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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Hydrogeomorphological analysis of Niger River Sub-basins for flood prediction in Anambra State, Nigeria | Arabian Journal of Geosciences</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Hydrogeomorphological analysis of Niger River Sub-basins for flood prediction in Anambra State, Nigeria"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences - Climate change is associated with heavy and excessive rainfalls in the tropics with anticipated fluvial and pluvial flooding. This study aimed to analyze the..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12127-8/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12127_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="12517"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Hydrogeomorphological analysis of Niger River Sub-basins for flood prediction in Anambra State, Nigeria"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2024 17:12"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-11-18"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2024 Saudi Society for Geosciences and Springer Nature Switzerland AG"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2024 Saudi Society for Geosciences and Springer Nature Switzerland AG"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Climate change is associated with heavy and excessive rainfalls in the tropics with anticipated fluvial and pluvial flooding. This study aimed to analyze the natural predispositions of river basins in Anambra State, Nigeria to flooding in this era of changing rainfall characteristics necessitated by climate change. This study used primary and secondary data sources. The primary data include field visits and observations, oral interviews, photographs, and measurements, whereas the secondary data include satellite images from the USGS (SRTM DEM), shapefile from Diva GIS, and other related literature. The morphometric parameters analyzed included the area of the sub-basin, perimeter of the sub-basin, stream order, stream length, stream numbers, and sub-basin length, the drainage density, drainage texture, form factor, shape factor, elongation ratio, relief ratio, relative ratio, ruggedness number, and bifurcation ratio. The findings revealed that the sub-basins are elongated in shape, with a dendritic stream pattern, whereas the other hydrogeomorphological characteristics revealed the flooding propensity and erosivity level downstream of their basins. The drainage density (Dd) of the sub-basins of Anambra state indicates that the basins are made up of porous subsurface material and, therefore, will not encourage flooding. The drainage texture (Dt) has a very coarse texture category and indicates the presence of fewer streams over basins, as it considers the total number of streams of all orders. The form factor (Rf) indicates that there is a very low possibility of sudden peak discharge in the basins during heavy rainfalls. The shape factor (Sf) indicates strongly elongated basins (i.e., Sf &gt; 0.45) elongated basins indicate a long travel time for flow from the headwaters to the outlets. The sub-basins’ terrain are categorized as having slight, moderate, and sharp morphology with slight, moderate, and sharp roughness and unevenness; slight to moderate exposure to the risks of flood hazards; moderate soil erosion; and/or mass movement. This implies that the increase in flooding in the state might be attributed to increasing urbanization, dense settlement, and human intervention in river flow."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1866-7538"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-11-18"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="17"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="12"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="20"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 Saudi Society for Geosciences and Springer Nature Switzerland AG"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Arab J Geosci"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer International Publishing"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1866-7538"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Hydrogeomorphological analysis of Niger River Sub-basins for flood prediction in Anambra State, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="17"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="12"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/11/18"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="20"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Paper"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8"/> <meta name="size" content="254296"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Climate change is associated with heavy and excessive rainfalls in the tropics with anticipated fluvial and pluvial flooding. 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Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 237"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ayadiuno, Romanus Udegbunam"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ndulue, Dominic Chukwuka"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="chukwuka.ndulue.195839@unn.edu.ng"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2024/12/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Hydrogeomorphological analysis of Niger River Sub-basins for flood prediction in Anambra State, Nigeria - Arabian Journal of Geosciences"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Climate change is associated with heavy and excessive rainfalls in the tropics with anticipated fluvial and pluvial flooding. This study aimed to analyze the natural predispositions of river basins in Anambra State, Nigeria to flooding in this era of changing rainfall characteristics necessitated by climate change. This study used primary and secondary data sources. The primary data include field visits and observations, oral interviews, photographs, and measurements, whereas the secondary data include satellite images from the USGS (SRTM DEM), shapefile from Diva GIS, and other related literature. The morphometric parameters analyzed included the area of the sub-basin, perimeter of the sub-basin, stream order, stream length, stream numbers, and sub-basin length, the drainage density, drainage texture, form factor, shape factor, elongation ratio, relief ratio, relative ratio, ruggedness number, and bifurcation ratio. The findings revealed that the sub-basins are elongated in shape, with a dendritic stream pattern, whereas the other hydrogeomorphological characteristics revealed the flooding propensity and erosivity level downstream of their basins. The drainage density (Dd) of the sub-basins of Anambra state indicates that the basins are made up of porous subsurface material and, therefore, will not encourage flooding. The drainage texture (Dt) has a very coarse texture category and indicates the presence of fewer streams over basins, as it considers the total number of streams of all orders. The form factor (Rf) indicates that there is a very low possibility of sudden peak discharge in the basins during heavy rainfalls. The shape factor (Sf) indicates strongly elongated basins (i.e., Sf > 0.45) elongated basins indicate a long travel time for flow from the headwaters to the outlets. The sub-basins’ terrain are categorized as having slight, moderate, and sharp morphology with slight, moderate, and sharp roughness and unevenness; slight to moderate exposure to the risks of flood hazards; moderate soil erosion; and/or mass movement. This implies that the increase in flooding in the state might be attributed to increasing urbanization, dense settlement, and human intervention in river flow."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12127-8/MediaObjects/12517_2024_12127_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" 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This study aimed to analyze the natural predispositions of river basins in Anambra State, Nigeria to flooding in this era of changing rainfall characteristics necessitated by climate change. This study used primary and secondary data sources. The primary data include field visits and observations, oral interviews, photographs, and measurements, whereas the secondary data include satellite images from the USGS (SRTM DEM), shapefile from Diva GIS, and other related literature. The morphometric parameters analyzed included the area of the sub-basin, perimeter of the sub-basin, stream order, stream length, stream numbers, and sub-basin length, the drainage density, drainage texture, form factor, shape factor, elongation ratio, relief ratio, relative ratio, ruggedness number, and bifurcation ratio. The findings revealed that the sub-basins are elongated in shape, with a dendritic stream pattern, whereas the other hydrogeomorphological characteristics revealed the flooding propensity and erosivity level downstream of their basins. The drainage density (Dd) of the sub-basins of Anambra state indicates that the basins are made up of porous subsurface material and, therefore, will not encourage flooding. The drainage texture (Dt) has a very coarse texture category and indicates the presence of fewer streams over basins, as it considers the total number of streams of all orders. The form factor (Rf) indicates that there is a very low possibility of sudden peak discharge in the basins during heavy rainfalls. The shape factor (Sf) indicates strongly elongated basins (i.e., Sf > 0.45) elongated basins indicate a long travel time for flow from the headwaters to the outlets. 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c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/12517" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12517?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Arabian Journal of Geosciences</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/12517/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/ajgs/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Romanus_Udegbunam-Ayadiuno-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Romanus_Udegbunam-Ayadiuno-Aff1" data-author-search="Ayadiuno, Romanus Udegbunam">Romanus Udegbunam Ayadiuno</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-5245"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-4765-5245</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Dominic_Chukwuka-Ndulue-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Dominic_Chukwuka-Ndulue-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Ndulue, Dominic Chukwuka" data-corresp-id="c1">Dominic Chukwuka Ndulue<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0838-6855"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-0838-6855</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>32 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Climate change is associated with heavy and excessive rainfalls in the tropics with anticipated fluvial and pluvial flooding. This study aimed to analyze the natural predispositions of river basins in Anambra State, Nigeria to flooding in this era of changing rainfall characteristics necessitated by climate change. This study used primary and secondary data sources. The primary data include field visits and observations, oral interviews, photographs, and measurements, whereas the secondary data include satellite images from the USGS (SRTM DEM), shapefile from Diva GIS, and other related literature. The morphometric parameters analyzed included the area of the sub-basin, perimeter of the sub-basin, stream order, stream length, stream numbers, and sub-basin length, the drainage density, drainage texture, form factor, shape factor, elongation ratio, relief ratio, relative ratio, ruggedness number, and bifurcation ratio. The findings revealed that the sub-basins are elongated in shape, with a dendritic stream pattern, whereas the other hydrogeomorphological characteristics revealed the flooding propensity and erosivity level downstream of their basins. The drainage density (D<sub>d</sub>) of the sub-basins of Anambra state indicates that the basins are made up of porous subsurface material and, therefore, will not encourage flooding. The drainage texture (D<sub>t</sub>) has a very coarse texture category and indicates the presence of fewer streams over basins, as it considers the total number of streams of all orders. The form factor (R<sub>f</sub>) indicates that there is a very low possibility of sudden peak discharge in the basins during heavy rainfalls. The shape factor (S<sub>f</sub>) indicates strongly elongated basins (i.e., S<sub>f</sub> > 0.45) elongated basins indicate a long travel time for flow from the headwaters to the outlets. The sub-basins’ terrain are categorized as having slight, moderate, and sharp morphology with slight, moderate, and sharp roughness and unevenness; slight to moderate exposure to the risks of flood hazards; moderate soil erosion; and/or mass movement. This implies that the increase in flooding in the state might be attributed to increasing urbanization, dense settlement, and human intervention in river flow.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12517-024-12127-8%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dc513039a-e945-4e19-bb90-a018d6d4fd90" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use 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id="data-availability">Data Availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>Data for this study are made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Abbott MB, Refsgaard JC (1996) Distributed hydrological modelling. 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Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 237</p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support was received during the preparation of this manuscript.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Romanus Udegbunam Ayadiuno & Dominic Chukwuka Ndulue</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Geography, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Dominic Chukwuka Ndulue</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Romanus_Udegbunam-Ayadiuno-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Romanus Udegbunam Ayadiuno</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Romanus%20Udegbunam%20Ayadiuno" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Romanus Udegbunam Ayadiuno] and [Dominic Chukwuka Ndulue]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Dominic Chukwuka Ndulue], and all the authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Ayadiuno, R.U., Ndulue, D.C. Hydrogeomorphological analysis of Niger River Sub-basins for flood prediction in Anambra State, Nigeria. <i>Arab J Geosci</i> <b>17</b>, 318 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s12517-024-12127-8?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time 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class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Hydrogeomorphology&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Hydrogeomorphology</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Morphometric%20analysis&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Morphometric analysis</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=River%20basins&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">River basins</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Flood%20prediction&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Flood prediction</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Anambra%20State&facet-discipline="Earth%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Anambra State</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div data-test="collections"> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div 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