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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action</i> (1983)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_Consciousness_and_Communicative_Action_(1983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action,_1987" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action,_1987"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>The Theory of Communicative Action</i>, 1987</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action,_1987-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_Facts_and_Norms:_Contributions_to_a_Discourse_Theory_of_Law_and_Democracy_(1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_Facts_and_Norms:_Contributions_to_a_Discourse_Theory_of_Law_and_Democracy_(1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span><i>Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy</i> (1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_Facts_and_Norms:_Contributions_to_a_Discourse_Theory_of_Law_and_Democracy_(1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_Pragmatics_of_Communication,_1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_Pragmatics_of_Communication,_1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span><i>On the Pragmatics of Communication</i>, 1998</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_Pragmatics_of_Communication,_1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes_about_Jürgen_Habermas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes_about_Jürgen_Habermas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Quotes about Jürgen Habermas</span> 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class="mw-page-title-main">Jürgen Habermas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://cs.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikiquote.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="یورگن هابرماس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یورگن هابرماس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1" title="יורגן האברמאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יורגן האברמאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Юрген Хабермас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юрген Хабермас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikiquote.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jürgen Habermas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76357#sitelinks-wikiquote" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JuergenHabermas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JuergenHabermas.jpg/240px-JuergenHabermas.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JuergenHabermas.jpg/360px-JuergenHabermas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JuergenHabermas.jpg/480px-JuergenHabermas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>Habermas, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" class="extiw" title="w:Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></b> (born <a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a>, <a href="/wiki/1929" class="mw-disambig" title="1929">1929</a>) is a German philosopher and sociologist in the tradition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/critical_theory" class="extiw" title="w:critical theory">critical theory</a> and American <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a>. He is best known for his work on the concept of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_sphere" class="extiw" title="w:public sphere">public sphere</a>, which he has based in his theory of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/communicative_action" class="extiw" title="w:communicative action">communicative action</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Subjects who reciprocally recognize each other as such, must consider each other as identical, insofar as they both take up the position of subject; they must at all times subsume themselves and the other under the same category. At the same time, the relation of reciprocity of recognition demands the non-identity of one and the other, both must also maintain their absolute difference, for to be a subject implies the claim of individuation. <ul><li>Habermas (1972) "Sprachspiel, intention und Bedeutung. Zu Motiven bei Sellars und Wittgenstein". In R.W. Wiggerhaus (Ed.) <i>Sprachanalyse and Soziologie</i>. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp). p. 334</li> <li>This is called the <i>paradoxical achievement of <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/220px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/330px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/440px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Horkheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Adorno">Adorno</a> and Habermas is in the background, right, running his hand through his hair, 1964.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The speaker must choose a comprehensible [verständlich] expression so that speaker and hearer can understand one another. <ul><li>Habermas (1979) cited in: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Ulrich" class="extiw" title="w:Werner Ulrich">Werner Ulrich</a> (1983) <i>Critical heuristics of social planning</i>. p. 123</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I would in fact tend to have more confidence in the outcome of a democratic decision if there was a minority that voted against it, than if it was unanimous… Social psychology has amply shown the strength of this bandwagon effect. <ul><li>Habermas (1993) "Further reflections on the public sphere", in: Craig Calhoun Eds. <i>Habermas and the Public Sphere</i>. MIT Press. p. 441</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The 'state' on the modern conception is a legally defined term which refers, at the level of substance, to a state power that possesses both internal and external sovereignty, at the spatial level over a clearly delimited terrain (the state territory) and at the social level over the totality of members (the body of citizens or the people). State power constitutes itself in the forms of positive law, and the people is the bearer of the legal order whose jurisdiction is restricted to the state territory. In political usage, the concepts 'nation' and 'people' have the same extension. But in addition to its legal definition, the term 'nation' has the connotation of a political community shaped by common descent, or at least by a common language, culture, and history. A people becomes a 'nation' in this historical sense only in the concrete form of a particular form of life. <ul><li>Habermas (1998) <i>The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory</i>. Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>As historical and social beings we find ourselves always already in a linguistically structured lifeworld. In the forms of communication through which we reach an understanding with one another about something in the world and about ourselves, we encounter a transcending power. Language is not a kind of private property. No one possesses exclusive rights over the common medium of the communicative practices we must <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectively" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersubjectively">intersubjectively</a> share. No single participant can control the structure, or even the course, of processes of reaching understanding and self-understanding. How speakers and hearers make use of their communicative freedom to take yes- or no-positions is not a matter of their subjective discretion. For they are free only in virtue of the binding force of the justifiable claims they raise towards one another. The logos of language embodies the power of the intersubjective, which precedes and grounds the subjectivity of speakers. <ul><li>Habermas (2003) <i>The Future of Human Nature</i>. p. 10</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Technically speaking, since our complex societies are highly susceptible to interferences and accidents,they certainly offer ideal opportunities for a prompt disruption of normal activities. These disruptions can, with minimum expense, have considerably destructive consequences. Global terrorism is extreme both in its lack of realistic goals and in its cynical exploitation of the vulnerability of <a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a>. <ul><li>Habermas (2004) in: Giovanna Borradori (2004) <i>Philosophy in a Time of Terror: : Dialogues with Jurgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida</i>. p. 34</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Christianity has functioned for the normative self-understanding of modernity as more than a mere precursor or a catalyst. Egalitarian universalism, from which sprang the ideas of freedom and social solidarity, of an antonomous conduct of life and emancipation, of the individual morality of conscience, human rights, and democracy, is the direct heir to the judaic ethic of justice and the Christian ethic of love. This legacy, substantially unchanged, has been the object of continual critical appropriation and reinterpretation. To this day, there is no alternative to it. And in the light of the current challenges of a postnational constellation, we continue to draw on the substance of this heritage. Everything else is just idle postmodern talk. <ul><li>Habermas (2006) "Conversation about God and the World." Time of transitions. Cambridge: Polity Press, p. 150-151.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere,_1963/1991"><span id="The_Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere.2C_1963.2F1991"></span><i>The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere</i>, 1963/1991</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, 1963/1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small>Habermas (1962/1989) <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_Transformation_of_the_Public_Sphere" class="extiw" title="w:Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere">The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society</a></i>. Translated by Thomas Burger. </small> </p> <ul><li>This investigation aims to analyze the type "bourgeois public sphere". Its particular approach is required, to begin with, by the difficulties specific to an object whose complexity precludes exclusive reliance on the specialized methods of a single discipline. Rather, the category. "public sphere" must be investigated within the broad field formerly reflected in the perspective of the traditional science of "politics."' When particular social-scientific discipline, this object disintegrates. The problems that result from fusing aspects of sociology and economics, of constitutional law and political science, and of social and intellectual history are obvious: given the present state of differentiation and specialization in the social sciences, scarcely anyone will be able to master several, let alone all, of these disciplines. <ul><li>p.xvii</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The usage of the words “public" and “public sphere” betrays a multiplicity of concurrent meanings. Their origins go back to various historical phases and, when applied synchronically to the conditions of a bourgeois society that is industrially advanced and constituted as a social-welfare state, they fuse into a clouded amalgam. Yet the very conditions that make the inherited language seem inappropriate appear to require these words, however confused their employment. <ul><li>p. 1 as cited in: Gandy, M (1997) "Ecology, modernity and the intellectual legacy of the Frankfurt School". In: Light, A and Smith, JM, (eds.) <i>Space, Place and Environmental Ethics</i>. p. 240</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[According to Habermas, the genesis of the bourgeois public sphere resulted from a combination of early capitalist commercial development and the organization of territorial … Representative publicness involved a re-presenting or staging for the purposes of display and acclamation, hence] this publicness (or publicity) of representation was not constituted as a social realm, that is, as a public sphere; rather, it was something like a status attribute, if this term may be permitted. <ul><li>p. 7 as cited in: Benedetto Fontana, Cary J. Nederman, Gary Remer (2004) <i>Talking Democracy: Historical Perspectives on Rhetoric and Democracy</i>. p. 222</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The bourgeois public sphere may be conceived above all as the sphere of private people come together as a public; they soon claimed the public sphere regulated from above against the public authorities themselves, to engage them in a debate over the general rules governing relations in the basically privatized but publicly relevant sphere of commodity exchange and social labor. <ul><li>p. 27</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>All affected can accept the consequences and the side effects that [the norm's] general observance can be anticipated to have for the satisfaction of everyone's interests, and the consequences are preferred to those of known alternative possibilities for regulation. <ul><li>p. 65</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Although objectively greater demands are placed on this authority, it operates less as a public opinion giving a rational foundation to the exercise of political and social authority, the more it is generated for the purpose of an abstract vote that amounts to no more than an act of acclamation within a public sphere temporarily manufactured for show or manipulation. <ul><li>p. 222</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_and_Human_Interests,_1971"><span id="Knowledge_and_Human_Interests.2C_1971"></span><i>Knowledge and Human Interests</i>, 1971</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Knowledge and Human Interests, 1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small>Habermas (1971) <i>Knowledge and Human Interests</i>, translated by J. Schapiro. Boston: Beacon Press.</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> can only be comprehended <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologically</a>, which means as one category of possible <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, as long as knowledge is not equated either effusively with the absolute knowledge of a great philosophy or blindly with scientistic self-understanding of the actual business of research. <ul><li>p. 4</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Philosophy's position with regard to science, which at one time could be designated with the name "theory of knowledge," has been undermined by the movement of philosophical thought itself. Philosophy was dislodged from this position by philosophy. <ul><li>p. 4</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The interpretation of a case is corroborated only by the successful continuation of a <i>self-formative process</i>, that is by the completion of <i>self-reflection</i>, and not in any unmistakable way by what the patient says or how he behaves <ul><li>p. 266</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The only <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> that can truly orient action is knowledge that frees itself from mere human interests and is based in Ideas—in other words knowledge that has taken a theoretical attitude. <ul><li>p. 301</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[Critical social science attempts] to determine when theoretical statements grasp invariant regularities of social action as such and when they express ideologically frozen relations of dependence that can in principle be transformed. <ul><li>p. 310 as cited in: Dominick LaCapra (1983) <i>Rethinking Intellectual History: Texts, Contexts, Language</i>. p. 170</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_Consciousness_and_Communicative_Action_(1983)"><span id="Moral_Consciousness_and_Communicative_Action_.281983.29"></span><i>Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action</i> (1983)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action (1983)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small>C. Lenhart and S. Nicholsen, trans. (Cambridge: 1995)</small> </p> <ul><li>What <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> regarded as a unique (<a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernican</a>) turn to transcendental reflection becomes in <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> a general mechanism for turning consciousness back upon itself. This mechanism has been switched on and off time and time again in the development of spirit. As the subject becomes conscious of itself, it destroys one form of consciousness after another. This process epitomizes the subjective experience that what initially appears to the subject as a being in itself can become content only in the forms imparted to it by the subject. The transcendental philosopher’s experience is thus, according to Hegel, reenacted naively whenever an in-itself becomes a for-the-subject. What Hegel calls “Dialectical” is the reconstruction of this recurrent experience and of its assimilation by the subject, which gives rise to ever more complex structures. … Hegel, it should be noted, exposes himself to a criticism. … Reconstructing successive forms of consciousness is one thing. Proving the necessity of their succession is quite another. <ul><li>p. 5</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>If we compare the third-person attitude of someone who simply says how things stand (this is the attitude of the scientist, for example) with the performative attitude of someone who tries to understand what is said to him (this is the attitude of the interpreter, for example), the implications … become clear. … First, interpreters relinquish superiority that observers have by virtue of their privileged position, in that they themselves are drawn, at least potentially, into negotiations about the meaning and validity of utterances. By taking part in communicative action, they accept in principle the same status as those whose utterances they are trying to understand. … It is impossible to decide a priori who is to learn from whom. <ul><li>p. 26</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action,_1987"><span id="The_Theory_of_Communicative_Action.2C_1987"></span><i>The Theory of Communicative Action</i>, 1987</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Theory of Communicative Action, 1987"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>As medium for reaching understanding, speech acts serve: a) to establish and renew interpersonal relations, whereby the speaker takes up a relation to something in the world of legitimate social orders; b) to represent states and events, whereby the speaker takes up a relation to something in the world of existing states of affairs; c) to manifest experiences that is, to represent oneself- whereby the speaker takes up a relation to something in the subjective world to which he has privileged access. <ul><li>p. 308</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_Facts_and_Norms:_Contributions_to_a_Discourse_Theory_of_Law_and_Democracy_(1992)"><span id="Between_Facts_and_Norms:_Contributions_to_a_Discourse_Theory_of_Law_and_Democracy_.281992.29"></span><i>Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy</i> (1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="/wiki/Between_Facts_and_Norms" title="Between Facts and Norms">Between Facts and Norms</a></i></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_Pragmatics_of_Communication,_1998"><span id="On_the_Pragmatics_of_Communication.2C_1998"></span><i>On the Pragmatics of Communication</i>, 1998</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: On the Pragmatics of Communication, 1998"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><small>Jürgen Habermas & Maeve Cooke eds. (1998) <i>On the Pragmatics of Communication</i>. MIT Press.</small> </p> <ul><li>The task of universal <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatics</a> is to identify and reconstruct universal conditions of possible mutual understanding. <ul><li>p. 21</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I shall develop the thesis that anyone acting communicatively must, in performing any speech act, raise universal validity claims and suppose that they can be vindicated. <ul><li>p. 22</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Reaching and understanding is the process of bringing about an agreement on the presupposed basis of validity claims that are mutually recognized. <ul><li>p. 23</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes_about_Jürgen_Habermas"><span id="Quotes_about_J.C3.BCrgen_Habermas"></span>Quotes about Jürgen Habermas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quotes about Jürgen Habermas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Social pragmatics does not have the "simplicity " of scientific pragmatics. It is a monster formed by the interweaving of various networks of heteromorphous classes of utterances (denotative, prescriptive, performative, technical, evaluative, etc.). There is no reason to think that it would be possible to determine metaprescriptives common to all of these language games or that a revisable consensus like the one in force at a given moment in the scientific community could embrace the totality of metaprescriptions regulating the totality of statements circulating in the social collectivity. As a matter of fact, the contemporary decline of narratives of legitimation – be they traditional or "modern" (the emancipation of humanity, the realization of the Idea) – is tied to the abandonment of this belief. It is its absence for which the ideology of the "system," with its pretensions to totality, tries to compensate and which it expresses in the cynicism of its criterion of performance.<br />For this reason, it seems neither possible, nor even prudent, to follow Habermas in orienting our treatment of the problem of legitimation in the direction of a search for universal consensus through what he calls <i>Diskurs</i>, in other words, a dialogue of argumentation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a>, <i>The Postmodern Condition</i> (1979)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Habermas is wrong to conclude that <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno's</a> implacable critique of reason (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Verstand" class="extiw" title="wikt:Verstand">Verstand</a></i> rather than <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vernunft" class="extiw" title="wikt:Vernunft">Vernunft</a></i>) paints him into the corner of irrationalism and leaves him no implicit recourse but the now familiar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/poststructuralism" class="extiw" title="w:poststructuralism">poststructural</a> one of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ac%C3%A9phale" class="extiw" title="wikt:acéphale">l'acéphale</a></i>, cutting off the intolerable, hyperintellectual head of the formerly rational being. He thinks so only because he cannot himself allow for the possibility or the reality of some new, genuinely <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical thinking</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a>, <i>Late Marxism: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a>, or, The Persistence of the <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">Dialectic</a></i> (1990), p. 24</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Jurgen Habermas is widely considered as the most influential thinker in Germany over the past decade. As a philosopher and sociologist he has mastered and creatively articulated an extraordinary range of specialized literature in the social sciences, <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a> and the history of ideas in the development of a comprehensive and provocative <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> of knowledge and human interests. His roots are in the tradition of German thought from <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> to <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>, and he has been associated with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurt_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfurt School (page does not exist)">Frankfurt School</a> of critical theorists which pioneered in the study of the relationship of the ideas of Marx and <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Mezirow" class="extiw" title="w:Jack Mezirow">Jack Mezirow</a> (1981). "A critical theory of adult learning and education". in: <i>Adult Education</i>. Vol 32, nr. 1, p. 3</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In Europe, you do philosophy by performing discourse on another guy's text, and so <a href="/wiki/Derrida" class="mw-redirect" title="Derrida">Derrida</a> will go over <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a>, and Habermas will extend <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>'s corpus; but in America you could never get away with kinky stuff like that, for you have to generate philosophy from real things—like computers or television. You need to look at Omni magazine to get a feel for this new kind of mail-order, Popular Mechanics science of mind. It's full of articles about meditation helmets and downloading the soul into computers so that when your body wears out you can live forever. What is completely missing in Europe is precisely what you will find in America: namely, an electronic Umwelt in which history is replaced with movies, education is replaced with entertainment, and nature is replaced with technology. This peculiar wedding of low kitsch and <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High tech (page does not exist)">high tech</a> generates a posthistoric world that no European literary intellectual can quite fathom. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Irwin_Thompson" title="William Irwin Thompson">William Irwin Thompson</a> (1991) <i>Fast Foreword</i>, from <i>The American Replacement of Nature</i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Critical systems thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Midgley" title="Gerald Midgley">Gerald Midgley</a> identify three waves of <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a> over the last 50 years or so. Early systems theorists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bertalanffy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertalanffy">Bertalanffy</a>) described systems in physical terms, resorting to metaphors from electronic computation or <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. This 'hard systems' tradition still has its advocates and practitioners... Subsequently the limits of the physical metaphor... were reached, and the secondwave of systems thinking developed. This 'soft systems thinking' employed social metaphors to develop appropriate systems approaches for human systems. The move to a more phenomenological, interpretative understanding of human systems, where meaning is central and is negotiated intersubjectively, parallels the new paradigm / crisis of social psychology of the 1970s. The Third wave, or critical systems school, in which Midgley locates himself, has drawn on the critical theory of Habermas, particularly in relation to theories of knowledge and of communicative rationality, and on the work of Foucault and followers on the nature of power. <ul><li>Mark Burton (2003) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.cooptel.net/mark.burton/ReviewMidg.pdf">Review Systemic Intervention: Philosophy, Methodology, and Practice MIDGLEY, G. (2000)</a>" in: <i>Journal of Community and Applied Psychology</i> 2003 13 (4) 330-333</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>*"The strength of a culture depends on its capacity to open itself up to other cultures, to integrate itself into them and to integrate them into it. It doesn't matter how many differences there may be, Habermas pointed out, everyone shares some principles. No culture tolerates the exploitation of human beings. No religion permits the murder of innocent people. No civilisation accepts violence or terror." <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a> (2005)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>No single mind can stand, as such, for an outlook. Now laden with as many European prizes as the ribbons of a Brezhnevite general, Habermas is no doubt in part the victim of his own eminence: enclosed, like Rawls before him, in a mental world populated overwhelmingly by admirers and followers, decreasingly able to engage with positions more than a few millimetres away from his own. Often hailed as a contemporary successor to Kant, he risks becoming a modern Leibniz, constructing with imperturbable euphemisms a theodicy in which even the evils of financial deregulation contribute to the blessings of cosmopolitan awakening, while the West sweeps the path of democracy and human rights towards an ultimate Eden of pan-human legitimacy. To that extent Habermas represents a special case, in both his distinction and the corruption of it. But the habit of talking of Europe as a cynosure for the world, without showing much knowledge of the actual cultural or political life within it, has not gone away, and is unlikely to yield just to the tribulations of the common currency. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a>, "After the Event", <i>New Left Review</i> 73, January-February 2012</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Jürgen Habermas currently ranks as one of the most influential philosophers in the world. Bridging continental and Anglo-American traditions of thought, he has engaged in debates with thinkers as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brandom" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Brandom">Brandom</a>. His extensive written work addresses topics stretching from social-political theory to aesthetics, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> to philosophy of religion, and his ideas have significantly influenced not only philosophy but also political-legal thought, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, argumentation theory and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, developmental psychology and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. Moreover, he has figured prominently in Germany as a public intellectual, commenting on controversial issues of the day in German newspapers such as <i>Die Zeit</i>. <ul><li>James Bohman and William Rehg (2011) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/habermas/">Jürgen Habermas</a>", in: <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Winter 2011 Edition, Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4" align="center" colspan="3"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_and_political_philosophers" class="extiw" title="w:List of social and political philosophers">Social and political philosophers</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" class="extiw" title="w:Ancient philosophy">Classic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> • <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xun_Zi" title="Xun Zi">Xun Zi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Jouvenel" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel">de Jouvenel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Weaver" title="Richard Weaver">Weaver</a> • <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Erasmus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_Sumner_Maine" title="Henry James Sumner Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a> • <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a> • <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anne_Louise_Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Anne Louise Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religious</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamid_al-Ghazali" title="Abu Hamid al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> • <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> • <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Saraswati" title="Dayanand Saraswati">Dayananda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a> • <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a> • <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a> • <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Pizan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Aflaq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a> • <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> • <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a> • <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Habermas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> • <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a> • <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article about: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/habermas/">Jürgen Habermas</a> in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/critical-theory/">Critical Theory</a> in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Jürgen_Habermas&oldid=3229540">https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Jürgen_Habermas&oldid=3229540</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critical_theory" title="Category:Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_from_Germany" title="Category:Philosophers from Germany">Philosophers from Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1929_births" title="Category:1929 births">1929 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociologists" title="Category:Sociologists">Sociologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_scientists" title="Category:Systems scientists">Systems scientists</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 21:09.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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