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Linac</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Linac"> <meta name="keywords" content="Linac"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Linac"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 20</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Linac</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Linac Quality Controls Using An Electronic Portal Imaging Device</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Domingo%20Planes%20Meseguer">Domingo Planes Meseguer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raffaele%20Danilo%20Esposito"> Raffaele Danilo Esposito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Del%20Pilar%20Dorado%20Rodriguez"> Maria Del Pilar Dorado Rodriguez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Monthly quality control checks for a Radiation Therapy Linac may be performed is a simple and efficient way once they have been standardized and protocolized. On the other hand this checks, in spite of being imperatives, require a not negligible execution times in terms of machine time and operators time. Besides it must be taken into account the amount of disposable material which may be needed together with the use of commercial software for their performing. With the aim of optimizing and standardizing mechanical-geometric checks and multi leaves collimator checks, we decided to implement a protocol which makes use of the Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) available on our Linacs. The user is step by step guided by the software during the whole procedure. Acquired images are automatically analyzed by our programs all of them written using only free software. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control%20checks" title="quality control checks">quality control checks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linac" title=" linac"> linac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20oncology" title=" radiation oncology"> radiation oncology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20physics" title=" medical physics"> medical physics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20software" title=" free software"> free software</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78992/linac-quality-controls-using-an-electronic-portal-imaging-device" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Standardizing and Achieving Protocol Objectives for ChestWall Radiotherapy Treatment Planning Process using an O-ring Linac in High-, Low- and Middle-income Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milton%20Ixquiac">Milton Ixquiac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erick%20Montenegro"> Erick Montenegro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Reynoso"> Francisco Reynoso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Schmidt"> Matthew Schmidt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Mazur"> Thomas Mazur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tianyu%20Zhao"> Tianyu Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiram%20Gay"> Hiram Gay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geoffrey%20Hugo"> Geoffrey Hugo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lauren%20Henke"> Lauren Henke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeff%20Michael%20Michalski"> Jeff Michael Michalski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angel%20Velarde"> Angel Velarde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vicky%20de%20Falla"> Vicky de Falla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Franky%20Reyes"> Franky Reyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osmar%20Hernandez"> Osmar Hernandez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edgar%20Aparicio%20Ruiz"> Edgar Aparicio Ruiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baozhou%20Sun"> Baozhou Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Radiotherapy departments in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Guatemala have recently introduced intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). IMRT has become the standard of care in high-income countries (HIC) due to reduced toxicity and improved outcomes in some cancers. The purpose of this work is to show the agreement between the dosimetric results shown in the Dose Volume Histograms (DVH) to the objectives proposed in the adopted protocol. This is the initial experience with an O-ring Linac. Methods and Materials: An O-Linac Linac was installed at our clinic in Guatemala in 2019 and has been used to treat approximately 90 patients daily with IMRT. This Linac is a completely Image Guided Device since to deliver each radiotherapy session must take a Mega Voltage Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (MVCBCT). In each MVCBCT, the Linac deliver 9 UM, and they are taken into account while performing the planning. To start the standardization, the TG263 was employed in the nomenclature and adopted a hypofractionated protocol to treat ChestWall, including supraclavicular nodes achieving 40.05Gy in 15 fractions. The planning was developed using 4 semiarcs from 179-305 degrees. The planner must create optimization volumes for targets and Organs at Risk (OARs); the difficulty for the planner was the dose base due to the MVCBCT. To evaluate the planning modality, we used 30 chestwall cases. Results: The plans created manually achieve the protocol objectives. The protocol objectives are the same as the RTOG1005, and the DHV curves look clinically acceptable. Conclusions: Despite the O-ring Linac doesn´t have the capacity to obtain kv images, the cone beam CT was created using MV energy, the dose delivered by the daily image setup process still without affect the dosimetric quality of the plans, and the dose distribution is acceptable achieving the protocol objectives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypofrationation" title="hypofrationation">hypofrationation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VMAT" title=" VMAT"> VMAT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chestwall" title=" chestwall"> chestwall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiotherapy%20planning" title=" radiotherapy planning"> radiotherapy planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163550/standardizing-and-achieving-protocol-objectives-for-chestwall-radiotherapy-treatment-planning-process-using-an-o-ring-linac-in-high-low-and-middle-income-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163550.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Investigation of Bremsstrahlung, Braking Radiation from Beta-Emitting Radioactive Sources</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Metin%20K%C3%B6ms%C3%B6ken">Metin Kömsöken</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ay%C5%9Fe%20G%C3%BCne%C5%9F%20Tan%C4%B1r"> Ayşe Güneş Tanır</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onur%20Karaman"> Onur Karaman </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Usage of high energy charged particles for diagnosis and treatment has been widespread in medicine. The main purpose is to investigate that Bremsstrahlung which occurs by tissue interactions with charged particles should not be neglected. Nuclear stopping power (Bremsstrahlung) was calculated for lung, brain, skin, muscle, bone (cortical) and water targets for the energies of electrons obtained from LINAC used in radiotherapy and of β+ sources used in positron emission tomography (PET). These calculations were done by using the four different analytical functions including classical Bethe-Bloch, Tsoulfanidis, modified Bethe-Bloch and modified Tsoulfanidis equations. It was concluded that obtained results were compatible with that of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST-ESTAR). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B2-%20emitting%20source" title="β- emitting source">β- emitting source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bremsstrahlung" title=" bremsstrahlung"> bremsstrahlung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therapeutic%20radionuclides" title=" therapeutic radionuclides"> therapeutic radionuclides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LINAC" title=" LINAC"> LINAC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70365/investigation-of-bremsstrahlung-braking-radiation-from-beta-emitting-radioactive-sources" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Effect of PMMA Shield on the Patient Dose Equivalent from Photoneutrons Produced by High Energy Medical Linacs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Mehdi%20Hashemi">Seyed Mehdi Hashemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gholamreza%20Raisali"> Gholamreza Raisali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehran%20Taheri"> Mehran Taheri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the important problems of using high energy linacs at IMRT is the production of photoneutrons. Besides the clinically useful photon beams, high-energy photon beams from medical linacs produce secondary neutrons. These photoneutrons increase the patient dose and may cause secondary malignancies. The effect of the shield on the reduction of photoneutron dose equivalent produced by a high energy medical linac at the patient plane is investigated in this study. To determine the photoneutron dose equivalent received to the patient a Varian linac working at 18 MV photon mode investigated. Photoneutron dose equivalent measured with Polycarbonate films of 0.25 mm thick. PC films placed at distances of 0, 10, 20, and 50 cm from the center of X-ray field on the patient couch. The results show that by increasing the distance from the center of the X-ray beam towards the periphery, the photoneutron dose equivalent decreases rapidly for both open and shielded fields and that by inserting the shield in the path of the X-ray beam, the photoneutron dose equivalent was decreased obviously compared to open field. Results show the shield, significantly reduces photoneutron dose equivalent to the patient. Results can be readily generalized to other models of medical linacs. It may be concluded that using this kind of shield can help more safe, inexpensive and efficient employment of high energy linacs in radiotherapy and IMRT. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoneutron" title="photoneutron">photoneutron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linac" title=" Linac"> Linac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMMA%20shield" title=" PMMA shield"> PMMA shield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalent%20dose" title=" equivalent dose"> equivalent dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32830/effect-of-pmma-shield-on-the-patient-dose-equivalent-from-photoneutrons-produced-by-high-energy-medical-linacs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">493</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> A Theoretical Study of Accelerating Neutrons in LINAC Using Magnetic Gradient Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chunduru%20Amareswara%20Prasad">Chunduru Amareswara Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main aim of this proposal it to reveal the secrets of the universe by accelerating neutrons. The proposal idea in its abridged version speaks about the possibility of making neutrons accelerate with help of thermal energy and magnetic energy under controlled conditions. Which is helpful in revealing the hidden secrets of the universe namely dark energy and in finding properties of Higgs boson. The paper mainly speaks about accelerating neutrons to near velocity of light in a LINAC, using magnetic energy by magnetic pressurizers. The center of mass energy of two colliding neutron beams is 94 GeV (~0.5c) can be achieved using this method. The conventional ways to accelerate neutrons has some constraints in accelerating them electromagnetically as they need to be separated from the Tritium or Deuterium nuclei. This magnetic gradient method provides efficient and simple way to accelerate neutrons. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron" title="neutron">neutron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acceleration" title=" acceleration"> acceleration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20energy" title=" thermal energy"> thermal energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20energy" title=" magnetic energy"> magnetic energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Higgs%20boson" title=" Higgs boson"> Higgs boson</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47270/a-theoretical-study-of-accelerating-neutrons-in-linac-using-magnetic-gradient-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Protection of Patients and Staff in External Beam Radiotherapy Using Linac in Kenya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Calvince%20Okome%20Odeny">Calvince Okome Odeny</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is a current action to increase radiotherapy services in Kenya. The National government of Kenya, in collaboration with the county governments, has embarked on building radiotherapy centers in all 47 regions of the country. As these new centers are established in Kenya, it has to be ensured that minimum radiation safety standards are in place prior to operation. For full implementation of this, it is imperative that more Research and training for regulators are done on radiation protection, and safety and national regulatory infrastructure is geared towards ensuring radiation protection and safety in all aspects of the use of external radiotherapy practices. The present work aims at reviewing the level of protection and safety for patients and staff during external beam radiotherapy using Linac in Kenya and provides relevant guidance to improve protection and safety. A retrospective evaluation was done to verify whether those occupationally exposed workers and patients are adequately protected from the harmful effect of radiation exposure during the treatment procedures using Linac. The project was experimental Research, also including an analysis of resource documents obtained from the literature and international organizations. The critical findings of the work revealed that the key elements of protection of occupationally exposed workers and patients include a comprehensive quality Management system governing all planned activities from siting, safety, and design of the Facility, construction, acceptance testing, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of the Facility; Government empowering the Regulatory Authority to license Medical Linear facilities and to enforce the applicable regulations to ensure adequate protection; A comprehensive Radiation Protection and Safety program must be established to ensure adequate safety and protection of workers and patients during treatment planning and treatment delivery of patients and categories of staff associated with the Facility must be well educated and trained to perform professionally with a commitment to sound safety culture. Relevant recommendations from the findings are shared with the Medical Linear Accelerator facilities and the regulatory authority to provide guidance and continuous improvement of protection and safety to improve regulatory oversight. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oncology" title="oncology">oncology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiotherapy" title=" radiotherapy"> radiotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=staff" title=" staff"> staff</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162769/protection-of-patients-and-staff-in-external-beam-radiotherapy-using-linac-in-kenya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162769.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Evaluation of the Photo Neutron Contamination inside and outside of Treatment Room for High Energy Elekta Synergy® Linear Accelerator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharib%20Ahmed">Sharib Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansoor%20Rafi"> Mansoor Rafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamran%20Ali%20Awan"> Kamran Ali Awan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faraz%20Khaskhali"> Faraz Khaskhali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Maqbool"> Amir Maqbool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Altaf%20Hashmi"> Altaf Hashmi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Medical linear accelerators (LINAC’s) used in radiotherapy treatments produce undesired neutrons when they are operated at energies above 8 MeV, both in electron and photon configuration. Neutrons are produced by high-energy photons and electrons through electronuclear (e, n) a photonuclear giant dipole resonance (GDR) reactions. These reactions occurs when incoming photon or electron incident through the various materials of target, flattening filter, collimators, and other shielding components in LINAC’s structure. These neutrons may reach directly to the patient, or they may interact with the surrounding materials until they become thermalized. A work has been set up to study the effect of different parameter on the production of neutron around the room by photonuclear reactions induced by photons above ~8 MeV. One of the commercial available neutron detector (Ludlum Model 42-31H Neutron Detector) is used for the detection of thermal and fast neutrons (0.025 eV to approximately 12 MeV) inside and outside of the treatment room. Measurements were performed for different field sizes at 100 cm source to surface distance (SSD) of detector, at different distances from the isocenter and at the place of primary and secondary walls. Other measurements were performed at door and treatment console for the potential radiation safety concerns of the therapists who must walk in and out of the room for the treatments. Exposures have taken place from Elekta Synergy® linear accelerators for two different energies (10 MV and 18 MV) for a given 200 MU’s and dose rate of 600 MU per minute. Results indicates that neutron doses at 100 cm SSD depend on accelerator characteristics means jaw settings as jaws are made of high atomic number material so provides significant interaction of photons to produce neutrons, while doses at the place of larger distance from isocenter are strongly influenced by the treatment room geometry and backscattering from the walls cause a greater doses as compare to dose at 100 cm distance from isocenter. In the treatment room the ambient dose equivalent due to photons produced during decay of activation nuclei varies from 4.22 mSv.h−1 to 13.2 mSv.h−1 (at isocenter),6.21 mSv.h−1 to 29.2 mSv.h−1 (primary wall) and 8.73 mSv.h−1 to 37.2 mSv.h−1 (secondary wall) for 10 and 18 MV respectively. The ambient dose equivalent for neutrons at door is 5 μSv.h−1 to 2 μSv.h−1 while at treatment console room it is 2 μSv.h−1 to 0 μSv.h−1 for 10 and 18 MV respectively which shows that a 2 m thick and 5m longer concrete maze provides sufficient shielding for neutron at door as well as at treatment console for 10 and 18 MV photons. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalent%20doses" title="equivalent doses">equivalent doses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20contamination" title=" neutron contamination"> neutron contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20detector" title=" neutron detector"> neutron detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photon%20energy" title=" photon energy "> photon energy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23969/evaluation-of-the-photo-neutron-contamination-inside-and-outside-of-treatment-room-for-high-energy-elekta-synergy-linear-accelerator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23969.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Monte Carlo Simulation Study on Improving the Flatting Filter-Free Radiotherapy Beam Quality Using Filters from Low- z Material</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20Alfrihidi">H. M. Alfrihidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.A.%20Albarakaty"> H.A. Albarakaty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flattening filter-free (FFF) photon beam radiotherapy has increased in the last decade, which is enabled by advancements in treatment planning systems and radiation delivery techniques like multi-leave collimators. FFF beams have higher dose rates, which reduces treatment time. On the other hand, FFF beams have a higher surface dose, which is due to the loss of beam hardening effect caused by the presence of the flatting filter (FF). The possibility of improving FFF beam quality using filters from low-z materials such as steel and aluminium (Al) was investigated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The attenuation coefficient of low-z materials for low-energy photons is higher than that of high-energy photons, which leads to the hardening of the FFF beam and, consequently, a reduction in the surface dose. BEAMnrc user code, based on Electron Gamma Shower (EGSnrc) MC code, is used to simulate the beam of a 6 MV True-Beam linac. A phase-space (phosphor) file provided by Varian Medical Systems was used as a radiation source in the simulation. This phosphor file was scored just above the jaws at 27.88 cm from the target. The linac from the jaw downward was constructed, and radiation passing was simulated and scored at 100 cm from the target. To study the effect of low-z filters, steel and Al filters with a thickness of 1 cm were added below the jaws, and the phosphor file was scored at 100 cm from the target. For comparison, the FF beam was simulated using a similar setup. (BEAM Data Processor (BEAMdp) is used to analyse the energy spectrum in the phosphorus files. Then, the dose distribution resulting from these beams was simulated in a homogeneous water phantom using DOSXYZnrc. The dose profile was evaluated according to the surface dose, the lateral dose distribution, and the percentage depth dose (PDD). The energy spectra of the beams show that the FFF beam is softer than the FF beam. The energy peaks for the FFF and FF beams are 0.525 MeV and 1.52 MeV, respectively. The FFF beam's energy peak becomes 1.1 MeV using a steel filter, while the Al filter does not affect the peak position. Steel and Al's filters reduced the surface dose by 5% and 1.7%, respectively. The dose at a depth of 10 cm (D10) rises by around 2% and 0.5% due to using a steel and Al filter, respectively. On the other hand, steel and Al filters reduce the dose rate of the FFF beam by 34% and 14%, respectively. However, their effect on the dose rate is less than that of the tungsten FF, which reduces the dose rate by about 60%. In conclusion, filters from low-z material decrease the surface dose and increase the D10 dose, allowing for a high-dose delivery to deep tumors with a low skin dose. Although using these filters affects the dose rate, this effect is much lower than the effect of the FF. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flattening%20filter%20free" title="flattening filter free">flattening filter free</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monte%20carlo" title=" monte carlo"> monte carlo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiotherapy" title=" radiotherapy"> radiotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20dose" title=" surface dose"> surface dose</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162793/monte-carlo-simulation-study-on-improving-the-flatting-filter-free-radiotherapy-beam-quality-using-filters-from-low-z-material" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162793.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Radiation Hardness Materials Article Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Abou%20El-Azm">S. Abou El-Azm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Kruchonak"> U. Kruchonak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Gostkin"> M. Gostkin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Guskov"> A. Guskov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zhemchugov"> A. Zhemchugov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Semiconductor detectors are widely used in nuclear physics and high-energy physics experiments. The application of semiconductor detectors could be limited by their ultimate radiation resistance. The increase of radiation defects concentration leads to significant degradation of the working parameters of semiconductor detectors. The investigation of radiation defects properties in order to enhance the radiation hardness of semiconductor detectors is an important task for the successful implementation of a number of nuclear physics experiments; we presented some information about radiation hardness materials like diamond, sapphire and CdTe. Also, the results of measurements I-V characteristics, charge collection efficiency and its dependence on the bias voltage for different doses of high resistivity (GaAs: Cr) and Si at LINAC-200 accelerator and reactor IBR-2 are presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor%20detectors" title="semiconductor detectors">semiconductor detectors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20hardness" title=" radiation hardness"> radiation hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaAs" title=" GaAs"> GaAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Si" title=" Si"> Si</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCE" title=" CCE"> CCE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-V" title=" I-V"> I-V</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C-V" title=" C-V"> C-V</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146949/radiation-hardness-materials-article-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Design and Thermal Simulation Analysis of the Chinese Accelerator Driven Sub-Critical System Injector-I Cryomodule</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rui-Xiong%20Han">Rui-Xiong Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rui%20Ge"> Rui Ge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shao-Peng%20Li"> Shao-Peng Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Bian"> Lin Bian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liang-Rui%20Sun"> Liang-Rui Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min-Jing%20Sang"> Min-Jing Sang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rui%20Ye"> Rui Ye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ya-Ping%20Liu"> Ya-Ping Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiang-Zhen%20Zhang"> Xiang-Zhen Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jie-Hao%20Zhang"> Jie-Hao Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhuo%20Zhang"> Zhuo Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jian-Qing%20Zhang"> Jian-Qing Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miao-Fu%20Xu"> Miao-Fu Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Chinese Accelerator Driven Sub-critical system (C-ADS) uses a high-energy proton beam to bombard the metal target and generate neutrons to deal with the nuclear waste. The Chinese ADS proton linear has two 0~10 MeV injectors and one 10~1500 MeV superconducting linac. Injector-I is studied by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) under construction in the Beijing, China. The linear accelerator consists of two accelerating cryomodules operating at the temperature of 2 Kelvin. This paper describes the structure and thermal performances analysis of the cryomodule. The analysis takes into account all the main contributors (support posts, multilayer insulation, current leads, power couplers, and cavities) to the static and dynamic heat load at various cryogenic temperature levels. The thermal simulation analysis of the cryomodule is important theory foundation of optimization and commissioning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C-ADS" title="C-ADS">C-ADS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryomodule" title=" cryomodule"> cryomodule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure" title=" structure"> structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20simulation" title=" thermal simulation"> thermal simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20heat%20load" title=" static heat load"> static heat load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20heat%20load" title=" dynamic heat load"> dynamic heat load</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75463/design-and-thermal-simulation-analysis-of-the-chinese-accelerator-driven-sub-critical-system-injector-i-cryomodule" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75463.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Neutron Contamination in 18 MV Medical Linear Accelerator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onur%20Karaman">Onur Karaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gunes%20Tanir"> A. Gunes Tanir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photon radiation therapy used to treat cancer is one of the most important methods. However, photon beam collimator materials in Linear Accelerator (LINAC) head generally contains heavy elements is used and the interaction of bremsstrahlung photon with such heavy nuclei, the neutron can be produced inside the treatment rooms. In radiation therapy, neutron contamination contributes to the risk of secondary malignancies in patients, also physicians working in this field. Since the neutron is more dangerous than photon, it is important to determine neutron dose during radiotherapy treatment. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the effect of field size, distance from axis and depth on the amount of in-field and out-field neutron contamination for ElektaVmat accelerator with 18 MV nominal energy. The photon spectra at the distance of 75, 150, 225, 300 cm from target and on the isocenter of beam were scored for 5x5, 10x10, 20x20, 30x30 and 40x40 cm2 fields. Results demonstrated that the neutron spectra and dose are dependent on field size and distances. Beyond 225 cm of isocenter, the dependence of the neutron dose on field size is minimal. As a result, it is concluded that as the open field increases, neutron dose determined decreases. It is important to remember that when treating with high energy photons, the dose from contamination neutrons must be considered as it is much greater than the photon dose. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiotherapy" title="radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20contamination" title=" neutron contamination"> neutron contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20accelerators" title=" linear accelerators"> linear accelerators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photon" title=" photon"> photon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70366/neutron-contamination-in-18-mv-medical-linear-accelerator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Radioprotective Effects of Super-Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Used as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Radiotherapy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20R.%20Shurin">Michael R. Shurin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Galina%20Shurin"> Galina Shurin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20A.%20Kirichenko"> Vladimir A. Kirichenko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background. Visibility of hepatic malignancies is poor on non-contrast imaging for daily verification of liver malignancies prior to radiation therapy on MRI-guided Linear Accelerators (MR-Linac). Ferumoxytol® (Feraheme, AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA) is a SPION agent that is increasingly utilized off-label as hepatic MRI contrast. This agent has the advantage of providing a functional assessment of the liver based upon its uptake by hepatic Kupffer cells proportionate to vascular perfusion, resulting in strong T1, T2 and T2* relaxation effects and enhanced contrast of malignant tumors, which lack Kupffer cells. The latter characteristic has been recently utilized for MRI-guided radiotherapy planning with precision targeting of liver malignancies. However potential radiotoxicity of SPION has never been addressed for its safe use as an MRI-contrast agent during liver radiotherapy on MRI-Linac. This study defines the radiomodulating properties of SPIONs in vitro on human monocyte and macrophage cell lines exposed to 60Go gamma-rays within clinical radiotherapy dose range. Methods. Human monocyte and macrophages cell line in cultures were loaded with a clinically relevant concentration of Ferumoxytol (30µg/ml) for 2 and 24 h and irradiated to 3Gy, 5Gy and 10Gy. Cells were washed and cultured for additional 24 and 48 h prior to assessing their phenotypic activation by flow cytometry and function, including viability (Annexin V/PI assay), proliferation (MTT assay) and cytokine expression (Luminex assay). Results. Our results reveled that SPION affected both human monocytes and macrophages in vitro. Specifically, iron oxide nanoparticles decreased radiation-induced apoptosis and prevented radiation-induced inhibition of human monocyte proliferative activity. Furthermore, Ferumoxytol protected monocytes from radiation-induced modulation of phenotype. For instance, while irradiation decreased polarization of monocytes to CD11b+CD14+ and CD11bnegCD14neg phenotype, Ferumoxytol prevented these effects. In macrophages, Ferumoxytol counteracted the ability of radiation to up-regulate cell polarization to CD11b+CD14+ phenotype and prevented radiation-induced down-regulation of expression of HLA-DR and CD86 molecules. Finally, Ferumoxytol uptake by human monocytes down-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines MIP-1α (Macrophage inflammatory protein 1α), MIP-1β (CCL4) and RANTES (CCL5). In macrophages, Ferumoxytol reversed the expression of IL-1RA, IL-8, IP-10 (CXCL10) and TNF-α, and up-regulates expression of MCP-1 (CCL2) and MIP-1α in irradiated macrophages. Conclusion. SPION agent Ferumoxytol increases resistance of human monocytes to radiation-induced cell death in vitro and supports anti-inflammatory phenotype of human macrophages under radiation. The effect is radiation dose-dependent and depends on the duration of Feraheme uptake. This study also finds strong evidence that SPIONs reversed the effect of radiation on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in initiation and development of radiation-induced liver damage. Correlative translational work at our institution will directly assess the cyto-protective effects of Ferumoxytol on human Kupfer cells in vitro and ex vivo analysis of explanted liver specimens in a subset of patients receiving Feraheme-enhanced MRI-guided radiotherapy to the primary liver tumors as a bridge to liver transplant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superparamagnetic%20iron%20oxide%20nanoparticles" title="superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles">superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioprotection" title=" radioprotection"> radioprotection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20resonance%20imaging" title=" magnetic resonance imaging"> magnetic resonance imaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liver" title=" liver"> liver</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165664/radioprotective-effects-of-super-paramagnetic-iron-oxide-nanoparticles-used-as-magnetic-resonance-imaging-contrast-agent-for-magnetic-resonance-imaging-guided-radiotherapy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165664.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> A Sectional Control Method to Decrease the Accumulated Survey Error of Tunnel Installation Control Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yinggang%20Guo">Yinggang Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zongchun%20Li"> Zongchun Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to decrease the accumulated survey error of tunnel installation control network of particle accelerator, a sectional control method is proposed. Firstly, the accumulation rule of positional error with the length of the control network is obtained by simulation calculation according to the shape of the tunnel installation-control-network. Then, the RMS of horizontal positional precision of tunnel backbone control network is taken as the threshold. When the accumulated error is bigger than the threshold, the tunnel installation control network should be divided into subsections reasonably. On each segment, the middle survey station is taken as the datum for independent adjustment calculation. Finally, by taking the backbone control points as faint datums, the weighted partial parameters adjustment is performed with the adjustment results of each segment and the coordinates of backbone control points. The subsections are jointed and unified into the global coordinate system in the adjustment process. An installation control network of the linac with a length of 1.6 km is simulated. The RMS of positional deviation of the proposed method is 2.583 mm, and the RMS of the difference of positional deviation between adjacent points reaches 0.035 mm. Experimental results show that the proposed sectional control method can not only effectively decrease the accumulated survey error but also guarantee the relative positional precision of the installation control network. So it can be applied in the data processing of tunnel installation control networks, especially for large particle accelerators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alignment" title="alignment">alignment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel%20installation%20control%20network" title=" tunnel installation control network"> tunnel installation control network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accumulated%20survey%20error" title=" accumulated survey error"> accumulated survey error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sectional%20control%20method" title=" sectional control method"> sectional control method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=datum" title=" datum"> datum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135353/a-sectional-control-method-to-decrease-the-accumulated-survey-error-of-tunnel-installation-control-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135353.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Dosimetric Analysis of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy versus 3D Conformal Radiotherapy in Adult Primary Brain Tumors: Regional Cancer Centre, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravi%20Kiran%20Pothamsetty">Ravi Kiran Pothamsetty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radha%20Rani%20Ghosh"> Radha Rani Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baby%20Paul%20Thaliath"> Baby Paul Thaliath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiation therapy has undergone many advancements and evloved from 2D to 3D. Recently, with rapid pace of drug discoveries, cutting edge technology, and clinical trials has made innovative advancements in computer technology and treatment planning and upgraded to intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) which delivers in homogenous dose to tumor and normal tissues. The present study was a hospital-based experience comparing two different conformal radiotherapy techniques for brain tumors. This analytical study design has been conducted at Regional Cancer Centre, India from January 2014 to January 2015. Ten patients have been selected after inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the patients were treated on Artiste Siemens Linac Accelerator. The tolerance level for maximum dose was 6.0 Gyfor lenses and 54.0 Gy for brain stem, optic chiasm and optical nerves as per RTOG criteria. Mean and standard deviation values of PTV98%, PTV 95% and PTV 2% in IMRT were 93.16±2.9, 95.01±3.4 and 103.1±1.1 respectively; for 3DCRT were 91.4±4.7, 94.17±2.6 and 102.7±0.39 respectively. PTV max dose (%) in IMRT and 3D-CRT were 104.7±0.96 and 103.9±1.0 respectively. Maximum dose to the tumor can be delivered with IMRT with acceptable toxicity limits. Variables such as expertise, location of tumor, patient condition, and TPS influence the outcome of the treatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20tumors" title="brain tumors">brain tumors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intensity%20modulated%20radiotherapy%20%28IMRT%29" title=" intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)"> intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=three%20dimensional%20conformal%20radiotherapy%20%283D-CRT%29" title=" three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT)"> three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20therapy%20oncology%20group%20%28RTOG%29" title=" radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG)"> radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74706/dosimetric-analysis-of-intensity-modulated-radiotherapy-versus-3d-conformal-radiotherapy-in-adult-primary-brain-tumors-regional-cancer-centre-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Trends of Cancer Patients Who Underwent Curative/radical Radiotherapy at Radiotherapy Center, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emeshaw%20Damtew%20Zebene">Emeshaw Damtew Zebene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edom%20Seife"> Edom Seife</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hagos%20Tesfay"> Hagos Tesfay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurja%20Belay"> Gurja Belay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: cancer incidence and mortality has grown rapidly throughout the world. Aging of the population, urbanization, physical inactivity, economic growth followed by smoking and drinking contributed a lot for the increased incidence of cancer all over the globe. Objective: the aim of this study was to assess a one-year trend of cancer patients who underwent curative/radical radiotherapy at radiotherapy center, Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Ethiopia. Methodology: We performed a prospective descriptive study of cancer patients treated with LINAC at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from April 2021- March 2022. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Descriptive statistics and chi-square results were generated using SPSS version 24. The level of significance was obtained at 0.05. Results: Sixty-four (64) curative/radical patients-44 females and 20 males were analyzed. Majority, 27(42.2%), of the patients age range from 45 to 64, and 45(70%) of them were urban residents where a group of higher gynecologic cancer was observed.78% of the patients were with locally advanced cancer, and 54(84.4%) of them had no awareness about cancer. Generally, head & neck cancer were found the most prevalent cancer 20(31.3%), and the leading cause of cancer among women was cervical cancer 17(38.6%), where about half 7(15.9%) of them were HIV positive. Conclusion: Our finding revealed that most of curative/radical patients presented at a locally advanced stage of the disease. Hence, maintaining the already available teletherapy machines and installing additional radiotherapy centers may help in treating the patients at the early stage of the disease. Since almost all of our study participants did not have information about cancer, awareness raising mechanisms should be done. Additionally, understanding differences in cancer incidence between urban and rural is important. Key words: Cancer, Curative/radical, Radiotherapy, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer" title="cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curative%2Fradical" title=" curative/radical"> curative/radical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiotherapy" title=" radiotherapy"> radiotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tkur%20anbessa%20specialized%20hospital" title=" tkur anbessa specialized hospital"> tkur anbessa specialized hospital</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164397/trends-of-cancer-patients-who-underwent-curativeradical-radiotherapy-at-radiotherapy-center-tikur-anbessa-specialized-hospital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Design and Development of Permanent Magnet Quadrupoles for Low Energy High Intensity Proton Accelerator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vikas%20Teotia">Vikas Teotia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Malhotra"> Sanjay Malhotra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elina%20Mishra"> Elina Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prashant%20Kumar"> Prashant Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20R.%20Singh"> R. R. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priti%20Ukarde"> Priti Ukarde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20P.%20Marathe"> P. P. Marathe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20S.%20Mayya"> Y. S. Mayya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay is developing low energy high intensity Proton Accelerator (LEHIPA) as pre-injector for 1 GeV proton accelerator for accelerator driven sub-critical reactor system (ADSS). LEHIPA consists of RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole) and DTL (Drift Tube Linac) as major accelerating structures. DTL is RF resonator operating in TM010 mode and provides longitudinal E-field for acceleration of charged particles. The RF design of drift tubes of DTL was carried out to maximize the shunt impedance; this demands the diameter of drift tubes (DTs) to be as low as possible. The width of the DT is however determined by the particle β and trade-off between a transit time factor and effective accelerating voltage in the DT gap. The array of Drift Tubes inside DTL shields the accelerating particle from decelerating RF phase and provides transverse focusing to the charged particles which otherwise tends to diverge due to Columbic repulsions and due to transverse e-field at entry of DTs. The magnetic lenses housed inside DTS controls the transverse emittance of the beam. Quadrupole magnets are preferred over solenoid magnets due to relative high focusing strength of former over later. The availability of small volume inside DTs for housing magnetic quadrupoles has motivated the usage of permanent magnet quadrupoles rather than Electromagnetic Quadrupoles (EMQ). This provides another advantage as joule heating is avoided which would have added thermal loaded in the continuous cycle accelerator. The beam dynamics requires uniformity of integral magnetic gradient to be better than ±0.5% with the nominal value of 2.05 tesla. The paper describes the magnetic design of the PMQ using Sm2Co17 rare earth permanent magnets. The paper discusses the results of five pre-series prototype fabrications and qualification of their prototype permanent magnet quadrupoles and a full scale DT developed with embedded PMQs. The paper discusses the magnetic pole design for optimizing integral Gdl uniformity and the value of higher order multipoles. A novel but simple method of tuning the integral Gdl is discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DTL" title="DTL">DTL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=focusing" title=" focusing"> focusing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMQ" title=" PMQ"> PMQ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton" title=" proton"> proton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rate%20earth%20magnets" title=" rate earth magnets"> rate earth magnets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35560/design-and-development-of-permanent-magnet-quadrupoles-for-low-energy-high-intensity-proton-accelerator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Feasibility Study and Experiment of On-Site Nuclear Material Identification in Fukushima Daiichi Fuel Debris by Compact Neutron Source</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yudhitya%20Kusumawati">Yudhitya Kusumawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuki%20Mitsuya"> Yuki Mitsuya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomooki%20Shiba"> Tomooki Shiba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mitsuru%20Uesaka"> Mitsuru Uesaka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power reactor incident, there are a lot of unaccountable nuclear fuel debris in the reactor core area, which is subject to safeguard and criticality safety. Before the actual precise analysis is performed, preliminary on-site screening and mapping of nuclear debris activity need to be performed to provide a reliable data on the nuclear debris mass-extraction planning. Through a collaboration project with Japan Atomic Energy Agency, an on-site nuclear debris screening system by using dual energy X-Ray inspection and neutron energy resonance analysis has been established. By using the compact and mobile pulsed neutron source constructed from 3.95 MeV X-Band electron linac, coupled with Tungsten as electron-to-photon converter and Beryllium as a photon-to-neutron converter, short-distance neutron Time of Flight measurement can be performed. Experiment result shows this system can measure neutron energy spectrum up to 100 eV range with only 2.5 meters Time of Flightpath in regards to the X-Band accelerator’s short pulse. With this, on-site neutron Time of Flight measurement can be used to identify the nuclear debris isotope contents through Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis (NRTA). Some preliminary NRTA experiments have been done with Tungsten sample as dummy nuclear debris material, which isotopes Tungsten-186 has close energy absorption value with Uranium-238 (15 eV). The results obtained shows that this system can detect energy absorption in the resonance neutron area within 1-100 eV. It can also detect multiple elements in a material at once with the experiment using a combined sample of Indium, Tantalum, and silver makes it feasible to identify debris containing mixed material. This compact neutron Time of Flight measurement system is a great complementary for dual energy X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) method that can identify atomic number quantitatively but with 1-mm spatial resolution and high error bar. The combination of these two measurement methods will able to perform on-site nuclear debris screening at Fukushima Daiichi reactor core area, providing the data for nuclear debris activity mapping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20source" title="neutron source">neutron source</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutron%20resonance" title=" neutron resonance"> neutron resonance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20debris" title=" nuclear debris"> nuclear debris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20of%20flight" title=" time of flight "> time of flight </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93254/feasibility-study-and-experiment-of-on-site-nuclear-material-identification-in-fukushima-daiichi-fuel-debris-by-compact-neutron-source" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> The Validation of RadCalc for Clinical Use: An Independent Monitor Unit Verification Software</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junior%20Akunzi">Junior Akunzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the matter of patient treatment planning quality assurance in 3D conformational therapy (3D-CRT) and volumetric arc therapy (VMAT or RapidArc), the independent monitor unit verification calculation (MUVC) is an indispensable part of the process. Concerning 3D-CRT treatment planning, the MUVC can be performed manually applying the standard ESTRO formalism. However, due to the complex shape and the amount of beams in advanced treatment planning technic such as RapidArc, the manual independent MUVC is inadequate. Therefore, commercially available software such as RadCalc can be used to perform the MUVC in complex treatment planning been. Indeed, RadCalc (version 6.3 LifeLine Inc.) uses a simplified Clarkson algorithm to compute the dose contribution for individual RapidArc fields to the isocenter. The purpose of this project is the validation of RadCalc in 3D-CRT and RapidArc for treatment planning dosimetry quality assurance at Antoine Lacassagne center (Nice, France). Firstly, the interfaces between RadCalc and our treatment planning systems (TPS) Isogray (version 4.2) and Eclipse (version13.6) were checked for data transfer accuracy. Secondly, we created test plans in both Isogray and Eclipse featuring open fields, wedges fields, and irregular MLC fields. These test plans were transferred from TPSs according to the radiotherapy protocol of DICOM RT to RadCalc and the linac via Mosaiq (version 2.5). Measurements were performed in water phantom using a PTW cylindrical semiflex ionisation chamber (0.3 cm³, 31010) and compared with the TPSs and RadCalc calculation. Finally, 30 3D-CRT plans and 40 RapidArc plans created with patients CT scan were recalculated using the CT scan of a solid PMMA water equivalent phantom for 3D-CRT and the Octavius II phantom (PTW) CT scan for RapidArc. Next, we measure the doses delivered into these phantoms for each plan with a 0.3 cm³ PTW 31010 cylindrical semiflex ionisation chamber (3D-CRT) and 0.015 cm³ PTW PinPoint ionisation chamber (Rapidarc). For our test plans, good agreements were found between calculation (RadCalc and TPSs) and measurement (mean: 1.3%; standard deviation: ± 0.8%). Regarding the patient plans, the measured doses were compared to the calculation in RadCalc and in our TPSs. Moreover, RadCalc calculations were compared to Isogray and Eclispse ones. Agreements better than (2.8%; ± 1.2%) were found between RadCalc and TPSs. As for the comparison between calculation and measurement the agreement for all of our plans was better than (2.3%; ± 1.1%). The independent MU verification calculation software RadCal has been validated for clinical use and for both 3D-CRT and RapidArc techniques. The perspective of this project includes the validation of RadCal for the Tomotherapy machine installed at centre Antoine Lacassagne. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20conformational%20radiotherapy" title="3D conformational radiotherapy">3D conformational radiotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intensity%20modulated%20radiotherapy" title=" intensity modulated radiotherapy"> intensity modulated radiotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitor%20unit%20calculation" title=" monitor unit calculation"> monitor unit calculation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dosimetry%20quality%20assurance" title=" dosimetry quality assurance"> dosimetry quality assurance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78071/the-validation-of-radcalc-for-clinical-use-an-independent-monitor-unit-verification-software" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Radioprotective Efficacy of Costus afer against the Radiation-Induced Hematology and Histopathology Damage in Mice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Idowu%20R.%20Akomolafe">Idowu R. Akomolafe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naven%20Chetty"> Naven Chetty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The widespread medical application of ionizing radiation has raised public concern about radiation exposure and, thus, associated cancer risk. The production of reactive oxygen species and free radicals as a result of radiation exposure can cause severe damage to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cells, thus leading to biological effect. Radiotherapy is an excellent modality in the treatment of cancerous cells, comes with a few challenges. A significant challenge is the exposure of healthy cells surrounding the tumour to radiation. The last few decades have witnessed lots of attention shifted to plants, herbs, and natural product as an alternative to synthetic compound for radioprotection. Thus, the study investigated the radioprotective efficacy of Costus afer against whole-body radiation-induced haematological, histopathological disorder in mice. Materials and Method: Fifty-four mice were randomly divided into nine groups. Animals were pretreated with the extract of Costus afer by oral gavage for six days before irradiation. Control: 6 mice received feed and water only; 6 mice received feed, water, and 3Gy; 6 mice received feed, water, and 6Gy; experimental: 6 mice received 250 mg/kg extract; 6 mice received 500 mg/kg extract; 6 mice received 250 mg/kg extract and 3Gy; 6 mice received 500 mg/kg extract and 3Gy; 6 mice received 250 mg/kg extract and 6Gy; 6 mice received 500 mg/kg extract and 6Gy in addition to feeding and water. The irradiation was done at the Radiotherapy and Oncology Department of Grey's Hospital using linear accelerator (LINAC). Thirty-six mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation 48 hours after irradiation, and blood was collected for haematology tests. Also, the liver and kidney of the sacrificed mice were surgically removed for histopathology tests. The remaining eighteen (18) mice were used for mortality and survival studies. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results: Prior administration of Costus afer extract decreased the symptoms of radiation sickness and caused a significant delay in the mortality as demonstrated in the experimental mice. The first mortality was recorded on day-5 post irradiation, and this happened to the group E- that is, mice that received 6Gy but no extract. There was significant protection in the experimental mice, as demonstrated in the blood counts against hematopoietic and gastrointestinal damage when compared with the control. The protection was seen in the increase in blood counts of experimental animals and the number of survivor. The protection offered by Costus afer may be due to its ability to scavenge free radicals and restore gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage produced by radiation. Conclusions: The study has demonstrated that exposure of mice to radiation could cause modifications in the haematological and histopathological parameters of irradiated mice. However, the changes were relieved by the methanol extract of Costus afer, probably through its free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=costus%20afer" title="costus afer">costus afer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hematological" title=" hematological"> hematological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioprotection" title=" radioprotection"> radioprotection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiotherapy" title=" radiotherapy"> radiotherapy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125484/radioprotective-efficacy-of-costus-afer-against-the-radiation-induced-hematology-and-histopathology-damage-in-mice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125484.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> An Infrared Inorganic Scintillating Detector Applied in Radiation Therapy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sree%20Bash%20Chandra%20Debnath">Sree Bash Chandra Debnath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Didier%20Tonneau"> Didier Tonneau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carole%20Fauquet"> Carole Fauquet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agnes%20Tallet"> Agnes Tallet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julien%20Darreon"> Julien Darreon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Inorganic scintillating dosimetry is the most recent promising technique to solve several dosimetric issues and provide quality assurance in radiation therapy. Despite several advantages, the major issue of using scintillating detectors is the Cerenkov effect, typically induced in the visible emission range. In this context, the purpose of this research work is to evaluate the performance of a novel infrared inorganic scintillator detector (IR-ISD) in the radiation therapy treatment to ensure Cerenkov free signal and the best matches between the delivered and prescribed doses during treatment. Methods: A simple and small-scale infrared inorganic scintillating detector of 100 µm diameter with a sensitive scintillating volume of 2x10-6 mm3 was developed. A prototype of the dose verification system has been introduced based on PTIR1470/F (provided by Phosphor Technology®) material used in the proposed novel IR-ISD. The detector was tested on an Elekta LINAC system tuned at 6 MV/15MV and a brachytherapy source (Ir-192) used in the patient treatment protocol. The associated dose rate was measured in count rate (photons/s) using a highly sensitive photon counter (sensitivity ~20ph/s). Overall measurements were performed in IBATM water tank phantoms by following international Technical Reports series recommendations (TRS 381) for radiotherapy and TG43U1 recommendations for brachytherapy. The performance of the detector was tested through several dosimetric parameters such as PDD, beam profiling, Cerenkov measurement, dose linearity, dose rate linearity repeatability, and scintillator stability. Finally, a comparative study is also shown using a reference microdiamond dosimeter, Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation, and data from recent literature. Results: This study is highlighting the complete removal of the Cerenkov effect especially for small field radiation beam characterization. The detector provides an entire linear response with the dose in the 4cGy to 800 cGy range, independently of the field size selected from 5 x 5 cm² down to 0.5 x 0.5 cm². A perfect repeatability (0.2 % variation from average) with day-to-day reproducibility (0.3% variation) was observed. Measurements demonstrated that ISD has superlinear behavior with dose rate (R2=1) varying from 50 cGy/s to 1000 cGy/s. PDD profiles obtained in water present identical behavior with a build-up maximum depth dose at 15 mm for different small fields irradiation. A low dimension of 0.5 x 0.5 cm² field profiles have been characterized, and the field cross profile presents a Gaussian-like shape. The standard deviation (1σ) of the scintillating signal remains within 0.02% while having a very low convolution effect, thanks to lower sensitive volume. Finally, during brachytherapy, a comparison with MC simulations shows that considering energy dependency, measurement agrees within 0.8% till 0.2 cm source to detector distance. Conclusion: The proposed scintillating detector in this study shows no- Cerenkov radiation and efficient performance for several radiation therapy measurement parameters. Therefore, it is anticipated that the IR-ISD system can be promoted to validate with direct clinical investigations, such as appropriate dose verification and quality control in the Treatment Planning System (TPS). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IR-Scintillating%20detector" title="IR-Scintillating detector">IR-Scintillating detector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20measurement" title=" dose measurement"> dose measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-scintillators" title=" micro-scintillators"> micro-scintillators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cerenkov%20effect" title=" Cerenkov effect"> Cerenkov effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136596/an-infrared-inorganic-scintillating-detector-applied-in-radiation-therapy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136596.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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