CINXE.COM

Alphabetical Browse | Britannica.com

<!doctype html> <html data-ytrk-page="AZ-BROWSE" class="" lang="en"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y","20180309223925","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1520635165"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta property="fb:pages" content="74442380906"/> <script> var adonis = adonis || {}; adonis.transport = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.adiode.com/http'; </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="PFO"> eval(atob("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")); </script> <meta name="description" content="Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts."/> <meta name="keywords" content="britannica, reference, online, encyclopedia, encyclopaedia, store, dictionary, thesaurus"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y"/> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel"> $UI = {}; Mendel = { adsLibraries : {}, config : { page: 'AlphaBrowse', videoPlayerId: 'UAvzrRyR', currentUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y', sharedUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y', userInfo: { type: 'ANONYMOUS' ,userId: '' ,currency: 'USD' ,country: 'US' ,bcomId: '7121901283970061315' ,hasAds: true ,testVersion: 'A' ,mvst: { "NEWSLETTER_POPUP" : "ON", "DEMYSTIFIED_BROWSE_INLINE_NEWSLETTER" : "A", "SEARCH_HOUSE_AD" : "CHROME", "RR_NEWSLETTER_TYPE" : "1", "PHONE_FIRST_AD" : "YIELDMO" } }, isLoggedInAsUser: false, analytics: [ { type: 'google', id: 'UA-6636134-11', logClickAction: false, logFakePageLoad: true }, { type: 'eb', logClickAction: false, logFakePageLoad: true } ], a9Id: '3022', mendelCookieName: '__mendel', mendelCookie: { "pagesViewed" : 1, "articleCatfishShown" : false, "surveyShown" : false, "bkidsSliderClosed" : false, "demystifiedNewsletterShown" : false }, newsletterPopupDelay: 5, isMobile: false, isTablet: false, isPhone: false } }; </script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1887621861548296"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@britannica"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Alphabetical Browse"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts."/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopedia Britannica"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925im_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="600"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="315"/><script type="text/javascript" data-type="init opengraph"> Mendel.openGraph = { type: 'website', title: 'Alphabetical Browse', description: 'Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts.', siteName: 'Encyclopedia Britannica', url: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y', image: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/resources/images/social/eb-thistle-social-image.jpg', imageType: 'image/jpg' ,imageWidth: 600 ,imageHeight: 315 }; </script> <title>Alphabetical Browse | Britannica.com</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,400i,700,700i"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Cinzel&amp;text=ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"><link href="/web/20180309223925cs_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/css/libs/reset.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/web/20180309223925cs_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/dist/mendel-css.css?v=3.3.45" rel="stylesheet"/> <link href="/web/20180309223925cs_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/css/fontello/css/mendel-icons.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <script type="text/javascript"> if ('scrollRestoration' in history) { history.scrollRestoration = 'manual'; } </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925js_/https://cdn.digitru.st/prod/1/digitrust.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> DigiTrust.initialize({ member: "MXoMW59N2l", site: "XNlcB44GhM" }, function (digiTrustResult) { } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180309223925js_/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/c/6899/cc.js?ns=_cc6899" id="LOTCC_6899"></script> <script type="text/javascript" language="javascript" data-type="lotame init">_cc6899.bcp();</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180309223925js_/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/5/c=6899/pe=y/var=ccauds"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _vwo_code=(function(){ var account_id=331471, settings_tolerance=2000, library_tolerance=2500, use_existing_jquery=false, f=false,d=document;return{use_existing_jquery:function(){return use_existing_jquery;},library_tolerance:function(){return library_tolerance;},finish:function(){if(!f){f=true;var a=d.getElementById('_vis_opt_path_hides');if(a)a.parentNode.removeChild(a);}},finished:function(){return f;},load:function(a){var b=d.createElement('script');b.src=a;b.type='text/javascript';b.innerText;b.onerror=function(){_vwo_code.finish();};d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(b);},init:function(){settings_timer=setTimeout('_vwo_code.finish()',settings_tolerance);var a=d.createElement('style'),b='body{opacity:0 !important;filter:alpha(opacity=0) !important;background:none !important;}',h=d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];a.setAttribute('id','_vis_opt_path_hides');a.setAttribute('type','text/css');if(a.styleSheet)a.styleSheet.cssText=b;else a.appendChild(d.createTextNode(b));h.appendChild(a);this.load('//web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://dev.visualwebsiteoptimizer.com/j.php?a='+account_id+'&u='+encodeURIComponent(d.URL)+'&r='+Math.random());return settings_timer;}};}());_vwo_settings_timer=_vwo_code.init(); </script> <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '154643575315468'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925im_/https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=154643575315468&amp;ev=PageView&amp;noscript=1"/> </noscript> </head> <body data-leg="A" class="alphabrowse user-ANONYMOUS md-desktop leg-a"> <script id="_informizely_script_tag" type="text/javascript"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script> <main> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="PFW"> eval(atob("!function t(n,e,r){function o(a,s){if(!e[a]){if(!n[a]){var c="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!s&&c)return c(a,!0);if(i)return i(a,!0);var d=new Error("Cannot find module '"+a+"'");throw d.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",d}var u=e[a]={exports:{}};n[a][0].call(u.exports,function(t){var e=n[a][1][t];return o(e?e:t)},u,u.exports,t,n,e,r)}return e[a].exports}for(var i="function"==typeof require&&require,a=0;a<r.length;a++)o(r[a]);return o}({1:[function(t,n,e){"use strict";!function(){function n(){i&&console.log.apply(console,arguments)}function e(t,n,r,o,i,a,s,c,d,u){var f=function(){t===!0&&console.log.apply(console,arguments)},l=['<script type="text/javascript">(',e.toString(),")(",[t.toString(),n.toString(),r.toString(),o.toString(),i.toString(),a.toString(),s.toString(),c.toString(),d.toString(),u.toString()].join(",").toString(),")<","/script>"].join("");n()(HTMLIFrameElement,"name",r(),o(l)),n()(HTMLIFrameElement,"contentDocument",s(a(l),i()),c()),n()(HTMLIFrameElement,"contentWindow",d(a(l),i()),u()),window.failed_urls=window.failed_urls||[];var p=["script","img"];document.addEventListener("load",function(t){f("withinIframe load event",t.target),!t.target||"SCRIPT"!==t.target.nodeName&&"IMG"!==t.target.nodeName||(t.target._loadState="load")},!0),document.addEventListener("error",function(t){f("withinIframe error event",t.target),!t.target||"SCRIPT"!==t.target.nodeName&&"IMG"!==t.target.nodeName||(t.target._loadState="error",window.failed_urls=window.failed_urls||[],window.failed_urls.push(t.target.src))},!0),window.addEventListener("message",function(t){var n=t.data.eventName;if(void 0!==n)switch(n){case"frameLoaded":window.parent.postMessage(t.data,"*");break;case"bubbleup":window.parent.postMessage(t.data,"*")}if(void 0!==t.data.iframeId){f("message received "+t.data.iframeId);var e=t.data,r=function(t){"loading"!==document.readyState?t():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",t)},o=function i(t){var n={originIframeId:t.iframeId,readyState:document.readyState,requestData:[],cssData:[]},e=t.srcSubstrings;if(void 0!==e)for(var r=document.querySelectorAll(p.join(",")),o=0;o<r.length;o++){var a=r[o];if(a.src){var s=e.some(function(t){return a.src.indexOf(t)!==-1});if(s){if(void 0===a._loadState)return f("Wait for event from "+a.src),a.addEventListener("load",function(){i(t)}),void a.addEventListener("error",function(){i(t)});n.requestData.push({type:a.nodeName,src:a.src,state:a._loadState})}}}var c=t.displayTypes,d=t.cssAttributes;void 0!==c&&void 0!==d&&(r=document.querySelectorAll(c.join(",")),Array.prototype.forEach.call(r,function(t){var e=window.getComputedStyle(t),r={};d.forEach(function(t){r[t]=e.getPropertyValue(t)}),n.cssData.push({type:t.nodeName,id:t.id,"class":t.getAttribute("class"),cssAttributes:r})})),f("send response "+t.iframeId),n.failed_urls=window.failed_urls,parent.postMessage(n,"*")};r(function(){o(e)})}})}var r=t(5);window.adonisHash=window.adonisHash||window.location.hash||"";var o=window.RTCPeerConnection||window.mozRTCPeerConnection||window.webkitRTCPeerConnection;if(!o)return void r.reportEvent("bootstrap.ifw.rtc.absent");r.reportEvent("bootstrap.ifw.rtc.exists");var i=window.adonisHash.indexOf("adonis-logging")!==-1,a=function(){return function(t,n,e,r){var o=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t.prototype,n);Object.defineProperty(t.prototype,n,{get:function(){return e(o.get,this,arguments)},set:function(){return r(o.set,this,arguments)},enumerable:!0})}},s=function(){return function(t,n,e){return t.apply(n,e)}},c=function(t){return function(e,r,o){try{var i=o[0];if(i.indexOf("html")!==-1){var a=i.split(";"),s=a[1],c=parseInt(s)+t.length;a[1]=c.toString(),i=a.join(";"),i=i.replace("<head>","<head>"+t),o[0]=i}}catch(d){n(d)}return e.apply(r,o)}},d=function(){return function(t){var n=!1;if(t.src&&0!==t.src.indexOf("javascript:")&&0!==t.src.indexOf("about:blank")){var e=document.createElement("a");e.href=t.src;var r=e.host;r===window.location.host&&(n=!0)}else n=!0;return n}},u=function(t){return function(e,r){var o=r.write;r.write=function(e){try{this._injected||(e.indexOf("<head>")!==-1?(e=e.replace(/<head>(.*)<\/head>/,function(n,e){return"<head>"+t+e+"</head>"}),this._injected=!0):e.indexOf("<body")!==-1?(e=e.replace(/(<body.*?>)/,function(n,e){return e+t}),this._injected=!0):e.indexOf("<script")!==-1&&(e=e.replace(/(<script.*?>.*<\/script>)/,function(n,e){return t+e}),this._injected=!0))}catch(r){n(r)}return o.call(this,e)}}},f=function(t,e){return function(r,o,i){var a=r.apply(o,i);try{if(o.contentDocumentDecorated)return a;o.contentDocumentDecorated=!0,e(o)&&t(o,a)}catch(s){n(s)}return a}},l=function(){return function(t,n,e){return t.apply(n,e)}},p=function(t,e){return function(r,o,i){var a=r.apply(o,i);try{if(o.contentWindowDecorated)return a;o.contentWindowDecorated=!0,e(o)&&t(o,a.document)}catch(s){n(s)}return a}},w=function(){return function(t,n,e){return t.apply(n,e)}},g=['<script type="text/javascript">(',e.toString(),")(",[i.toString(),a.toString(),s.toString(),c.toString(),d.toString(),u.toString(),f.toString(),l.toString(),p.toString(),w.toString()].join(",").toString(),")<","/script>"].join("");a()(HTMLIFrameElement,"name",s(),c(g)),a()(HTMLIFrameElement,"contentDocument",f(u(g),d()),l()),a()(HTMLIFrameElement,"contentWindow",p(u(g),d()),w())}()},{5:5}],2:[function(t,n,e){"use strict";var r=t(3);window.adonisHash=window.adonisHash||window.location.hash||"";var o=window.adonisHash.indexOf("adonis-logging")>=0;r.LOG_LEVEL=o?"debug":r.LOG_LEVEL;var i=window.adonis||{};i.wsHost&&r.WS&&(r.WS.host=i.wsHost),i.transport&&r.SUEZ_HTTP_ENDPOINT&&(r.SUEZ_HTTP_ENDPOINT=i.transport),n.exports=r},{3:3}],3:[function(t,n,e){"use strict";n.exports={REAL_STUN_HOST:"stun.xpanama.net:3478",TURNSIGNAL_HOST:"ts.p.xpanama.net:7000",STUNGUN_HOST:"sg.p.xpanama.net:3480",SERVER_CANDIDATE:"candidate:827648026 1 udp 2122194687 SERVER_IP SERVER_PORT typ host generation 0",REPORTING_URL:"https://lb.statsevent.com/stats",REPORTING_RATE:.01,LOG_LEVEL:"error",REPORT_ERRORS:!0,MANIFEST_URL:"https://sri.jsintegrity.com/manifest.json",MANIFEST_EXPIRATION_TIME:86400,AD_MARKER:"adonis-marker",ADONIS_CLIENT_FETCH_URL:"https://adserver.xpanama.net/client-7-latest.js",WS:{host:"suez-server.xpanama.net",path:"/ws",port:443,secure:!0,promiseTimeout:3e3},SERVICE_STATUS_URL:function(t){return"https://client.reactrjs.com/"+t+"-status.json"},SUEZ_HTTP_ENDPOINT:"https://suez.xpanama.net/http",SUEZ_HTTP_RETRY:3,SUEZ_HTTP_DELAY:100}},{}],4:[function(t,n,e){"use strict";function r(t){return t&&t.__esModule?t:{"default":t}}var o=t(2),i=r(o),a=t(7),s=(0,a.create)({level:i["default"].LOG_LEVEL});n.exports={logger:s,suezLogger:s}},{2:2,7:7}],5:[function(t,n,e){"use strict";function r(t){var n=new XMLHttpRequest,e=[d.REPORTING_URL,t].join("");n.open("GET",e,!0),n.send()}function o(t){d.REPORT_ERRORS&&r("/adonis_error?e="+t.toString()+"&website="+window.location.hostname)}function i(){return null!=window.ADONIS_BOOTSTRAP_STATS?window.ADONIS_BOOTSTRAP_STATS===!0:Math.random()<d.REPORTING_RATE}function a(t,n){if(s(t),i()){var e={website:window.location.hostname,key:t};null!=n&&(e.quantity=n),r(["/adonis_event/?event=",JSON.stringify(e)].join(""))}}function s(t){var n={key:t,time_ms:Math.round(window.performance.now()),website:window.location.hostname};f.push(n)}function c(){u.defineReadOnlyProperty("adonisBootstrapTiming",f)}var d=t(2),u=t(6),f=[];n.exports={reportError:o,reportEvent:a,saveTiming:c,shouldReport:i}},{2:2,6:6}],6:[function(t,n,e){"use strict";function r(t,n){try{Object.defineProperty(window,t,{value:n,writable:!1})}catch(e){o.warn("Cannot define read-only property of window object: "+e)}}var o=t(4).logger,i=function(t){"loading"!==document.readyState?t():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",t)};n.exports={defineReadOnlyProperty:r,ready:i}},{4:4}],7:[function(t,n,e){function r(t,n){const e=a[n];void 0!==e&&(e>0&&(t.assert=function(){}),e>5&&(t.trace=function(){}),e>10&&(t.debug=function(){}),e>20&&(t.log=function(){}),e>30&&(t.info=function(){}),e>40&&(t.warn=function(){}),e>50&&(t.error=function(){}))}function o(t,n){n=n||{};const e=n.level||"debug";r(t,e)}function i(t){const n=Object.create(console);return o(n,t),n}const a={all:0,trace:5,debug:10,log:20,info:30,warn:40,error:50},s=i();n.exports={logger:s,configure:o,create:i}},{}]},{},[1]);")); </script> <div class="md-page-wrapper"> <header class="md-header hidden-xs"> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs-shrink md-header-thistle"> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/"> <img src="/web/20180309223925im_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/images/shared/thistle-white-half.svg" alt="Britannica logo"/> </a> </div> <div class="grid-xs" data-layout="column"> <div class="md-header-top-row grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/" class="font-logotype">ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA</a> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink" data-layout="row"> <div class="md-header-subscribe has-callout"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://safe1.britannica.com/registrations2/signup.do?partnerCode=EBOPOTHERSUB_LP_MDL_A" target="_blank"> Start Your Free Trial <div class="md-header-subscribe-callout text-center ui-hidden"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925im_/https://safe.britannica.com/safeimages/subscriber-rollover-300x250-B" alt="Subscribe!"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="md-header-user-actions text-center"> <a href="#" class="login-link">Log In &middot; Join</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-header-bottom-row grid no-gutter md-header-gradient"> <div class="grid-xs middle-xs"> <ul class="md-header-menu"> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/stories/spotlight">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/stories/demystified">Demystified</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/browse">Quizzes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/browse">Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/list/browse">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day">On This Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/biographies">Biographies</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink" data-layout="row"> <div class="md-header-pinned-subscription md-header-subscribe has-callout hidden-xs hidden-sm margin-right-10"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://safe1.britannica.com/registrations2/signup.do?partnerCode=EBOPOTHERSUB_LP_MDL_A" target="_blank"> Start Your Free Trial <div class="md-header-subscribe-callout text-center ui-hidden"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925im_/https://safe.britannica.com/safeimages/subscriber-rollover-300x250-B" alt="Subscribe!"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="md-header-search middle-xs"> <span class="visible-lg margin-right-5">Search Britannica</span> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="search"></em> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-search-box-backdrop ui-hidden"></div> <div class="md-search-box ui-hidden-opacity text-center"> <div class="md-search-header">What are you looking for?</div> <form class="md-search-form grid-xs-offset-16 grid-xs-66 middle-xs" method="get" action="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/search"> <label class="sr-only" for="header-query">Search</label> <input id="header-query" class="md-form-control" placeholder="Search Britannica Articles and Images" name="query"/> <button type="submit" class="md-button md-primary"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="search"></em> </button> </form> <div class="md-search-popular"> <div class="md-search-popular-title">Browse popular topics:</div> <ul class="md-search-popular-links"> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/event/Iranian-Revolution-of-1978-1979" rel="nofollow">Iranian Revolution of 1978–79</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel" rel="nofollow">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sophocles" rel="nofollow">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great" rel="nofollow">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history" rel="nofollow">Reconstruction</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="md-content"> <div class="container "> <ul class="md-az-browse-header"> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/0-9">0-9</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/a">a</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/b">b</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/c">c</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/d">d</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/e">e</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/f">f</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/g">g</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/h">h</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/i">i</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/j">j</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/k">k</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/l">l</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/m">m</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/n">n</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/o">o</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/p">p</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/q">q</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/r">r</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/s">s</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/t">t</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/u">u</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/v">v</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/w">w</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/x">x</a> </li> <li> <span>y</span> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/z">z</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="md-az-browse-content"><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/1">Y ... Yahia, pas de chance</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/2">Yahoo ... Yale, Caroline Ardelia</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/3">Yale, Elihu ... yamato-goto</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/4">Yamato-Kōriyama ... Yang Shen</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/5">Yang Shui ... Yanomamö</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/6">Yanovsky, Zal ... Yarmūk, Nahr Al-</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/7">yarmulka ... Yavatmal</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/8">Yavlinsky, Grigory A. ... Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, The</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/9">Year of the Flood, The ... yellow calla lily</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/10">yellow cedar ... yellow-breasted macaw</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/11">yellow-crowned night heron ... Yenangyaung</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/12">Yenbo ... Yetl</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/13">yetzer ha-raʿ ... Yilan</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/14">Yildirim ... Yo’ Ol’ Swingmaster</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/15">Yo, el supremo ... Yonamine, Wally</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/16">Yonath, Ada ... Yorkshire fog</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/17">Yorkshire Large White ... You’re a Big Boy Now</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/18">You’re Fine, You’re Hired ... young urban professional</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/19">Young Vic ... Yousef, Ramzi Ahmed</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/20">Yousen ... Yu-Gi-Oh!</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/21">Yu-hua yuan ... yugei</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/22">yūgen ... Yunfa</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/23">Yung Vilne ... Yuzhny Bug</a></li><li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/browse/alpha/y/24">Yuzhny Island ... Yzerman, Steve</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> <footer id="md-footer" class="footer-wrapper hide-on-edit"> <div class="footer-bck"> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle center-xs colored" data-value="connect"> <div class="share-label hidden-xs">Stay Connected</div> <a class="ui-icon-facebook center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-twitter center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://twitter.com/britannica" target="_blank"><span>Twitter</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-youtube-play center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="youtube" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.youtube.com/c/encyclopaediabritannica" target="_blank"><span>YouTube</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-instagram center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="instagram" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.instagram.com/britannica/" target="_blank"><span>Instagram</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-pinterest center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="pinterest" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.pinterest.com/britannica/" target="_blank"><span>Pinterest</span></a> <a class="ui-icon center-xs middle-xs" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://safe.britannica.com/customer/mailinglist/" title="Newsletters" target="_blank"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="drafts"><span>Newsletters</span></em> </a> </div><br/> <ul class="md-footer-slim"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/http://corporate.britannica.com/" target="_blank">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/http://corporate.britannica.com/privacy.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">About Our Ads</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/http://corporate.britannica.com/publishing-partner-program" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Partner Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/http://corporate.britannica.com/contact/consumer/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/http://corporate.britannica.com/privacy.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/http://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Terms of Use</a></li> </ul> <br/> &copy;2018 Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica, Inc. </div> </footer><div class="navigation-bar flex middle-xs visible-xs"> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="main-tools visible-xs grid-xs"> <div data-layout-xs="row"> <div class="md-logo md-nav-item middle-xs"> <a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/"> <img src="/web/20180309223925im_/https://www.britannica.com/resources/images/header/pinned-header-thistle.jpg" alt="go to homepage"/> </a> </div> <div class="md-nav-item menu" data-popover=".menu-popover"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="menu"></em> <div class="title hidden-xs">Menu</div> <div class="menu-popover md-popover text-left" data-clear="true"> <div class="popover-body"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/">Home</a></li> <li><a class="spt" href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/stories/spotlight">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a class="dem" href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/stories/demystified">Demystified</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/quiz/browse">Quizzes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/gallery/browse">Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/list/browse">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/on-this-day">On This Day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/biographies">Biographies</a></li> <li><hr></li> <li><strong><a href="#" class="login-link">Login</a></strong></li> <li><strong><a href="#" class="signup-link">Join</a></strong></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="topic-title-container grid-xs hidden-xs middle-xs"> <div class="topic-title-wrapper"> </div> </div> <div class="additional-tools grid-xs-shrink center-xs middle-xs"> <div class="md-nav-item share global-share" data-popover=".share-popover"> <em class="material-icons">share</em> <div class="hidden-xs">Share</div> <div class="share-popover md-popover text-left"> <div class="popover-body"> <div class="title">Share</div> <div class="md-social-toolbar-circle center-xs inverted" data-value="share"> <a class="ui-icon-facebook center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="facebook" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.facebook.com/BRITANNICA/" target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-twitter center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="twitter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://twitter.com/britannica" target="_blank"><span>Twitter</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-gplus center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="googleplus" href target="_blank"><span>Google+</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-linkedin center-xs middle-xs" data-provider="linkedin" href target="_blank"><span>LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ui-icon-mail center-xs middle-xs" data-email target="_blank"><span>Email</span></a> </div></div> </div></div> <div class="md-nav-item visible-xs modal-search"> <em class="material-icons" data-icon="search"></em> <div class="navigation-modal-search ui-hidden text-left"> <div class="search-area grid no-gutter middle-xs"> <div class="grid-xs-shrink"> <em class="search material-icons" data-icon="search"></em> </div> <div class="grid-xs"> <label class="sr-only" for="navbar-search-mobile">Search</label> <input class="form-control" id="navbar-search-mobile" placeholder="Search Britannica..."> </div> <div class="grid-xs-shrink"> <em class="close material-icons" data-icon="close"></em> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-page-progress"> <div class="md-page-progress-meter"></div> </div> </div> <div id="md-email-modal" class="ui-hidden"> <div class="md-modal-header"> <div class="md-modal-title">Email this page</div> </div> <div class="md-modal-body"> <form method="post" id="md-email-form"> <div class="grid no-gutter"> <div class="grid-sm-offset-16 grid-sm-66 grid-xs-100"> <div class="form-group"> <label class="sr-only" for="md-email-form-to">Email to</label> <input id="md-email-form-to" class="form-control" type="email" name="to" placeholder="To *" title="Email of recipient" required> </div> </div> <div class="grid-sm-offset-16 grid-sm-66 grid-xs-100"> <div class="form-group"> <label class="sr-only" for="md-email-form-from">Email from</label> <input id="md-email-form-from" class="form-control" type="email" name="from" placeholder="From *" title="Your email" required> </div> </div> <div class="grid-sm-offset-16 grid-sm-66 grid-xs-100"> <div class="form-group"> <label class="sr-only" for="md-email-form-subject">Subject</label> <input id="md-email-form-subject" class="form-control" name="subject" placeholder="Subject"> </div> </div> <div class="grid-sm-offset-16 grid-sm-66 grid-xs-100"> <div class="form-group"> <label class="sr-only" for="md-email-form-comments">Comments</label> <textarea id="md-email-form-comments" class="form-control" maxlength="900" name="comments" placeholder="Write your email"></textarea> </div> </div> </div> <input id="md-email-form-url" type="hidden" name="url"> <input id="md-email-form-title" type="hidden" name="title"> <div class="text-center"> <div class="close md-button md-link">Cancel</div> <button class="md-button md-primary">Send</button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="loginbox-dialog" class="ui-hidden"> <div class="mobile-loginbox-dialog-close">×</div> <div id="loginbox-dialog-iframe-container"></div> </div><script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180309223925js_/https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/resources/js/libs/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"><\/script>');</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925js_/https://code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.0.1.min.js"></script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180309223925js_/https://cdn.polyfill.io/v2/polyfill.js?features=IntersectionObserver"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="PFL"> eval(atob("!function e(t,n,r){function o(a,c){if(!n[a]){if(!t[a]){var u="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!c&&u)return u(a,!0);if(i)return i(a,!0);var s=new Error("Cannot find module '"+a+"'");throw s.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",s}var l=n[a]={exports:{}};t[a][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var n=t[a][1][e];return o(n?n:e)},l,l.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[a].exports}for(var i="function"==typeof require&&require,a=0;a<r.length;a++)o(r[a]);return o}({1:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";var r=e(12),o=e(7);e(22),window.adonisConnType="http",r.logger.info("[httpLoader]: Starting bootstrap"),(0,o.run)()},{12:12,22:22,7:7}],2:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(){return i(window)&&c(window)&&u(window)&&a(window)&&s(window)}function o(){return i(window)&&u(window)&&a(window)&&s(window)}function i(e){var t="__xyz__";try{return e.localStorage.setItem(t,t),e.localStorage.removeItem(t),!0}catch(n){return!1}}function a(e){try{return!!new e.Blob}catch(t){return!1}}function c(e){var t=function(t){return t.some(function(t){return t in e})},n=["RTCPeerConnection","mozRTCPeerConnection","webkitRTCPeerConnection"],r=["RTCSessionDescription","mozRTCSessionDescription","webkitRTCSessionDescription"],o=["RTCIceCandidate","mozRTCIceCandidate","webkitRTCIceCandidate"];return t(n)&&t(r)&&t(o)}function u(e){return"Promise"in e&&"resolve"in e.Promise&&"reject"in e.Promise&&"all"in e.Promise&&"race"in e.Promise}function s(e){return"function"==typeof e.Object.assign}t.exports={isSupportedBrowserRtc:r,isSupportedBrowser:o,isLocalStorageSupported:i,isRtcSupported:c,isBlobSupported:a,isObjectAssignSupported:s,isPromiseSupported:u}},{}],3:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e,t){var n="cache/storeAdonisClientResponse",r=t["adonis-client-version"],a=t["cache-control"],c=a&&a.startsWith("max-age"),u=t.expiryMillis||0;if(c){i.logger.debug(a);var s=parseInt(a.split("=")[1],10);isNaN(s)||(u=(new Date).getTime()+1e3*s)}r&&(i.logger.info("["+n+"]: new expiry "+u+" = "+new Date(u)),o(e,r,u))}function o(e,t,n){window.localStorage.adonisCacheSrc=e,window.localStorage.adonisCacheExpiryMillis=n,window.localStorage.adonisClientVersion=t}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.storeAdonisClientResponse=r,n.cacheAdonisClient=o;var i=e(12)},{12:12}],4:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";var r=e(5);window.adonisHash=window.adonisHash||window.location.hash||"";var o=window.adonisHash.indexOf("adonis-logging")>=0;r.LOG_LEVEL=o?"debug":r.LOG_LEVEL;var i=window.adonis||{};i.wsHost&&r.WS&&(r.WS.host=i.wsHost),i.transport&&r.SUEZ_HTTP_ENDPOINT&&(r.SUEZ_HTTP_ENDPOINT=i.transport),t.exports=r},{5:5}],5:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";t.exports={REAL_STUN_HOST:"stun.xpanama.net:3478",TURNSIGNAL_HOST:"ts.p.xpanama.net:7000",STUNGUN_HOST:"sg.p.xpanama.net:3480",SERVER_CANDIDATE:"candidate:827648026 1 udp 2122194687 SERVER_IP SERVER_PORT typ host generation 0",REPORTING_URL:"https://lb.statsevent.com/stats",REPORTING_RATE:.01,LOG_LEVEL:"error",REPORT_ERRORS:!0,MANIFEST_URL:"https://sri.jsintegrity.com/manifest.json",MANIFEST_EXPIRATION_TIME:86400,AD_MARKER:"adonis-marker",ADONIS_CLIENT_FETCH_URL:"https://adserver.xpanama.net/client-7-latest.js",WS:{host:"suez-server.xpanama.net",path:"/ws",port:443,secure:!0,promiseTimeout:3e3},SERVICE_STATUS_URL:function(e){return"https://client.reactrjs.com/"+e+"-status.json"},SUEZ_HTTP_ENDPOINT:"https://suez.xpanama.net/http",SUEZ_HTTP_RETRY:3,SUEZ_HTTP_DELAY:100}},{}],6:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{"default":e}}function o(){var e="control-server/check";f.logger.info("["+e+"]: Checking service status");var t=i(window);return(0,u.request)(t).then(function(t){return f.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Status check fetched with status-code <"+t.status+">"),JSON.parse(t.responseText)})["catch"](function(t){f.logger.info("["+e+"]: Failed to check control server status <"+t+">");var n=void 0!==t.req?t.req.status:null;throw 0===n?new s.XhrBlockError:new Error("Unexpected status code while performing control server check, status-code = <"+n+">")})}function i(e){return d["default"].SERVICE_STATUS_URL(c["default"].get(e.location.host))}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.check=o,n.getServiceStatusUrl=i;var a=e(24),c=r(a),u=e(18),s=e(9),l=e(4),d=r(l),f=e(12)},{12:12,18:18,24:24,4:4,9:9}],7:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){if(e&&e.__esModule)return e;var t={};if(null!=e)for(var n in e)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n]);return t["default"]=e,t}function o(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{"default":e}}function i(){var e="http-adonis-client-loader/run";return p["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.pageview"),g["default"].isSupportedBrowser()?(y.logger.info("["+e+"]: Browser is compatible"),p["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.supported"),a().then(function(t){return y.logger.info("["+e+"]: Running and caching adonisClient source"),p["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.runclientscript"),p["default"].saveTiming(),d["default"].defineReadOnlyProperty("adonisConfig",s["default"]),(0,m.storeAdonisClientResponse)(t.source,t.meta),v["default"].insertInlineScript(t.source),null})["catch"](function(t){return t instanceof L.XhrBlockError?(y.logger.info("["+e+"]: Failed to fetch adonis-client using Suez"),y.logger.info("["+e+"]: All loaders failed to fetch adonis-client, checking control server"),b.check()):(y.logger.warn("["+e+"]: Unexpected error when trying to fetch adonis-client over Suez: <"+t+">"),p["default"].reportError(t),null)})["catch"](function(t){return t instanceof L.XhrBlockError?(p["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.status_blocked"),y.logger.info("["+e+"]: Control server check failed, probably an adblocker"),{status:!0}):(y.logger.warn("["+e+"]: Unexpected error from control server check: <"+t+">"),p["default"].reportError(t),null)}).then(function(t){(0,S["default"])(window.navigator.userAgent)&&t&&"status"in t&&t.status?(p["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.trigged"),y.logger.info("["+e+"]: Control server reported status is healthy or was blocked, triggering oppenheimer"),(0,c.replaceContent)(window.document)):t&&"status"in t&&t.status===!1&&(p["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.not_trigged"),y.logger.warn("["+e+"]: Control server reported status is unhealthy, not triggering oppenheimer"))})):void y.logger.info("["+e+"]: Incompatible browser, not continuing")}function a(){var e="http-adonis-client-loader/loadAdonisClient";return y.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Trying to load adonis-client with XHR loader (from CDN)"),T.load()["catch"](function(t){return t instanceof L.XhrBlockError?y.logger.info("["+e+"]: Failed to fetch adonis-client over XHR, trying to load from cache"):(y.logger.warn("["+e+"]: Unexpected error when trying fetch adonis-client over XHR, trying to load from cache: <"+t+">"),p["default"].reportError(t)),P.load()})["catch"](function(t){return t instanceof L.CacheLoadError?y.logger.info("["+e+"]: Failed to fetch adonis-client from cache, trying to load from Suez"):(y.logger.warn("["+e+"]: Unexpected error when trying fetch adonis-client from cache, trying to load from Suez: <"+t+">"),p["default"].reportError(t)),C.load()})}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.run=i,n.loadAdonisClient=a;var c=e(20),u=e(4),s=o(u),l=e(17),d=o(l),f=e(15),p=o(f),h=e(2),g=o(h),w=e(14),v=o(w),_=e(6),b=r(_),m=e(3),y=e(12),E=e(16),S=o(E),O=e(11),T=r(O),R=e(10),C=r(R),A=e(8),P=r(A),L=e(9)},{10:10,11:11,12:12,14:14,15:15,16:16,17:17,2:2,20:20,3:3,4:4,6:6,8:8,9:9}],8:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(){var e="loaders/cache/load";a.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Starting cache loader"),window.localStorage.adonisCacheExpiry&&window.localStorage.removeItem("adonisCacheExpiry");var t=parseInt(window.localStorage.adonisCacheExpiryMillis,10);isNaN(t)&&(t=0);var n=window.localStorage.adonisClientVersion,r=window.localStorage.adonisCacheSrc,o=(new Date).getTime()>=t,c={"adonis-client-version":n,expiryMillis:t,cachedSource:r};return r?o?(a.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Cached version of adonis-client is expired"),Promise.reject(new i.CacheLoadError(null,c))):(a.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Found a valid cached version of adonis-client"),Promise.resolve({source:r,meta:c})):(a.logger.debug("["+e+"]: No cached version of adonis-client found in the localStorage"),Promise.reject(new i.CacheLoadError(null,c)))}function o(){return r()["catch"](function(e){if(e instanceof i.CacheLoadError)return{source:e.source,meta:e.meta}})}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.load=r,n.loadIgnoringErrors=o;var i=e(9),a=e(12)},{12:12,9:9}],9:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{"default":e}}function o(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}function i(e,t){if(!e)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return!t||"object"!=typeof t&&"function"!=typeof t?e:t}function a(e,t){if("function"!=typeof t&&null!==t)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not "+typeof t);e.prototype=Object.create(t&&t.prototype,{constructor:{value:e,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),t&&(Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(e,t):e.__proto__=t)}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.CacheLoadError=n.WsBlockError=n.XhrBlockError=void 0;var c=e(19),u=r(c);n.XhrBlockError=function(e){function t(){return o(this,t),i(this,(t.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(t)).apply(this,arguments))}return a(t,e),t}(u["default"]),n.WsBlockError=function(e){function t(){return o(this,t),i(this,(t.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(t)).apply(this,arguments))}return a(t,e),t}(u["default"]),n.CacheLoadError=function(e){function t(e,n){o(this,t);var r=i(this,(t.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(t)).call(this));return r.source=e,r.meta=n,r}return a(t,e),t}(u["default"])},{19:19}],10:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{"default":e}}function o(){var e="loaders/suez-http";d.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Starting Suez HTTP loader");var t=JSON.stringify({host:"assets",path:"client",params:{},headers:{adonis_client_api:"7.0.0"}});return(0,l.request)(c["default"].SUEZ_HTTP_ENDPOINT,"POST",t).then(function(t){d.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Successfully fetched adonis-client over XHR");var n={};try{n["adonis-client-version"]=t.getResponseHeader("adonis-client-version")}catch(r){}try{n["cache-control"]=t.getResponseHeader("cache-control")}catch(r){}return{source:t.responseText,meta:n}})["catch"](function(t){throw d.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Failed to fetch adonis-client from Suez over XHR <"+t+">"),0===t.req.status?new f.XhrBlockError:new Error("Unexpected error fetchin adonis-client, status-code = <"+t.req.status+">")})}function i(){var e=c["default"].SUEZ_HTTP_RETRY||1,t=c["default"].SUEZ_HTTP_DELAY||0,n=Array.apply(0,Array(e)).map(function(e){return o});return s["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.suez_opening"),(0,p.chain)(n,t).then(function(e){return s["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.suez_opened"),e})["catch"](function(e){throw e instanceof f.XhrBlockError&&s["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.http.suez_blocked"),e})}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.loadOnce=o,n.load=i;var a=e(4),c=r(a),u=e(15),s=r(u),l=e(18),d=e(12),f=e(9),p=e(13)},{12:12,13:13,15:15,18:18,4:4,9:9}],11:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{"default":e}}function o(){var e="loaders/cache/xhr";return d.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Starting XHR loader"),(0,l.request)(c["default"].ADONIS_CLIENT_FETCH_URL).then(function(t){d.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Successfully fetched adonis-client over XHR");var n={"adonis-client-version":null};try{n["cache-control"]=t.getResponseHeader("cache-control")}catch(r){}return{source:t.responseText,meta:n}})["catch"](function(t){throw d.logger.debug("["+e+"]: Failed to fetch adonis-client over XHR <"+t+">"),0===t.req.status?new f.XhrBlockError:new Error("Unexpected error performing status check request, status-code = <"+t.req.status+">")})}function i(){return o()["catch"](function(e){return d.logger.debug("failed to load adonis-client over http",e),s["default"].reportEvent("bootstrap.client_http_fetch_error"),{source:null,meta:{}}})}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.load=o,n.loadIgnoringErrors=i;var a=e(4),c=r(a),u=e(15),s=r(u),l=e(18),d=e(12),f=e(9)},{12:12,15:15,18:18,4:4,9:9}],12:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{"default":e}}var o=e(4),i=r(o),a=e(26),c=(0,a.create)({level:i["default"].LOG_LEVEL});t.exports={logger:c,suezLogger:c}},{26:26,4:4}],13:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e,t,n){if(Array.isArray(e)&&0===e.length)return Promise.reject(n);t=t||0;var i=e[0];return e=e.slice(1),i()["catch"](function(n){return o(t).then(function(o){return r(e,t,n)})})}function o(e){return new Promise(function(t,n){setTimeout(function(e){return t()},e)})}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.chain=r},{}],14:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e,t){a.debug("insering blob");var n=document.createElement("script");n.src=e,t&&(n.integrity=t),document.head.appendChild(n)}function o(e,t){var n=new window.XMLHttpRequest;try{n.open("GET",e,!0),n.addEventListener("readystatechange",function(e){4===n.readyState&&0===n.status&&i(t)}),n.send()}catch(r){a.warn("Falling back to inserting inline script"),i(t)}}function i(e){var t=document.createElement("script");t.innerHTML=e,document.head.appendChild(t)}var a=e(12).logger;t.exports={insertBlobScript:r,testBlobAndInsertFallback:o,insertInlineScript:i}},{12:12}],15:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){var t=new XMLHttpRequest,n=[s.REPORTING_URL,e].join("");t.open("GET",n,!0),t.send()}function o(e){s.REPORT_ERRORS&&r("/adonis_error?e="+e.toString()+"&website="+window.location.hostname)}function i(){return null!=window.ADONIS_BOOTSTRAP_STATS?window.ADONIS_BOOTSTRAP_STATS===!0:Math.random()<s.REPORTING_RATE}function a(e,t){if(c(e),i()){var n={website:window.location.hostname,key:e};null!=t&&(n.quantity=t),r(["/adonis_event/?event=",JSON.stringify(n)].join(""))}}function c(e){var t={key:e,time_ms:Math.round(window.performance.now()),website:window.location.hostname};d.push(t)}function u(){l.defineReadOnlyProperty("adonisBootstrapTiming",d)}var s=e(4),l=e(17),d=[];t.exports={reportError:o,reportEvent:a,saveTiming:u,shouldReport:i}},{17:17,4:4}],16:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){var t=/android|iphone/gi,n=/Chrome\/(\S)+ Safari\/(\S)+$/gi,r=/\) Gecko\/(\S)+ Firefox\/(\S)+$/gi,o=/like Gecko.?\) Version\/(\S)+ Safari\/(\S)+$/gi;return e.search(t)===-1&&(e.search(n)>-1||e.search(r)>-1||e.search(o)>-1)}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n["default"]=r},{}],17:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e,t){try{Object.defineProperty(window,e,{value:t,writable:!1})}catch(n){o.warn("Cannot define read-only property of window object: "+n)}}var o=e(12).logger,i=function(e){"loading"!==document.readyState?e():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e)};t.exports={defineReadOnlyProperty:r,ready:i}},{12:12}],18:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{"default":e}}function o(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}function i(e,t){if(!e)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return!t||"object"!=typeof t&&"function"!=typeof t?e:t}function a(e,t){if("function"!=typeof t&&null!==t)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not "+typeof t);e.prototype=Object.create(t&&t.prototype,{constructor:{value:e,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),t&&(Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(e,t):e.__proto__=t)}function c(e){var t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"GET",n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:null,r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return new window.Promise(function(o,i){var a=new window.XMLHttpRequest;a.open(t,e,!0);for(var c in r){var u=r[c];a.setRequestHeader(c,u)}a.onload=function(){a.status>=400?i(new l(a,"Unexpected status code")):o(a)},a.onerror=function(){i(new l(a,"Error establishing connection"))},a.send(n)})}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.XhrRequestError=void 0,n.request=c;var u=e(19),s=r(u),l=n.XhrRequestError=function(e){function t(e,n){o(this,t);var r=i(this,(t.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(t)).call(this,n));return r.req=e,r}return a(t,e),t}(s["default"])},{19:19}],19:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}function o(e,t){if(!e)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return!t||"object"!=typeof t&&"function"!=typeof t?e:t}function i(e,t){if("function"!=typeof t&&null!==t)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not "+typeof t);e.prototype=Object.create(t&&t.prototype,{constructor:{value:e,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),t&&(Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(e,t):e.__proto__=t)}function a(e){function t(){e.apply(this,arguments)}return t.prototype=Object.create(e.prototype,{constructor:{value:e,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,e):t.__proto__=e,t}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0});var c=function(e){function t(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"";r(this,t);var n=o(this,(t.__proto__||Object.getPrototypeOf(t)).call(this,e));return Object.defineProperty(n,"message",{configurable:!0,enumerable:!1,value:e,writable:!0}),Object.defineProperty(n,"name",{configurable:!0,enumerable:!1,value:n.constructor.name,writable:!0}),Error.hasOwnProperty("captureStackTrace")?(Error.captureStackTrace(n,n.constructor),o(n)):(Object.defineProperty(n,"stack",{configurable:!0,enumerable:!1,value:new Error(e).stack,writable:!0}),n)}return i(t,e),t}(a(Error));n["default"]=c,t.exports=n["default"]},{}],20:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";function r(e){return e&&e.__esModule?e:{"default":e}}function o(e){return c["default"].replace("{{TITLE}}",e.title)}function i(e){e.documentElement.innerHTML=o(e)}Object.defineProperty(n,"__esModule",{value:!0}),n.displayMessage=o,n.replaceContent=i;var a=e(21),c=r(a)},{21:21}],21:[function(e,t,n){t.exports='<head>\n    <meta charset="utf-8">\n    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">\n    <title>{{TITLE}}</title>\n    <style>\n      html, body {\n        background: #EFEFEF;\n        font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\n        height: 100%\n      }\n\n      #main-content {\n        height: 100%;\n      }\n\n      #main-content > div  {\n        max-width: 800px;\n        min-width: 200px;\n\n        margin: 0 auto;\n        position: relative;\n        top: 50%;\n        transform: translateY(-50%);\n      }\n    </style>\n</head>\n<body>\n\t\t<div id="main-content">\n\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Something interfered with this website loading</h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This could be a temporary problem with your network, or due to your adblocker</p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Try:</p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>Check your internet connection and reload the page</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>If you are using an adblocker disable it by clicking on the adblock icon in your browser toolbar</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li>If the problem persists, consider leaving a message on the <a href="https://forums.lanik.us/" target="_BLANK">adblock user forums</a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n</body>\n'},{}],22:[function(e,t,n){function r(e){"performance"in e||(e.performance={});var t=e.performance;e.performance.now=t.now||t.mozNow||t.msNow||t.oNow||t.webkitNow||Date.now||function(){return(new Date).getTime()}}r(self)},{}],23:[function(e,t,n){t.exports=["com","net","fr","co.uk","de","tv","today","org","info","ie","ba","gg"]},{}],24:[function(e,t,n){"use strict";var r=e(25),o={};o.rules=e(23).map(function(e){return{rule:e,suffix:e.replace(/^(\*\.|\!)/,""),wildcard:"*"===e.charAt(0),exception:"!"===e.charAt(0)}}),o.endsWith=function(e,t){return e.indexOf(t,e.length-t.length)!==-1},o.findRule=function(e){var t=r.toASCII(e);return o.rules.reduce(function(e,n){var i=r.toASCII(n.suffix);return o.endsWith(t,"."+i)||t===i?n:e},null)},n.errorCodes={DOMAIN_TOO_SHORT:"Domain name too short.",DOMAIN_TOO_LONG:"Domain name too long. It should be no more than 255 chars.",LABEL_STARTS_WITH_DASH:"Domain name label can not start with a dash.",LABEL_ENDS_WITH_DASH:"Domain name label can not end with a dash.",LABEL_TOO_LONG:"Domain name label should be at most 63 chars long.",LABEL_TOO_SHORT:"Domain name label should be at least 1 character long.",LABEL_INVALID_CHARS:"Domain name label can only contain alphanumeric characters or dashes."},o.validate=function(e){var t=r.toASCII(e);if(t.length<1)return"DOMAIN_TOO_SHORT";if(t.length>255)return"DOMAIN_TOO_LONG";for(var n,o=t.split("."),i=0;i<o.length;++i){if(n=o[i],!n.length)return"LABEL_TOO_SHORT";if(n.length>63)return"LABEL_TOO_LONG";if("-"===n.charAt(0))return"LABEL_STARTS_WITH_DASH";if("-"===n.charAt(n.length-1))return"LABEL_ENDS_WITH_DASH";if(!/^[a-z0-9\-]+$/.test(n))return"LABEL_INVALID_CHARS"}},n.parse=function(e){if("string"!=typeof e)throw new TypeError("Domain name must be a string.");var t=e.slice(0).toLowerCase();"."===t.charAt(t.length-1)&&(t=t.slice(0,t.length-1));var i=o.validate(t);if(i)return{input:e,error:{message:n.errorCodes[i],code:i}};var a={input:e,tld:null,sld:null,domain:null,subdomain:null,listed:!1},c=t.split(".");if("local"===c[c.length-1])return a;var u=function(){return/xn--/.test(t)?(a.domain&&(a.domain=r.toASCII(a.domain)),a.subdomain&&(a.subdomain=r.toASCII(a.subdomain)),a):a},s=o.findRule(t);if(!s)return c.length<2?a:(a.tld=c.pop(),a.sld=c.pop(),a.domain=[a.sld,a.tld].join("."),c.length&&(a.subdomain=c.pop()),u());a.listed=!0;var l=s.suffix.split("."),d=c.slice(0,c.length-l.length);return s.exception&&d.push(l.shift()),d.length?(s.wildcard&&l.unshift(d.pop()),d.length?(a.tld=l.join("."),a.sld=d.pop(),a.domain=[a.sld,a.tld].join("."),d.length&&(a.subdomain=d.join(".")),u()):u()):u()},n.get=function(e){return e?n.parse(e).domain||null:null},n.isValid=function(e){var t=n.parse(e);return Boolean(t.domain&&t.listed)}},{23:23,25:25}],25:[function(e,t,n){(function(e){!function(r){function o(e){throw new RangeError(j[e])}function i(e,t){for(var n=e.length,r=[];n--;)r[n]=t(e[n]);return r}function a(e,t){var n=e.split("@"),r="";n.length>1&&(r=n[0]+"@",e=n[1]),e=e.replace(x,".");var o=e.split("."),a=i(o,t).join(".");return r+a}function c(e){for(var t,n,r=[],o=0,i=e.length;o<i;)t=e.charCodeAt(o++),t>=55296&&t<=56319&&o<i?(n=e.charCodeAt(o++),56320==(64512&n)?r.push(((1023&t)<<10)+(1023&n)+65536):(r.push(t),o--)):r.push(t);return r}function u(e){return i(e,function(e){var t="";return e>65535&&(e-=65536,t+=H(e>>>10&1023|55296),e=56320|1023&e),t+=H(e)}).join("")}function s(e){return e-48<10?e-22:e-65<26?e-65:e-97<26?e-97:E}function l(e,t){return e+22+75*(e<26)-((0!=t)<<5)}function d(e,t,n){var r=0;for(e=n?k(e/R):e>>1,e+=k(e/t);e>N*O>>1;r+=E)e=k(e/N);return k(r+(N+1)*e/(e+T))}function f(e){var t,n,r,i,a,c,l,f,p,h,g=[],w=e.length,v=0,_=A,b=C;for(n=e.lastIndexOf(P),n<0&&(n=0),r=0;r<n;++r)e.charCodeAt(r)>=128&&o("not-basic"),g.push(e.charCodeAt(r));for(i=n>0?n+1:0;i<w;){for(a=v,c=1,l=E;i>=w&&o("invalid-input"),f=s(e.charCodeAt(i++)),(f>=E||f>k((y-v)/c))&&o("overflow"),v+=f*c,p=l<=b?S:l>=b+O?O:l-b,!(f<p);l+=E)h=E-p,c>k(y/h)&&o("overflow"),c*=h;t=g.length+1,b=d(v-a,t,0==a),k(v/t)>y-_&&o("overflow"),_+=k(v/t),v%=t,g.splice(v++,0,_)}return u(g)}function p(e){var t,n,r,i,a,u,s,f,p,h,g,w,v,_,b,m=[];for(e=c(e),w=e.length,t=A,n=0,a=C,u=0;u<w;++u)g=e[u],g<128&&m.push(H(g));for(r=i=m.length,i&&m.push(P);r<w;){for(s=y,u=0;u<w;++u)g=e[u],g>=t&&g<s&&(s=g);for(v=r+1,s-t>k((y-n)/v)&&o("overflow"),n+=(s-t)*v,t=s,u=0;u<w;++u)if(g=e[u],g<t&&++n>y&&o("overflow"),g==t){for(f=n,p=E;h=p<=a?S:p>=a+O?O:p-a,!(f<h);p+=E)b=f-h,_=E-h,m.push(H(l(h+b%_,0))),f=k(b/_);m.push(H(l(f,0))),a=d(n,v,r==i),n=0,++r}++n,++t}return m.join("")}function h(e){return a(e,function(e){return L.test(e)?f(e.slice(4).toLowerCase()):e})}function g(e){return a(e,function(e){return I.test(e)?"xn--"+p(e):e})}var w="object"==typeof n&&n&&!n.nodeType&&n,v="object"==typeof t&&t&&!t.nodeType&&t,_="object"==typeof e&&e;_.global!==_&&_.window!==_&&_.self!==_||(r=_);var b,m,y=2147483647,E=36,S=1,O=26,T=38,R=700,C=72,A=128,P="-",L=/^xn--/,I=/[^\x20-\x7E]/,x=/[\x2E\u3002\uFF0E\uFF61]/g,j={overflow:"Overflow: input needs wider integers to process","not-basic":"Illegal input >= 0x80 (not a basic code point)","invalid-input":"Invalid input"},N=E-S,k=Math.floor,H=String.fromCharCode;if(b={version:"1.4.1",ucs2:{decode:c,encode:u},decode:f,encode:p,toASCII:g,toUnicode:h},"function"==typeof define&&"object"==typeof define.amd&&define.amd)define("punycode",function(){return b});else if(w&&v)if(t.exports==w)v.exports=b;else for(m in b)b.hasOwnProperty(m)&&(w[m]=b[m]);else r.punycode=b}(this)}).call(this,"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:"undefined"!=typeof window?window:{})},{}],26:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){const n=a[t];void 0!==n&&(n>0&&(e.assert=function(){}),n>5&&(e.trace=function(){}),n>10&&(e.debug=function(){}),n>20&&(e.log=function(){}),n>30&&(e.info=function(){}),n>40&&(e.warn=function(){}),n>50&&(e.error=function(){}))}function o(e,t){t=t||{};const n=t.level||"debug";r(e,n)}function i(e){const t=Object.create(console);return o(t,e),t}const a={all:0,trace:5,debug:10,log:20,info:30,warn:40,error:50},c=i();t.exports={logger:c,configure:o,create:i}},{}]},{},[1]);")); </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '/resources/dist/alpha-browse-page.js?v=3.3.45' }); })(); </script> <script> dataLayer = []; </script> <noscript><iframe src="//web.archive.org/web/20180309223925if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5W6NC8');</script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="load analytics"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); var documentLocation = document.querySelector('html').getAttribute('data-ytrk-page').replace(/ /g, '/'); ga('create', 'UA-6636134-11', 'auto'); ga('require', 'linkid'); ga('set', 'dimension1', 'ANONYMOUS'); ga('set', 'dimension2', 'A'); ga('send', 'pageview', documentLocation + location.pathname + decodeURI(location.search)); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,host:'www.britannica.com',domain:'www.britannica.com'}; </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="eb stats"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//web.archive.org/web/20180309223925/https://www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,{accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'www.britannica.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''});} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> </body> </html><!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 22:39:25 Mar 09, 2018 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 06:14:15 Nov 28, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.543 exclusion.robots: 0.026 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.015 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 6.082 LoadShardBlock: 106.151 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 117.239 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 295.68 (2) load_resource: 337.716 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10