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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="جودرون بورفيتز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جودرون بورفيتز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitzov%C3%A1" title="Gudrun Burwitzová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gudrun Burwitzová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Γκούντρουν Χίμλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκούντρουν Χίμλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%AC_%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%84%EC%B8%A0" title="구드룬 부르비츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구드룬 부르비츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A5" title="גודרון בורוויץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גודרון בורוויץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="جودرون بورفيتز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جودرون بورفيتز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%84" title="グドルーン・ブルヴィッツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グドルーン・ブルヴィッツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86,_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Бурвиц, Гудрун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бурвиц, Гудрун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Burwitz" title="Gudrun Burwitz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gudrun Burwitz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86" title="Гудрун Бурвіц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гудрун Бурвіц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E9%BE%99%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E8%8C%A8" title="古德龙·布尔维茨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古德龙·布尔维茨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gudrun Burwitz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_and_Gudrun_Himmler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Margaret_and_Gudrun_Himmler.jpg/220px-Margaret_and_Gudrun_Himmler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Margaret_and_Gudrun_Himmler.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="209" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gudrun Himmler (right) with her mother <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Himmler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, 1945</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Gudrun Margarete Elfriede Emma Anna Himmler</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1929-08-08</span>)</span>8 August 1929<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-05-24)</span> (aged 88)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Munich, Bavaria, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Püppi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Wulf Dieter Burwitz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Siegroth</a> (mother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig Himmler</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst Hermann Himmler</a> (uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gudrun Margarete Elfriede Emma Anna Burwitz</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Himmler</b></span>; 8 August 1929 – 24 May 2018) was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Himmler</a>. Her father, as <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i>, was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, and chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Allied victory, she was arrested and made to testify at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>. Never renouncing <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi ideology</a>, she consistently fought to defend her father's reputation and became closely involved in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> groups that gave support to ex-members of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>. She married Wulf Dieter Burwitz, an official of the extremist <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">NPD</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_her_father">Relationship with her father</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55,_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-056-55%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_mit_Frau_und_Tochter_Gudrun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Gudrun with her parents.</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in Munich in 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gudrun Himmler was the daughter of Heinrich Himmler, <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a>, Chief of Police and Security forces, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)#History" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Reich Minister of the Interior</a> in Nazi Germany. She was the only biological and legitimate child<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Himmler and his wife <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Siegroth</a>, <i>née</i> Boden,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though her parents later adopted a son named Gerhard von der Ahé. (Himmler also had two out-of-wedlock children with his secretary, <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersen2007165_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersen2007165-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Heinrich Himmler adored his daughter and had her regularly flown to his offices in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> where she lived with her mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she was at home, he telephoned her most days and wrote to her every week. Heinrich always called her by her childhood nickname "Püppi".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012468_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012468-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She accompanied her father on some official duties,<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a visit to <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a>, where more than 30,000 prisoners died.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Uncle <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>” gave her a doll and chocolates every New Year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She disputed that Heinrich Himmler, who died in British captivity on 23 May 1945, died by suicide when he broke a concealed <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> capsule, and instead maintained that he was murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, she and her mother were arrested by the Americans in Northern Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were held in various camps in Italy, France and Germany. While they were held in Rome, she went on a hunger strike until she grew weak.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were brought to <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> to testify at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">trials</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were released in November 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gudrun later bitterly referred to this time as the most difficult of her life, and said that she and her mother were treated as though they had to atone for the sins of her father.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She never renounced the Nazi ideology and repeatedly sought to justify the actions of her father. She blamed Allied propaganda for besmirching Himmler's "good name".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who knew her say that Gudrun created a "golden image" of her father, like the father she <i>wished</i> she had.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanai_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanai-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2></div> <p>She married the far-right propagandist and author Wulf Dieter Burwitz, who later became a party official in the Bavarian section of the far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">NPD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had two children. She was affiliated with <i><a href="/wiki/Stille_Hilfe" title="Stille Hilfe">Stille Hilfe</a></i> ("Silent Aid"), an organization formed to aid former SS members, which assisted <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie" title="Klaus Barbie">Klaus Barbie</a> ("the Butcher of Lyon") of the Lyon Gestapo and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sommer" title="Martin Sommer">Martin Sommer</a>, otherwise known as the "Hangman of <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>", and she reportedly continued to support a Protestant old people's home in <a href="/wiki/Pullach" title="Pullach">Pullach</a>, near Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2000380_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2000380-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1961 to 1963, she worked, under an assumed name, as a secretary for West Germany's <i>Bundesnachrichtendienst</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">Federal Intelligence Service (BND)</a>, at its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Pullach" title="Pullach">Pullach</a>, near Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time the agency was headed by <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Gehlen" title="Reinhard Gehlen">Reinhard Gehlen</a>, an American-recruited general who hired, among others, ex-Nazis to work for BND based on their connections and experience with Eastern Europe and anti-communist activities.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For decades Burwitz was a prominent public figure in <i>Stille Hilfe für Kriegsgefangene und Internierte</i> (Silent Assistance for Prisoners of War and Interned Persons), who provided legal and financial support to former SS members from its founding in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At various meetings, for instance the annual <a href="/wiki/Ulrichsberg_gathering" title="Ulrichsberg gathering">Ulrichsberg gathering</a> in Austria, she received the status of both a star and an authority. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Schr%C3%B6m" title="Oliver Schröm">Oliver Schröm</a>, author of a book about the organisation, described her as a "flamboyant Nazi princess" ("schillernde Nazi-Prinzessin").<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has also been described by theologian Katharina von Kellenbach as "a prominent spokesperson for the neo-Nazi movement and an important link between old perpetrator networks and young sympathisers".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter Finkelgrun, a German-Jewish investigative journalist, discovered that Burwitz provided financial support for SS-Scharführer <a href="/wiki/Anton_Malloth" title="Anton Malloth">Anton Malloth</a>, a former Nazi prison guard and a fugitive <a href="/wiki/War_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminal">war criminal</a>. In 2001, Malloth was convicted of beating at least 100 prisoners to death at the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt concentration camp</a>, including Finkelgrun's grandfather in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanai_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanai-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gudrun Burwitz died on 24 May 2018 at her home near Munich at the age of 88.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow/page/36"><i>The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942</i></a></span>. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a>: University of Nebraska Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffinalso00brow/page/36">36–110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1327-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1327-1"><bdi>0-8032-1327-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Final+Solution%3A+The+Evolution+of+Nazi+Jewish+Policy%2C+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1942&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Comprehensive+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=36-110&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8032-1327-1&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Christopher+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffinalso00brow%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wapo_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/gudrun-burwitz-ever-loyal-daughter-of-nazi-mastermind-heinrich-himmler-dies-at-88/2018/06/30/6d57d42a-7c76-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html">"Gudrun Burwitz, ever-loyal daughter of Nazi mastermind Heinrich Himmler, dies at 88"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 1 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gudrun+Burwitz%2C+ever-loyal+daughter+of+Nazi+mastermind+Heinrich+Himmler%2C+dies+at+88&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fgudrun-burwitz-ever-loyal-daughter-of-nazi-mastermind-heinrich-himmler-dies-at-88%2F2018%2F06%2F30%2F6d57d42a-7c76-11e8-93cc-6d3beccdd7a3_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2022" class="citation book cs1">King, Martin (6 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A12CEAAAQBAJ&dq=Gudrun+Burwitz&pg=PT213"><i>Blood Is Thicker than War: Brothers and Sisters on the Front Lines</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63758-353-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63758-353-1"><bdi>978-1-63758-353-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Is+Thicker+than+War%3A+Brothers+and+Sisters+on+the+Front+Lines&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-63758-353-1&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA12CEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DGudrun%2BBurwitz%26pg%3DPT213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelerhoffMeyerSchusterSchuster2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kelerhoff, Sven Felix; Meyer, Simone; Schuster, Jacques; Schuster, Ulrich (1 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/politik/article124437648/Himmlers-Nachwuchs.html">"Himmlers Nachwuchs"</a>. <i>Welt Online</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Welt+Online&rft.atitle=Himmlers+Nachwuchs&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.aulast=Kelerhoff&rft.aufirst=Sven+Felix&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Simone&rft.au=Schuster%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Schuster%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fprint%2Fdie_welt%2Fpolitik%2Farticle124437648%2FHimmlers-Nachwuchs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndersen2007165-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndersen2007165_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndersen2007">Andersen 2007</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm1998" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Helm, Siegfried (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagalil.com/archiv/98/03/ss-himmler.htm">"Himmlers Tochter hilft den alten Gefährten"</a>. <i>Berliner Morgenpost</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Morgenpost&rft.atitle=Himmlers+Tochter+hilft+den+alten+Gef%C3%A4hrten&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagalil.com%2Farchiv%2F98%2F03%2Fss-himmler.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongerich2012468-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongerich2012468_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongerich2012">Longerich 2012</a>, p. 468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandomir, Richard. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/obituaries/gudrun-burwitz-ever-loyal-daughter-of-himmler-is-dead-at-88.html">Gudrun Burwitz, Ever-Loyal Daughter of Himmler, Is Dead at 88</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetlen2018" class="citation web cs1">Getlen, Larry (3 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2018/02/03/how-nazi-offspring-dealt-with-their-familys-hellish-histories/">"How Nazi offspring dealt with their families' hellish histories"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Nazi+offspring+dealt+with+their+families%27+hellish+histories&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft.aulast=Getlen&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2018%2F02%2F03%2Fhow-nazi-offspring-dealt-with-their-familys-hellish-histories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-44661322">"Himmler's daughter worked for post-war German spy agency"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Himmler%27s+daughter+worked+for+post-war+German+spy+agency&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-44661322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katrin Himmler, <i>The Himmler Brothers</i>, Pan Macmillan, 2012, p.275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacapra2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lacapra, Dominick (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hith.10817">"Trauma, History, Memory, Identity: What Remains?"</a>. <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>55</b> (3): 375–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhith.10817">10.1111/hith.10817</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2656">0018-2656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Trauma%2C+History%2C+Memory%2C+Identity%3A+What+Remains%3F&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=375-400&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhith.10817&rft.issn=0018-2656&rft.aulast=Lacapra&rft.aufirst=Dominick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fhith.10817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanai-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanai_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanai_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanai1999" class="citation news cs1">Sanai, Darius (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/the-sins-of-my-father-1068013.html">"The sins of my father"</a>. <i>The Independent (London)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+%28London%29&rft.atitle=The+sins+of+my+father&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sanai&rft.aufirst=Darius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fthe-sins-of-my-father-1068013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2000380-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPike2000380_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPike2000">Pike 2000</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly-Groves2020" class="citation journal cs1">Daly-Groves, Luke (15 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02684527.2019.1705101">"Control not morality? Explaining the selective employment of Nazi war criminals by British and American intelligence agencies in occupied Germany"</a>. <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 331–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684527.2019.1705101">10.1080/02684527.2019.1705101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=Control+not+morality%3F+Explaining+the+selective+employment+of+Nazi+war+criminals+by+British+and+American+intelligence+agencies+in+occupied+Germany&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-349&rft.date=2020-04-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2019.1705101&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft.aulast=Daly-Groves&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2019.1705101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-bnd-spy-agency-employed-heinrich-himmlers-daughter/a-44465200">"Germany's BND spy agency employed Heinrich Himmler's daughter"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 29 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany%27s+BND+spy+agency+employed+Heinrich+Himmler%27s+daughter&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-bnd-spy-agency-employed-heinrich-himmlers-daughter%2Fa-44465200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fulbrook, Mary (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/central-european-history/article/abs/reframing-the-past-justice-guilt-and-consolidation-in-east-and-west-germany-after-nazism/A3F5B17EFA05AD8B3A7BF368BC7709AC">"Reframing the Past: Justice, Guilt, and Consolidation in East and West Germany after Nazism"</a>. <i>Central European History</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 294–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938920000114">10.1017/S0008938920000114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9389">0008-9389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Reframing+the+Past%3A+Justice%2C+Guilt%2C+and+Consolidation+in+East+and+West+Germany+after+Nazism&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=294-313&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938920000114&rft.issn=0008-9389&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fcentral-european-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Freframing-the-past-justice-guilt-and-consolidation-in-east-and-west-germany-after-nazism%2FA3F5B17EFA05AD8B3A7BF368BC7709AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fabian Leber: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/gudrun-burwitz-und-die-stille-hilfe-die-schillernde-nazi-prinzessin/233116.html"><i>Gudrun Burwitz und die „Stille Hilfe“: Die schillernde Nazi-Prinzessin</i></a>; in: <a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a>, 10 June 2001 (In German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellenbach2013" class="citation book cs1">Kellenbach, Katharina von (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IH3j_pN_6GcC&dq=Gudrun+Burwitz&pg=PA159"><i>The Mark of Cain: Guilt and Denial in the Post-War Lives of Nazi Perpetrators</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932375-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932375-3"><bdi>978-0-19-932375-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mark+of+Cain%3A+Guilt+and+Denial+in+the+Post-War+Lives+of+Nazi+Perpetrators&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932375-3&rft.aulast=Kellenbach&rft.aufirst=Katharina+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIH3j_pN_6GcC%26dq%3DGudrun%2BBurwitz%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.spiegel.de/einestages/tod-von-gudrun-burwitz-heinrich-himmlers-tochter-nazi-bis-zuletzt-a-1215755.html">"Tod von Gudrun Burwitz: Heinrich Himmlers Tochter, Nazi bis zuletzt"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Tod+von+Gudrun+Burwitz%3A+Heinrich+Himmlers+Tochter%2C+Nazi+bis+zuletzt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.spiegel.de%2Feinestages%2Ftod-von-gudrun-burwitz-heinrich-himmlers-tochter-nazi-bis-zuletzt-a-1215755.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andersen, Dan H. (2007). <i>Nazimyter—blodreligion og dødskult i Det Tredje Rige</i> (in Danish). Aschehoug. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-11-11847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-11-11847-4"><bdi>978-87-11-11847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazimyter%26mdash%3Bblodreligion+og+d%C3%B8dskult+i+Det+Tredje+Rige&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-87-11-11847-4&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Dan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lebert, Norbert, and Stephan. <i>Denn Du trägst meinen Namen: das schwere Erbe der prominenten Nazi-Kinder</i>. Goldmann Verlag 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-442-15188-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-442-15188-0">3-442-15188-0</a> (in German)</li> <li>Lebert, Norbert, and Stephan. <i>My Father's Keeper: Children of Nazi Leadership: An Intimate History of Damage and Denial</i>, translated by Julian Evans. New York: Little, Brown, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-51929-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-51929-4">0-316-51929-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Longerich" title="Peter Longerich">Longerich, Peter</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmler0000long"><i>Heinrich Himmler: A Life</i></a></span>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6"><bdi>978-0-19-959232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959232-6&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheinrichhimmler0000long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPike2000" class="citation book cs1">Pike, David Wingeate (2000). <i>Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, the Horror on the Danube</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaniards+in+the+Holocaust%3A+Mauthausen%2C+the+Horror+on+the+Danube&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=David+Wingeate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGudrun+Burwitz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schröm, Oliver and Andrea Röpke. <i>Stille Hilfe für braune Kameraden</i>. Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86153-231-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-86153-231-X">3-86153-231-X</a> (in German)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gudrun_Burwitz" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gudrun Burwitz">Gudrun Burwitz</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heinrich_Himmler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;;background:#c3c3c3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Template talk:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich_Himmler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heinrich Himmler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heinrich_Himmler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow nowrap" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></li> <li>Chief of <a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Police forces of Nazi Germany">German Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Minister of the Interior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_SS" title="Ideology of the SS">Ideology of the SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Staff_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS">Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freundeskreis_der_Wirtschaft" title="Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft">Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS</a> ("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> (Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> (successor as Chief of the RSHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wolff" title="Karl Wolff">Karl Wolff</a> (Chief of Personal Staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brandt" title="Rudolf Brandt">Rudolf Brandt</a> (Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gauch" title="Hermann Gauch">Hermann Gauch</a> (adjutant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Grothmann" title="Werner Grothmann">Werner Grothmann</a> (aide-de-camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Macher" title="Heinz Macher">Heinz Macher</a> (second personal assistant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a> (personal aide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Maria_Wiligut" title="Karl Maria Wiligut">Karl Maria Wiligut</a> (occultist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Central_Office_for_the_Combating_of_Homosexuality_and_Abortion" title="Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion">Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Responsibility for<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Crimes against Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Crimes against Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" title="Anti-Masonry">Suppression of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany">Persecution of black people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Volksliste" title="Deutsche Volksliste">Deutsche Volksliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegewald_(colony)" title="Hegewald (colony)">Hegewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himmler-Kersten_Agreement" title="Himmler-Kersten Agreement">Himmler-Kersten Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Himmler" title="Margarete Himmler">Margarete Himmler</a> (wife)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gudrun Burwitz</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Potthast" title="Hedwig Potthast">Hedwig Potthast</a> (mistress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Ludwig_Himmler" title="Gebhard Ludwig Himmler">Gebhard Ludwig</a> (older brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Himmler" title="Ernst Hermann Himmler">Ernst</a> (younger brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrin_Himmler" title="Katrin Himmler">Katrin Himmler</a> (great-niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kokott" title="Heinz Kokott">Heinz Kokott</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wendler" title="Richard Wendler">Richard Wendler</a> (brother-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Upper_Rhine" title="Army Group Upper Rhine">Army Group Upper Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Operation Nordwind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Failed assassins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Mor%C3%A1vek" title="Václav Morávek">Václav Morávek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sneum" title="Thomas Sneum">Thomas Sneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow" title="Henning von Tresckow">Henning von Tresckow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Erhard Heiden</a> (predecessor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> (successor as Reichsführer-SS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falk_Zipperer" title="Falk Zipperer">Falk Zipperer</a> (closest friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a> (personal physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Kersten" title="Felix Kersten">Felix Kersten</a> (personal masseur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Blaschke" title="Hugo Blaschke">Hugo Blaschke</a> (dentist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Excell" title="Sidney Excell">Sidney Excell</a> (man who arrested Himmler)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d7d7d7;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_far-right" title="Template:German far-right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_far-right" title="Template talk:German far-right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_far-right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German far-right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Political parties<br />and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="Der Flügel">Der Flügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freie_Sachsen" title="Freie Sachsen">Free Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_League_for_People_and_Homeland" title="German League for People and Homeland">German League for People and Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">Pegida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_III._Path" class="mw-redirect" title="The III. Path">The III. Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Alternative_for_Germany" title="Young Alternative for Germany">Young Alternative for Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junge_Landsmannschaft_Ostdeutschland" title="Junge Landsmannschaft Ostdeutschland">Young Homeland Association of East Germany</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_German_Patriots_-_Central_Germany" title="Awakening of German Patriots - Central Germany">Awakening of German Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division#Germany_(AWD_Deutschland)" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Heidnische_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Heidnische Front">Deutsche Heidnische Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Alternative" title="German Alternative">German Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Union" title="German People's Union">German People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Right_Party" title="German Right Party">German Right Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesinnungsgemeinschaft_der_Neuen_Front" title="Gesinnungsgemeinschaft der Neuen Front">Gesinnungsgemeinschaft der Neuen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Offensive" title="National Offensive">National Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bela_Ewald_Althans" title="Bela Ewald Althans">Bela Ewald Althans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holger_Apfel" title="Holger Apfel">Holger Apfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bittrich" title="Wilhelm Bittrich">Wilhelm Bittrich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gudrun Burwitz née Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Busse" title="Friedhelm Busse">Friedhelm Busse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Deckert" title="Günter Deckert">Günter Deckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Franz" title="Frank Franz">Frank Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Frey_(politician)" title="Gerhard Frey (politician)">Gerhard Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gille" title="Herbert Gille">Herbert Gille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Haverbeck" title="Ursula Haverbeck">Ursula Haverbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_R%C3%BCdiger_Hess" title="Wolf Rüdiger Hess">Wolf Rüdiger Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Kern" title="Erich Kern">Erich Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Michael Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kumm" title="Otto Kumm">Otto Kumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Mahler" title="Horst Mahler">Horst Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Meyer" title="Hubert Meyer">Hubert Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Meyer" title="Kurt Meyer">Kurt Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kohlmann" title="Martin Kohlmann">Martin Kohlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Mussgnug" title="Martin Mussgnug">Martin Mussgnug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Nahrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul Nahrath">Raoul Nahrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Neubauer" title="Harald Neubauer">Harald Neubauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hausser" title="Paul Hausser">Paul Hausser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Otto Ernst Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Jürgen Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Rudel" title="Hans-Ulrich Rudel">Hans-Ulrich Rudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Sch%C3%B6nhuber" title="Franz Schönhuber">Franz Schönhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_R%C3%B6ssler" title="Fritz Rössler">Fritz Rössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_St%C3%A4glich" title="Wilhelm Stäglich">Wilhelm Stäglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Gertrud Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Steiner" title="Felix Steiner">Felix Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Swierczek" title="Michael Swierczek">Michael Swierczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Adolf von Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Thielen" title="Friedrich Thielen">Friedrich Thielen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_Voigt" title="Udo Voigt">Udo Voigt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertraud_Winkelvoss" title="Gertraud Winkelvoss">Gertraud Winkelvoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worch" title="Christian Worch">Christian Worch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">German law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch_section_86a" title="Strafgesetzbuch section 86a"><i>Strafgesetzbuch</i> section 86a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volksverhetzung" title="Volksverhetzung">Volksverhetzung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_far-right_publishers_(post-1945)" title="List of German far-right publishers (post-1945)">Far-right publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_far-right_periodicals_(post-1945)" title="List of German far-right periodicals (post-1945)">Far-right periodicals</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National-Zeitung" title="National-Zeitung">National-Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuerst!" title="Zuerst!">Zuerst!</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d7d7d7;;width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Reich" title="Fourth Reich">Fourth Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAG" title="HIAG">HIAG</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsb%C3%BCrger_movement" title="Reichsbürger movement"><i>Reichsbürger</i> movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-movement" title="Pro-movement">Pro-movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stille_Hilfe" title="Stille Hilfe">Stille Hilfe</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62539#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62539#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62539#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37764587">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRC3QXbMvWKRBwVVTj4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121082644">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810631491805606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121082644.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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