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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-deification_and_Xeper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-deification_and_Xeper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Self-deification and Xeper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-deification_and_Xeper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Set </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Magic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Set" title="Templo de Set – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo de Set" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="معبد ست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معبد ست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_de_Set" title="Temple de Set – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple de Set" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_di_Set" title="Tempio di Set – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio di Set" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Temple of Set" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Temple of Set" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Seta" title="Świątynia Seta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świątynia Seta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Set" title="Templo de Set – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Templo de Set" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Храм Сета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Храм Сета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempiu_di_Set" title="Tempiu di Set – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tempiu di Set" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setov_chr%C3%A1m" title="Setov chrám – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Setov chrám" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setin_Temppeli" title="Setin Temppeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Setin Temppeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Temple of Set" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Храм Сета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Храм Сета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1365165#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Not to be confused with the Gnostic religion <a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Temple of Set</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_of_Set_(logo).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Temple_of_Set_%28logo%29.png/250px-Temple_of_Set_%28logo%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/Temple_of_Set_%28logo%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="183" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">ToS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religious_organization" title="Religious organization">Religious organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magical_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical order">magical order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">The Book of Coming Forth by Night</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Setianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">Priesthood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Initiatory_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiatory order">Initiatory order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Aquino" title="Michael Angelo Aquino">Michael A. Aquino</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1975 <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a> (1975)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/501c3" class="mw-redirect" title="501c3">Tax status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">Exempt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeper.info">xeper.info</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Temple of Set (ToS) is an <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occult</a> religious organization founded in 1975. A <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a> and form of <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a>, the Temple espouses a religion known as Setianism, whose practitioners are called Setians. This is sometimes identified as a form of <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, although this term is not often embraced by Setians and is contested by some academics. The Temple was established in the United States in 1975 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Aquino" title="Michael Angelo Aquino">Michael Aquino</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a>, military officer, and a high-ranking member of <a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a>. Dissatisfied with LaVey's <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> approach, abolition of regional groups, and commercialization of Church degrees, Aquino resigned and – according to his own claim – embarked on a ritual to invoke <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, who revealed to him a sacred text called The Book of Coming Forth by Night. According to Aquino, in this work Satan revealed his true name to be that of <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a>, which had been the name used by his followers in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egypt</a>. Aquino was joined in establishing the Temple by a number of other dissatisfied members of LaVey's Church, and soon various Setian groups were established across the United States. Setians believe that Set is the one real god and that he has aided humanity by giving them a questioning intellect, the "Black Flame", which distinguishes them from other animal species. Set is held in high esteem as a teacher whose example is to be emulated but he is not worshipped as a deity. Highly individualistic in basis, the Temple promotes the idea that practitioners should seek <a href="/wiki/Self-deification" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-deification">self-deification</a> and thus attain an immortality of consciousness. Setians believe in the existence of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)#Modern_Western_occultism" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a> as a force which can be manipulated through ritual, however the nature of these rituals is not prescribed by the Temple. Specifically, Aquino described Setian practices as "<a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a>", a term which he defines idiosyncratically. Following initiation into the Temple, a Setian can proceed along a series of six degrees, each of which requires greater responsibilities to the group; as a result, most members remain in the first two degrees. Governed by a high priest or high priestess and a wider Council of Nine, the Temple is also divided into groups known as pylons, through which Setians can meet or correspond in order to advance their magical work in a particular area. Pylons of the Temple are now present in the United States, Australia, and Europe, with estimates placing the Temple's membership between 200 and 500. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> The Temple of Set is a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016346-1">[1]</a> and draws upon earlier forms of <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435FaxneldPetersen20137-2">[2]</a> Among academic scholars of <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>, there has been some debate as to whether the Temple of Set can be characterized as "Satanism" or not. The religious studies scholars Asbjorn Dyrendal, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Introvigne" title="Massimo Introvigne">Massimo Introvigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">James R. Lewis</a>, and Jesper Aa. Petersen describes the Temple of Set as a Satanic group, despite its reluctance to use the term "Satanism", because it is an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a> which continues to use satanic mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen20167-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016356-4">[4]</a> Conversely, the scholar Kennet Granholm argued that it should not be considered a form of Satanism because it does not place an emphasis on the figure of Satan. Granholm acknowledged that it was an "actor in the Satanic milieu" and part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">left-hand path group</a> of esoteric traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013223-5">[5]</a> He suggested that it could also be seen as a form of "Post-Satanism", thereby continuing to reflect its historical origins within religious Satanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200987-6">[6]</a> The Temple of Set is far more rooted in esoteric ideas than the Church of Satan had been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012379-7">[7]</a> It has thus been termed "Esoteric Satanism", a term used to contrast it with the "Rational Satanism" found in <a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen20097Dyrendal2012370Petersen201295-8">[8]</a> Accordingly, it has been labelled the "intellectual wing of esoteric Satanism",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435-9">[9]</a> with the Temple presenting itself as an intellectual religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010110-10">[10]</a> Aquino possessed a Ph.D. in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> and this formal education was reflected in the way that he presented his arguments, in which he draws broadly upon Western philosophy and science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012379HumeDrury2013151-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LTC_Michael_Aquino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LTC_Michael_Aquino.jpg/220px-LTC_Michael_Aquino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LTC_Michael_Aquino.jpg/330px-LTC_Michael_Aquino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/LTC_Michael_Aquino.jpg/440px-LTC_Michael_Aquino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Michael Angelo Aquino</figcaption></figure> Born in 1946, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Aquino" title="Michael Angelo Aquino">Michael Angelo Aquino</a> was a military intelligence officer specializing in <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290-12">[12]</a> In 1969 he joined <a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a> and rose rapidly through the group's ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003194Petersen2005435Baddeley2010102Granholm2013217-13">[13]</a> In 1970, while he was serving with the U.S. military during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, Aquino was stationed in <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_C%C3%A1t_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bến Cát District">Bến Cát</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> when he wrote a tract titled "Diabolicon" in which he reflected upon his growing divergence from the Church of Satan's doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010112Introvigne2016317-14">[14]</a> In this tract, teachings about the creation of the world, God, and humanity are presented, as is the dualistic idea that Satan complements God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010112–113-15">[15]</a> The character of <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> is presented as bringing insight to human society,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010113–114-16">[16]</a> a depiction of Lucifer that was inherited from <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s seventeenth-century <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010114-17">[17]</a> By 1971 Aquino was ranked as a Magister Caverns of the IV° within the Church's hierarchy, was editor of its publication The Cloven Hoof, and sat on its governing Council of Nine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290-12">[12]</a> In 1973 he rose to the previously unattained rank of Magister Templi of IV°.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290-12">[12]</a> According to Satanism scholars Per Faxneld and Jesper Petersen, Aquino had effectively become LaVey's "right-hand man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137-18">[18]</a> Nonetheless there were things that Aquino disliked about the Church of Satan; he thought that it had attracted many "fad-followers, egomaniacs, and assorted oddballs, whose primary interest in becoming Satanists was to flash their membership cards for cocktail-party notoriety".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003193-19">[19]</a> When, in 1975, LaVey abolished the system of regional groups, or grottos, and declared that in the future all degrees would be given in exchange for financial or other contributions to the Church, Aquino became increasingly disaffected; he resigned from the organization on June 10, 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003193–194Baddeley2010102Granholm2013217-20">[20]</a> While LaVey seems to have held a pragmatic and practical view of the degrees and of the Satanic priesthood, intending them to reflect the social role of the degree holder within the organization, Aquino and his supporters viewed the priesthood as being spiritual, sacred and irrevocable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen201669-21">[21]</a> Dyrendal, Lewis, and Petersen describe Aquino as, in effect, accusing LaVey of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilege</a> of <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen201669-21">[21]</a> Aquino then provided what has been described as a "foundation myth" for his Setian religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010109-22">[22]</a> Having departed the Church, he embarked on a ritual intent on asking Satan for advice on what to do next.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003194Baddeley2010103Dyrendal2012380Granholm2013217–218-23">[23]</a> According to his account, at Midsummer 1975, Satan appeared and revealed that he wanted to be known by his true name, <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a>, which had been the name used by his worshippers in ancient Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003194Schipper2010109-24">[24]</a> Aquino produced a religious text, The Book of Coming Forth by Night, which he alleged had been revealed to him by Set through a process of <a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">automatic writing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway200122Gardell2003290Drury2003194Baddeley2010103-25">[25]</a> According to Aquino, "there was nothing overtly sensational, supernatural, or melodramatic about The Book of Coming Forth By Night working. I simply sat down and wrote it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012381-26">[26]</a> The book proclaimed Aquino to be the Magus of the new Aeon of Set and the heir to LaVey's "infernal mandate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012380-27">[27]</a> Aquino later stated that the revelation that Satan was Set necessitated his own exploration of <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>, a subject about which he had previously known comparatively little.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003195–196-28">[28]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The meeting with the Prince of Darkness marked a point of departure between LaVey and Aquino. LaVey was basically a materialist to whom Satan was a personification of the forces of nature. Aquino is an idealist, basing his theology on Plato and the Gnostic/Hermetic tradition." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Mattias_Gardell" title="Mattias Gardell">Mattias Gardell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290-12">[12]</a></cite></div> </div> Aquino's Book of Coming Forth by Night makes reference to <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Law" title="The Book of the Law">The Book of the Law</a>, a similarly revealed text produced by the occultist <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> in 1904 which provided the basis for Crowley's religion of <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>. In Aquino's book, The Book of the Law was presented as a genuine spiritual text given to Crowley by preternatural sources, but it was also declared that Crowley had misunderstood both its origin and message.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012381Petersen201299-29">[29]</a> In making reference to The Book of the Law, Aquino presented himself as being as much Crowley's heir as LaVey's,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012380Petersen201299-30">[30]</a> and Aquino's work would engage with Crowley's writings and beliefs to a far greater extent than LaVey ever did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012379-7">[7]</a> In establishing the Temple, Aquino was joined by other ex-members of LaVey's Church,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290-12">[12]</a> and soon Setian groups, or pylons, were established in various parts of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290-12">[12]</a> The structure of the Temple was based largely on those of the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magical</a> orders of the late nineteenth century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435Baddeley2010103-31">[31]</a> Aquino has stated that he believed LaVey not to be merely a charismatic leader but to have been actually appointed by Satan himself (referring to this <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a> as the "Infernal Mandate") to found the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprem2012118-32">[32]</a> After the split of 1975, Aquino believed LaVey had lost the mandate, which the "Prince of Darkness" then transferred to Aquino and a new organization, the Temple of Set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprem2012118-32">[32]</a> According to both the historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Mattias_Gardell" title="Mattias Gardell">Mattias Gardell</a> and journalist <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Baddeley" title="Gavin Baddeley">Gavin Baddeley</a>, Aquino displayed an "obsession" with LaVey after his departure from the Church, for instance by publicly releasing court documents that reflected negatively on his former mentor, among them restraining orders, divorce proceedings, and a bankruptcy filing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003390Baddeley2010103-33">[33]</a> In turn, LaVey lampooned the new Temple as "<a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Desert" title="Sons of the Desert">Sons of the Desert</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010103-34">[34]</a> In 1975, the Temple incorporated as a non-profit Church in California, and later that year secured state and federal recognition and tax-exempted status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995285-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_development">Later development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wewelsburg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wewelsburg.JPG/250px-Wewelsburg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wewelsburg.JPG/330px-Wewelsburg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Wewelsburg.JPG/440px-Wewelsburg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Aquino established his Order of the Trapezoid at Wewelsburg castle in Germany (pictured)</figcaption></figure> Many members of the Temple had voiced their opposition to Aquino's position of power within it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016351-36">[36]</a> Aquino relinquished his office of High Priest in 1979 to Ronald Keith Barrett,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489Introvigne2016351-37">[37]</a> who produced an inspired text of his own, titled The Book of Opening the Way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88-38">[38]</a> Barrett's approach was later criticized as "more mystical than magical" by Temple members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489-39">[39]</a> Barrett's leadership was also criticized as authoritarian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88Introvigne2016351-40">[40]</a> resulting in a decline in the Temple's membership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88-38">[38]</a> Barrett resigned his office and severed ties with the organization in May 1982.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489Introvigne2016351-37">[37]</a> He subsequently established his own Temple of Anubis, which he led until his 1998 death; it survived until the early 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016351-36">[36]</a> After Barrett's departure, Aquino retook leadership of the Temple of Set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016351-36">[36]</a> During this period, the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Gini_Graham_Scott" title="Gini Graham Scott">Gini Graham Scott</a> clandestinely participated in the Temple, using her observations as the basis for her 1983 book The Magicians: A Study of the Use of Power in a Black Magic Group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489Introvigne2016353-41">[41]</a> After receiving his PhD in political science from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> in 1980, Aquino worked as an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professors_in_North_America" title="Adjunct professors in North America">adjunct professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_University" title="Golden Gate University">Golden Gate University</a> until 1986 while continuing to serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Active_Guard_Reserve" title="Active Guard Reserve">Active Guard Reserve</a> officer at the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco" title="Presidio of San Francisco">Presidio of San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003389-42">[42]</a> He was fascinated with the connections between <a href="/wiki/Occultism_in_Nazism" title="Occultism in Nazism">occultism and Nazism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003322Drury2003200-43">[43]</a> resulting in some accusations that he was sympathetic to Nazi ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Introvigne2016353-44">[44]</a> In 1983, he performed a solitary rite at Walhalla, the subterranean section of the <a href="/wiki/Wewelsburg" title="Wewelsburg">Wewelsburg</a> castle in Germany that was utilized as a ceremonial space by the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a> group during the Nazi period. This resulted in his formation of the Order of the Trapezoid, lifting the name directly from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan#Early_years" title="Church of Satan">early governing body of the Church of Satan</a> to repackage it as a Setian version whose members considered themselves a <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Drury2003201Introvigne2016351-45">[45]</a> From 1987 through to 1995, the Grand Master of the Order of the Trapezoid was <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flowers" title="Stephen Flowers">Edred Thorsson</a>, who had joined the Temple of Set in 1984 and risen to the Fifth Degree in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003321,_322-46">[46]</a> Thorsson exerted a "discernible influence" over the Setian community through his books, in which he combined aspects of Satanic philosophy with the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Modern Pagan</a> religion of <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003321-47">[47]</a> In 1980, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>-based Rune-Gild <a href="/wiki/The_Troth" title="The Troth">The Ring of Troth</a> which shared many of the Temple's key philosophical tenets but with a focus on the study of <a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">runes</a> and their applications in magical practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200992-48">[48]</a> In the 1980s, Aquino attracted greater publicity for his Temple through appearances on television talk shows like <a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">The Oprah Winfrey Show</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldo (TV series)">Geraldo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137-18">[18]</a> In 1987, during the <a href="/wiki/Satanic_ritual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Satanic ritual abuse">Satanic ritual abuse</a> hysteria, the three-year-old daughter of a Christian clergyman accused Aquino of sexually abusing her during Satanic rites held at his <a href="/wiki/Russian_Hill,_San_Francisco" title="Russian Hill, San Francisco">Russian Hill</a> home. Responding to the allegations, police raided Aquino's home. However, after no evidence was found to substantiate the allegation and it was revealed that Aquino was living in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> at the time of the alleged abuse, the police dropped felony charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001201–202Gardell2003290,_390FaxneldPetersen20137-49">[49]</a> Aquino attempted to bring formal charges against the chaplain and psychiatrist who had encouraged the girl's claims, although he was more successful in bringing legal action against two books—<a href="/wiki/Carl_A._Raschke" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl A. Raschke">Carl A. Raschke</a>'s Painted Black and Linda Blood's The New Satanists—that had suggested that he was guilty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001202–203-50">[50]</a> He then left the Presidio and was transferred to <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016354-51">[51]</a> In 1994, Aquino retired from active service in the Army, being honourably transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve#Retired_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Retired Reserve</a> and awarded the <a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001203Introvigne2016354-52">[52]</a> While the Satanic ritual abuse hysteria declined, Aquino continued to be a figure of prominence in "<a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a>" <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> because of his career as a psychological warfare officer in the US Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen2016131-53">[53]</a> In the United Kingdom during this same period, tabloids like the <a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World" title="News of the World">News of the World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mirror" title="Sunday Mirror">Sunday Mirror</a> published sensationalist articles about the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001294-54">[54]</a> In the mid-1990s, a group of British Setians approached the religious studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Graham_Harvey_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)">Graham Harvey</a> and encouraged him to conduct research into the group so as to combat misconceptions about them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995285Harvey200931-55">[55]</a> The Temple first registered a website in 1997, the same year as the Church of Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013142-56">[56]</a> It would also establish its own <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a>, allowing for communication between Setians in different parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013223-5">[5]</a> One member of the Temple was the New Zealander <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bolton" title="Kerry Bolton">Kerry Bolton</a>, who split to form his own <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_The_Left_Hand_Path&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of The Left Hand Path (page does not exist)">Order of The Left Hand Path</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010221-57">[57]</a> In 1995, another couple who joined were LaVey's daughter <a href="/wiki/Zeena_Schreck" title="Zeena Schreck">Zeena Schreck</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Schreck" title="Nikolas Schreck">Nikolas Schreck</a>, both of whom were vocal critics of Zeena's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010214-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webb_Don2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Webb_Don2.jpg/220px-Webb_Don2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Webb_Don2.jpg/330px-Webb_Don2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Webb_Don2.jpg/440px-Webb_Don2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Don Webb</figcaption></figure> In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Don_Webb_(writer)" title="Don Webb (writer)">Don Webb</a> became the high priest of the Temple, a position that he held until 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003199Introvigne2016355-59">[59]</a> He was replaced by Zeena Schreck but she resigned after six weeks and was replaced by Aquino, who took charge once more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003199Introvigne2016355-59">[59]</a> In that year, Zeena led a schism within the organization<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435-9">[9]</a> establishing her own <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>-based group, The Storm, which she later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Zeena_Schreck#Sethian_Liberation_Movement" title="Zeena Schreck">Sethian Liberation Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016355-60">[60]</a> Aquino stood down as High Priest again in 2004, to be replaced by Patricia Hardy who was elected to the position of High Priestess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016355-60">[60]</a> Although no longer in charge of the organization, he nevertheless remained its most visible spokesperson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016355-60">[60]</a> Aquino died on September 1, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-modernoccultism-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writings">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the Book of Coming Forth by Night, in which Set himself is purported to speak, the Temple's philosophy and teachings are revealed in a series of occult writings titled the Jeweled Tablets of Set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412-62">[62]</a> Each tablet is keyed to a specific degree in the Temple hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412-62">[62]</a> Only the introduction to the first tablet (Crystal Tablet of Set), titled "Black Magic", is available for non-members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412-62">[62]</a> The Ruby Tablet, which is available for second-degree members, is the lengthiest and most diverse of the tablets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013220-63">[63]</a> The private Temple literature is not regarded as secret per se, but is kept restricted because it contains materials which, according to the Temple, may be dangerous to the non-initiated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-deification_and_Xeper">Self-deification and Xeper</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Self-deification and Xeper">edit</a>]</div> The human individual is at the centre of Setian philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010109-22">[22]</a> The Temple places great emphasis on the development of the individual,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010111-64">[64]</a> postulating <a href="/wiki/Self-deification" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-deification">self-deification</a> as the ultimate goal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137-18">[18]</a> The realization of the true nature of the Setian is termed "becoming" or "coming into being" and is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphic</a> term <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">kheper</a>, or "Xeper" (a phonetic of _Xpr_), as the Temple of Set prefers to write it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Gardell2003291Drury2003196Petersen2005435Schipper2010112Petersen201299-65">[65]</a> This term is described in The Book of Coming Forth by Night as "the Word of the Aeon of Set".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201299-66">[66]</a> Members attempt "to preserve and strengthen" their "isolate, psyche-centric existence" through adherence to the left-hand path.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435-9">[9]</a> This idea is in opposition to the traditional goal of <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermetic</a> and Western mystical practices, which is the surrendering of the ego into a union with either God or the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumeDrury2013151-67">[67]</a> The Temple teaches that the true self, or essence, is immortal, and Xeper is the ability to align consciousness with this essence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012383-68">[68]</a> Aquino taught that there is an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> for those who have reached the necessary level of individual development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Luijk2016353-69">[69]</a> This afterlife could occur in the individual's subjective universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Luijk2016353-69">[69]</a> Those unable to reach this level dissolve into non-existence when the physical body dies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Luijk2016353-69">[69]</a> Self-initiation is knowledge understood as a conjunction of intellect and intuition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435-9">[9]</a> In keeping with its emphasis on the individual, the Temple encourages their members to celebrate their own birthday, and does not prescribe any other calendar of religious festivities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200934-70">[70]</a> Barrett presented Xem as his Aeonic Word to the Setians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489-39">[39]</a> presenting it as a natural and necessary further development of Aquino's Xeper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88-38">[38]</a> Aquino later acknowledged Xem as a worthwhile magical concept for Setians to explore, but found Barrett's insistence on its exclusivity as incompatible with the Temple's individualistic philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Set">Set</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Set">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_speared_Apep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/250px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/330px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/500px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Set spearing the snake <a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>)</figcaption></figure> Aquino's understanding of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> differed from the atheistic interpretation promoted by LaVey,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010109-22">[22]</a> and the Temple's theology differs from that of the Church of Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200932-71">[71]</a> The Temple states that the name Satan was originally a corruption of the name Set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003390-72">[72]</a> The Temple of Set promotes the idea that Set is a real entity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004436Harvey200932-73">[73]</a> and accordingly has been described as being "openly <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theistic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137-18">[18]</a> It further argues that Set is ageless and is the only real <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a> in existence, with all others having been created by the human imagination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200993–94Granholm2013218-74">[74]</a> Set is described as having given humanity—through the means of non-natural <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>—the "Black Flame" or the "Gift of Set". This refers to humanity's questioning intellect which sets the species apart from other animals and gives it an "isolate <a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciousness</a>" and the possibility to attain divinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Gardell2003291Petersen2005436-75">[75]</a> Aquino argued that the idea of the Gift of Set was inadvertently promoted to a wider audience in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s 1968 film <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a>. According to Aquino, the <a href="/wiki/Monolith_(Space_Odyssey)" title="Monolith (Space Odyssey)">black monolith</a> which imparts human-level intelligence onto prehistoric apes in the film was a symbol of Set.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016349-76">[76]</a> While Setians are expected to revere Set, they do not worship him, instead regarding him as a teacher and a guide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200994-77">[77]</a> He is portrayed as a role model on which Setians can base their own deification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435Granholm200994-78">[78]</a> According to Webb, "we do not worship Set - only our own potential. Set was and is the patron of the magician who seeks to increase his existence through expansion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003205-79">[79]</a> Embracing the idea of aeons from Crowley's <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>, Aquino adopted the Crowleyan tripartite division between the Aeon of Isis, Aeon of Osiris, and Aeon of Horus, but added to that the Aeon of Satan, which he dates from 1966 to 1975, and then the Aeon of Set, which he dated from 1975 onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012382-80">[80]</a> Despite presenting these chronological parameters, Aquino also portrayed the aeons less as time periods and more as mind-sets that can co-exist alongside one another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012382-80">[80]</a> Thus, he stated that "A Jew, Christian or Muslim exists in the Æon of Osiris, a Wiccan in that of Isis, and a Thelemite in that of Horus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012382-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magic">Magic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Magic">edit</a>]</div> Aquino placed an emphasis on what he deemed to be the division between the objective and subjective universes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Granholm200992Dyrendal2012385-81">[81]</a> In the Setian religion, the objective world is understood as representing the natural world and humanity's collective meaning systems, while the subjective universe is understood as the individually experienced world and individual meaning systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200992-48">[48]</a> Following earlier esotericists like Crowley, Aquino characterized magic as "causing change in accordance with will".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012385-82">[82]</a> Unlike LaVey, Aquino expressed belief in the division between <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">white magic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103Dyrendal2012386Petersen2012100-83">[83]</a> He described white magic as "a highly-concentrated form of conventional religious ritual", characterizing it as being "more versatile", "less difficult", and "less dangerous" than black magic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012100-84">[84]</a> However, he criticized white magic as "fraud and/or self-delusion" which deceives the consciousness into thinking that it has been accepted in the objective universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012386-85">[85]</a> Aquino divided black magic into two forms: lesser black magic and greater black magic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Petersen2012100Granholm2013219-86">[86]</a> He stated that lesser black magic entails "impelling" things that exist in the "objective universe" into doing a desired act by using "obscure physical or behavioral laws" and into this category he placed stage magic, psychodramas, politics, and propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012100–101-87">[87]</a> Conversely, he used the term greater black magic in reference to changes in the subjective universe of the magician, allowing them to realize their self in accordance with the principle of Xeper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012101-88">[88]</a> Among Setians it is accepted that there may be changes in the objective universe as a result of greater black magic, but such effects are considered secondary to the impact that they have upon the subjective universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012101-88">[88]</a> Within the Temple, rituals are typically known as "workings",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">[89]</a> and are most often carried out alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103-90">[90]</a> Stressing the religion's individualist nature, there are no rituals that are specifically prescribed by the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003196Schipper2010111-91">[91]</a> Aquino also emphasized that in order to achieve a desired aim, the Setian should carry out physical actions alongside magical ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012385-82">[82]</a> There are no regular occasions which are marked by fixed rituals, and the Temple has no calendar of festivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insignia">Insignia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Insignia">edit</a>]</div> The Temple uses an inverted <a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">pentagram</a> as its insignia, known as the "Pentagram of Set" to Setians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2001257-93">[93]</a> The use of the geometric shape is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sigil_of_Baphomet" title="Sigil of Baphomet">Sigil of Baphomet</a> used by the Church of Satan, although stripped of its overtly Satanic add-ons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224-92">[92]</a> The Temple explains the meaning and significance of the pentagram by referring to <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a> ideas and "<a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">mathematical perfection</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224-92">[92]</a> At Setian gatherings, members wear the pentagram as a medallion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2001257-93">[93]</a> The medallion is colored according to the initiation degree of the Setian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2001257-93">[93]</a> Both the Church of Satan and the Temple of Set also use the <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoid</a> symbol.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224-92">[92]</a> The version used by the Church includes flames, a pitchfork and the number 666, while the trapezoid of the Temple has a left-facing <a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Egyptian sceptre</a>, and the number 666 stylized in geometric shapes rather than as clear numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> The internal structure of the Temple of Set is closely reminiscent of that of the Church of Satan as it existed in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016348-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degrees">Degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Degrees">edit</a>]</div> All members of the Temple must be affiliated with a pylon, and thus membership is by application, requiring contact with a Setian priestess or priest followed by an evaluation period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435-9">[9]</a> The participation of non-initiated in the Temple's rituals are forbidden, due to the belief that their rituals would be dangerous in the wrong hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005436-95">[95]</a> The Temple of Set recognizes several stages or degrees of initiation. The degrees indicate the individual Setian's development and skill in magic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013220-96">[96]</a> The degree structure is based on that of the Church of Satan, which in turn was based on the degrees of a nineteenth-century occult group, the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> The Temple terms the progression through degrees as "recognitions", because the organization's philosophy sees that the individual member initiates themselves and that the Temple merely acknowledges this by granting the degree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> These degrees are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103Granholm200991Granholm2013220Introvigne2016348-99">[99]</a> <ol><li>Setian (First Degree)</li> <li>Adept (Second Degree)</li> <li>Priest / Priestess of Set (Third Degree)</li> <li>Magister / Magistra Templi (Fourth Degree)</li> <li>Magus / Maga (Fifth Degree)</li> <li>Ipsissimus / Ipsissima (Sixth Degree)</li></ol> The priesthood of the Temple of Set consists of members holding the third degree or higher; those in the first and second degrees are considered "lay members" of the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200991Granholm2013221-100">[100]</a> The first degree serves as a space for mutual evaluation, in which the Temple assesses whether the individual is appropriate for the group, and the individual decides whether they wish to further their involvement with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995286-101">[101]</a> Full membership comes with recognition to the second degree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> Many members do not advance beyond the second degree, nor is this expected of them, as while the first and second degree members use the organization's teachings and tools for their own development, the priesthood involves greater responsibilities towards the organization, such as being its official representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999104Granholm2013221-102">[102]</a> Recognition is performed by members of the priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> The fourth degree, which is acknowledged by the high priest/priestess, entails that the individual is so advanced in their magical skills that they are able to found their own school of magic, represented in the different orders of the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> The fifth degree can only be awarded by the unanimous decision of the Council of Nine and by the approval of the Temple's high priest/priestess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> A fifth degree member has the power to utter and define a concept which somehow affects the philosophy of the organization, such as the concept of Xeper defined by Aquino in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> Only a handful of members have attained this degree and most "fifth-degree" concepts defined in such a manner are no longer studied in the organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> The final sixth degree represents a Magus "whose Task is complete".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> This degree is held by a very select few in the Temple, although any fifth-degree member can assume the sixth degree based on their own assessment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> The organization is led by a <a href="/wiki/High_priest" title="High priest">high priest</a>/priestess, who is also the public face of the Temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">[89]</a> The high priest is chosen among fourth or higher degree members by the chairman of the Council of Nine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">[89]</a> This ruling council has nine members chosen from the priesthood (third degree or higher), whose mandate lasts for nine years with a new member being elected every year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">[89]</a> The chairman of the council is chosen from among the council members each year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">[89]</a> The council has the ultimate ruling power in the Temple and even the high priest is responsible to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">[89]</a> The Temple also has an executive director, whose task is to deal with administrative issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">[89]</a> Since its founding in 1975, the temple has had the following high priests/priestesses:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">[89]</a> <ul><li>Michael A. Aquino (1975–1979, 1982–1996, 2002–2004)</li> <li>Ronald K. Barrett (1979–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Webb_(writer)" title="Don Webb (writer)">Don Webb</a> (1996–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeena_Schreck" title="Zeena Schreck">Zeena Schreck</a> (2002)</li> <li>Patricia Hardy (2004–2013)</li> <li>James Fitzsimmons (2013–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pylons,_elements,_and_orders">Pylons, elements, and orders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pylons, elements, and orders">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isis_temple_Philae2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Isis_temple_Philae2.JPG/220px-Isis_temple_Philae2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Isis_temple_Philae2.JPG/330px-Isis_temple_Philae2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Isis_temple_Philae2.JPG/440px-Isis_temple_Philae2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Setian groups, or pylons, are named after the fortified gateways to ancient Egyptian temples (pictured here at the Isis Temple on <a href="/wiki/Philae_Island" title="Philae Island">Philae Island</a>) </figcaption></figure> In addition to the international organization, the Temple sponsors initiatory Orders and Elements and local groups called Pylons. Pylons are intended to facilitate the initiatory work of the Temple's members by conducting meetings where discussions and magical works take place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> The purpose of a pylon is to provide a space in which the Setian can focus on their religion, aided by like-minded individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198-103">[103]</a> Pylons typically meet in a member's home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198-103">[103]</a> Members usually join the Pylon located geographically closest to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> Correspondence- or Internet-based Pylons also exist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> with Harvey noting that this online networking is more common than in-person interaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200932-71">[71]</a> A Pylon is led by a second-degree (or higher) member who is called a Sentinel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198-103">[103]</a> The term pylon derives from the architectural features which served as fortified gateways to ancient Egyptian temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003197Harvey200934-104">[104]</a> One Finnish Setian informed Granholm that the relationship between the orders and the temple was like that of different departments in a university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> Elements are loosely structured interest groups, where specific themes and issues are addressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> They can be open for non-members and are commonly in operation only for short periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> Topics of interest include, for example, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>, which was the subject of the Arkte element operated by Aquino's wife Lilith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> There are sections of the Temple known as Orders, each of which focus on a particular theme, for instance ancient Egypt, Norse culture, Tantric Hinduism, or vampirism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Drury2003199-105">[105]</a> Others focus on a particular skill, for instance the Order of Uart focuses on the visual arts and the Order of Taliesin on music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016350-106">[106]</a> Orders can be understood as schools of different aspects of magic providing different paths of initiation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> Orders are led by grand masters, who will usually be the founder of the order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> In longer-lived orders the founder may have a successive grand master.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> Orders are founded by members of the fourth degree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">[98]</a> When members reaches the second degree of initiation, they are expected to join an order of their own choosing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">[97]</a> In normal circumstances, a Setian is only permitted to join one order, however special dispensation can be obtained for a practitioner to join two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013223-5">[5]</a> Setians also hold annual International Conclaves. First Degree Initiates who obtain sponsorship by a member of the Priesthood are permitted to attend the International Conclave and Regional Gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, the Temple had thirteen pylons, which were operating in the United States, Australia, Germany, and across Sweden and Finland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003390-72">[72]</a> The extent of the Temple's membership has not been publicly revealed by the group;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198-103">[103]</a> however, in 2005 Petersen noted that academic estimates for the Temple's membership varied from between 300 and 500,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435-9">[9]</a> and Granholm suggested that in 2007 the Temple contained circa 200 members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200993Granholm2013223-108">[108]</a> The Temple's members come from a variety of racial backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003322-109">[109]</a> In 1999, the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jean_La_Fontaine" title="Jean La Fontaine">Jean La Fontaine</a> suggested that in Britain there were 100 members of the Temple at most, and possibly "considerably fewer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999105-110">[110]</a> In 2001 the scholar Gareth Medway posited that the group had 70 to 80 members in the United Kingdom, adding that it was the largest Satanic group then active in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001293-111">[111]</a> In 2009, Harvey concurred with La Fontaine's assessment, although still believed that it was the largest Satanic group in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200931-112">[112]</a> He noted that most members were male, between the ages of twenty and fifty, and that—despite his expectation that they might be political extremists—they endorsed mainstream political positions, with all those whom he communicated with stating that they had voted for either the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200932-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus_(organization)" title="Temple of Zeus (organization)">Temple of Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016346-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016346_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435FaxneldPetersen20137-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435FaxneldPetersen20137_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2004">Petersen 2004</a>, p. 435; <a href="#CITEREFFaxneldPetersen2013">Faxneld & Petersen 2013</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen20167-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen20167_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendalLewisPetersen2016">Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016356-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016356_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013223-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013223_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013223_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013223_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200987-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm200987_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012379-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012379_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012379_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen20097Dyrendal2012370Petersen201295-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen20097Dyrendal2012370Petersen201295_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2009">Petersen 2009</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 370; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005435_9-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2005">Petersen 2005</a>, p. 435. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPetersen2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010110-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010110_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012379HumeDrury2013151-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012379HumeDrury2013151_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 379; <a href="#CITEREFHumeDrury2013">Hume & Drury 2013</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290_12-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003194Petersen2005435Baddeley2010102Granholm2013217-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003194Petersen2005435Baddeley2010102Granholm2013217_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 290; <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 194; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2005">Petersen 2005</a>, p. 435 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFPetersen2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>); <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010112Introvigne2016317-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010112Introvigne2016317_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010112–113-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010112–113_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010113–114-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010113–114_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010114-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010114_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen20137_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaxneldPetersen2013">Faxneld & Petersen 2013</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003193-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003193_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003193–194Baddeley2010102Granholm2013217-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003193–194Baddeley2010102Granholm2013217_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 290; <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, pp. 193–194; <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen201669-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen201669_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen201669_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendalLewisPetersen2016">Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010109-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010109_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010109_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010109_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003194Baddeley2010103Dyrendal2012380Granholm2013217–218-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003194Baddeley2010103Dyrendal2012380Granholm2013217–218_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 194; <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 380; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, pp. 217–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003194Schipper2010109-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003290Drury2003194Schipper2010109_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 290; <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 194; <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway200122Gardell2003290Drury2003194Baddeley2010103-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedway200122Gardell2003290Drury2003194Baddeley2010103_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedway2001">Medway 2001</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 290; <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 194; <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012381-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012381_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012380-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012380_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003195–196-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003195–196_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, pp. 195–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012381Petersen201299-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012381Petersen201299_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 381; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012380Petersen201299-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012380Petersen201299_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 380; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435Baddeley2010103-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435Baddeley2010103_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2004">Petersen 2004</a>, p. 435; <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprem2012118-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprem2012118_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprem2012118_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsprem2012">Asprem 2012</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003390Baddeley2010103-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003390Baddeley2010103_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 390; <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010103-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010103_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995285-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995285_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1995">Harvey 1995</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016351-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016351_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016351_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016351_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489Introvigne2016351-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489Introvigne2016351_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489Introvigne2016351_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2014">Granholm 2014</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88_38-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGallagher2014">Gallagher 2014</a>, p. 80–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2014">Granholm 2014</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88Introvigne2016351-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher201480–88Introvigne2016351_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGallagher2014">Gallagher 2014</a>, pp. 80–88; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489Introvigne2016353-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm201489Introvigne2016353_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2014">Granholm 2014</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003389-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003389_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003322Drury2003200-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003322Drury2003200_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 322; <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Introvigne2016353-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Introvigne2016353_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 292; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Drury2003201Introvigne2016351-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Drury2003201Introvigne2016351_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 292; <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 201; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003321,_322-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003321,_322_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, pp. 321, 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003321-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003321_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200992-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm200992_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm200992_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001201–202Gardell2003290,_390FaxneldPetersen20137-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedway2001201–202Gardell2003290,_390FaxneldPetersen20137_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedway2001">Medway 2001</a>, pp. 201–202; <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, pp. 290, 390; <a href="#CITEREFFaxneldPetersen2013">Faxneld & Petersen 2013</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001202–203-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedway2001202–203_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedway2001">Medway 2001</a>, pp. 202–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016354-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016354_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001203Introvigne2016354-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedway2001203Introvigne2016354_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedway2001">Medway 2001</a>, p. 203; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen2016131-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendalLewisPetersen2016131_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendalLewisPetersen2016">Dyrendal, Lewis & Petersen 2016</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001294-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedway2001294_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedway2001">Medway 2001</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995285Harvey200931-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995285Harvey200931_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1995">Harvey 1995</a>, p. 285; <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013142-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2013142_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2013">Petersen 2013</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010221-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010221_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010214-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaddeley2010214_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaddeley2010">Baddeley 2010</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003199Introvigne2016355-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003199Introvigne2016355_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003199Introvigne2016355_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 199; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016355-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016355_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016355_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016355_60-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-modernoccultism-61"><a href="#cite_ref-modernoccultism_61-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2023" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Mitch (2023). Modern Occultism: History, Theory, and Practice. G&D Media. pp. 381: "According to San Francisco County records, the Temple of Set founder died at 75 on September 1, 2019.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7225-0626-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7225-0626-1"><bdi>978-1-7225-0626-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Occultism%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=381%3A+%22According+to+San+Francisco+County+records%2C+the+Temple+of+Set+founder+died+at+75+on+September+1%2C+2019.%22&rft.pub=G%26D+Media&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-7225-0626-1&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2014412_62-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2014">Petersen 2014</a>, p. 412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013220-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013220_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaxneldPetersen2013">Faxneld & Petersen 2013</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchipper2010111-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchipper2010111_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Gardell2003291Drury2003196Petersen2005435Schipper2010112Petersen201299-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Gardell2003291Drury2003196Petersen2005435Schipper2010112Petersen201299_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 291; <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 196; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2005">Petersen 2005</a>, p. 435 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFPetersen2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>); <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201299-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen201299_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumeDrury2013151-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumeDrury2013151_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumeDrury2013">Hume & Drury 2013</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012383-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012383_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 383. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Luijk2016353-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Luijk2016353_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Luijk2016353_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Luijk2016353_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Luijk2016">van Luijk 2016</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200934-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200934_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200932-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200932_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200932_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200932_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003390-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003390_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003390_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004436Harvey200932-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004436Harvey200932_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2004">Petersen 2004</a>, p. 436; <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200993–94Granholm2013218-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm200993–94Granholm2013218_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, pp. 93–94; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Gardell2003291Petersen2005436-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Gardell2003291Petersen2005436_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 291; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2005">Petersen 2005</a>, p. 436 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFPetersen2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016349-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016349_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200994-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm200994_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435Granholm200994-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2004435Granholm200994_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2004">Petersen 2004</a>, p. 435; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003205-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003205_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012382-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012382_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012382_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012382_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Granholm200992Dyrendal2012385-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Granholm200992Dyrendal2012385_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, p. 92; <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012385-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012385_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012385_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103Dyrendal2012386Petersen2012100-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103Dyrendal2012386Petersen2012100_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 386; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012100-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012100_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012386-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyrendal2012386_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyrendal2012">Dyrendal 2012</a>, p. 386. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Petersen2012100Granholm2013219-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999102Petersen2012100Granholm2013219_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012100–101-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012100–101_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012101-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012101_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2012101_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2012">Petersen 2012</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219_89-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013219_89-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003196Schipper2010111-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003196Schipper2010111_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 196; <a href="#CITEREFSchipper2010">Schipper 2010</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaxneldPetersen2013224_92-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaxneldPetersen2013">Faxneld & Petersen 2013</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2001257-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2001257_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2001257_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2001257_93-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2001">Lewis 2001</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016348-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016348_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005436-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005436_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersen2005">Petersen 2005</a>, p. 436. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPetersen2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013220-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013220_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013222_97-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm2013221_98-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103Granholm200991Granholm2013220Introvigne2016348-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999103Granholm200991Granholm2013220Introvigne2016348_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 220; <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200991Granholm2013221-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm200991Granholm2013221_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995286-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995286_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1995">Harvey 1995</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999104Granholm2013221-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999104Granholm2013221_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003198_103-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrury2003197Harvey200934-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrury2003197Harvey200934_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 197; <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Drury2003199-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003292Drury2003199_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 292; <a href="#CITEREFDrury2003">Drury 2003</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016350-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntrovigne2016350_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntrovigne2016">Introvigne 2016</a>, p. 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeper.org/pub/pub_structure.html">"Structure"</a>. Temple of Set.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure&rft.pub=Temple+of+Set&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxeper.org%2Fpub%2Fpub_structure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGranholm200993Granholm2013223-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGranholm200993Granholm2013223_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2009">Granholm 2009</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFGranholm2013">Granholm 2013</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardell2003322-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardell2003322_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardell2003">Gardell 2003</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999105-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Fontaine1999105_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999">La Fontaine 1999</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMedway2001293-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMedway2001293_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMedway2001">Medway 2001</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200931-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200931_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2009">Harvey 2009</a>, p. 31. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsprem2012" class="citation book cs1">Asprem, Egil (2012). Arguing with Angels: Enochian Magic and Modern Occulture. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4190-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-4190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+with+Angels%3A+Enochian+Magic+and+Modern+Occulture&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-4190-0&rft.aulast=Asprem&rft.aufirst=Egil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaddeley2010" class="citation book cs1">Baddeley, Gavin (2010). Lucifer Rising: Sin, Devil Worship & Rock n' Roll (third ed.). London: Plexus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85965-455-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85965-455-5"><bdi>978-0-85965-455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucifer+Rising%3A+Sin%2C+Devil+Worship+%26+Rock+n%27+Roll&rft.place=London&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Plexus&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85965-455-5&rft.aulast=Baddeley&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrury2003" class="citation book cs1">Drury, Nevill (2003). Magic and Witchcraft: From Shamanism to the Technopagans. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51140-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51140-4"><bdi>978-0-500-51140-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+and+Witchcraft%3A+From+Shamanism+to+the+Technopagans&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51140-4&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Nevill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyrendal2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dyrendal, Asbjørn (2012). "Satan and the Beast: The Influence of Aleister Crowley on Modern Satanism". In Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. (eds.). Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 369–394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986309-9"><bdi>978-0-19-986309-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satan+and+the+Beast%3A+The+Influence+of+Aleister+Crowley+on+Modern+Satanism&rft.btitle=Aleister+Crowley+and+Western+Esotericism&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986309-9&rft.aulast=Dyrendal&rft.aufirst=Asbj%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyrendalLewisPetersen2016" class="citation book cs1">Dyrendal, Asbjørn; Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2016). The Invention of Satanism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518110-4"><bdi>978-0-19-518110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Satanism&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518110-4&rft.aulast=Dyrendal&rft.aufirst=Asbj%C3%B8rn&rft.au=Lewis%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Jesper+Aagaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaxneldPetersen2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Faxneld, Per; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2013). "Introduction: At the Devil's Crossroads". In Faxneld, Per; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (eds.). The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977924-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977924-6"><bdi>978-0-19-977924-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+At+the+Devil%27s+Crossroads&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Party%3A+Satanism+in+Modernity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977924-6&rft.aulast=Faxneld&rft.aufirst=Per&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Jesper+Aagaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2014" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Eugene (2014). Reading and Writing Scripture in New Religious Movements: New Bibles and New Revelations. New York City: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43483-8"><bdi>978-1-137-43483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+and+Writing+Scripture+in+New+Religious+Movements%3A+New+Bibles+and+New+Revelations&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-43483-8&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardell2003" class="citation book cs1">Gardell, Matthias (2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Durham and London: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3071-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3071-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-3071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Blood%3A+The+Pagan+Revival+and+White+Separatism&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3071-4&rft.aulast=Gardell&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGranholm2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Granholm, Kennet (2009). "Embracing Others than Satan: The Multiple Princes of Darkness in the Left-Hand Path Milieu". In Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (ed.). Contemporary Religious Satanism: A Critical Anthology. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 85–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5286-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-5286-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Embracing+Others+than+Satan%3A+The+Multiple+Princes+of+Darkness+in+the+Left-Hand+Path+Milieu&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religious+Satanism%3A+A+Critical+Anthology&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5286-1&rft.aulast=Granholm&rft.aufirst=Kennet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGranholm2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Granholm, Kennet (2013). "The Left-Hand Path and Post-Satanism: The Temple of Set and the Evolution of Satanism". In Faxneld, Per; Petersen, Jesper Aagaaard (eds.). The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 209–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977924-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977924-6"><bdi>978-0-19-977924-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Left-Hand+Path+and+Post-Satanism%3A+The+Temple+of+Set+and+the+Evolution+of+Satanism&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Party%3A+Satanism+in+Modernity&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977924-6&rft.aulast=Granholm&rft.aufirst=Kennet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGranholm2014" class="citation book cs1">Granholm, Kennet (2014). Dark Enlightenment: The Historical, Sociological, and Discursive Contexts of Contemporary Esoteric Magic. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27486-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27486-0"><bdi>978-90-04-27486-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Enlightenment%3A+The+Historical%2C+Sociological%2C+and+Discursive+Contexts+of+Contemporary+Esoteric+Magic&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27486-0&rft.aulast=Granholm&rft.aufirst=Kennet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Harvey_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)">Harvey, Graham</a> (1995). "Satanism in Britain Today". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 10 (3): 28–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537909508580747">10.1080/13537909508580747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Religion&rft.atitle=Satanism+in+Britain+Today&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537909508580747&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harvey, Graham (2009). "Satanism: Performing Alterity and Othering". In Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (ed.). Contemporary Religious Satanism: A Critical Anthology. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 27–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5286-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-5286-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satanism%3A+Performing+Alterity+and+Othering&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religious+Satanism%3A+A+Critical+Anthology&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5286-1&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIntrovigne2016" class="citation book cs1">Introvigne, Massimo (2016). Satanism: A Social History. Leiden and Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004288287" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004288287"><bdi>978-9004288287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satanism%3A+A+Social+History&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9004288287&rft.aulast=Introvigne&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James L. (2001). Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-292-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-292-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-292-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satanism+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Religion%2C+Folklore%2C+and+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-292-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumeDrury2013" class="citation book cs1">Hume, Lynne; Drury, Nevill (2013). The Varieties of Magical Experience: Indigenous, Medieval and Modern Magic. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0418-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0418-2"><bdi>978-1-4408-0418-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+Magical+Experience%3A+Indigenous%2C+Medieval+and+Modern+Magic&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-0418-2&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft.au=Drury%2C+Nevill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLa_Fontaine1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">La Fontaine, Jean (1999). "Satanism and Satanic Mythology". In Ankarloo, Bengt; Clark, Stuart (eds.). The Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe Volume 6: The Twentieth Century. London: Athlone. pp. 94–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-485-89006-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-485-89006-2"><bdi>0-485-89006-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satanism+and+Satanic+Mythology&rft.btitle=The+Athlone+History+of+Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe+Volume+6%3A+The+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.pub=Athlone&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-485-89006-2&rft.aulast=La+Fontaine&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Luijk2016" class="citation book cs1">van Luijk, Ruben (2016). Children of Lucifer: The Origins of Modern Religious Satanism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027510-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027510-5"><bdi>978-0-19-027510-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+Lucifer%3A+The+Origins+of+Modern+Religious+Satanism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027510-5&rft.aulast=van+Luijk&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMedway2001" class="citation book cs1">Medway, Gareth J. (2001). Lure of the Sinister: The Unnatural History of Satanism. New York and London: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5645-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5645-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-5645-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lure+of+the+Sinister%3A+The+Unnatural+History+of+Satanism&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-5645-4&rft.aulast=Medway&rft.aufirst=Gareth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2004" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2004). "Modern Satanism: Dark Doctrines and Black Flames". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a>; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Controversial_New_Religions" title="Controversial New Religions">Controversial New Religions</a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 423–457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515682-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515682-9"><bdi>978-0-19-515682-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modern+Satanism%3A+Dark+Doctrines+and+Black+Flames&rft.btitle=Controversial+New+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515682-9&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Jesper+Aagaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2009). "Introduction: Embracing Satan". In Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (ed.). Contemporary Religious Satanism: A Critical Anthology. Farnham: Ashgate. pp. 1–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5286-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-5286-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Embracing+Satan&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Religious+Satanism%3A+A+Critical+Anthology&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5286-1&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Jesper+Aagaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2012). "The Seeds of Satan: Conceptions of Magic in Contemporary Satanism". Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism. 12 (1): 91–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F147783512X614849">10.1163/147783512X614849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aries%3A+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Western+Esotericism&rft.atitle=The+Seeds+of+Satan%3A+Conceptions+of+Magic+in+Contemporary+Satanism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F147783512X614849&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Jesper+Aagaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2013). "From Book to Bit: Enacting Satanism Online". In Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (eds.). Contemporary Esotericism. Sheffield: Equinox. pp. 134–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908049-32-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908049-32-2"><bdi>978-1-908049-32-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Book+to+Bit%3A+Enacting+Satanism+Online&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Esotericism&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-908049-32-2&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Jesper+Aagaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2014" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Jesper Aa. (2014). "Carnal, Chthonian, Complicated: The Matter of Modern Satanism". In <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a>; Petersen, Jesper Aa. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Controversial_New_Religions" title="Controversial New Religions">Controversial New Religions</a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 399–434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515682-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515682-9"><bdi>978-0-19-515682-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carnal%2C+Chthonian%2C+Complicated%3A+The+Matter+of+Modern+Satanism&rft.btitle=Controversial+New+Religions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E434&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515682-9&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Jesper+Aa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchipper2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schipper, Bernd U. (2010). "From Milton to Modern Satanism: The History of the Devil and the Dynamics between Religion and Literature". Journal of Religion in Europe. 3 (1): 103–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187489210X12597396698744">10.1163/187489210X12597396698744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Europe&rft.atitle=From+Milton+to+Modern+Satanism%3A+The+History+of+the+Devil+and+the+Dynamics+between+Religion+and+Literature&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187489210X12597396698744&rft.aulast=Schipper&rft.aufirst=Bernd+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, James L. (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/ivk/mjr/pdfs/2001/articles/lewis2001.pdf">"Who Serves Satan? A Demographic and Ideological Profile"</a> (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 6 (2): 1–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Who+Serves+Satan%3F+A+Demographic+and+Ideological+Profile&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-marburg.de%2Ffb03%2Fivk%2Fmjr%2Fpdfs%2F2001%2Farticles%2Flewis2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, James L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-marburg.de/fb03/ivk/mjr/pdfs/2002/articles/lewis2002.pdf">"Diabolical Authority: Anton LaVey, The Satanic Bible and the Satanist "Tradition""</a> (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 7 (1): 1–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Diabolical+Authority%3A+Anton+LaVey%2C+The+Satanic+Bible+and+the+Satanist+%22Tradition%22&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-marburg.de%2Ffb03%2Fivk%2Fmjr%2Fpdfs%2F2002%2Farticles%2Flewis2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2009b). "Satanists and Nuts: The Role of Schisms in Modern Satanism". In Lewis, James R.; Lewis, Sarah M. (eds.). Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88147-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88147-0"><bdi>978-0-521-88147-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satanists+and+Nuts%3A+The+Role+of+Schisms+in+Modern+Satanism&rft.btitle=Sacred+Schisms%3A+How+Religions+Divide&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88147-0&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Jesper+Aagaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Scott, Gini Graham (2007) [1986]. The Magicians: A Study of the Use of Power in a Black Magic Group. Lincoln: iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-43362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-43362-9"><bdi>978-0-595-43362-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magicians%3A+A+Study+of+the+Use+of+Power+in+a+Black+Magic+Group&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-595-43362-9&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Gini+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Taub, Diane E.; Nelson, Lawrence D. (1993). "Satanism in Contemporary America: Establishment or Underground?". The Sociological Quarterly. 34 (3): 523–541. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1993.tb00124.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.1993.tb00124.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Satanism+in+Contemporary+America%3A+Establishment+or+Underground%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E523-%3C%2Fspan%3E541&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1993.tb00124.x&rft.aulast=Taub&rft.aufirst=Diane+E.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Lawrence+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Set" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Set&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External 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Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Church of the Guanche People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_International" title="The Family International">The Family International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fung_Loy_Kok_Institute_of_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fung Loy Kok Institute of Taoism">Fung Loy Kok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Mission_movement" title="International Peace Mission movement">International Peace Mission movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_Life" title="Invitation to Life">Invitation to Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Jewish Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Church_of_Kopimism" title="Missionary Church of Kopimism">Kopimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahikari_movement" title="Mahikari movement">Mahikari movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukyo_Mahikari" title="Sukyo Mahikari">Sukyo Mahikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Divine_Light" title="World Divine Light">World Divine Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Rodnovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kadampa_Tradition" title="New Kadampa Tradition">New Kadampa Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Science" title="Religious Science">Religious Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Church" title="Unity Church">Unity Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_Temple" title="Peoples Temple">Peoples Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Ar%C3%A8s" title="Pilgrims of Arès">Pilgrims of Arès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyaksha_Raksha_Daiva_Sabha" title="Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha">Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Church_of_the_Final_Judgment" title="Process Church of the Final Judgment">The Process Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Daime" title="Santo Daime">Santo Daime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temple of Set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Training" title="Shambhala Training">Shambhala Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Chandra_Mission" title="Shri Ram Chandra Mission">Shri Ram Chandra Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Buddha_School" title="True Buddha School">True Buddha School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism#United_Submitters_International" title="Quranism">United Submitters International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">Universal White Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">Eastern Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinjiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Faith" title="Word of Faith">Word of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Mission_Society_Church_of_God" title="World Mission Society Church of God">World Mission Society Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Drew_Ali" title="Noble Drew Ali">Noble Drew Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Applewhite" title="Marshall Applewhite">Marshall Applewhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Aquino" title="Michael Angelo Aquino">Michael Angelo Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Berg" title="David Berg">David Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fillmore_(Unity_Church)" title="Charles Fillmore (Unity Church)">Charles Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsang_Gyatso" title="Kelsang Gyatso">Kelsang Gyatso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak_Ja_Han" title="Hak Ja Han">Hak Ja Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koresh" title="David Koresh">David Koresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81ngel_Livraga_Rizzi" title="Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi">Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen" title="Lu Sheng-yen">Lu Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakayama_Miki" title="Nakayama Miki">Nakayama Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Parkhurst_Quimby" title="Phineas Parkhurst Quimby">Phineas Parkhurst Quimby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh" title="Rajneesh">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahn_Sahng-hong" title="Ahn Sahng-hong">Ahn Sahng-hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh" title="Shiv Dayal Singh">Shiv Dayal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach" title="Joseph W. Tkach">Joseph W. Tkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykayil_Yohannan" title="Poykayil Yohannan">Poykayil Yohannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="New religious movements in the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-initiated_church" title="African-initiated church">African-initiated church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_classifications_of_religious_movements" title="Sociological classifications of religious movements">Classifications of religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_cult" title="Doomsday cult">Doomsday cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group favoritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_religion" title="Open-source religion">Open-source religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_religion" title="Self religion">Self religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CESNUR" title="CESNUR">CESNUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INFORM" title="INFORM">INFORM (Information Network Focus on Religious Movements)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Religions_and_Spirituality_Project" title="World Religions and Spirituality Project">World Religions and Spirituality Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study of new religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Religion" title="Journal of Contemporary Religion">Journal of Contemporary Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Prophecy_Fails" title="When Prophecy Fails">When Prophecy Fails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_new_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to new religious movements">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">Anti-cult movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Persecution of Ahmadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution of Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Persecution of Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Religious discrimination against modern pagans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_study_of_new_religious_movements" title="Academic study of new religious movements">Academic study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements_and_cults_in_popular_culture" title="New religious movements and cults in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li></ul> 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