CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Emergency medical services - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5712f750-a48c-46f4-b132-090405be7511","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Emergency_medical_services","wgTitle":"Emergency medical services","wgCurRevisionId":1258466615,"wgRevisionId":1258466615,"wgArticleId":52975,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: missing periodical","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2018","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2021","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)", "Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2018","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Emergency medical services","Lifesaving"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Emergency_medical_services","wgRelevantArticleId":52975,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true, "tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q860447","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg/1200px-1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg/800px-1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg/640px-1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Emergency medical services - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Emergency_medical_services rootpage-Emergency_medical_services skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Emergency+medical+services" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Emergency+medical+services" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Emergency+medical+services" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Emergency+medical+services" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_civilian_ambulances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_civilian_ambulances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early civilian ambulances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_civilian_ambulances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Motorization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_modern_EMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_modern_EMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rise of modern EMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_modern_EMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal_"third_service"_ambulance_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_"third_service"_ambulance_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Municipal "third service" ambulance service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_"third_service"_ambulance_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire-_or_police-linked_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire-_or_police-linked_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fire- or police-linked service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire-_or_police-linked_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charity/not-for-profit_ambulance_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charity/not-for-profit_ambulance_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Charity/not-for-profit ambulance service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charity/not-for-profit_ambulance_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private/corporate_ambulance_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private/corporate_ambulance_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Private/corporate ambulance service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private/corporate_ambulance_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_emergency_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_emergency_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Combined emergency service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_emergency_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hospital-based_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospital-based_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Hospital-based service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospital-based_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_ambulances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_ambulances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Internal ambulances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_ambulances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategies_for_delivering_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategies_for_delivering_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Strategies for delivering care</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategies_for_delivering_care-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Strategies for delivering care subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Strategies_for_delivering_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levels_of_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Levels of care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport-only" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport-only"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transport-only</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-only-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport-centered_EMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport-centered_EMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transport-centered EMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-centered_EMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Major trauma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physician-led_EMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physician-led_EMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Physician-led EMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physician-led_EMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personnel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_life_support_(BLS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_life_support_(BLS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Basic life support (BLS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_life_support_(BLS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergency_medical_dispatcher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_medical_dispatcher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Emergency medical dispatcher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_medical_dispatcher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_responder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_responder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>First responder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_responder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambulance_driver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambulance_driver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Ambulance driver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambulance_driver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-emergency_attendant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-emergency_attendant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Non-emergency attendant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-emergency_attendant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_care_assistant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_care_assistant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Emergency care assistant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_care_assistant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_medical_technician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_medical_technician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Emergency medical technician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_medical_technician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_life_support_(ALS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_life_support_(ALS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Advanced life support (ALS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_life_support_(ALS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paramedic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramedic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Paramedic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramedic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_care_paramedic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_care_paramedic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Critical care paramedic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_care_paramedic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_care_practitioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_care_practitioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Emergency care practitioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_care_practitioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_healthcare_professionals_in_EMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_healthcare_professionals_in_EMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Traditional healthcare professionals in EMS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_healthcare_professionals_in_EMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Registered_nurses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_nurses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Registered nurses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_nurses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Physician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialist_EMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialist_EMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specialist EMS</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialist_EMS-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specialist EMS subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specialist_EMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_ambulances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_ambulances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Air ambulances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_ambulances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_(hazardous_area)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_(hazardous_area)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tactical (hazardous area)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_(hazardous_area)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilderness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilderness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Wilderness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilderness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_Health_Hazards_in_EMS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_Health_Hazards_in_EMS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Occupational Health Hazards in EMS</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupational_Health_Hazards_in_EMS-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occupational Health Hazards in EMS subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occupational_Health_Hazards_in_EMS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazard_Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazard_Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hazard Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazard_Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_in_different_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_in_different_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Organization in different countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_in_different_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Emergency medical services</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="خدمات طبية طارئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خدمات طبية طارئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="জরুরি চিকিৎসা সেবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জরুরি চিকিৎসা সেবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Хуткая медыцынская дапамога – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хуткая медыцынская дапамога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravotnick%C3%A1_z%C3%A1chrann%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Zdravotnická záchranná služba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zdravotnická záchranná služba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akutberedskab" title="Akutberedskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akutberedskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettungsdienst" title="Rettungsdienst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rettungsdienst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiirabi" title="Kiirabi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiirabi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krizaj_medicinaj_servoj" title="Krizaj medicinaj servoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krizaj medicinaj servoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اورژانس پیش‌بیمارستانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اورژانس پیش‌بیمارستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide_m%C3%A9dicale_urgente" title="Aide médicale urgente – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aide médicale urgente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%89%EB%8C%80" title="구급대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구급대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA_%D5%A2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շտապ բժշկական օգնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շտապ բժշկական օգնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urjanta_medicinala_servadi" title="Urjanta medicinala servadi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urjanta medicinala servadi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layanan_medis_darurat" title="Layanan medis darurat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layanan medis darurat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%BAkraflutningar" title="Sjúkraflutningar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjúkraflutningar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccorso_sanitario" title="Soccorso sanitario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soccorso sanitario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רפואת חירום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפואת חירום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkhidmatan_perubatan_kecemasan" title="Perkhidmatan perubatan kecemasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkhidmatan perubatan kecemasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoedeisende_medische_hulpverlening" title="Spoedeisende medische hulpverlening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spoedeisende medische hulpverlening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%91%E6%80%A5%E9%9A%8A" title="救急隊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="救急隊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulansetjeneste" title="Ambulansetjeneste – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ambulansetjeneste" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Вашке медицине полыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вашке медицине полыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tez_tibbiy_yordam" title="Tez tibbiy yordam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tez tibbiy yordam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogotowie_ratunkowe" title="Pogotowie ratunkowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pogotowie ratunkowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7os_de_emerg%C3%AAncia_m%C3%A9dica" title="Serviços de emergência médica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serviços de emergência médica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicii_medicale_de_urgen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Servicii medicale de urgență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Servicii medicale de urgență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%8C" title="Скорая медицинская помощь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скорая медицинская помощь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="ගිලන්රථ සේවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගිලන්රථ සේවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Emergency medical services" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1chrann%C3%A1_zdravotn%C3%A1_slu%C5%BEba" title="Záchranná zdravotná služba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Záchranná zdravotná služba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensihoito" title="Ensihoito – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensihoito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulanssjukv%C3%A5rd" title="Ambulanssjukvård – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ambulanssjukvård" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="บริการการแพทย์ฉุกเฉิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บริการการแพทย์ฉุกเฉิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acil_sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_hizmetleri" title="Acil sağlık hizmetleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Acil sağlık hizmetleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Швидка медична допомога – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швидка медична допомога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_v%E1%BB%A5_y_t%E1%BA%BF_kh%E1%BA%A9n_c%E1%BA%A5p" title="Dịch vụ y tế khẩn cấp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dịch vụ y tế khẩn cấp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="緊急醫療服務 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="緊急醫療服務" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="緊急醫療服務 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="緊急醫療服務" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q860447#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Emergency_medical_services" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Emergency_medical_services" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Emergency_medical_services" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&oldid=1258466615" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Emergency_medical_services&id=1258466615&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEmergency_medical_services"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEmergency_medical_services"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Emergency_medical_services&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_services" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q860447" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Services providing acute medical care</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Hospital_Service" title="Emergency Hospital Service">Emergency Hospital Service</a>, also known as the Emergency Medical Service, which operated in World War II Britain.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_E1C4007_(20885690376).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg/220px-1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg/330px-1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg/440px-1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Fire_Department" title="Chicago Fire Department">Chicago Fire Department</a> paramedics transporting a patient on a <a href="/wiki/Stretcher" title="Stretcher">stretcher</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSW_Ambulance_Australia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NSW_Ambulance_Australia.png/220px-NSW_Ambulance_Australia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NSW_Ambulance_Australia.png/330px-NSW_Ambulance_Australia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NSW_Ambulance_Australia.png/440px-NSW_Ambulance_Australia.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Ambulance" title="New South Wales Ambulance">New South Wales Ambulance</a> emergency medical services unit responding to a <a href="/wiki/Call_for_service" title="Call for service">call for service</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Emergency medical services</b> (<b>EMS</b>), also known as <b>ambulance services</b> or <b>paramedic services</b>, are <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency services</a> that provide urgent pre-hospital treatment and stabilisation for serious illness and injuries and transport to definitive care.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also be known as a first aid squad,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FAST squad,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emergency squad,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ambulance squad,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ambulance corps,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> life squad<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by other <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">initialisms</a> such as EMAS or EMARS. </p><p>In most places, EMS can be summoned by members of the public (as well as medical facilities, other emergency services, businesses and authorities) via an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_telephone_number" title="Emergency telephone number">emergency telephone number</a> (such as 911 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) which puts them in contact with a dispatching centre, which will then dispatch suitable resources for the call.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">Ambulances</a> are the primary vehicles for delivering EMS, though <a href="/wiki/Nontransporting_EMS_vehicle" title="Nontransporting EMS vehicle">squad cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_ambulance" title="Motorcycle ambulance">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="Air medical services">aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_ambulance" title="Water ambulance">boats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">fire apparatus</a>, and others may be used. EMS agencies may also operate a non-emergency <a href="/wiki/Patient_transport" title="Patient transport">patient transport</a> service, and some have <a href="/wiki/Rescue_squad" title="Rescue squad">rescue squads</a> to provide <a href="/wiki/Technical_rescue" title="Technical rescue">technical rescue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> services.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When EMS is dispatched, they will initiate medical care upon arrival on scene. If it is deemed necessary or a patient requests transport, the unit is then tasked with transferring the <a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patient</a> to the next <a href="/wiki/Point_of_care" title="Point of care">point of care</a>, typically an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a>. Historically, ambulances only transported patients to care, and this remains the case in parts of the developing world.<sup id="cite_ref-motorbike_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorbike-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "emergency medical service" was popularised when these services began to emphasise emergency treatment at the scene. In some countries, a substantial portion of EMS calls do not result in a patient being taken to hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Training and <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">qualification</a> levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world. In some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training.<sup id="cite_ref-motorbike_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorbike-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> certifications, such as <a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">basic life support</a> (BLS). In English-speaking countries, they are known as <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">emergency medical technicians</a> (EMTs) and <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a>, with the latter having additional training such as <a href="/wiki/Advanced_life_support" title="Advanced life support">advanced life support</a> (ALS) skills. <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a> may also provide pre-hospital care to varying degrees in certain countries, a model which is popular in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emergency care in the field has been rendered in different forms since the beginning of recorded history. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> contains the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">parable of the Good Samaritan</a>, in which a man who has been beaten is cared for by a passing Samaritan. Luke 10:34 (NIV) – "He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him." During the Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> were known for rendering assistance to wounded soldiers in the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larrey%27s_Flying_Ambulance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Larrey%27s_Flying_Ambulance.jpg/200px-Larrey%27s_Flying_Ambulance.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Larrey%27s_Flying_Ambulance.jpg/300px-Larrey%27s_Flying_Ambulance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Larrey%27s_Flying_Ambulance.jpg/400px-Larrey%27s_Flying_Ambulance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of one of Larrey's <i>ambulances volantes</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the <i>ambulances volantes</i> designed by <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Jean_Larrey" title="Dominique Jean Larrey">Dominique Jean Larrey</a> (1766–1842), <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s chief surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-fly1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fly2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larrey was present at the battle of Spires, between the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussians</a>, and was distressed by the fact that wounded soldiers were not picked up by the numerous ambulances (which Napoleon required to be stationed two and half miles back from the scene of battle) until after hostilities had ceased, and set about developing a new ambulance system.<sup id="cite_ref-fly1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fly2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ambulance_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambulance-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having decided against using the Norman system of horse litters, he settled on two- or four-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>-drawn wagons, which were used to transport fallen soldiers from the (active) battlefield <i>after</i> they had received early treatment in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-fly2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larrey's projects for 'flying ambulances' were first approved by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> in 1794. Larrey subsequently entered Napoleon's service during the Italian campaigns in 1796, where his ambulances were used for the first time at Udine, Padua and Milan, and he adapted his ambulances to the conditions, even developing a litter which could be carried by a <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a> for a campaign in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fly2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_civilian_ambulances">Early civilian ambulances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early civilian ambulances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major advance was made (which in future years would come to shape policy on hospitals and ambulances) with the introduction of a transport carriage for <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> patients in London during 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statement on the carriage, as printed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, said "The curative process commences the instant the patient is put in to the carriage; time is saved which can be given to the care of the patient; the patient may be driven to the hospital so speedily that the hospitals may be less numerous and located at greater distances from each other".<sup id="cite_ref-Ambulance_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambulance-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tenet of ambulances providing instant care, allowing hospitals to be spaced further apart, displays itself in modern emergency medical planning. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellevue_Hospital_Ambulance,_New_York_Times,_1895.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bellevue_Hospital_Ambulance%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1895.JPG/220px-Bellevue_Hospital_Ambulance%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1895.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bellevue_Hospital_Ambulance%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1895.JPG/330px-Bellevue_Hospital_Ambulance%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1895.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bellevue_Hospital_Ambulance%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1895.JPG/440px-Bellevue_Hospital_Ambulance%2C_New_York_Times%2C_1895.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>A horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Hospital" title="Bellevue Hospital">Bellevue Hospital</a> ambulance in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known hospital-based ambulance service operated out of Commercial Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> (now the Cincinnati General) by 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ambulance_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambulance-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was soon followed by other services, notably the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> service provided out of <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_Hospital" title="Bellevue Hospital">Bellevue Hospital</a> which started in 1869 with ambulances carrying medical equipment,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Splint_(medicine)" title="Splint (medicine)">splints</a>, a stomach pump, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</a>, reflecting contemporary medicine. </p><p>Another early ambulance service was founded by Jaromir V. Mundy, Count J. N. Wilczek, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Lamezan-Salins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Lamezan-Salins (page does not exist)">Eduard Lamezan-Salins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> after the disastrous fire at the <a href="/wiki/Ringtheater" title="Ringtheater">Vienna Ringtheater</a> in 1881. Named the "Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society," it served as a model for similar societies worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1887 the <a href="/wiki/St_John_Ambulance_(England_and_the_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="St John Ambulance (England and the Islands)">St John Ambulance Brigade</a> was established to provide first aid and ambulance services at public events in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sja1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sja1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motorization">Motorization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Motorization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Naval_World_War_I_ambulance_truck,_KT9793,_c_1919_Wellcome_L0034479.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Royal_Naval_World_War_I_ambulance_truck%2C_KT9793%2C_c_1919_Wellcome_L0034479.jpg/220px-Royal_Naval_World_War_I_ambulance_truck%2C_KT9793%2C_c_1919_Wellcome_L0034479.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Royal_Naval_World_War_I_ambulance_truck%2C_KT9793%2C_c_1919_Wellcome_L0034479.jpg/330px-Royal_Naval_World_War_I_ambulance_truck%2C_KT9793%2C_c_1919_Wellcome_L0034479.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Royal_Naval_World_War_I_ambulance_truck%2C_KT9793%2C_c_1919_Wellcome_L0034479.jpg/440px-Royal_Naval_World_War_I_ambulance_truck%2C_KT9793%2C_c_1919_Wellcome_L0034479.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3572" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> ambulance during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Also in the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> was being developed, and in addition to horse-drawn models, early 20th century ambulances were powered by <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, reflecting the competing automotive technologies then in existence. However, the first motorized ambulance was brought into service in the last year of the 19th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Reese_Hospital" title="Michael Reese Hospital">Michael Reese Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, taking delivery of the first automobile ambulance, donated by 500 prominent local businessmen, in February 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambulance_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambulance-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed in 1900 by New York City, who extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two automobile ambulances were electrically powered with 2 hp motors on the rear axle.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambulance_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambulance-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, further advances were made in providing care before and during transport; <a href="/wiki/Traction_splint" title="Traction splint">traction splints</a> were introduced during the war and were found to have a positive effect on the <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a> of patients with leg fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">Two-way radios</a> became available shortly after World War I, enabling for more efficient radio <a href="/wiki/Dispatch_(logistics)" title="Dispatch (logistics)">dispatch</a> of ambulances in some areas. Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there were some areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, and was dispatched by radio. In many locations, however, ambulances were <a href="/wiki/Hearse" title="Hearse">hearses</a>, the only available vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient, and were thus frequently run by <a href="/wiki/Funeral_home" title="Funeral home">funeral homes</a>. These vehicles, which could serve either purpose, were known as <a href="/wiki/Combination_car_(ambulance)" title="Combination car (ambulance)">combination cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuehl_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuehl-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities. With the severe manpower shortages imposed by the war effort, it became difficult for many hospitals to maintain their ambulance operations. City governments in many cases turned ambulance services over to the police or fire department. No laws required minimal training for ambulance personnel and no training programs existed beyond basic first aid. In many fire departments, assignment to ambulance duty became an unofficial form of punishment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_modern_EMS">Rise of modern EMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise of modern EMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DFVAC_1970s_Cadillac_Miller_Meteor_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DFVAC_1970s_Cadillac_Miller_Meteor_color.jpg/220px-DFVAC_1970s_Cadillac_Miller_Meteor_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DFVAC_1970s_Cadillac_Miller_Meteor_color.jpg/330px-DFVAC_1970s_Cadillac_Miller_Meteor_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DFVAC_1970s_Cadillac_Miller_Meteor_color.jpg/440px-DFVAC_1970s_Cadillac_Miller_Meteor_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>A 1973 <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> <a href="/wiki/Miller-Meteor#Miller-Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller-Meteor">Miller-Meteor</a> ambulance. Note the raised roof, with more room for the attendants and patients.</figcaption></figure> <p>Advances in the 1960s, especially the development of <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">defibrillation</a> as the standard form of care for out-of-hospital <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>, along with new <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>, led to changes in the tasks of the ambulances.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> the first experimental mobile coronary care ambulance successfully resuscitated patients using these technologies. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House_Ambulance_Service" title="Freedom House Ambulance Service">Freedom House Ambulance Service</a> was the first civilian emergency medical service in the United States to be staffed by <a href="/wiki/Paramedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramedics">paramedics</a>, all of whom were African-American. </p><p>One well-known report in the US during that time was <i><a href="/wiki/Accidental_Death_and_Disability:_The_Neglected_Disease_of_Modern_Society" title="Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society">Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society</a></i>, also known as <i>The White Paper</i>. The report concluded that ambulance services in the US varied widely in quality and were often unregulated and unsatisfactory.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies placed pressure on governments to improve emergency care in general, including the care provided by ambulance services. The government reports resulted in the creation of <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standards</a> in ambulance construction concerning the internal height of the patient care area (to allow for an attendant to continue to care for the patient during transport), and the equipment (and thus weight) that an ambulance had to carry, and several other factors. </p><p>In 1971 a progress report was published at the annual meeting, by the then president of American Association of Trauma, Sawnie R. Gaston M.D. Dr. Gaston reported the study was a "superb white paper" that "jolted and wakened the entire structure of organized medicine." This report is created as a "prime mover" and made the "single greatest contribution of its kind to the improvement of emergency medical services". Since this time a concerted effort has been undertaken to improve emergency medical care in the pre-hospital setting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such advancements included Dr. <a href="/wiki/R_Adams_Cowley" title="R Adams Cowley">R Adams Cowley</a> creating the country's first statewide EMS program, in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The developments were paralleled in other countries. In the United Kingdom, a 1973 law merged the municipal ambulance services into larger agencies and set national standards.<sup id="cite_ref-HMSO_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMSO-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, the first official <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_France" title="Emergency medical services in France">SAMU agencies</a> were founded in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrier_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrier-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on country, area within country, or clinical need, emergency medical services may be provided by one or more different types of organization. This variation may lead to large differences in levels of care and expected scope of practice. Some countries closely regulate the industry (and may require anyone working on an ambulance to be qualified to a set level), whereas others allow quite wide differences between types of operator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_"third_service"_ambulance_service"><span id="Municipal_.22third_service.22_ambulance_service"></span>Municipal "third service" ambulance service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Municipal "third service" ambulance service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_ambulance_in_Kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/An_ambulance_in_Kiev.jpg/220px-An_ambulance_in_Kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/An_ambulance_in_Kiev.jpg/330px-An_ambulance_in_Kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/An_ambulance_in_Kiev.jpg/440px-An_ambulance_in_Kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1633" /></a><figcaption>A government-owned ambulance in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Operating separately from (although alongside) the fire and police services of the area, these ambulances are funded by local, provincial or national governments. In some countries, these only tend to be found in big cities, whereas in countries such as the United Kingdom, almost all emergency ambulances are part of a national health system.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, ambulance services provided by a local government are often referred to as "third service" EMS (the fire department, police department, and EMS department forming an emergency services trio) by the members of said service, as well as other city officials and residents. The most notable examples of this model in the United States are <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Bureau_of_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="Pittsburgh Bureau of Emergency Medical Services">Pittsburgh Bureau of Emergency Medical Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="Boston Emergency Medical Services">Boston EMS</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="New Orleans Emergency Medical Services">New Orleans Emergency Medical Services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_EMS" title="Cleveland EMS">Cleveland EMS</a>. Government ambulance services also have to take civil service exams just like government fire departments and police. In the United States, certain federal government agencies employ emergency medical technicians at the basic and advanced life support levels, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire-_or_police-linked_service">Fire- or police-linked service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fire- or police-linked service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambulance_18_responds_to_emergency_-_DCFEMS_-_2013-08-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ambulance_18_responds_to_emergency_-_DCFEMS_-_2013-08-24.jpg/220px-Ambulance_18_responds_to_emergency_-_DCFEMS_-_2013-08-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ambulance_18_responds_to_emergency_-_DCFEMS_-_2013-08-24.jpg/330px-Ambulance_18_responds_to_emergency_-_DCFEMS_-_2013-08-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ambulance_18_responds_to_emergency_-_DCFEMS_-_2013-08-24.jpg/440px-Ambulance_18_responds_to_emergency_-_DCFEMS_-_2013-08-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>An ambulance of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Fire_and_Emergency_Medical_Services_Department" title="District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department">District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department</a> leaving a <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In countries such as the United States, Japan, France, South Korea and parts of India, ambulances can be operated by the local fire or police services. Fire-based EMS is the most common model in the United States, where nearly all urban fire departments provide EMS<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a majority of emergency transport ambulance services in large cities are part of fire departments. Examples of this model are the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department (FDNY)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_City_Fire_Department" title="Baltimore City Fire Department">Baltimore City Fire Department</a>. </p><p>It is rare for a police department in the United States to provide EMS or ambulance services, although many police officers have basic medical training (such as <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Nalaxone</a> use and <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">CPR</a>). One notable example is <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="New Orleans Emergency Medical Services">New Orleans Emergency Medical Services</a>, which was formed as a hospital-based service, was operated by the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department" title="New Orleans Police Department">New Orleans Police Department</a> from 1947 to 1985, and is currently operated by the New Orleans Health Department and the New Orleans Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, separate from the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Fire_Department" title="New Orleans Fire Department">New Orleans Fire Department</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charity/not-for-profit_ambulance_service"><span id="Charity.2Fnot-for-profit_ambulance_service"></span>Charity/not-for-profit ambulance service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charity/not-for-profit ambulance service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modena_ambulance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modena_ambulance.jpg/220px-Modena_ambulance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modena_ambulance.jpg/330px-Modena_ambulance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modena_ambulance.jpg/440px-Modena_ambulance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A volunteer ambulance crew in <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Charities or non-profit ambulance departments operate some emergency medical services. They are primarily staffed by <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a>, though many also have paid personnel. These may be linked to a volunteer fire service, and some volunteers may provide both services. Some ambulance charities specialize in providing cover at public gatherings and events (e.g. sporting events), while others provide care to the wider community. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a> is the largest charity in the world that provides emergency medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-SJA2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJA2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in some countries, it operates as a private ambulance service). Other organisations include <a href="/wiki/St_John_Ambulance" title="St John Ambulance">St John Ambulance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SJA2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SJA2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Malta_Ambulance_Corps" title="Order of Malta Ambulance Corps">Order of Malta Ambulance Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatzalah" title="Hatzalah">Hatzalah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as small local volunteer/paid departments. In the United States, volunteer ambulances are rarer, but can still be seen in both metropolitan and rural areas (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hatzalah" title="Hatzalah">Hatzalah</a>). Charities such as <a href="/wiki/BASICS_Scotland" title="BASICS Scotland">BASICS Scotland</a>, specialise in facilitating training medical professionals to volunteer to assist the statutory ambulance services in the care of patients, through their attendance at those with serious illnesses or injuries. </p><p>A few charities provide ambulances for taking patients on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices or care homes where they are in long-term care. Examples include the UK's <a href="/wiki/Jumbulance" title="Jumbulance">Jumbulance</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-jumbulance_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jumbulance-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private/corporate_ambulance_service"><span id="Private.2Fcorporate_ambulance_service"></span>Private/corporate ambulance service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Private/corporate ambulance service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Medical_Response6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/American_Medical_Response6.jpg/220px-American_Medical_Response6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/American_Medical_Response6.jpg/330px-American_Medical_Response6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/American_Medical_Response6.jpg/440px-American_Medical_Response6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Response" title="American Medical Response">American Medical Response</a> ambulances staging in <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some ambulances are operated by commercial companies with paid employees, usually on a contract to the local or national government, Hospital Networks, Health Care Facilities and Insurance Companies. </p><p>In the U.S., private ambulance companies provide emergency medical services in large cities and rural areas by contracting with local governments. In areas where the local county or city provide their own emergency services, private companies provide discharges and transfers from hospitals and to/from other health related facilities and homes. In most areas private companies are part of the local government emergency disaster plan, and are relied upon for the overall EMS response, treatment and recovery. </p><p>In some areas, private companies may provide only the patient transport elements of ambulance care (i.e. non-urgent), but in some places, they are contracted to provide emergency care, or to form a 'second tier' response, where they only respond to emergencies when all of the full-time emergency ambulance crews are busy. This may mean that a government or other service provide the 'emergency' cover, whilst a private firm may be charged with 'minor injuries' such as cuts, bruises or even helping the mobility-impaired if they have for example fallen and simply need help to get up again, but do not need treatment. This system has the benefit of keeping emergency crews available at all times for genuine emergencies. These organisations may also provide services known as 'Stand-by' cover at industrial sites or at special events.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin America, private ambulance companies are often the only readily-available EMS service </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_emergency_service">Combined emergency service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Combined emergency service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are full service emergency service agencies, which may be found in places such as airports or large colleges and universities like for example the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_EMS" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA EMS">UCLA EMS</a>.Their key feature is that all personnel are trained not only in ambulance (EMT) care, but as a firefighter and a peace officer (police function). They may be found in smaller towns and cities, where demand or budget is too low to support separate services. This multi-functionality allows to make the most of limited resource or budget, but having a single team respond to any emergency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospital-based_service">Hospital-based service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hospital-based service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OgawaRedCross-Ambulance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OgawaRedCross-Ambulance.jpg/220px-OgawaRedCross-Ambulance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OgawaRedCross-Ambulance.jpg/330px-OgawaRedCross-Ambulance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/OgawaRedCross-Ambulance.jpg/440px-OgawaRedCross-Ambulance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>An ambulance belonging to the Ogawa Red Cross Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Ogawa,_Saitama" title="Ogawa, Saitama">Ogawa, Saitama</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Hospitals or larger hospital systems may provide their own ambulance service as a service to the community, or where ambulance care is unreliable or chargeable. Many hospital-based EMS departments operate solely with their hospital, though some operate more independently and can transport patients to whichever hospital may be needed or desired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_ambulances">Internal ambulances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Internal ambulances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many large factories and other industrial centers, such as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refineries">oil refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breweries" class="mw-redirect" title="Breweries">breweries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distilleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilleries">distilleries</a>, have emergency medical services provided by employers as a means of protecting their interests and the welfare of their staff. These are often used as first response vehicles in the event of a fire or explosion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose"><span id="Purpose"></span>Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_parts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Star_of_life_parts.svg/220px-Star_of_life_parts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Star_of_life_parts.svg/330px-Star_of_life_parts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Star_of_life_parts.svg/440px-Star_of_life_parts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Six points on the Star of Life</figcaption></figure> <p>Emergency medical services exists to fulfill the basic principles of <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>, which are to Preserve Life, Prevent Further Injury, and Promote Recovery. This common theme in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> is demonstrated by the "star of life". The <a href="/wiki/Star_of_Life" title="Star of Life">Star of Life</a> shown here, where each of the 'arms' to the star represent one of the six points, are used to represent the six stages of high quality pre-hospital care, which are:<sup id="cite_ref-emscom_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emscom-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Early detection</b> – members of the public, or another agency, find the incident and understand the problem</li> <li><b>Early reporting</b> – the first persons on scene make a call to the emergency medical services (911) and provide details to enable a response to be mounted</li> <li><b>Early response</b> – the first professional (EMS) rescuers are dispatched and arrive on scene as quickly as possible, enabling care to begin</li> <li><b>Good on-scene/field care</b> – the emergency medical service provides appropriate and timely interventions to treat the patient at the scene of the incident without doing further harm.</li> <li><b>Care in transit </b>-– the emergency medical service load the patient in to suitable transport and continue to provide appropriate medical care throughout the journey</li> <li><b>Transfer to definitive care</b> – the patient is handed over to an appropriate care setting, such as the emergency department at a hospital, in to the care of physicians</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategies_for_delivering_care"><span id="Delivery"></span>Strategies for delivering care</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Strategies for delivering care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haige_esmavaatlus_kopteril.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Haige_esmavaatlus_kopteril.jpg/220px-Haige_esmavaatlus_kopteril.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Haige_esmavaatlus_kopteril.jpg/330px-Haige_esmavaatlus_kopteril.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Haige_esmavaatlus_kopteril.jpg/440px-Haige_esmavaatlus_kopteril.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Training for EMS in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although a variety of differing <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Medicine">philosophical</a> approaches are used in the provision of EMS care around the world, they can generally be placed into one of two categories; one <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>-led and the other led by pre-hospital allied health staff such as <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">emergency medical technicians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a>. These models are commonly referred to as the <b>Franco-German model</b> and <b>Anglo-American model</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-WF_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WF-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaqsi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have been inconclusive as to whether one model delivers better results than the other.<sup id="cite_ref-WF_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WF-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaqsi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 study in the <a href="/wiki/Oman_Medical_Journal" title="Oman Medical Journal">Oman Medical Journal</a> suggested that rapid transport was a better strategy for trauma cases, while stabilization at the scene was a better strategy for cardiac arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaqsi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levels_of_care"><span id="Levels"></span>Levels of care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Levels of care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bags_of_medical_supplies_and_defibrillators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bags_of_medical_supplies_and_defibrillators.jpg/220px-Bags_of_medical_supplies_and_defibrillators.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bags_of_medical_supplies_and_defibrillators.jpg/330px-Bags_of_medical_supplies_and_defibrillators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bags_of_medical_supplies_and_defibrillators.jpg/440px-Bags_of_medical_supplies_and_defibrillators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bags of medical supplies and <a href="/wiki/Defibrillators" class="mw-redirect" title="Defibrillators">defibrillators</a> at the <a href="/wiki/York_Region_EMS" class="mw-redirect" title="York Region EMS">York Region EMS</a> Logistics Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Many systems have tiers of response for medical emergencies. For example, a common arrangement in the United States is that fire engines or volunteers are sent to provide a rapid initial response to a medical emergency, while an ambulance is sent to provide advanced treatment and transport the patient. In France, fire service and private company ambulances provide basic care, while hospital-based ambulances with physicians on board provide advanced care. In many countries, an <a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="Air medical services">air ambulance</a> provides a higher level of care than a regular ambulance. </p><p>Examples of level of care include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a> consists of basic skills that are commonly taught to members of the public, such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a>, bandaging wounds and saving someone from <a href="/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">choking</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Life Support">Basic Life Support</a> (BLS) is often the lowest level of training that can be held by those who treat patients on an ambulance.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly, it includes administering <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a>, some drugs and a few invasive treatments. BLS personnel may either operate a BLS ambulance on their own, or assist a higher qualified crewmate on an ALS ambulance. In English-speaking countries, BLS ambulance crew members are known as <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">emergency medical technicians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emergency_care_assistant" title="Emergency care assistant">emergency care assistants</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Life_Support" title="Intermediate Life Support">Intermediate Life Support</a> (ILS), also known as Limited Advanced Life Support (LALS), is positioned between BLS and ALS but is less common than both. It is commonly a BLS provider with a moderately expanded skill set, but where it is present it usually replaces BLS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Life Support">Advanced Life Support</a> (ALS) has a considerably expanded range of skills such as <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">cricothyrotomy</a> and interpreting an <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">electrocardiogram</a>. The scope of this higher tier response varies considerably by country. <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">Paramedics</a> commonly provide ALS, but some countries require it to be a higher level of care and instead employ <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> in this role. Additionally Advanced Life Support includes administering therapeutic doses of electrical shock to those who are in cardiac arrest or using drugs to stimulate the heart, Airway therapy, and so on and so forth. Most ambulances are equipped with advanced Life Support equipment and have paramedics on board. While some fire departments have ambulances, first aid and squads utilize ambulances for emergency medical services.</li> <li>Critical Care Transport (CCT), also known as medical retrieval or rendez vous MICU protocol in some countries (Australia, NZ, Great Britain, and Francophone Canada) refers to the critical care transport of patients between hospitals (as opposed to pre-hospital). Such services are a key element in regionalized systems of hospital care where intensive care services are centralized to a few specialist hospitals. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Retrieval_Service" title="Emergency Medical Retrieval Service">Emergency Medical Retrieval Service</a> in Scotland. This level of care is likely to involve traditional healthcare professionals (in addition to or instead of critical care-trained paramedics), meaning <a href="/wiki/Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurses">nurses</a> and/or physicians working in the pre-hospital setting and even on ambulances.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport-only">Transport-only</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transport-only"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ERanger-Sudan09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ERanger-Sudan09.JPG/200px-ERanger-Sudan09.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ERanger-Sudan09.JPG/300px-ERanger-Sudan09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ERanger-Sudan09.JPG/400px-ERanger-Sudan09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_ambulance" title="Motorcycle ambulance">motorcycle ambulance</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most basic emergency medical services are provided as a transport operation only, simply to take patients from their location to the nearest medical treatment. This was historically the case in all countries. It remains the case in much of the developing world, where operators as diverse as taxi drivers<sup id="cite_ref-motorbike_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorbike-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and undertakers may transport people to hospital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport-centered_EMS">Transport-centered EMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transport-centered EMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BFDandUVES.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/BFDandUVES.JPG/220px-BFDandUVES.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/BFDandUVES.JPG/330px-BFDandUVES.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/BFDandUVES.JPG/440px-BFDandUVES.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ambulances parked outside an emergency room in <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Anglo-American model is also known as "load and go" or "scoop and run".<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaqsi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this model, ambulances are staffed by <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">emergency medical technicians</a>. They have specialized medical training, but not to the same level as a physician. In this model it is rare to find a physician actually working routinely in ambulances, although they may be deployed to major or complex cases. The physicians who work in EMS provide <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">oversight</a> for the work of the ambulance crews. This may include off-line medical control, where they devise <a href="/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">protocols</a> or 'standing orders' (procedures for treatment). This may also include on-line medical control, in which the physician is contacted via radio or phone to provide advice and authorization for various medical interventions or for a patient's desire to refuse care. </p><p>In some cases, such as in the UK, South Africa and Australia, a <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedic</a> may be an autonomous medical professional, and does not require the permission of a physician to administer interventions or medications from an agreed list, and can perform roles such as suturing or prescribing medication to the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently "Telemedicine" has been making an appearance in ambulances. Similar to online medical control, this practice allows paramedics to remotely transmit data such as vital signs and 12 and 15 lead ECGs to the hospital from the field. This allows the emergency department to prepare to treat patients prior to their arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is allowing lower level providers (Such as EMT-B) in the United States to utilize these advanced technologies and have the doctor interpret them, thus bringing rapid identification of rhythms to areas where paramedics are stretched thin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most insurance companies only reimburse EMS providers for transporting patients to 911 receiving facilities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency Departments</a>),the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_%26_Medicaid_Services" title="Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services">Center to Medicare and Medicaid Services</a> is in the process of evaluating a payment model to enable reimbursement for patients evaluated and treated on-scene.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_trauma">Major trauma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Major trauma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The essential decision in prehospital care is whether the patient should be immediately taken to the <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a>, or advanced care resources are taken to the patient where they lie. The "scoop and run" approach is exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/MEDEVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="MEDEVAC">MEDEVAC</a> aeromedical evacuation <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>, whereas the "stay and play" is exemplified by the French and Belgian <a href="/wiki/SMUR_emergency_mobile_resuscitation_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SMUR emergency mobile resuscitation unit">SMUR emergency mobile resuscitation unit</a> or the German "Notarzt"-System (preclinical emergency physician). </p><p>The strategy developed for prehospital trauma care in North America is based on the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Hour_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Hour (medicine)">Golden Hour</a> theory, i.e., that a trauma victim's best chance for survival is in an <a href="/wiki/Operating_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating room">operating room</a>, with the goal of having the patient in surgery within an hour of the traumatic event. This appears to be true in cases of internal <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a>, especially penetrating trauma such as gunshot or stab wounds. Thus, minimal time is spent providing prehospital care (spine immobilization; "ABCs", i.e. ensure <i>a</i>irway, <i>b</i>reathing and <i>c</i>irculation; external bleeding control; <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">endotracheal intubation</a>) and the victim is transported as fast as possible to a <a href="/wiki/Trauma_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma centre">trauma centre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aim in "Scoop and Run" treatment is generally to transport the patient within ten minutes of arrival, hence the birth of the phrase, "the platinum ten minutes" (in addition to the "golden hour"), now commonly used in EMT training programs. The "Scoop and Run" is a method developed to deal with <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, rather than strictly medical situations (e.g. cardiac or respiratory emergencies), however, this may be changing. Increasingly, research into the management of S-T segment elevation <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial infarctions">myocardial infarctions</a> (<a href="/wiki/STEMI" class="mw-redirect" title="STEMI">STEMI</a>) occurring outside of the hospital, or even inside community hospitals without their own <a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">PCI</a> labs, suggests that time to treatment is a clinically significant factor in heart attacks, and that trauma patients may not be the only patients for whom 'load and go' is clinically appropriate. In such conditions, the gold standard is the <a href="/wiki/Door_to_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Door to balloon">door to balloon</a> time. The longer the time interval, the greater the damage to the <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">myocardium</a>, and the poorer the long-term prognosis for the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current research in Canada has suggested that door to balloon times are significantly lower when appropriate patients are identified by paramedics in the field, instead of the emergency room, and then transported directly to a waiting PCI lab.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The STEMI program has reduced STEMI deaths in the Ottawa region by 50 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a related program in Toronto, EMS has begun to use a procedure of 'rescuing' STEMI patients from the Emergency Rooms of hospitals without PCI labs, and transporting them, on an emergency basis, to waiting PCI labs in other hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physician-led_EMS">Physician-led EMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Physician-led EMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rallye_Rejv%C3%ADz_2012,_ZZS_ZK,_VW_T5_Strobel_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rallye_Rejv%C3%ADz_2012%2C_ZZS_ZK%2C_VW_T5_Strobel_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Rallye_Rejv%C3%ADz_2012%2C_ZZS_ZK%2C_VW_T5_Strobel_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rallye_Rejv%C3%ADz_2012%2C_ZZS_ZK%2C_VW_T5_Strobel_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Rallye_Rejv%C3%ADz_2012%2C_ZZS_ZK%2C_VW_T5_Strobel_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rallye_Rejv%C3%ADz_2012%2C_ZZS_ZK%2C_VW_T5_Strobel_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Rallye_Rejv%C3%ADz_2012%2C_ZZS_ZK%2C_VW_T5_Strobel_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ambulance in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Physician-led EMS is also known as the Franco-German model, "stay and play", "stay and stabilize" or "delay and treat".<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaqsi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a physician-led system, doctors respond directly to all major emergencies requiring more than simple <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a>. The physicians will attempt to treat casualties at the scene and will only transport them to hospital if it is deemed necessary. If patients are transported to hospital, they are more likely to go straight to a ward rather than to an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Shaqsi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries that use this model include Austria, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, Brazil and Chile. </p><p>In some cases in this model, such as France, there is no direct equivalent to a paramedic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicians and (in some cases) <a href="/wiki/Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurses">nurses</a> provide all medical interventions for the patient. Other ambulance personnel are not non-medically trained and only provide driving and heavy lifting. In other applications of this model, as in Germany, a paramedic equivalent does exist, but is an assistant to the physician with a restricted <a href="/wiki/Scope_of_practice" title="Scope of practice">scope of practice</a>. They are only permitted to perform <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Life Support">Advanced Life Support</a> (ALS) procedures if authorized by the physician, or in cases of immediate life-threatening conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ambulances" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambulances">Ambulances</a> in this model tend to be better equipped with more advanced medical devices, in essence, bringing the emergency department to the patient. High-speed transport to hospitals is considered, in most cases, to be unnecessarily unsafe, and the preference is to remain and provide definitive care to the patient until they are medically stable, and then accomplish transport. In this model, the physician and nurse may actually staff an ambulance along with a driver, or may staff a rapid response vehicle instead of an ambulance, providing medical support to multiple ambulances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel"><span id="Personnel"></span>Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_collapses_in_the_East_Village_of_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Woman_collapses_in_the_East_Village_of_New_York.jpg/220px-Woman_collapses_in_the_East_Village_of_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Woman_collapses_in_the_East_Village_of_New_York.jpg/330px-Woman_collapses_in_the_East_Village_of_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Woman_collapses_in_the_East_Village_of_New_York.jpg/440px-Woman_collapses_in_the_East_Village_of_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>EMT staff at an emergency call in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS1_on_stretcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/MS1_on_stretcher.jpg/220px-MS1_on_stretcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/MS1_on_stretcher.jpg/330px-MS1_on_stretcher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/MS1_on_stretcher.jpg/440px-MS1_on_stretcher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A patient arriving at a hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>Ambulance personnel are generally professionals and in some countries their use is controlled through training and registration. While these job titles are protected by legislation in some countries, this protection is by no means universal, and anyone might, for example, call themselves an 'EMT' or a 'paramedic', regardless of their training, or the lack of it. In some jurisdictions, both technicians and paramedics may be further defined by the environment in which they operate, including such designations as 'Wilderness', 'Tactical', and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A unique aspect of EMS is that there are two hierarchies of authority, as the <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a> is separate to medical authority.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_life_support_(BLS)"><span id="Basic_life_support_.28BLS.29"></span>Basic life support (BLS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Basic life support (BLS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergency_medical_dispatcher">Emergency medical dispatcher</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Emergency medical dispatcher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An emergency medical dispatcher is also called an EMD. An increasingly common addition to the EMS system is the use of highly trained dispatch personnel who can provide "pre-arrival" instructions to callers reporting medical emergencies. They use carefully structured questioning techniques and provide scripted instructions to allow callers or bystanders to begin definitive care for such critical problems as airway obstructions, bleeding, childbirth, and cardiac arrest. Even with a fast <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service#Response_time" title="Emergency service">response time</a> by a first responder measured in minutes, some medical emergencies evolve in seconds. Such a system provides, in essence, a "zero response time," and can have an enormous impact on positive patient outcomes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_responder">First responder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: First responder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Certified_first_responder" title="Certified first responder">Certified first responder</a></div> <p>Certified first responders may be sent to provide first aid, sometimes to an advanced level. Their duties include the provision of immediate life-saving care in the event of a medical emergency; commonly advanced first aid, oxygen administration, <a href="/wiki/Cardio-pulmonary_resuscitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation">cardio-pulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR), and <a href="/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">automated external defibrillator</a> (AED) usage. The first responder training is considered a bare minimum for emergency service workers who may be sent out in response to an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_call" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency call">emergency call</a>. First responders are commonly dispatched by the ambulance service to arrive quickly and stabilize the patient before the ambulance arrives, and to then assist the ambulance crew.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some EMS agencies have set up volunteer schemes, who can be dispatched to a medical emergency before the ambulance arrives. Examples of this include <a href="/wiki/Community_First_Responder" class="mw-redirect" title="Community First Responder">Community First Responder</a> schemes run by ambulance services the UK and <a href="/wiki/Certified_First_Responder_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified First Responder in France">similar volunteer schemes</a> operated by the fire services in France. In some countries such as the US, there may be autonomous groups of volunteer responders such as <a href="/wiki/Rescue_squad" title="Rescue squad">rescue squads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Police_officer" title="Police officer">Police officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a> who are on duty for another emergency service may also be deployed in this role, though some firefighters are trained to a more advanced medical level. </p><p>Besides first responders who are deployed to an emergency, there are others who may be stationed at public events. The <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_John_Ambulance" title="St John Ambulance">St John Ambulance</a> both provide first aiders in these roles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ambulance_driver">Ambulance driver</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ambulance driver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some agencies separate the 'driver' and 'attendant' functions, employing ambulance driving staff with no medical qualification (or just a first aid and CPR certificates), whose job is to drive ambulances. While this approach persists in some countries, such as India, it is generally becoming increasingly rare. Ambulance drivers may be trained in radio communications, ambulance operations and emergency response driving skills.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-emergency_attendant">Non-emergency attendant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Non-emergency attendant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many countries employ ambulance staff who only carry out non-emergency patient transport duties (which can include stretcher or wheelchair cases). Dependent on the provider (and resources available), they may be trained in first aid or extended skills such as use of an <a href="/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a>, oxygen therapy, pain relief and other live-saving or <a href="/wiki/Palliative" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative">palliative</a> skills. In some services, they may also provide emergency cover when other units are not available, or when accompanied by a fully qualified technician or paramedic. The role is known as an Ambulance Care Assistant in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergency_care_assistant">Emergency care assistant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Emergency care assistant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emergency_care_assistant" title="Emergency care assistant">Emergency care assistants</a> are of a frontline under both emergency and non-emergency conditions to incidents. Their role is to assist the clinician that they are working with, either a Technician or Paramedic, in their duties, whether that be drawing up drugs, setting up fluids (but not attaching), doing basic observations or performing 12 lead ECG assessments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergency_medical_technician">Emergency medical technician</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Emergency medical technician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EMTs_loading_a_patient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/EMTs_loading_a_patient.jpg/220px-EMTs_loading_a_patient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/EMTs_loading_a_patient.jpg/330px-EMTs_loading_a_patient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/EMTs_loading_a_patient.jpg/440px-EMTs_loading_a_patient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>EMTs loading a patient into an ambulance</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">Emergency medical technicians</a> are usually able to perform a wide range of emergency care skills, such as automated <a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">defibrillation</a>, care of spinal injuries and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In few jurisdictions, some EMTs are able to perform duties as IV and IO cannulation, administration of a limited number of drugs (including but not limited to Epinephrine, Narcan, Oxygen, Aspirin, Nitroglycerin - dependent on country, state, and medical direction), more advanced airway procedures, CPAP, and limited cardiac monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most advanced procedures and skills are not within the national scope of practice for an EMT.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such most states require additional training and certifications to perform above the national curriculum standards.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, an EMT certification requires intense courses and training in field skills. A certification expires after two years and holds a requirement of taking 48 CEUs (continuing education credits). 24 of these credits must be in refresher courses while the other 24 can be taken in a variety ways such as emergency driving training, pediatric, geriatric, or bariatric care, specific traumas, etc. Is usually made up of 3 levels in the US. EMT-B, EMT-I (EMT-A in some states) and EMT-Paramedic. The National Registry of EMT New Educational Standards for EMS renamed the provider levels as follows: Emergency Medical Responder (EMR), Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-B), Advanced EMT (AEMT), and Paramedic (EMT-P). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_life_support_(ALS)"><span id="Advanced_life_support_.28ALS.29"></span>Advanced life support (ALS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Advanced life support (ALS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paramedic">Paramedic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Paramedic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cervical_Collar_Emergency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cervical_Collar_Emergency.jpg/220px-Cervical_Collar_Emergency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cervical_Collar_Emergency.jpg/330px-Cervical_Collar_Emergency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cervical_Collar_Emergency.jpg/440px-Cervical_Collar_Emergency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>A girl treated by a paramedic</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedic</a> has a high level of pre-hospital medical training and usually involves key skills not performed by technicians, often including <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">cannulation</a> (and with it the ability to use a range of drugs to relieve pain, correct cardiac problems, and perform <a href="/wiki/Endotracheal_intubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotracheal intubation">endotracheal intubation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_monitoring" title="Cardiac monitoring">cardiac monitoring</a>, 12-lead ECG interpretation, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intubation" title="Intubation">intubation</a>, pericardiocentesis, cardioversion, <a href="/wiki/Thoracostomy" title="Thoracostomy">thoracostomy</a>, and other skills such as performing a surgical <a href="/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">cricothyrotomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important function of the paramedic is to identify and treat any life-threatening conditions and then to assess the patient carefully for other complaints or findings that may require emergency treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many countries, this is a protected title, and use of it without the relevant qualification may result in criminal prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, paramedics represent the highest licensure level of prehospital emergency care. In addition, several certifications exist for Paramedics such as Wilderness ALS Care,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flight Paramedic Certification (<a href="/wiki/FP-C" class="mw-redirect" title="FP-C">FP-C</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Critical Care Emergency Medical Transport Program certification.<sup id="cite_ref-CCEMTP_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCEMTP-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critical_care_paramedic">Critical care paramedic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Critical care paramedic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto_Paramedic_Services_Critical_Care_Transport_ambulance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toronto_Paramedic_Services_Critical_Care_Transport_ambulance.jpg/220px-Toronto_Paramedic_Services_Critical_Care_Transport_ambulance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toronto_Paramedic_Services_Critical_Care_Transport_ambulance.jpg/330px-Toronto_Paramedic_Services_Critical_Care_Transport_ambulance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Toronto_Paramedic_Services_Critical_Care_Transport_ambulance.jpg/440px-Toronto_Paramedic_Services_Critical_Care_Transport_ambulance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Paramedic_Services" title="Toronto Paramedic Services">Toronto Paramedic Services</a> Critical Care ambulance</figcaption></figure> <p>A critical care paramedic, also known as an advanced practice paramedic or specialist paramedic, is a paramedic with additional training to deal with critically ill patients.<sup id="cite_ref-CCEMTP_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCEMTP-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical care paramedics often work on <a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="Air medical services">air ambulances</a>, which are more likely to be dispatched to emergencies requiring advanced care skills. They may also work on land ambulances.<sup id="cite_ref-bcctpc_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcctpc-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The training, permitted skills, and certification requirements vary from one jurisdiction to the next. It also varies to whether they are trained externally by a university or professional body<sup id="cite_ref-bcctpc_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bcctpc-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'in house' by their EMS agency.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These providers have a vast array of and medications to handle complex medical and trauma patients. Examples of medication are <a href="/wiki/Dobutamine" title="Dobutamine">dobutamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood products">blood products</a> to name just a few. Some examples of skills include, but not limited to, life support systems normally restricted to the ICU or critical care hospital setting such as <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intra-aortic_balloon_pump" title="Intra-aortic balloon pump">Intra-aortic balloon pump</a> (IABP) and external <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker">pacemaker</a> monitoring. Depending on the service medical direction, these providers are trained on placement and use of UVCs (<a href="/wiki/Umbilical_vein_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbilical vein catheter">Umbilical Venous Catheter</a>), UACs (<a href="/wiki/Umbilical_artery_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbilical artery catheter">Umbilical Arterial Catheter</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cricothyrotomy" title="Cricothyrotomy">surgical airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_venous_catheter" title="Central venous catheter">central lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arterial_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial catheter">arterial lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">chest tubes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergency_care_practitioner">Emergency care practitioner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Emergency care practitioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom and South Africa, some serving <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedics</a> receive additional university education to become practitioners in their own right, which gives them absolute responsibility for their clinical judgement, including the ability to autonomously prescribe medications. An <a href="/wiki/Emergency_care_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency care practitioner">emergency care practitioner</a> or paramedic practitioner is a position that is designed to bridge the link between ambulance care and the care of a <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioner</a>. ECPs are university graduates in Emergency Medical Care or qualified paramedics who have undergone further training,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are authorized to perform specialized techniques. Additionally some may prescribe medicines for longer-term care, such as antibiotics and in the United Kingdom they can prescribe a broad range of medicines. With respect to a Primary Health Care setting, they are also educated in a range of Diagnostic techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_healthcare_professionals_in_EMS">Traditional healthcare professionals in EMS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Traditional healthcare professionals in EMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Registered_nurses">Registered nurses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Registered nurses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Registered_nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered nurses">registered nurses</a> (RNs) in the pre-hospital setting is common in many countries in absence of paramedics. In some regions of the world nurses are the primary healthcare worker that provides emergency medical services. In European countries such as France or Italy, also use nurses as a means of providing ALS services. These nurses may work under the direct supervision of a physician, or, in rarer cases, independently. In some places in Europe, notably Norway, paramedics do exist, but the role of the 'ambulance nurse' continues to be developed,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it is felt that nurses may bring unique skills to some situations encountered by ambulance crews. </p><p>In North America, and to a lesser extent elsewhere in the English-speaking world, some jurisdictions use specially trained nurses for medical transport work. These are mostly air-medical personnel or critical care transport providers, often working in conjunction with a technician, paramedic or physician on emergency interfacility transports. In the United States, the most common uses of ambulance-based registered nurses is in the Critical Care/Mobile Intensive Care transport, and in Aeromedical EMS. Such nurses are normally required by their employers (in the US) to seek additional certifications beyond the primary nursing licensure. Four individual states have an Intensive Care or Prehospital Nurse licensure. Many states allow registered nurses to also become registered paramedics according to their role in the emergency medical services team. In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> 60% of ambulance teams are led by nurse. Ambulance nurses can do almost all emergency procedures and administer medicines pre-hospital such as physicians in Estonia. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, all ambulances are staffed by a registered nurse with additional training in emergency nursing, anaesthesia or critical care, and a driver-EMT.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, since 2005, all emergency ambulances should be staffed by at least one registered nurse since only nurses are allowed to administer drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And all Advanced Life Support Ambulances are staffed at least by a registered nurse in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, since 1986, fire department-based rescue ambulances have had the option of providing resuscitation service (reanimation) using specially trained nurses, operating on protocols,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while SAMU-SMUR units are staffed by physicians and nurses<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehospital_RSI_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Prehospital_RSI_training.jpg/273px-Prehospital_RSI_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Prehospital_RSI_training.jpg/409px-Prehospital_RSI_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Prehospital_RSI_training.jpg/546px-Prehospital_RSI_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Prehospital anaesthesia training</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physician">Physician</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Physician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In countries with a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>-led EMS model, such as France, Italy, the German-speaking countries (Germany, Switzerland, Austria), and Spain, physicians respond to all cases that require more than basic first aid. In some versions of this model (such as France, Italy, and Spain), there is no direct equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedic</a>, as ALS is performed by physicians. In the German-speaking countries, paramedics are assistants to ambulance physicians (called Notarzt). In these countries, if a physician is present, paramedics require permission from the physician to administer treatments such as defibrillation and drugs. If there is no physician on scene and a life-threatening condition is present, they may administer treatments that follow the physician's instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-g1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In countries where EMS is led by paramedics, the ambulance service may still employ physicians. They may serve on specialist response vehicles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Air_ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air ambulance">air ambulances</a> in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also provide advice and devise protocols for treatment, with a <a href="/wiki/Medical_director" title="Medical director">medical director</a> acting as the most senior medical adviser to the ambulance service. In the United States, EMS became an officially recognized subspecialty by the American Board of Emergency Medicine in 2010, and the first examinations were held in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many states now recommend EMS board certifiction for newly hired medical directors of EMS agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialist_EMS">Specialist EMS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Specialist EMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_ambulances">Air ambulances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Air ambulances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STARS_BK117_helicopter_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/STARS_BK117_helicopter_Exterior.jpg/200px-STARS_BK117_helicopter_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/STARS_BK117_helicopter_Exterior.jpg/300px-STARS_BK117_helicopter_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/STARS_BK117_helicopter_Exterior.jpg/400px-STARS_BK117_helicopter_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Canadian <a href="/wiki/Shock_Trauma_Air_Rescue_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock Trauma Air Rescue Society">STARS</a> helicopter ambulance. <a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="Air medical services">Air ambulances</a> often have staff who are specially trained for dealing with <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">major trauma</a> cases.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="Air medical services">Air medical services</a></div> <p>Air ambulances (also known as <a href="/wiki/Medical_evacuation" title="Medical evacuation">medevac</a>) often complement a land ambulance service. In some remote areas, they may even form the primary ambulance service. Like many innovations in EMS, medical aircraft were first used in the military. One of the first recorded aircraft rescues of a casualty was in 1917 in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, when a soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Camel_Corps" title="Imperial Camel Corps">Camel Corps</a> who had been shot in the ankle was flown to hospital in a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH9" class="mw-redirect" title="De Havilland DH9">de Havilland DH9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, the first civilian air medical service was founded in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> to provide healthcare to people living in remote parts of the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">Outback</a>. This service became the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Doctor_Service" title="Royal Flying Doctor Service">Royal Flying Doctor Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of helicopters was pioneered in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, when time to reach a medical facility was reduced from 8 hours to 3 hours in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and again to 2 hours by the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aircraft can travel faster and operate in a wider coverage area than a land ambulance. They have a particular advantage for <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">major trauma</a> injuries, especially when they occur in rural or isolated areas. The well-established theory of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_hour_(medicine)" title="Golden hour (medicine)">golden hour</a> suggests that major trauma patients should be transported as quickly as possible to a specialist <a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">trauma center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITLS2018_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITLS2018-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, medical first responders in a helicopter can provide both a higher level of care at the scene, faster transport to a specialist hospital<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15928284_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15928284-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and critical care during the journey.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7832345_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7832345-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disadvantage is that it can be dangerous and potentially not possible for them to fly at night or in bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_(hazardous_area)"><span id="Tactical_.28hazardous_area.29"></span>Tactical (hazardous area)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Tactical (hazardous area)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tactical_emergency_medical_services" title="Tactical emergency medical services">Tactical emergency medical services</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDNY_Haz-Tec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/FDNY_Haz-Tec.JPG/220px-FDNY_Haz-Tec.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/FDNY_Haz-Tec.JPG/330px-FDNY_Haz-Tec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/FDNY_Haz-Tec.JPG/440px-FDNY_Haz-Tec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a> Haz-Tac Ambulance</figcaption></figure> <p>Some EMS agencies have set up specialist teams to help those injured in a major incident or a dangerous situation.<sup id="cite_ref-ems1-tactical_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ems1-tactical-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <a href="/wiki/Police_tactical_group" title="Police tactical group">tactical police operations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Active_shooter" title="Active shooter">active shooters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazmat</a> situations, building collapses, fires and <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>. In the US, these are often known as Tactical EMS teams and are often deployed alongside police <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> teams.<sup id="cite_ref-ems1-tactical_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ems1-tactical-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equivalent in UK ambulance services is a <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Area_Response_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous Area Response Team">Hazardous Area Response Team</a> (HART). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilderness">Wilderness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Wilderness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wilderness EMS-like systems (WEMS) have been developed to provide medical responses in remote areas, which may have significantly different needs to an urban area. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/National_Ski_Patrol" title="National Ski Patrol">National Ski Patrol</a> or the regional-responding Appalachian Search and Rescue Conference (USA based). Like traditional EMS providers, all wilderness emergency medical (WEM) providers must still operate under on-line or off-line medical oversight. To assist physicians in the skills necessary to provide this oversight, the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Medical_Society" title="Wilderness Medical Society">Wilderness Medical Society</a> and the National Association of EMS Physicians jointly supported the development in 2011 of a unique "Wilderness EMS Medical Director" certification course,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was cited by the Journal of EMS as one of the Top 10 EMS Innovations of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skills taught in WEMT courses exceeding the EMT-Basic scope of practice include catheterization, antibiotic administration, use of intermediate <a href="/wiki/Blind_insertion_airway_device" title="Blind insertion airway device">Blind Insertion Airway Devices</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_tube" title="Laryngeal tube">King Laryngeal Tube</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_Intubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric Intubation">Nasogastric Intubation</a>, and simple suturing;<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the scope of practice for the WEMT still falls under BLS level care. A multitude of organizations provide WEM training, including private schools, non-profit organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Center_for_Wilderness_Medicine" title="Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine">Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Wilderness EMS Institute,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> military branches, community colleges and universities,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EMS-college-hospital collaborations,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_Health_Hazards_in_EMS">Occupational Health Hazards in EMS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Occupational Health Hazards in EMS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazards">Hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rate of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">occupational injuries</a> for EMS workers is greater than the rate for the general population of the workforce<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occupational hazards for <a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">health professionals</a> are well studied and generally apply to EMS. Occupational health hazards in emergency medical services include lifting injuries, violent patients, transportation incidents and harmful exposures (exposure to loud noises, chemicals and infectious diseases).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) established that the most common injury/illness of EMS clinicians are sprains/strains (41%) and exposures (20%)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occupational hazard with the greatest rate of lethality in Emergency Medical Services is ground and air ambulance crashes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crashes are uncommon and Injuries from crashes make up less than 8% of injuries to EMS clinicians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazard_Mitigation">Hazard Mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Hazard Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the USA, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> associated <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> have published guidelines to protect EMS workers from the occupational hazards presented by the job's requirements. These guidelines include sanitization practices, PPE requirements, and fatigue protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fundamental facets of safety, such as providing workers with clear roles and clear communication of expectations to discourage risk-taking and encourage safe practices are essential to minimize occupational hazards. <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overexertion injuries can be avoided with core training, increasing flexibility, and improving muscular endurance.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Safe lifting form is encouraged.  Exposure to  chemical, biological, sensory and physical hazards can all be mitigated with an increased use of PPE.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychosocial hazards such as job stress and exposure to violence or trauma can be managed with peer support resources for emergency responders who are suffering mental health effects.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most (80%) of states have established independent agency critical incident stress debriefing/management (CISD/M) programs that come into action whenever an incident is deemed particularly traumatic.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transportation related injury and fatality can be minimized with better driver training programs and protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_in_different_countries"><span id="Org"></span>Organization in different countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Organization in different countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Austria" title="Emergency medical services in Austria">Emergency medical services in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Australia" title="Emergency medical services in Australia">Emergency medical services in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Belgium" title="Emergency medical services in Belgium">Emergency medical services in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Brazil#Emergency_medicine" title="Healthcare in Brazil">Emergency medical services in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Canada" title="Emergency medical services in Canada">Emergency medical services in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Finland" title="Emergency medical services in Finland">Emergency medical services in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_France" title="Emergency medical services in France">Emergency medical services in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Germany" title="Emergency medical services in Germany">Emergency medical services in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Emergency medical services in Hong Kong">Emergency medical services in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Iceland" title="Emergency medical services in Iceland">Emergency medical services in Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Iran" title="Emergency medical services in Iran">Emergency medical services in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSE_National_Ambulance_Service" title="HSE National Ambulance Service">Emergency medical services in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Israel" title="Emergency medical services in Israel">Emergency medical services in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Italy" title="Emergency medical services in Italy">Emergency medical services in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_Netherlands" title="Emergency medical services in the Netherlands">Emergency medical services in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_New_Zealand" title="Emergency medical services in New Zealand">Emergency medical services in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Norway" title="Emergency medical services in Norway">Emergency medical services in Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Pakistan" title="Emergency medical services in Pakistan">Emergency medical services in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Poland" title="Emergency medical services in Poland">Emergency medical services in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Portugal" title="Emergency medical services in Portugal">Emergency medical services in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency medical services in Romania">Emergency medical services in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Russia" title="Emergency medical services in Russia">Emergency medical services in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Spain" title="Emergency medical services in Spain">Emergency medical services in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_South_Africa" title="Emergency medical services in South Africa">Emergency medical services in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Emergency medical services in Sri Lanka">Emergency medical services in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Ukraine" title="Emergency medical services in Ukraine">Emergency medical services in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_States" title="Emergency medical services in the United States">Emergency medical services in the United States</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_medicine" title="Battlefield medicine">Battlefield medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEN_1789" title="CEN 1789">CEN 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Aid_Care_Team" title="First Aid Care Team">First Aid Care Team</a>, a rapid-response emergency unit in Chicago disbanded in 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritan_law" title="Good Samaritan law">Good Samaritan law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_case_of_emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="In case of emergency">In case of emergency</a>, a programme that enables EMS workers to identify victims and contact their next of kin to obtain important medical information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_EMS_provider_credentials" title="List of EMS provider credentials">List of EMS provider credentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_Gathering_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Gathering Medicine">Mass Gathering Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_amnesty_policy" title="Medical amnesty policy">Medical amnesty policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utility_model" title="Public utility model">Public utility model</a>, a model for organizing Emergency Medical Services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Life" title="Star of Life">Star of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_medicine" title="Wilderness medicine">Wilderness medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ems.gov/whatisems.html">"What is EMS?"</a>. NHTSA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+EMS%3F&rft.pub=NHTSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ems.gov%2Fwhatisems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051222193721/http://www.longhillnj.org/firstaid/firstaid.main.html">"Long Hill Township First Aid Squad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.longhillnj.org/firstaid/firstaid.main.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long+Hill+Township+First+Aid+Squad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.longhillnj.org%2Ffirstaid%2Ffirstaid.main.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lymenh.gov/fast-squad">"FAST Squad | Town of Lyme NH"</a>. <i>www.lymenh.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lymenh.gov&rft.atitle=FAST+Squad+%7C+Town+of+Lyme+NH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lymenh.gov%2Ffast-squad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615231916/http://www.emergencysquad.org/">"Hennepin County Emergency Squad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emergencysquad.org/">the original</a> on 15 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hennepin+County+Emergency+Squad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emergencysquad.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230015/http://www.angelfire.com/nj2/nas/">"Nottingham Ambulance Squad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/nj2/nas/">the original</a> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nottingham+Ambulance+Squad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fnj2%2Fnas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706231902/http://members.aol.com/oreilly7/vvac/">"Valhalla Volunteer Ambulance Corps"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/oreilly7/vvac/">the original</a> on 6 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valhalla+Volunteer+Ambulance+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2Foreilly7%2Fvvac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622175216/http://www.sardinialifesquad.com/">"Sardinia Life Squad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sardinialifesquad.com/">the original</a> on 22 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sardinia+Life+Squad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sardinialifesquad.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720213936/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/civil/pdfdocs/112surv-2001.pdf">"EU document on European adoption of 112 emergency number"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/civil/pdfdocs/112surv-2001.pdf/">the original</a> on 20 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+document+on+European+adoption+of+112+emergency+number&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fcivil%2Fpdfdocs%2F112surv-2001.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108064258/http://www.colonie.org/ems/#anchor45252">"EMS Special Operations"</a>. Town of Colonie EMS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonie.org/ems/#anchor45252">the original</a> on 8 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EMS+Special+Operations&rft.pub=Town+of+Colonie+EMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonie.org%2Fems%2F%23anchor45252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motorbike-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-motorbike_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motorbike_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motorbike_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922200132/http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399">"Motorcycle Ambulance Trailer Project Gets Off The Ground With MAN ERF UK"</a>. Transport News Network. 4 July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399">the original</a> on 22 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Motorcycle+Ambulance+Trailer+Project+Gets+Off+The+Ground+With+MAN+ERF+UK&rft.date=2006-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tnn.co.uk%2FWorldwideNews%2Fplonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly2013" class="citation news cs1">Donnelly, Laura (10 November 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/10438156/Do-not-take-all-your-patients-to-hospital-paramedics-told.html">"Do not take all your patients to hospital, paramedics told"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/10438156/Do-not-take-all-your-patients-to-hospital-paramedics-told.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Do+not+take+all+your+patients+to+hospital%2C+paramedics+told&rft.date=2013-11-10&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fnews%2F10438156%2FDo-not-take-all-your-patients-to-hospital-paramedics-told.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=52749">"Knights Hospitaller's"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knights+Hospitaller%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fscript%2Fmain%2Fart.asp%3Farticlekey%3D52749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fly1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fly1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fly1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkandalakisLainasZorasSkandalakis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Skandalakis PN, Lainas P, Zoras O, Skandalakis JE, Mirilas P (August 2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'To afford the wounded speedy assistance': Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon". <i>World Journal of Surgery</i>. <b>30</b> (8): 1392–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00268-005-0436-8">10.1007/s00268-005-0436-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16850154">16850154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42597837">42597837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=%27To+afford+the+wounded+speedy+assistance%27%3A+Dominique+Jean+Larrey+and+Napoleon&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1392-99&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42597837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16850154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00268-005-0436-8&rft.aulast=Skandalakis&rft.aufirst=PN&rft.au=Lainas%2C+P&rft.au=Zoras%2C+O&rft.au=Skandalakis%2C+JE&rft.au=Mirilas%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fly2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fly2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fly2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fly2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fly2_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ortiz, Captain Jose M (October–December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514091424/http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Flying_Ambulance.htm">"The Revolutionary Flying Ambulance of Napoleon's Surgeon"</a>. <b>8</b>: 17–25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonic-literature.com/Flying_Ambulance.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Revolutionary+Flying+Ambulance+of+Napoleon%27s+Surgeon&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=17-25&rft.date=1998-10%2F1998-12&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Captain+Jose+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnapoleonic-literature.com%2FFlying_Ambulance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambulance-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ambulance_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambulance_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambulance_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambulance_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambulance_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkley,_Katherine1978" class="citation book cs1">Barkley, Katherine (1978). <i>The ambulance: the story of emergency transportation of sick and wounded through the centuries</i>. New York: Exposition Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-682-48983-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-682-48983-6"><bdi>978-0-682-48983-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ambulance%3A+the+story+of+emergency+transportation+of+sick+and+wounded+through+the+centuries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Exposition+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-682-48983-6&rft.au=Barkley%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622015258/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera.html">"Cholera carriages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera+carriages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyamerica.com%2Freview%2F2000_fall%2F1832_cholera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iamed.com/how-ems-services-including-ambulances-went-from-punishment-to-prestige/">"How EMS Services Including Ambulances Went from Punishment to Prestige - IA MED"</a>. IA MED. 22 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+EMS+Services+Including+Ambulances+Went+from+Punishment+to+Prestige+-+IA+MED&rft.pub=IA+MED&rft.date=2021-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iamed.com%2Fhow-ems-services-including-ambulances-went-from-punishment-to-prestige%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201091249/https://wvde.state.wv.us/abe/Public%20Service%20Personnel/HistoryofEMS.html">"A Brief History of Emergency Medical Services"</a>. West Virginia Department of Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wvde.state.wv.us/abe/Public%20Service%20Personnel/HistoryofEMS.html#:~:text=EMS%20in%20America%20can%20be,take%20care%20of%20the%20soldiers.">the original</a> on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Emergency+Medical+Services&rft.pub=West+Virginia+Department+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwvde.state.wv.us%2Fabe%2FPublic%2520Service%2520Personnel%2FHistoryofEMS.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEMS%2520in%2520America%2520can%2520be%2Ctake%2520care%2520of%2520the%2520soldiers.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Genes2005" class="citation web cs1">Nicholas Genes (2 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612095957/http://www.medgadget.com/archives/2005/09/disasters_and_e.html">"Disasters and Emergency Medicine"</a>. Medgadget.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medgadget.com/archives/2005/09/disasters_and_e.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disasters+and+Emergency+Medicine&rft.pub=Medgadget.com&rft.date=2005-09-02&rft.au=Nicholas+Genes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedgadget.com%2Farchives%2F2005%2F09%2Fdisasters_and_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sja1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sja1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626032454/http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/about-us/our-history/industrial-revolution.aspx">"St John Ambulance in the Industrial Revolution"</a>. St John Ambulance UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sja.org.uk/sja/about-us/our-history/industrial-revolution.aspx">the original</a> on 26 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+John+Ambulance+in+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.pub=St+John+Ambulance+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sja.org.uk%2Fsja%2Fabout-us%2Four-history%2Findustrial-revolution.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBledsoeBarnes2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bledsoe, B.; Barnes, D. (2004). "Traction splint. An EMS relic?". <i>Journal of Emergency Medical Services</i>. <b>29</b> (8): 64–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326449">15326449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Emergency+Medical+Services&rft.atitle=Traction+splint.+An+EMS+relic%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=64-9&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15326449&rft.aulast=Bledsoe&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuehl-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuehl_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuehl, Alexander E. (Ed.). <i>Prehospital Systems and Medical Oversight</i>, 3rd edition. <i>National Association of EMS Physicians</i>. 2002.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314002150/http://www.miller-meteor.com/history.asp">"Miller-Meteor History"</a>. <i>Miller-Meteor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miller-meteor.com/history.asp">the original</a> on 14 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller-Meteor&rft.atitle=Miller-Meteor+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miller-meteor.com%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKouwenhovenJudeKnickerbocker1960" class="citation journal cs1">Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG (July 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm15290.contentdm.oclc.org/u?/p15290coll5,3643">"Closed-chest cardiac massage"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>173</b> (10): 1064–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1960.03020280004002">10.1001/jama.1960.03020280004002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14411374">14411374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2663379">2663379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Closed-chest+cardiac+massage&rft.volume=173&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1064-67&rft.date=1960-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2663379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14411374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1960.03020280004002&rft.aulast=Kouwenhoven&rft.aufirst=WB&rft.au=Jude%2C+JR&rft.au=Knickerbocker%2C+GG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm15290.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fu%3F%2Fp15290coll5%2C3643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academy_of_Sciences_(US)_National_Research_Council_(US)_Committee_on_TraumaNational_Academy_of_Sciences_(US)_National_Research_Council_(US)_Committee_on_Shock1966" class="citation book cs1">National Academy of Sciences (US) National Research Council (US) Committee on Trauma; National Academy of Sciences (US) National Research Council (US) Committee on Shock (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9978&page=R1"><i>Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F9978">10.17226/9978</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07532-9"><bdi>978-0-309-07532-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25057729">25057729</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Death+and+Disability%3A+The+Neglected+Disease+of+Modern+Society&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25057729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F9978&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07532-9&rft.au=National+Academy+of+Sciences+%28US%29+National+Research+Council+%28US%29+Committee+on+Trauma&rft.au=National+Academy+of+Sciences+%28US%29+National+Research+Council+%28US%29+Committee+on+Shock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D9978%26page%3DR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaston1971" class="citation journal cs1">Gaston, Sawnie R. (1971). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society'. A progress report". <i>The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 195–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005373-197103000-00001">10.1097/00005373-197103000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5545943">5545943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Trauma%3A+Injury%2C+Infection%2C+and+Critical+Care&rft.atitle=%27Accidental+death+and+disability%3A+the+neglected+disease+of+modern+society%27.+A+progress+report&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-206&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005373-197103000-00001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5545943&rft.aulast=Gaston&rft.aufirst=Sawnie+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224082924/http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html">"History"</a>. Umm.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umm.edu/shocktrauma/history.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Umm.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umm.edu%2Fshocktrauma%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMSO-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HMSO_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-15/">"Royal Commission on the National Health Service"</a>. <i>Socialist Health Association</i>. HMSO. 17 July 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521155911/http://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-15/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Health+Association&rft.atitle=Royal+Commission+on+the+National+Health+Service&rft.date=1979-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sochealth.co.uk%2Fnational-health-service%2Froyal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents%2Froyal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrier-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrier_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneviève_Barrier1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geneviève Barrier (1992). Odile Jacob (ed.). <i>La vie entre les mains</i> (in French). p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+vie+entre+les+mains&rft.pages=141&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Genevi%C3%A8ve+Barrier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091106000344/http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/emergencyandurgentcareservices/pages/ambulanceservices.aspx">"UK NHS Ambulance Service Information"</a>. NHS Direct. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/nhsengland/aboutnhsservices/emergencyandurgentcareservices/pages/ambulanceservices.aspx">the original</a> on 6 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+NHS+Ambulance+Service+Information&rft.pub=NHS+Direct&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fnhsengland%2Faboutnhsservices%2Femergencyandurgentcareservices%2Fpages%2Fambulanceservices.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618191417/http://www.iafc.org/IAFC-position-Fire-based-Emergency-Medical-Services">"IAFC Position: Fire-based Emergency Medical Services"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iafc.org/IAFC-position-Fire-based-Emergency-Medical-Services">the original</a> on 18 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAFC+Position%3A+Fire-based+Emergency+Medical+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iafc.org%2FIAFC-position-Fire-based-Emergency-Medical-Services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJA2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJA2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJA2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095954/http://www.redcross.org.uk/en/What-we-do/First-aid/Event-first-aid-and-ambulance-support/Ambulance-service-support">"BritishRedCross Ambulance Support"</a>. British Red Cross. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redcross.org.uk/en/What-we-do/First-aid/Event-first-aid-and-ambulance-support/Ambulance-service-support">the original</a> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BritishRedCross+Ambulance+Support&rft.pub=British+Red+Cross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redcross.org.uk%2Fen%2FWhat-we-do%2FFirst-aid%2FEvent-first-aid-and-ambulance-support%2FAmbulance-service-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009185426/http://195.218.114.18/orderofmalta/global/site/what-we-do.asp?id=15">"Order of Malta Ambulance Corps"</a>. Order of Malta Ambulance Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://195.218.114.18/orderofmalta/global/site/what-we-do.asp?id=15">the original</a> on 9 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+Malta+Ambulance+Corps&rft.pub=Order+of+Malta+Ambulance+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F195.218.114.18%2Forderofmalta%2Fglobal%2Fsite%2Fwhat-we-do.asp%3Fid%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jumbulance-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jumbulance_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702165512/http://www.jumbulance.org.uk/faq.html">"Questions and Answers"</a>. Jumbulance Travel Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jumbulance.org.uk/faq.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+and+Answers&rft.pub=Jumbulance+Travel+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jumbulance.org.uk%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022023607/http://firstaidservices.net.au/">"First Aid Services"</a>. First Aid Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstaidservices.net.au">the original</a> on 22 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Aid+Services&rft.pub=First+Aid+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstaidservices.net.au&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emscom-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emscom_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015063458/https://www.ems.gov/vgn-ext-templating/ems/sol/pages/DesignOrigin.htm">"Design, Origin and Meaning of the Star of Life"</a>. NHTSA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ems.gov/vgn-ext-templating/ems/sol/pages/DesignOrigin.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design%2C+Origin+and+Meaning+of+the+Star+of+Life&rft.pub=NHTSA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ems.gov%2Fvgn-ext-templating%2Fems%2Fsol%2Fpages%2FDesignOrigin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WF-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WF_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WF_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick_WF2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dick WF (2003). "Anglo-American vs. Franco-German emergency medical services system". <i>Prehospital and Disaster Medicine</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 29–35, discussion 35–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1049023x00000650">10.1017/s1049023x00000650</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14694898">14694898</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31020961">31020961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prehospital+and+Disaster+Medicine&rft.atitle=Anglo-American+vs.+Franco-German+emergency+medical+services+system&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-35%2C+discussion+35-7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31020961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14694898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1049023x00000650&rft.au=Dick+WF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Shaqsi-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Shaqsi_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSultan_Al-Shaqsi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sultan Al-Shaqsi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191661">"Models of International Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Systems"</a>. <i>Oman Medical Journal</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 320–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5001%2Fomj.2010.92">10.5001/omj.2010.92</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191661">3191661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22043368">22043368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oman+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Models+of+International+Emergency+Medical+Service+%28EMS%29+Systems&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=320-323&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3191661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22043368&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5001%2Fomj.2010.92&rft.au=Sultan+Al-Shaqsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3191661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBS_Roudsari2007" class="citation journal cs1">BS Roudsari (2007). "International comparison of prehospital trauma care systems". <i>Injury</i>. <b>38</b> (9): 993–1000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.injury.2007.03.028">10.1016/j.injury.2007.03.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17640641">17640641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Injury&rft.atitle=International+comparison+of+prehospital+trauma+care+systems&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=993-1000&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.injury.2007.03.028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17640641&rft.au=BS+Roudsari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVentura2021" class="citation book cs1">Ventura, Christian (20 January 2021). "1: The EMS System". <i>The Emergency Medical Responder: Training and Succeeding as an EMT/EMR</i>. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-64395-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-64395-9"><bdi>978-3-030-64395-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+EMS+System&rft.btitle=The+Emergency+Medical+Responder%3A+Training+and+Succeeding+as+an+EMT%2FEMR&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.isbn=978-3-030-64395-9&rft.aulast=Ventura&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4634569.stm">"What Does a Super Paramedic Do? (BBC News website)"</a>. 30 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Does+a+Super+Paramedic+Do%3F+%28BBC+News+website%29&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F4634569.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.2016" class="citation book cs1">J., Walz, Bruce (2 September 2016). <i>Foundations of EMS systems</i>. Zigmont, Jason J. (Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781284041781" title="Special:BookSources/9781284041781"><bdi>9781284041781</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/954134197">954134197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+EMS+systems&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F954134197&rft.isbn=9781284041781&rft.aulast=J.&rft.aufirst=Walz%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCT_DPH_and_OEMS" class="citation web cs1">CT DPH and OEMS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.ct.gov/-/media/Departments-and-Agencies/DPH/dph/ems/pdf/statewide_protocols/ConnecticutStatewideEMSProtocolsv20172Final20171012.pdf?la=en">"CT Statewide EMS Protocols 2017.2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CT+Statewide+EMS+Protocols+2017.2&rft.au=CT+DPH+and+OEMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.ct.gov%2F-%2Fmedia%2FDepartments-and-Agencies%2FDPH%2Fdph%2Fems%2Fpdf%2Fstatewide_protocols%2FConnecticutStatewideEMSProtocolsv20172Final20171012.pdf%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://innovation.cms.gov/innovation-models/et3">"Emergency Triage, Treat, and Transport (ET3) Model | CMS Innovation Center"</a>. <i>innovation.cms.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=innovation.cms.gov&rft.atitle=Emergency+Triage%2C+Treat%2C+and+Transport+%28ET3%29+Model+%7C+CMS+Innovation+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finnovation.cms.gov%2Finnovation-models%2Fet3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society, (1966), National Academy of Sciences (White Paper)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNallamothuBates2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nallamothu BK, Bates ER (October 2003). "Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything?". <i>The American Journal of Cardiology</i>. <b>92</b> (7): 824–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9149%2803%2900891-9">10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00891-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14516884">14516884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Percutaneous+coronary+intervention+versus+fibrinolytic+therapy+in+acute+myocardial+infarction%3A+is+timing+%28almost%29+everything%3F&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=824-6&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9149%2803%2900891-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14516884&rft.aulast=Nallamothu&rft.aufirst=BK&rft.au=Bates%2C+ER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogatyBullerDorianO'Neill2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bogaty P, Buller CE, Dorian P, O'Neill BJ, Armstrong PW (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526323">"Applying the new STEMI guidelines: 1. Reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction"</a>. <i>CMAJ</i>. <b>171</b> (9): 1039–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.1041417">10.1503/cmaj.1041417</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC526323">526323</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15505262">15505262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=Applying+the+new+STEMI+guidelines%3A+1.+Reperfusion+in+acute+ST-segment+elevation+myocardial+infarction&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1039-41&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC526323%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15505262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.1041417&rft.aulast=Bogaty&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Buller%2C+CE&rft.au=Dorian%2C+P&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+BJ&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+PW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC526323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501122326/http://www.ottawaheart.ca/heart_disease/heart_attack.htm">"UOHI - Heart Attack"</a>. Ottawaheart.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ottawaheart.ca/heart_disease/heart_attack.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UOHI+-+Heart+Attack&rft.pub=Ottawaheart.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottawaheart.ca%2Fheart_disease%2Fheart_attack.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantorMorrison2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cantor WJ, Morrison LJ (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC557963">"Guidelines for STEMI"</a>. <i>CMAJ</i>. <b>172</b> (11): 1425, author reply 1426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.1041728">10.1503/cmaj.1041728</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC557963">557963</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15911845">15911845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ&rft.atitle=Guidelines+for+STEMI&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1425%2C+author+reply+1426&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC557963%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15911845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.1041728&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Morrison%2C+LJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC557963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081114192458/http://www.samu-de-france.fr/en/news/front/afficher/rescue_services_in_europe_france-ref/?id_actu=170">"SAMU de France website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samu-de-france.fr/en/news/front/afficher/rescue_services_in_europe_france-ref/?id_actu=170">the original</a> on 14 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAMU+de+France+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samu-de-france.fr%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffront%2Fafficher%2Frescue_services_in_europe_france-ref%2F%3Fid_actu%3D170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120171646/http://bundesaerztekammer.de/page.asp?his=0.7.47.3222">"Bundesärztekammer - Notfall: Notkompetenz I (German Federal Board of Physicians: Directives regarding emergency powers for Paramedics)"</a> (in German). Bundesaerztekammer.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/page.asp?his=0.7.47.3222">the original</a> on 20 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundes%C3%A4rztekammer+-+Notfall%3A+Notkompetenz+I+%28German+Federal+Board+of+Physicians%3A+Directives+regarding+emergency+powers+for+Paramedics%29&rft.pub=Bundesaerztekammer.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesaerztekammer.de%2Fpage.asp%3Fhis%3D0.7.47.3222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/emts-and-paramedics.htm#tab-3">"EMTs and Paramedics : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"</a>. <i>www.bls.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bls.gov&rft.atitle=EMTs+and+Paramedics+%3A+Occupational+Outlook+Handbook%3A+%3A+U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fooh%2Fhealthcare%2Femts-and-paramedics.htm%23tab-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175240/https://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-151/issue-9/features/fire-ems-merger-an-examination-of-cultural-differences.html#gref">"Fire/EMS Merger: An Examination of Cultural Differences"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Engineering_(magazine)" title="Fire Engineering (magazine)">Fire Engineering</a></i>. 1 September 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fireengineering.com/1998/09/01/228424/fire-ems-merger-an-examination-of-cultural-differences/#gref">the original</a> on 29 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Engineering&rft.atitle=Fire%2FEMS+Merger%3A+An+Examination+of+Cultural+Differences&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fireengineering.com%2F1998%2F09%2F01%2F228424%2Ffire-ems-merger-an-examination-of-cultural-differences%2F%23gref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/first+responder">"Free Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Ffirst%2Bresponder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929213547/http://www.unionems.com/categories_vol_membership.htm">"Union EMS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unionems.com/categories_vol_membership.htm">the original</a> on 29 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Union+EMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionems.com%2Fcategories_vol_membership.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521233658/https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/">"NHS Careers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/details/Default.aspx?Id=907/">the original</a> on 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NHS+Careers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhscareers.nhs.uk%2Fdetails%2FDefault.aspx%3FId%3D907%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102913/http://www.health-care-jobs.co.uk/index/index.php?item_id=107">"ACA job description"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health-care-jobs.co.uk/index/index.php?item_id=107">the original</a> on 11 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACA+job+description&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health-care-jobs.co.uk%2Findex%2Findex.php%3Fitem_id%3D107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725011655/http://www.stats.bls.gov/oco/oco2001.htm#training">"Dept. of Labor EMT Job Description"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.bls.gov/oco/oco2001.htm#training">the original</a> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dept.+of+Labor+EMT+Job+Description&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.bls.gov%2Foco%2Foco2001.htm%23training&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/ems/pdf/srgemt.pdf">"NYS EMT-B Job Description"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NYS+EMT-B+Job+Description&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.ny.us%2Fnysdoh%2Fems%2Fpdf%2Fsrgemt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220257/http://www.medicalalertsystemsnews.com/EMS%20Scope%20of%20Practice2006.pdf">"North Dakota EMT-B Scope of Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicalalertsystemsnews.com/EMS%20Scope%20of%20Practice2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Dakota+EMT-B+Scope+of+Practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalalertsystemsnews.com%2FEMS%2520Scope%2520of%2520Practice2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/ems/pub/emtbnsc.pdf">"NHTSA EMT-B Scope of Practice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NHTSA+EMT-B+Scope+of+Practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhtsa.dot.gov%2Fpeople%2Finjury%2Fems%2Fpub%2Femtbnsc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.state.nd.us/EMS/pdfs/EMS%20Provider%20Skill%20Sets/EMS%20Skills%20for%20providers%202008EMTB.pdf">"EMT-B additional skills"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EMT-B+additional+skills&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.nd.us%2FEMS%2Fpdfs%2FEMS%2520Provider%2520Skill%2520Sets%2FEMS%2520Skills%2520for%2520providers%25202008EMTB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080824013231/http://www.healthoneems.com/course_pdf/2008/IV_Student_Application_Packet.pdf">"Colorado EMT-B IV Certification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthoneems.com/course_pdf/2008/IV_Student_Application_Packet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorado+EMT-B+IV+Certification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthoneems.com%2Fcourse_pdf%2F2008%2FIV_Student_Application_Packet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202161146/http://www.prospects.ac.uk/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/Explore_types_of_jobs/Types_of_Job/p!eipaL?state=showocc&idno=205&pageno=1">"Paramedic: Job description"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospects.ac.uk/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/Explore_types_of_jobs/Types_of_Job/p!eipaL?state=showocc&pageno=1&idno=205">the original</a> on 2 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paramedic%3A+Job+description&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospects.ac.uk%2Fcms%2FShowPage%2FHome_page%2FExplore_types_of_jobs%2FTypes_of_Job%2Fp%21eipaL%3Fstate%3Dshowocc%26pageno%3D1%26idno%3D205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editors of Salem Press (2008). Paramedics. Magill's Medical Guide, 4th Rev. ed.. Salem Press. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://elibrary.bigchalk.com">http://elibrary.bigchalk.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107140106/http://www.hpc-uk.org/aboutregistration/protectedtitles/">"HPC - Health Professions Council - Protected titles"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpc-uk.org/aboutregistration/protectedtitles/">the original</a> on 7 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HPC+-+Health+Professions+Council+-+Protected+titles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpc-uk.org%2Faboutregistration%2Fprotectedtitles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtFederiukZechnichForsythe1996" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt TA, Federiuk CS, Zechnich A, Forsythe M, Christie M, Andrews C (August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%281996%29007%5B0208%3AALSITW%5D2.3.CO%3B2">"Advanced life support in the wilderness: 5-year experience of the Reach and Treat team"</a>. <i>Wilderness & Environmental Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 208–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%281996%29007%5B0208%3AALSITW%5D2.3.CO%3B2">10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0208:ALSITW]2.3.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11990115">11990115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Advanced+life+support+in+the+wilderness%3A+5-year+experience+of+the+Reach+and+Treat+team&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=208-15&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1580%2F1080-6032%281996%29007%5B0208%3AALSITW%5D2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11990115&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=TA&rft.au=Federiuk%2C+CS&rft.au=Zechnich%2C+A&rft.au=Forsythe%2C+M&rft.au=Christie%2C+M&rft.au=Andrews%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1580%252F1080-6032%25281996%2529007%255B0208%253AALSITW%255D2.3.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719110810/http://www.flightparamedic.org/">"Flight Paramedic Certification"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightparamedic.org/">the original</a> on 19 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+Paramedic+Certification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightparamedic.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCEMTP-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCEMTP_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCEMTP_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621174320/http://ehs.umbc.edu/CE/CCEMT-P/">"CCEMTP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehs.umbc.edu/CE/CCEMT-P/">the original</a> on 21 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCEMTP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehs.umbc.edu%2FCE%2FCCEMT-P%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaquette2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Paquette, Anthony John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencommons.uconn.edu/uchcgs_masters/78"><i>The Feasibility of the Advanced Practice Paramedic</i></a> (MPH thesis). University of Connecticut.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Feasibility+of+the+Advanced+Practice+Paramedic&rft.inst=University+of+Connecticut&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Paquette&rft.aufirst=Anthony+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopencommons.uconn.edu%2Fuchcgs_masters%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111064235/http://www.flightparamedic.org/documents/CriticalCareParamedicPositionPaper.pdf">"Critical Care Paramedic Position Paper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Association Of Flight Paramedics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightparamedic.org/documents/CriticalCareParamedicPositionPaper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critical+Care+Paramedic+Position+Paper&rft.pub=International+Association+Of+Flight+Paramedics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightparamedic.org%2Fdocuments%2FCriticalCareParamedicPositionPaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bcctpc-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bcctpc_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bcctpc_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119104656/http://www.bcctpc.org/Documents/Ground%20Critical%20Care%20Summary%20Blueprint.pdf">"Report of a National Study of the Certified Critical Care Paramedic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Board for Critical Care Transport Certification. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcctpc.org/Documents/Ground%20Critical%20Care%20Summary%20Blueprint.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+a+National+Study+of+the+Certified+Critical+Care+Paramedic&rft.pub=The+Board+for+Critical+Care+Transport+Certification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcctpc.org%2FDocuments%2FGround%2520Critical%2520Care%2520Summary%2520Blueprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcctpc.org/">"Board Of Critical Care Transport Paramedic"</a>. The Board for Critical Care Transport Certification<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+Of+Critical+Care+Transport+Paramedic&rft.pub=The+Board+for+Critical+Care+Transport+Certification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcctpc.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811164911/http://ehs.umbc.edu/CE/CCEMT-P/">"CCEMTP Course"</a>. University Of Maryland Baltimore County. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehs.umbc.edu/CE/CCEMT-P/">the original</a> on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CCEMTP+Course&rft.pub=University+Of+Maryland+Baltimore+County&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehs.umbc.edu%2FCE%2FCCEMT-P%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822013843/http://www.emsacademy.us/Education/CriticalCareEducation/CertifiedIntensiveCareProvider/tabid/1962/Default.aspx">"Cleveland Clinic CICP program"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emsacademy.us/Education/CriticalCareEducation/CertifiedIntensiveCareProvider/tabid/1962/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 22 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleveland+Clinic+CICP+program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsacademy.us%2FEducation%2FCriticalCareEducation%2FCertifiedIntensiveCareProvider%2Ftabid%2F1962%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808140756/http://www.wakegov.com/ems/staff/app">"Wake County EMS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wakegov.com/ems/staff/app">the original</a> on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wake+County+EMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wakegov.com%2Fems%2Fstaff%2Fapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020163723/http://www.medstar911.org/critical-care-transport">"MedStar EMS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medstar911.org/critical-care-transport">the original</a> on 20 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MedStar+EMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medstar911.org%2Fcritical-care-transport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070517154015/http://www.swast.nhs.uk/careersandvac/careers.htm#ECP">"South Western Ambulance Service NHS Trust"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swast.nhs.uk/careersandvac/careers.htm#ECP">the original</a> on 17 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Western+Ambulance+Service+NHS+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swast.nhs.uk%2Fcareersandvac%2Fcareers.htm%23ECP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelbyRyan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Melby V, Ryan A (October 2005). "Caring for older people in prehospital emergency care: can nurses make a difference?". <i>Journal of Clinical Nursing</i>. <b>14</b> (9): 1141–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2005.01222.x">10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01222.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16164532">16164532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Nursing&rft.atitle=Caring+for+older+people+in+prehospital+emergency+care%3A+can+nurses+make+a+difference%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1141-50&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2005.01222.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16164532&rft.aulast=Melby&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Ryan%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulterkens_D2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wulterkens D (6 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217201958/http://m.jems.com/article/operations-protcols/ems-netherlands-dutch-treat">"EMS in the Netherlands: A Dutch Treat?"</a>. <i>Journal of Emergency Medical Services</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.jems.com/article/operations-protcols/ems-netherlands-dutch-treat">the original</a> on 17 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Emergency+Medical+Services&rft.atitle=EMS+in+the+Netherlands%3A+A+Dutch+Treat%3F&rft.date=2005-12-06&rft.au=Wulterkens+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.jems.com%2Farticle%2Foperations-protcols%2Fems-netherlands-dutch-treat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuserud_B2005" class="citation journal cs1">Suserud B (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1362-1017.2005.00129.x">"A new profession in the pre-hospital care field: the ambulance nurse"</a>. <i>Nursing in Critical Care</i>. <b>10</b> (6): 269–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1362-1017.2005.00129.x">10.1111/j.1362-1017.2005.00129.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16255333">16255333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nursing+in+Critical+Care&rft.atitle=A+new+profession+in+the+pre-hospital+care+field%3A+the+ambulance+nurse&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=269-71&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1362-1017.2005.00129.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16255333&rft.au=Suserud+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1362-1017.2005.00129.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBom_A2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bom A (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330055643/http://www.emsnews.com/read/featured-articles/international-ems-system-design-sweden">"International EMS system Design: Sweden"</a>. <i>Emsnews</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emsnews.com/read/featured-articles/international-ems-system-design-sweden">the original</a> on 30 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emsnews&rft.atitle=International+EMS+system+Design%3A+Sweden&rft.date=2012-02&rft.au=Bom+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsnews.com%2Fread%2Ffeatured-articles%2Finternational-ems-system-design-sweden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2012-7655">"Real Decreto 836/2012, de 25 de mayo, por el que se establecen las características técnicas, el equipamiento sanitario y la dotación de personal de los vehículos de transporte sanitario por carretera"</a> [Royal Decree 836/2012, of 25 May, which establishes the technical characteristics, the sanitary equipment and the staffing of the vehicles of sanitary transport by road]. <i>Boletín Oficial del Estado</i> (in Spanish). <b>137</b>: 41589–41595. 8 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=Real+Decreto+836%2F2012%2C+de+25+de+mayo%2C+por+el+que+se+establecen+las+caracter%C3%ADsticas+t%C3%A9cnicas%2C+el+equipamiento+sanitario+y+la+dotaci%C3%B3n+de+personal+de+los+veh%C3%ADculos+de+transporte+sanitario+por+carretera&rft.volume=137&rft.pages=41589-41595&rft.date=2012-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fdoc.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-2012-7655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002244/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_l_interieur/defense_et_securite_civiles/sapeurs-pompiers/sdis/sssm/downloadFile/attachedFile_2/Protocoles.pdf?nocache=1143132331.45">"Infermier Sapeur-Pompiers (French govt website)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_l_interieur/defense_et_securite_civiles/sapeurs-pompiers/sdis/sssm/downloadFile/attachedFile_2/Protocoles.pdf?nocache=1143132331.45">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infermier+Sapeur-Pompiers+%28French+govt+website%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interieur.gouv.fr%2Fsections%2Fa_l_interieur%2Fdefense_et_securite_civiles%2Fsapeurs-pompiers%2Fsdis%2Fsssm%2FdownloadFile%2FattachedFile_2%2FProtocoles.pdf%3Fnocache%3D1143132331.45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415211141/http://www.samu06.org/en/smur.php?PHPSESSID=800aadc6593ea9bb266fac13beb29793">"The SMUR of Nice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samu06.org/en/smur.php?PHPSESSID=800aadc6593ea9bb266fac13beb29793">the original</a> on 15 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+SMUR+of+Nice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samu06.org%2Fen%2Fsmur.php%3FPHPSESSID%3D800aadc6593ea9bb266fac13beb29793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723121904/http://www.londonsairambulance.com/">"Londons Air Ambulance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonsairambulance.com/">the original</a> on 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Londons+Air+Ambulance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonsairambulance.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010101142/http://surreyairambulance.co.uk/crew.asp">"Surrey Air Ambulance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surreyairambulance.co.uk/crew.asp/">the original</a> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surrey+Air+Ambulance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surreyairambulance.co.uk%2Fcrew.asp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPA-C2010" class="citation web cs1">PA-C, Fred Wu, MHS (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aliem.com/ems-officially-recognized-as-em/">"EMS officially recognized as an EM subspecialty"</a>. <i>ALiEM</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ALiEM&rft.atitle=EMS+officially+recognized+as+an+EM+subspecialty&rft.date=2010-10-05&rft.aulast=PA-C&rft.aufirst=Fred+Wu%2C+MHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aliem.com%2Fems-officially-recognized-as-em%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolev1986" class="citation journal cs1">Dolev, E. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjramc-132-01-08">"The First Recorded Aeromedical Evacuation in the British Army - the True Story"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps</i>. <b>132</b> (1): 34–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjramc-132-01-08">10.1136/jramc-132-01-08</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3517313">3517313</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25684014">25684014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Army+Medical+Corps&rft.atitle=The+First+Recorded+Aeromedical+Evacuation+in+the+British+Army+-+the+True+Story&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-36&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25684014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3517313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjramc-132-01-08&rft.aulast=Dolev&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1136%252Fjramc-132-01-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History/">"Royal Flying Doctor Service."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504193350/http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History">Archived</a> 2010-05-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>flyingdoctor.net.</i> Retrieved: 4 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kay, Marcia Hillary. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/commercial/eng/40-Years-Retrospective-Its-Been-a-Wild-Ride_14518.html">40 Years Retrospective: It's Been a Wild Ride</a>" <i>Rotor & Wing</i>, August 2007. Accessed: 8 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608203922/http://www.aviationtoday.com/rw/commercial/eng/40-Years-Retrospective-Its-Been-a-Wild-Ride_14518.html">Archived</a> 8 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_College_of_Surgeons2008" class="citation book cs1">American College of Surgeons (2008). <i>Atls, Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors</i>. Amer College of Surgeons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1880696316" title="Special:BookSources/978-1880696316"><bdi>978-1880696316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atls%2C+Advanced+Trauma+Life+Support+Program+for+Doctors&rft.pub=Amer+College+of+Surgeons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1880696316&rft.au=American+College+of+Surgeons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITLS2018-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITLS2018_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2018" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (2018). <i>International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers</i> (8th Global ed.). Pearson. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1292-17084-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1292-17084-8"><bdi>978-1292-17084-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Trauma+Life+Support+for+Emergency+Care+Providers&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=8th+Global&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1292-17084-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15928284-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15928284_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranasMacKenzieWilliamsSchwab2005" class="citation journal cs1">Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC, Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC, et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.293.21.2626">"Access to trauma centers in the United States"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>293</b> (21): 2626–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.293.21.2626">10.1001/jama.293.21.2626</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15928284">15928284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Access+to+trauma+centers+in+the+United+States.&rft.volume=293&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2626-33&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.293.21.2626&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15928284&rft.aulast=Branas&rft.aufirst=CC&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+EJ&rft.au=Williams%2C+JC&rft.au=Schwab%2C+CW&rft.au=Teter%2C+HM&rft.au=Flanigan%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.293.21.2626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7832345-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7832345_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurneyHubertPassiniMaio1995" class="citation journal cs1">Burney RE, Hubert D, Passini L, Maio R (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0196-0644%2895%2970322-5">"Variation in air medical outcomes by crew composition: a two-year follow-up"</a>. <i>Ann Emerg Med</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 187–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0196-0644%2895%2970322-5">10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70322-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7832345">7832345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Emerg+Med&rft.atitle=Variation+in+air+medical+outcomes+by+crew+composition%3A+a+two-year+follow-up.&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-92&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0196-0644%2895%2970322-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7832345&rft.aulast=Burney&rft.aufirst=RE&rft.au=Hubert%2C+D&rft.au=Passini%2C+L&rft.au=Maio%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0196-0644%252895%252970322-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meier, B, Saul, S. Fatal crashes provoke debate on safety of sky ambulances. New York Times, 28 February 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, A, Davis, R. Surge in crashes scars air ambulance industry. USA Today, 18 July 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ems1-tactical-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ems1-tactical_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ems1-tactical_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807135531/https://www.ems1.com/ems-education/articles/1482674-Tactical-EMS-An-overview/">"Tactical EMS: an overview"</a>. 31 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ems1.com/ems-education/articles/1482674-Tactical-EMS-An-overview/">the original</a> on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tactical+EMS%3A+an+overview&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ems1.com%2Fems-education%2Farticles%2F1482674-Tactical-EMS-An-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins,_SC2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, SC (21 January 2012). "Wilderness EMS Medical Director Course". <i>Wilderness Medicine</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wilderness+Medicine&rft.atitle=Wilderness+EMS+Medical+Director+Course&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2012-01-21&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+SC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718022117/http://m.jems.com/article/administration-and-leadership/blazing-trail">"Blazing a Trail"</a>. Journal of EMS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.jems.com/article/administration-and-leadership/blazing-trail">the original</a> on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blazing+a+Trail&rft.pub=Journal+of+EMS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.jems.com%2Farticle%2Fadministration-and-leadership%2Fblazing-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remotemedical.com/wilderness-emt/">"WILDERNESS EMT: TO TAKE OR NOT TO TAKE"</a>. 15 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WILDERNESS+EMT%3A+TO+TAKE+OR+NOT+TO+TAKE&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.remotemedical.com%2Fwilderness-emt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807192421/https://www.appwildmed.org/">"Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appwildmed.org/">the original</a> on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appalachian+Center+for+Wilderness+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appwildmed.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415083720/http://www.wemsi.org/">"Wilderness EMS Institute"</a>. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilderness+EMS+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wemsi.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107010032/http://www.roanestate.edu/webfolders/HAGEMANEA/healthSciences/2011TremontBrochure.pdf">"Roane State Wilderness First Responder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roanestate.edu/webfolders/HAGEMANEA/healthSciences/2011TremontBrochure.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roane+State+Wilderness+First+Responder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roanestate.edu%2Fwebfolders%2FHAGEMANEA%2FhealthSciences%2F2011TremontBrochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807192408/http://www.utahhealthsciences.net/pageview.aspx?id=17053">"University of Utah Wilderness and EMS Fellowship"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utahhealthsciences.net/pageview.aspx?id=17053">the original</a> on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Utah+Wilderness+and+EMS+Fellowship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utahhealthsciences.net%2Fpageview.aspx%3Fid%3D17053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402133115/http://www.blueridgehealth.org/wildems/">"Carolina Wilderness EMS Externship"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueridgehealth.org/wildems">the original</a> on 2 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carolina+Wilderness+EMS+Externship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueridgehealth.org%2Fwildems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichardMarshTonozziKonda2017" class="citation journal cs1">Reichard, Audrey A.; Marsh, Suzanne M.; Tonozzi, Theresa R.; Konda, Srinivas; Gormley, Mirinda A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28121261/">"Occupational Injuries and Exposures among Emergency Medical Services Workers"</a>. <i>Prehospital Emergency Care</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 420–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10903127.2016.1274350">10.1080/10903127.2016.1274350</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-0066">1545-0066</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28121261">28121261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prehospital+Emergency+Care&rft.atitle=Occupational+Injuries+and+Exposures+among+Emergency+Medical+Services+Workers&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=420-431&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1545-0066&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28121261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10903127.2016.1274350&rft.aulast=Reichard&rft.aufirst=Audrey+A.&rft.au=Marsh%2C+Suzanne+M.&rft.au=Tonozzi%2C+Theresa+R.&rft.au=Konda%2C+Srinivas&rft.au=Gormley%2C+Mirinda+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F28121261%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC2024" class="citation web cs1">CDC (23 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ems/about/index.html">"About EMS Clinician Safety"</a>. <i>Emergency Medical Services</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emergency+Medical+Services&rft.atitle=About+EMS+Clinician+Safety&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fems%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamThomasFinstadDennert2023" class="citation report cs1">Graham, Lindsey A.; Thomas, Dennis; Finstad, Kraig A.; Dennert, Rachel; Southcott, Tyler (1 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/68225">Analysis of Ground Ambulance Crash Data From 2012 to 2018</a> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Ground+Ambulance+Crash+Data+From+2012+to+2018&rft.date=2023-07-01&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+A.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Finstad%2C+Kraig+A.&rft.au=Dennert%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Southcott%2C+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosap.ntl.bts.gov%2Fview%2Fdot%2F68225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZara2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zara, Jamil (8 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10442955/#abstract1">"Influence of communication determinants on safety commitment in a high-risk workplace: a systematic literature review of four communication dimensions"</a>. <i>NIH, PubMed Central</i>. <b>1</b> (1): Full–Text – via National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIH%2C+PubMed+Central&rft.atitle=Influence+of+communication+determinants+on+safety+commitment+in+a+high-risk+workplace%3A+a+systematic+literature+review+of+four+communication+dimensions&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Full-Text&rft.date=2023-08-08&rft.aulast=Zara&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Farticles%2FPMC10442955%2F%23abstract1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFass2009" class="citation web cs1">Fass, Bryan (15 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/emsworld/article/10319952/ems-injury-prevention">"EMS Injury Prevention"</a>. <i>www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com&rft.atitle=EMS+Injury+Prevention&rft.date=2009-11-15&rft.aulast=Fass&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com%2Fsite%2Femsworld%2Farticle%2F10319952%2Fems-injury-prevention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OSHA, B. N. this. (2009, December 27). Protecting EMS responders during treatment and transport of victims of hazardous substance releases. Best Practices for Protecting EMS Responders -Transport of Patients Exposed to Hazardous Materials. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3370-protecting-EMS-respondersSM.pdf">https://issuu.com/safetyweb/docs/osha3370-protecting-ems-responderssm/78</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samhsa.gov/dtac/disaster-responders/peer-support">"Responder Peer Support"</a>. <i>www.samhsa.gov</i>. 5 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.samhsa.gov&rft.atitle=Responder+Peer+Support&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samhsa.gov%2Fdtac%2Fdisaster-responders%2Fpeer-support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nasemso.org/news-events/news/news-item/nasemso-releases-2020-national-ems-assessment-2/">"NASEMSO.org NASEMSO Releases 2020 National EMS Assessment"</a>. <i>nasemso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasemso.org&rft.atitle=NASEMSO.org+NASEMSO+Releases+2020+National+EMS+Assessment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnasemso.org%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fnews-item%2Fnasemso-releases-2020-national-ems-assessment-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmergency+medical+services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Planning Emergency Medical Communications: Volume 2, Local/Regional Level Planning Guide</i>, (Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US Department of Transportation, 1995).</li> <li>Prener, Christopher. <i>Medicine at the Margins: EMS Workers in Urban America</i> (Fordham University Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58656">online review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/114406/E92038.pdf">"Emergency Medical Services in the European Union: report of an assessment project co-ordinated by the European Union"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524094252/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/114406/E92038.pdf">Archived</a> 24 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125234740/http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/services/04_07_2005/en/index.html">World Health Organization: Department of Violence and Injury Prevention "Prehospital Trauma Care Systems"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emergency_medical_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emergency_medical_services" title="Template:Emergency medical services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emergency_medical_services" title="Template talk:Emergency medical services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency_medical_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency medical services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emergency_medical_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emergency medical services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramedicine" title="Paramedicine">Paramedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">Basic life support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_life_support" title="Advanced life support">Advanced life support</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_responder" title="Emergency medical responder">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certified_first_responder" title="Certified first responder">Certified first responder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_medic" title="Combat medic">Combat medic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_care_assistant" title="Emergency care assistant">Emergency care assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_dispatcher" title="Emergency medical dispatcher">Emergency medical dispatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_responder" title="Emergency medical responder">Emergency medical responder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician" title="Emergency medical technician">Emergency medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_emergency_medical_technician" title="Advanced emergency medical technician">Advanced emergency medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">Paramedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_physician" title="Emergency physician">Emergency physician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_director" title="Medical director">Medical director</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="Air medical services">Air medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">Ambulance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ambulance" title="History of the ambulance">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulance_bus" title="Ambulance bus">Ambulance bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bike" title="Blood bike">Blood bike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_car_(ambulance)" title="Combination car (ambulance)">Combination car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_horse_field_ambulance" title="Light horse field ambulance">Light horse field ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_ambulance" title="Motorcycle ambulance">Motorcycle ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontransporting_EMS_vehicle" title="Nontransporting EMS vehicle">Nontransporting EMS vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_ambulance" title="Water ambulance">Water ambulance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casualty_lifting" title="Casualty lifting">Casualty lifting</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Casualty_movement" title="Casualty movement">movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick_extrication_device" title="Kendrick extrication device">Kendrick extrication device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_(rescue_basket)" title="Litter (rescue basket)">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_board" title="Spinal board">Spinal board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_stretcher" title="Scoop stretcher">Scoop stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_precautions" title="Spinal precautions">Spinal precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretcher" title="Stretcher">Stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_mattress" title="Vacuum mattress">Vacuum mattress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weevac_6" title="Weevac 6">Weevac 6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambulance_station" title="Ambulance station">Ambulance station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_squad" title="Rescue squad">Rescue squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_emergency_medicine" title="Critical emergency medicine">Critical emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Military medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_medicine" title="Wilderness medicine">Wilderness medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emergency_medical_services_around_the_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EMS_around_the_world" title="Template:EMS around the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EMS_around_the_world" title="Template talk:EMS around the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EMS_around_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EMS around the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emergency_medical_services_around_the_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emergency medical services</a> around the world</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emergency medical services</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Austria" title="Emergency medical services in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Australia" title="Emergency medical services in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Belgium" title="Emergency medical services in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Brazil#Emergency_medicine" title="Healthcare in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Canada" title="Emergency medical services in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Finland" title="Emergency medical services in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_France" title="Emergency medical services in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Germany" title="Emergency medical services in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Hong_Kong" title="Emergency medical services in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Iceland" title="Emergency medical services in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHECC" title="PHECC">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Israel" title="Emergency medical services in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Italy" title="Emergency medical services in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_Netherlands" title="Emergency medical services in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_New_Zealand" title="Emergency medical services in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Norway" title="Emergency medical services in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency medical services in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Poland" title="Emergency medical services in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Portugal" title="Emergency medical services in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Russia" title="Emergency medical services in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Spain" title="Emergency medical services in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_South_Africa" title="Emergency medical services in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Emergency medical services in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_Ukraine" title="Emergency medical services in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_States" title="Emergency medical services in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">Paramedics</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramedics_in_Australia" title="Paramedics in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedics_in_Canada" title="Paramedics in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedics_in_Germany" title="Paramedics in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHECC" title="PHECC">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedics_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramedics in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedics_in_the_United_States" title="Paramedics in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emergency_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emergency_medicine" title="Template:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emergency_medicine" title="Template talk:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emergency medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emergency_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_nursing" title="Emergency nursing">Emergency nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hour_(medicine)" title="Golden hour (medicine)">Golden hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">Medical emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_emergency_medicine" title="International emergency medicine">International emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_emergency_medicine" title="Pediatric emergency medicine">Pediatric emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_emergency_medicine" title="Pre-hospital emergency medicine">Pre-hospital emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Major trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">Triage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_equipment" title="Category:Emergency medical equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a> (BVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">Defibrillation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiogram</a> (ECG/EKG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous infusion</a> (IO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_tube" title="Laryngeal tube">Laryngeal tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combitube" title="Combitube">Combitube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_airway" title="Nasopharyngeal airway">Nasopharyngeal airway</a> (NPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airway" title="Oropharyngeal airway">Oropharyngeal airway</a> (OPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine / Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_organisations" title="Category:Emergency medicine organisations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Federation for Emergency Medicine">International Federation for Emergency Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Conference on Emergency Medicine">International Conference on Emergency Medicine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="American College of Emergency Physicians">American College of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_College_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="Australasian College for Emergency Medicine">Australasian College for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians">Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="Royal College of Emergency Medicine">Royal College of Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="European Society for Emergency Medicine">European Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Society for Emergency Medicine">Asian Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="American Academy of Emergency Medicine">American Academy of Emergency Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_courses" title="Category:Emergency medicine courses">Courses</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_life_support" title="Category:Emergency life support">Life support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation" title="Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation">Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">Basic life support</a> (BLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_cardiac_life_support" title="Advanced cardiac life support">Advanced cardiac life support</a> (ACLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">Advanced trauma life support</a> (ATLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Resuscitation_Program" title="Neonatal Resuscitation Program">Neonatal Resuscitation Program</a> (NRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_Care_of_at-Risk_Newborns" title="Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns">Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns</a> (ACoRN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_basic_life_support" title="Pediatric basic life support">Pediatric basic life support</a> (PBLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_Advanced_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric Advanced Life Support">Pediatric Advanced Life Support</a> (PALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support_in_Obstetrics" title="Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics">Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics</a> (ALSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_of_the_Critically_Ill_Surgical_Patient" title="Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient">Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient</a> (CCrISP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NACA_score" title="NACA score">NACA score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score" title="Injury Severity Score">Injury Severity Score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine" title="Category:Emergency medicine">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_emergency_medicine" title="Outline of emergency medicine">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allied_health_professions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allied_health_professions" title="Template:Allied health professions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allied_health_professions" title="Template talk:Allied health professions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allied_health_professions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allied health professions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allied_health_professions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health professions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesia technician">Anesthesia technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_therapy" title="Aquatic therapy">Aquatic therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">Cardiac physiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">Dental hygienist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_assistant" title="Medical assistant">Medical assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_coder" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical coder">Medical coder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist">Medical technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_transcription" title="Medical transcription">Medical transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music and arts therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">Phlebotomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physiotherapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiographer" title="Radiographer">Radiographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech therapist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860447#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860447#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860447#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049626-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="zdravotnická záchranná služba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127566&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="záchranářství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117279&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540943505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637513">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&oldid=1258466615">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&oldid=1258466615</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_services" title="Category:Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lifesaving" title="Category:Lifesaving">Lifesaving</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2018">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2021">Articles with dead external links from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018">Use dmy dates from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_medical_services&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vqclb","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.063","walltime":"1.228","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6826,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":243984,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3908,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":422075,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1005.084 1 -total"," 56.84% 571.281 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.81% 299.656 70 Template:Cite_web"," 11.37% 114.283 4 Template:Navbox"," 10.37% 104.214 1 Template:Emergency_medical_services"," 10.18% 102.310 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.08% 71.178 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.71% 57.388 1 Template:Commons_category"," 5.52% 55.527 1 Template:Sister_project"," 5.37% 53.942 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.634","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6575290,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ng8f6","timestamp":"20241122140857","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Emergency medical services","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_medical_services","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q860447","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q860447","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T22:13:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3e\/1_E1C4007_%2820885690376%29.jpg","headline":"type of emergency service dedicated to providing out-of-hospital acute medical care and transport to definitive care"}</script> </body> </html>