">笛卡兒</a>（Descartes）覺得語言係人類嘅獨特區別；<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="萊布尼茲">萊布尼茲</a>（Leibniz）主張理性思考可以由語言嘅符號化所建構；而<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="約翰洛克">約翰洛克</a>（John Locke）就認為文字係一種符號。但係佢覺得語言文字嘅意義係唔可以被確立，唔同嘅人可以用同樣嘅語言文字講到唔同嘅諗法。佢嘅諗法喺當時對<a class="mw-selflink selflink">語言學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>影響重大。而法國哲學家孔迪勒（Condillac）就承繼洛克嘅語言問題，以聖經嘅框架對語言起源作出新嘅詮釋。其後嘅語言學家砍布迪（Humboldt）就對語言嘅動態性同作為人嘅表達工具有再進一步嘅反思。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="十九世紀"><span id=".E5.8D.81.E4.B9.9D.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80"></span>十九世紀</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 十九世紀"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>十九世紀嘅語言學集中喺比較文獻學。而十九世紀語言學好大程度係透過比較方法嚟研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>依一啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a>嘅語言。因為當時期唔同嘅語言學研究已經變得系統化，最終得語言學家抹拿（Max Miller）總結為一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代語言學研究_[3][4]"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.AD.B8.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6_.5B3.5D.5B4.5D"></span>現代語言學研究 <sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 現代語言學研究 [3][4]"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="現代語言學開端"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.AD.B8.E9.96.8B.E7.AB.AF"></span>現代語言學開端</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 現代語言學開端"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%9B%AA" title="索雪">索雪</a>（Ferdinand de Saussure）被認為係現代語言學嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="哥白尼">哥白尼</a>。索雪喺佢嘅《通用語言學教程》（Cours de Linguistique générale）入面創立咗符號學（Semiology）傳統。佢指出語言係一種結構，而語言符號可以分為能指（Signifier）同所指（Signified）。依一種理論後來被唔同嘅語義學、語言哲學、符號學同結構主義所吸納。索雪亦都提出咗有關共時同歷時嘅語言學研究問題。另外索雪亦都對語言（Langue）同口語（Parole）之間嘅關係提出咗反思。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="結構語言學（描寫學派）[5]"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.AD.B8.EF.BC.88.E6.8F.8F.E5.AF.AB.E5.AD.B8.E6.B4.BE.EF.BC.89.5B5.5D"></span>結構語言學（描寫學派）<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 結構語言學（描寫學派）[5]"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>結構語言學主要由美國語言學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E9%A3%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布朗飛 (無呢版)">布朗飛</a>（Leonard Bloomfield）所開展。作為一個專精歷史語言同印歐語系嘅語言學家，布朗飛對古印度語法學家巴尼尼嘅梵文研究有好深入嘅理解，同時以描寫學派方式記錄咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B2%A1%E6%98%86%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="阿岡昆語族">阿岡昆語族</a>。而佢所寫嘅《語言》（<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/about/Language.html?id=87BCDVsmFE4C&redir_esc=y">Language</a></i>）對語言學亦有好深嘅影響。布朗飛因為佢對語言學嘅科學方法嘅重視而喺語言學界廣受重視。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="杭士基同生成語言學"><span id=".E6.9D.AD.E5.A3.AB.E5.9F.BA.E5.90.8C.E7.94.9F.E6.88.90.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.AD.B8"></span>杭士基同生成語言學</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 杭士基同生成語言學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基">杭士基</a>（Noam Chomsky）對現代嘅語言學理論亦都影響極深。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="說明性_vs._描述性"><span id=".E8.AA.AA.E6.98.8E.E6.80.A7_vs._.E6.8F.8F.E8.BF.B0.E6.80.A7"></span>說明性 vs. 描述性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 說明性 vs. 描述性"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定律"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>定律</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 定律"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%94%E6%B0%8F%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="協氏定律">協氏定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%B3%E5%A4%AB%E7%B0%A1%E6%BD%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="揳夫簡潔定律">揳夫簡潔定律</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/linguistics">linguistics</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraintro-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kraintro_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kraintro_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Kracht, M. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Kracht/courses/ling20-fall07/ling-intro.pdf">Introduction to Linguistics</a></i> (PDF). Department of Linguistics, UCLA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration 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.hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarris1997" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Roy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246969289"><i>Landmarks in linguistic thought. I, The Western tradition from Socrates to Saussure</i></a>. Talbot J. Taylor (第2nd ed版). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0-203-97697-5" title="Special:書本來源/0-203-97697-5"><bdi>0-203-97697-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (無呢版)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/246969289">246969289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmarks+in+linguistic+thought.+I%2C+The+Western+tradition+from+Socrates+to+Saussure&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd+ed&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246969289&rft.isbn=0-203-97697-5&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F246969289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|edition=</code> has extra text (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#extra_text_edition" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGraffi2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graffi, Giorgio (2013-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585847.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199585847-e-21">"European Linguistics since Saussure"</a>. <i>The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics</i> (英文). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585847.013.0021">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585847.013.0021</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=European+Linguistics+since+Saussure&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585847.013.0021&rft.aulast=Graffi&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585847.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199585847-e-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFBlevins2013" class="citation book cs1">Blevins, James P. (2013-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585847.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199585847-e-19"><i>American Descriptivism (‘Structuralism’)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585847.013.0019">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585847.013.0019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Descriptivism+%28%E2%80%98Structuralism%E2%80%99%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585847.013.0019&rft.aulast=Blevins&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585847.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199585847-e-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFEmeneau1988" class="citation journal cs1">Emeneau, M. B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414567">"Bloomfield and Pānini"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 755–760. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414567">10.2307/414567</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507">0097-8507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Bloomfield+and+P%C4%81nini&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=755-760&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414567&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft.aulast=Emeneau&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSeuren1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seuren, Pieter A. M. (1998-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301022804/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444307467"><i>Western Linguistics</i></a> (英文). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444307467">10.1002/9781444307467</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4443-0746-7" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4443-0746-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-0746-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781444307467">原著</a>喺2021-03-01歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1998-03-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444307467&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0746-7&rft.aulast=Seuren&rft.aufirst=Pieter+A.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781444307467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ling.yale.edu/about/history/people/leonard-bloomfield">"Leonard Bloomfield"</a>. <i>Linguistics Department, Yale University</i> (英文). 2012-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span>搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+Department%2C+Yale+University&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bloomfield&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fling.yale.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fleonard-bloomfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFTomalin2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomalin, Marcus (2004-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/hl.31.1.06tom">"Leonard Bloomfield: Linguistics and mathematics"</a>. <i>Historiographia Linguistica</i> (英文). <b>31</b> (1): 105–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fhl.31.1.06tom">10.1075/hl.31.1.06tom</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0302-5160">0302-5160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historiographia+Linguistica&rft.atitle=Leonard+Bloomfield%3A+Linguistics+and+mathematics&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-136&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fhl.31.1.06tom&rft.issn=0302-5160&rft.aulast=Tomalin&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Fhl.31.1.06tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="科學嘅各領域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%84%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F" 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