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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1583"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1583</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1583-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1584" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1584"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>1584</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1584-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1585" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1585"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>1585</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1585-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1586" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1586"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>1586</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1586-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1587" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1587"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>1587</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1587-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Map_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Map_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Map gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Map_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Eighty Years' War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eighty Years' War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eighty Years' War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eighty_Years&#039;_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War"><span class="wrap">Eighty Years' War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="List of battles of the Eighty Years' War">List of battles</a><br /></dt></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1566%E2%80%931572" title="Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572">1566–1572</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1567)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1567)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattrelos" title="Battle of Wattrelos">Wattrelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lannoy" title="Battle of Lannoy">Lannoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oosterweel" title="Battle of Oosterweel">Oosterweel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dahlen" title="Battle of Dahlen">Dahlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heiligerlee_(1568)" title="Battle of Heiligerlee (1568)">Heiligerlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemmingen" title="Battle of Jemmingen">Jemmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jodoigne" title="Battle of Jodoigne">Jodoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Quesnoy_(1568)" title="Battle of Le Quesnoy (1568)">Le Quesnoy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1572%E2%80%931576" title="Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576">1572–1576</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Brielle" title="Capture of Brielle">Brielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="Spanish Fury at Mechelen">1st Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Goes" title="Relief of Goes">Goes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Naarden" title="Massacre of Naarden">Naarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)" title="Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574)">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem" title="Siege of Haarlem">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_IJsselmeer" title="Battle of IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alkmaar" title="Siege of Alkmaar">Alkmaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573)">1st Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)" title="Battle of Delft (1573)">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)" title="Capture of Valkenburg (1574)">Valkenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mookerheyde" title="Battle of Mookerheyde">Mookerheyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oudewater_(1575)" title="Siege of Oudewater (1575)">Oudewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)" title="Siege of Schoonhoven (1575)">Schoonhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zierikzee" title="Siege of Zierikzee">Zierikzee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flushing" title="Battle of Flushing">Flushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borsele" title="Battle of Borsele">Borsele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer" title="Battle of Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Zuiderzee" title="Battle on the Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)" title="Battle of the Scheldt (1574)">Reimerswaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lillo" title="Battle of Lillo">Lillo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579" title="Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579">1576–1579</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">1st Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam" title="Battle of Rijmenam">Rijmenam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1578)" title="Siege of Deventer (1578)">1st Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout" title="Battle of Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1579–1588</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1579)">1st Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">2nd Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_of_Diest_(1580)" title="Taking of Diest (1580)">Diest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">1st Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum" title="Battle of Kollum">Kollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1581)" title="Capture of Breda (1581)">1st Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Noordhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">Niezijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">Lochem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)" title="Siege of Lier (1582)">1st Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fury" title="French Fury">2nd Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Steenbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)" title="Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)">Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)" title="Capture of Aalst (1584)">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">3rd Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Empel" title="Battle of Empel">Empel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boksum" title="Battle of Boksum">Boksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">1st Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)" title="Siege of Venlo (1586)">1st Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Neuss" title="Destruction of Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)">1st Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">1st Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">1st Sluis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Ponta Delgada</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)" title="Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)">Ten Years, 1588–1598</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">1st Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)">2nd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">2nd Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">2nd Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl" title="Capture of Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">Knodsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">1st Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591-1592)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rouen (1591-1592)">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">2nd Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">1st Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_campaigns#First_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburg campaigns">1st Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">3rd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">2nd Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_campaigns#Second_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburg campaigns">2nd Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">1st Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lier" title="Sack of Lier">2nd Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">2nd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">2nd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)" title="Siege of Meurs (1597)">1st Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">2nd Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">1st Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">1st Lingen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">1st English Channel <b>·</b> Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)" title="Battle of Bayona Islands (1590)">Bayona Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591)">Gulf of Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">1st Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">Azores</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609" title="Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609">1599–1609</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)" title="Siege of Schenckenschans (1599)">1st Schenckenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)" title="Siege of Rees (1599)">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)" title="Siege of San Andreas (1600)">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lekkerbeetje" title="Battle of Lekkerbeetje">Lekkerbeetje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">3rd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">1st 's-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">2nd Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten" title="Mutiny of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">3rd Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1605)" title="Siege of Lingen (1605)">2nd Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1606)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1606) (page does not exist)">4th Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1606)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1606)">3rd Groenlo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluis_(1603)" title="Battle of Sluis (1603)">2nd Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Channel" title="Battle of the Channel">2nd English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1606)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606)">1st Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1607)">1st Gibraltar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a>, 1609–1621</dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aachen_(1614)" title="Siege of Aachen (1614)">Aachen</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Indies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Playa_Honda" title="Battle of Playa Honda">Playa Honda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1621%E2%80%931648" title="Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648">1621–1648</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">2nd Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">3rd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">2nd Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">4th Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">2nd 's-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry%27s_Meuse_campaign" title="Frederick Henry's Meuse campaign">Meuse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">2nd Maastricht</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Venlo_((1632)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Venlo ((1632) (page does not exist)">2nd Venlo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roermond_(1632)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roermond (1632) (page does not exist)">1st Roermond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1633)">5th Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">2nd Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">4th Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">3rd Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Roermond" title="Capture of Roermond">2nd Roermond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kallo" title="Battle of Kallo">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1640)" title="Siege of Hulst (1640)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">4th Hulst</a></li></ul> <p><b>European waters</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">2nd Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_expedition_(1625)" title="Cádiz expedition (1625)">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">3rd English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">2nd Cape St. Vincent</a></li></ul> <p><b>Americas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">1st Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1625)" title="Battle of San Juan (1625)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">Bay of Matanzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon_van_Hoorn%27s_expedition_of_1633" title="Jan Janszoon van Hoorn's expedition of 1633">Trujillo <b>·</b> Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_Unare" title="Expedition to the Unare">1st Unare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">2nd Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Battle of Cabañas">Cabañas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Southern Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Indies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)" title="Siege of Malacca (1641)">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">1st San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">2nd San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_de_Cavite" title="Battle of Puerto de Cavite">Cavite</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War">Aftermath</a> – <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Historiography</a></dt></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The years 1579–1588 constituted a phase of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (c. 1568–1648) between the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> and the United Provinces in revolt after most of them concluded the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> on 23 January 1579, and proceeded to carve the independent <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> out of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>. It followed the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579" title="Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579">1576–1579 period</a>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brussels" title="Union of Brussels">temporary alliance of 16</a> out of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a>' <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands#Burgundian_and_Habsburg_rule" title="States General of the Netherlands">States–General</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Ghent" title="Pacification of Ghent">Pacification of Ghent</a> (8 November 1576) as a joint Catholic–Protestant rebellion against the Spanish government, but internal conflicts as well as military and diplomatic successes of the Spanish Governors-General <a href="/wiki/Juan_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan of Austria">Don Juan of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a> split them apart, finally leading the <a href="/wiki/Malcontents_(Low_Countries)" title="Malcontents (Low Countries)">Malcontent</a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">County of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a> and city of <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> to sign the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arras" title="Union of Arras">Union of Arras</a> on 6 January 1579, reverting to Catholicism and loyalty to the Spanish crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;124_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;124-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200916_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, most of the remaining rebel provinces and cities would forge or later accede to the Union of Utrecht,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200916–17_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200916–17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a closer military alliance treaty that would go on to become the most important <a href="/wiki/Basic_law" title="Basic law">fundamental law</a> of the United Provinces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200910–11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200910–11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who on 26 July 1581 proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a>, a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the nascent polity was struggling to find a new sovereign head of state, including <a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis of Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William "the Silent" of Orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert of Leicester</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before giving up and deciding to become a republic by passing the <i>Deduction of Vrancken</i> on 12 April 1588,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200921_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200921-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Duke of Parma continued his successful military and diplomatic offensive, bringing ever more provinces and cities in the southern, eastern and northeastern parts of the Netherlands back into royalist hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parma's reconquests more or less stalled after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Fall of Antwerp</a> (1585),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally came to an end with the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> (July–August 1588) and Philip II ordered him to intervene in the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (September 1589) to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_Henry_IV_of_France" title="Succession of Henry IV of France">Succession of Henry IV</a> and France becoming a Protestant kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments gave rise to a new phase,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)" title="Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)">Ten Years (1588–1598)</a>, that saw significant conquests by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Army" title="Dutch States Army">Dutch States Army</a> under the leadership of stadtholders <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Louis,_Count_of_Nassau-Dillenburg" title="William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg">William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg</a>, and the Dutch Republic's rise as a commercial great power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem2019142–143_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem2019142–143-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelderblom200077–78_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelderblom200077–78-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Historiography of the Eighty Years' War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg/300px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg/450px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg/600px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fdb280; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a>: the rebel United Provinces that <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">declared independence in 1581</a>, and became the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in 1588</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffe680; color:black;"> </span> Spanish-controlled territories 1579</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ffe680;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-left: 1.25em solid #b7a55c;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #ffe680;"> </span></span> Rebel territories reconquered by Parma during 1579–1588</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0ab156; color:black;"> </span> French–Dutch/German language border</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have somewhat differing views on the <a href="/wiki/Periodisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodisation">periodisation</a> of this phase of the Eighty Years' War. Whereas <i><a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a> <a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a></i> (2002) subsumed the 1579–1588 years into its larger "Second period: the rupture (1576–1588)",<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mulder et al. (2008) into their even longer "The North on the way to autonomy, 1573–1588" period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulderDoedensKortlever2008VI,_120–126_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulderDoedensKortlever2008VI,_120–126-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groenveld (2009) regarded 1575/6–1579 as a separate period of 'three years of moderation' in which William of Orange had attempted to establish 'general religious peace', while the Union of Utrecht marked (or coincided with) the beginning of 'a new phase of violence, in which Parma with the help of his troops <i>and</i> with diplomacy returned ever more southern provinces to the obedience of Philip II.'<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, van der Lem (1995) marked 1576 as 'the year of the general Revolt against Spain', and 1579 as 'the year of the separation of the Netherlands into the Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht', describing the intervening 1576–1579 period as one in which 'the middle party' enjoyed 'brief success' through the Pacification of Ghent.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there is general agreement that the phase of the conflict that began in 1579 (or earlier) ended in or around 1588, scholars disagree about the reasons and the exact moment when it concluded. Groenveld (2009) focused on the institutional and political aspects of the <i>Deductie van Vrancken</i> of 12 April 1588, by which the United Provinces formally became the Dutch Republic: a state without monarch at its head, but sovereign Provincial States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In military terms, he described the 1585–1589 years as more of a transitional period marked by a series of three Spanish setbacks (Parma's offensive stalling in 1585, the 1588 destruction of the Spanish Armada, and Philip II's 1589 order to Parma to intervene in France), 'developments which gave the Republic an unexpected breather.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Winkler Prins</i> also ended its 1576–1588 period with the establishment of the Republic, stating: 'In the meantime, the development towards a 'Confederation of States' of seven provinces, each sovereign for itself, the Republic of the United Netherlands, continued. In general, 1588 is taken as its tentative end point.'<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulder et al. (2008) also implied that the emergence of the Republic in 1588 meant the end of their 1573–1588 period, but denied that any formal act or proclamation marked its establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fruin" title="Robert Fruin">Robert Fruin</a>'s 1857 classic study on the 1588–1598 period, which he named the "<a href="/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)" title="Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)">Ten Years</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem2019142–143_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem2019142–143-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentioned the Republic's origins in 1588 only in passing (Chapter IV).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruin189930_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruin189930-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Fruin, the turning point was a military one: the destruction of the Spanish Armada (Chapter II) began the 'adversity which Philip would suffer almost without interruptions from now on, which is to be attributed more to his own mistakes than the cooperation of his enemies. (...) The attack on England, waged recklessly, fell apart, and prevented the submission of the Netherlands.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruin18999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruin18999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van der Lem (1995) regarded the assassination of William of Orange in 1584 as a turning point, arguing that his political and religious ideals died with him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while noting that <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Henri Pirenne</a> downplayed the significance of William's death in view of Parma's seemingly unstoppable military advance.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_and_developments">Events and developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events and developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1579:_Union_of_Arras">1579: Union of Arras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1579: Union of Arras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arras" title="Union of Arras">Union of Arras</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Malcontents_(Low_Countries)" title="Malcontents (Low Countries)">Malcontents (Low Countries)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579" title="Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579">Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579</a></div> <p>On 6 January 1579, the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">counties of Hainaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> signed their own defensive <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arras" title="Union of Arras">Union of Arras</a>, which sought reconciliation with the Spanish government on its own terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;124_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;124-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reconfirmed the Pacification and the Perpetual Edict, in addition to neutrality with Spain. In return, Spain was to refrain basing its foreign troops in the provinces. Once Parma accepted these conditions, the grievances of the conservative Catholics against Spain were satisfied, and they were ready for a separate peace in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1579)" title="Treaty of Arras (1579)">Treaty of Arras</a> on 17 May 1579, in which they renewed their allegiance to Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;206_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;206-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger2007290–291_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger2007290–291-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Hainaut, Artois and Douai were all French-speaking, prompting many a later Dutch historian to attribute their departure from the general union on linguistic differences, and thus a "Walloon affair", <a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Henri Pirenne</a> stated that language played no role in their decision to pursue a separate peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These places were very rural, conservative and dominated by Catholic nobility compared to the provinces of Flanders, Brabant, Holland and Zeeland, which were far more urbanised and dominated by many autonomous cities where <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">burghers</a> had political power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, Hainaut had only one city (<a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>), Artois only three (<a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9thune" title="Béthune">Béthune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the nobility-dominated States of Artois, increasingly concerned about <a href="/wiki/Calvinist_Republic_of_Ghent" title="Calvinist Republic of Ghent">Calvinist violence in Flanders</a> and Brabant, proposed peace to Don Juan on 1 March 1578, followed by the States of Hainaut on 6 March 1578, burghers in Béthune, <a href="/wiki/Aire-sur-la-Lys" title="Aire-sur-la-Lys">Aire</a>, Saint-Omer and Douai immediately protested, with a minority of fanatical Calvinists even briefly seizing power in Arras (just like the Ghent Calvinists had) and raising the <a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Flag" title="Prince's Flag">Prince's Flag</a> to show their political allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Francophone Calvinist rebellion failed because the far more powerful Artesian nobility was able to defeat it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, burghers dominated in the neighbouring French-speaking urbanised <a href="/wiki/Tournaisis" title="Tournaisis">Tournaisis</a>, which did not join the Union of Arras, and remained loyal to the Revolt until the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Tournai_(1581)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Tournai (1581) (page does not exist)">Siege of Tournai (1581)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Doornik_(1581)" class="extiw" title="nl:Beleg van Doornik (1581)">nl</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Tournai_(1581)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Tournai (1581)">fr</a>]</span>, when Parma forced them to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_pp.&nbsp;9–36_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_pp.&nbsp;9–36-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1579:_Union_of_Utrecht">1579: Union of Utrecht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1579: Union of Utrecht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a></div> <p>Meanwhile, William of Orange and the States-General in Antwerp were less than enthusiastic about the Union of Utrecht. They would far prefer a broader based union, still based on the Pacification and the "religious peace", which both the unions of Utrecht and Arras implicitly rejected. However, rapid developments in divergent directions in both north and south made the attempts at maintaining unity moot. In the north the adherents of the Union of Utrecht managed to consolidate their position in the provinces of Friesland and Gelderland by May, though not without a struggle with the conservatives. However, Overijssel remained divided and in Groningen the city and the stadtholder for the States-General, <a href="/wiki/George_van_Lalaing" class="mw-redirect" title="George van Lalaing">Count Rennenberg</a>, kept their distance. By the time of the Treaty of Arras, it was clear that the split had hardened, and William therefore finally conceded defeat and signed the Union of Utrecht on 3 May 1579, while encouraging the Flemish and Brabantian cities in Protestant hands to also join the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995201–202_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995201–202-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1579, the belligerents were at a stalemate, as neither Parma nor Orange had sufficient troops and materiel to field an army capable of conducting a major offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having withdrawn his Spanish and Italian troops as required by the Union of Arras, Parma had replaced his foreign personnel with German or 'native' (Low Countries) soldiers for a total of 93 infantry companies, 57 of which were necessary for garrisoning strategic points.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining 36 companies (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5,400–7,200 men) were available for attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined forces of the rebel States-General were twice as large on paper, with Orange's war budget of December 1579 listing 96 defensive companies on garrison duty plus 101 companies available for field action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in practice he could field far fewer, as the provinces were customarily hesitant to agree to deploy their troops beyond their own borders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part, this was because irregular payment for out-of-province soldiers was a known systemic problem, which could cause <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> when unpaid soldiers could not feed themselves and resorted to force against civilians, desertion, or defection to the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include 'trouble' caused by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norreys_(died_1603)" title="Edward Norreys (died 1603)">Edward Norreys</a>'s four English companies stationed in the frontier city of Tournai, because the States of Flanders had failed to pay their wages, and the key border outpost of <a href="/wiki/Bouchain" title="Bouchain">Bouchain</a> fell to Parma's troops in September 1580 in part because the Union of Utrecht had 'too much to do' within its own borders to send any money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008144-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1580">1580</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1580"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_vergeefse_belegering_van_Steenwijk_door_Graaf_van_Rennenberg_(Lalaing)_in_1580-81_(Jan_Luyken).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/De_vergeefse_belegering_van_Steenwijk_door_Graaf_van_Rennenberg_%28Lalaing%29_in_1580-81_%28Jan_Luyken%29.jpg/220px-De_vergeefse_belegering_van_Steenwijk_door_Graaf_van_Rennenberg_%28Lalaing%29_in_1580-81_%28Jan_Luyken%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/De_vergeefse_belegering_van_Steenwijk_door_Graaf_van_Rennenberg_%28Lalaing%29_in_1580-81_%28Jan_Luyken%29.jpg/330px-De_vergeefse_belegering_van_Steenwijk_door_Graaf_van_Rennenberg_%28Lalaing%29_in_1580-81_%28Jan_Luyken%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/De_vergeefse_belegering_van_Steenwijk_door_Graaf_van_Rennenberg_%28Lalaing%29_in_1580-81_%28Jan_Luyken%29.jpg/440px-De_vergeefse_belegering_van_Steenwijk_door_Graaf_van_Rennenberg_%28Lalaing%29_in_1580-81_%28Jan_Luyken%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">Siege of Steenwijk</a> in 1580–81 by Count Rennenberg</figcaption></figure> <p>At this time, on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Rudolph II</a> a final<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Why final? What about the 1606–1609 Truce talks etc.? (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> attempt was made to attain a general peace between Philip and the States-General in the German city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. As both sides insisted on mutually exclusive demands, these peace talks only served to make the irreconcilability of both parties obvious; there appeared to be no more room for the people who favoured the middle ground, like Count Rennenberg. Rennenberg, a Catholic, now made up his mind to go over to Spain. In March 1580, he called for the provinces in his remit to rise against the "tyranny" of Holland and the Protestants. However, this only served to unleash an anti-Catholic backlash in Friesland and Overijssel. The States of Overijssel were finally convinced to adhere to the Union of Utrecht. Nevertheless, Rennenberg's "treason" posed a severe strategic threat to the Union, especially after Parma sent him reinforcements in June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;305_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;305-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He managed to capture most of Groningen, <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a> and Overijssel in the next few months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995205–208_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995205–208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, William of Orange had been declared an <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a> by Philip II in March 1580.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELimm198953,_55_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELimm198953,_55-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory under nominal States-General control was steadily shrinking in other parts as well, as Parma made steady progress. After taking Maastricht in June 1579, he seized <a href="/wiki/Kortrijk" title="Kortrijk">Kortrijk</a> in February 1580, after a four-month siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;277_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;277-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995208_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995208-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The States-General replied by recapturing Mechelen in April after which the victorious English mercenaries sacked the town in what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">English Fury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;278_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;278-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995208_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995208-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William of Orange by now was convinced that the only way to avert total defeat was to regain support of the moderates, alienated by Calvinist radicalism; reassure the still-loyal Catholics in the South; and retain the trust of the German Lutheran princes and the king of France. To attain these objectives he now persuaded the States-General to offer sovereignty over the Netherlands to the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">king Henri of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Francis, Duke of Anjou</a>, who in 1578 had already intervened on behalf of the States-General. Anjou was a Catholic, but also a <i><a href="/wiki/Politique" title="Politique">Politique</a></i>, who in 1576 had brought about the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu" title="Edict of Beaulieu">Edict of Beaulieu</a>, which briefly ensured religious peace in France. As such he was acceptable to moderates in both camps. He also would bring the military and financial support of his brother. Brabant and Flanders (but not Holland and Zeeland) supported this scheme and the States-General concluded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Plessis-les-Tours" title="Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours">Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours</a> in September 1580 with Anjou. The latter arrived in Antwerp in January 1581, where he took an oath to in effect govern as a "constitutional monarch", and was acclaimed by the States-General as Protector of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1581">1581</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1581"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_4911-Anno_1581._De_afzwering_van_Filips_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SA_4911-Anno_1581._De_afzwering_van_Filips_II.jpg/220px-SA_4911-Anno_1581._De_afzwering_van_Filips_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SA_4911-Anno_1581._De_afzwering_van_Filips_II.jpg/330px-SA_4911-Anno_1581._De_afzwering_van_Filips_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SA_4911-Anno_1581._De_afzwering_van_Filips_II.jpg/440px-SA_4911-Anno_1581._De_afzwering_van_Filips_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hinderikus_Egenberger" title="Johannes Hinderikus Egenberger">Johannes Hinderikus Egenberger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anjou had accepted on the condition that the Netherlands officially renounce any loyalty to Philip.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The secession of the States-General and the area under their nominal control from the Spanish Crown was formalised by the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Act of Abjuration</a> of 26 July 1581. The main effect of this Act was to force a number of indecisive magistrates in the rebellious provinces to finally declare their true allegiance. Many old-guard regents now resigned and were replaced with people whose loyalty to the anti-Spanish cause was not in doubt. The Act also intensified the propaganda war between both sides, as it took the form of a manifest, setting out the principles of the Revolt, just as William's <i>Apologie</i> in answer to Philip's ban of June 1580, outlawing him, had done. Both documents are redolent of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theories">resistance theories</a> that were also disseminated by the Huguenot <a href="/wiki/Monarchomachs" title="Monarchomachs">Monarchomachs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995209–211_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995209–211-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such they alienated yet another group of moderates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995209–211_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995209–211-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William's attempt to paper over the disunity within the States-General by bringing in Anjou did not succeed. Holland and Zeeland acknowledged him perfunctorily, but mainly ignored him, and of the other members of the Union of Utrecht, Overijssel, Gelderland and Utrecht never even recognised him. In Flanders his authority never amounted to much either, which meant that only Brabant gave him its full support. Under Anjou's nominal direction the split between the north and south was further emphasised. He governed with a Council of State that, though nominally unitary, was in practice divided in two distinct bodies, each responsible for a different theatre of war. Anjou himself concentrated his French troops in the south, leaving Holland and its allies to fend for themselves against Rennenberg (which suited them fine). He proved signally unable to staunch Parma's inexorable advance, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995212_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995212-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anjou's intervention in August 1581 successfully broke up Parma's Siege of Cambrai, but then he disbanded his army and went off to England to court Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (who rejected his marriage proposal); in his absence, Parma besieged and conquered <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> on 31 November 1581.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008146_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008146-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1582">1582</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1582"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intocht_hertog_van_Anjou_in_Antwerpen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Intocht_hertog_van_Anjou_in_Antwerpen.jpg/220px-Intocht_hertog_van_Anjou_in_Antwerpen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Intocht_hertog_van_Anjou_in_Antwerpen.jpg/330px-Intocht_hertog_van_Anjou_in_Antwerpen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Intocht_hertog_van_Anjou_in_Antwerpen.jpg/440px-Intocht_hertog_van_Anjou_in_Antwerpen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>The joyous entry of the <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Duke of Anjou</a> into Antwerp, February 19, 1582, a year before <a href="/wiki/French_Fury" title="French Fury">his attempt to take the city</a> by force.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parma had long been hampered by the provision in the Treaty of Arras which prohibited stationing of Spanish mercenaries (the troops of the best quality) in the provinces that belonged to the Southern union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_pp.&nbsp;44–45_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_pp.&nbsp;44–45-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after his war with the Turks had finally ended, Philip's finances had significantly improved and he had been able to steadily increase the number of troops available to Parma. By October 1582, Parma had an army of 61,000 troops available, mostly of high quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_p.&nbsp;82_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_p.&nbsp;82-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time the Walloon provinces also relented their opposition against taking in Spanish troops. These improvements were soon translated into military successes. In June 1581 Parma had already captured William of Orange's own town of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1581)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Breda (1581)">Breda</a>, thereby driving a wedge into the territory of the States-General in Brabant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_pp.&nbsp;305–306_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_pp.&nbsp;305–306-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1582 he made further advances into Gelderland and Overijssel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995212_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995212-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There the war had been going to and fro between the forces of the Union of Utrecht and the royalists. Rennenberg had died in the Summer of 1581, but was ably replaced by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo" title="Francisco Verdugo">Francisco Verdugo</a>, who defeated the English mercenaries of Sir John Norris (of Rijmenam fame) opposing him in Friesland at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Battle of Noordhorn</a>. He was in turn defeated by Norreys in trying to capture the important fort <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">at Niezijl</a>. Verdugo then pushed south – capturing Lochem would topple Zutphen and <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>. However he was forced to lift his <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">siege of Lochem</a>, but on his way back north captured the fortress city of <a href="/wiki/Steenwijk" title="Steenwijk">Steenwijk</a>, the key to the north-east of the Netherlands, which always had eluded Rennenberg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008168–169_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008168–169-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 March 1582, Juan de Jáuregui attempted to assassinate William. He survived, but suffered severe injuries, which made him unable to campaign for a time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1583">1583</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1583"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steenbergen_1583.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Steenbergen_1583.png/220px-Steenbergen_1583.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Steenbergen_1583.png/330px-Steenbergen_1583.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Steenbergen_1583.png/440px-Steenbergen_1583.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">battle of Steenbergen</a> in 1583</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Anjou had become weary of the restraints placed on his authority by the civilians of the States-General and he attempted to seize power in Flanders and Brabant by way of a military coup. He seized <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and several other Flemish cities, but in Antwerp the citizens (remembering <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">the 1576 sack</a>) came to arms and massacred the French troops in the streets, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Fury" title="French Fury">French Fury</a> of 17 January 1583.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_p.&nbsp;107_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_p.&nbsp;107-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of both Anjou and William of Orange (who was seen as his main promotor) now sank to new lows, especially in Antwerp. Nevertheless, William tried to arrange a reconciliation, but both Anjou and the people of Brabant had had enough, and Anjou left for France in June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995213_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995213-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_p.&nbsp;159_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_p.&nbsp;159-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morale in the cities still held by the States-General in the South sagged. Dunkirk and <a href="/wiki/Nieuwpoort,_Belgium" title="Nieuwpoort, Belgium">Nieuwpoort</a> fell without a shot to Parma, leaving only <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> as a major rebel enclave along the coast. In despair, William now left Brabant for good. He again established his headquarters in the Dutch city of <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a> in July 1583, followed by the States-General in August (the latter eventually settled in nearby The Hague). He had returned to his starting point from 1576. His prestige with the States of Holland and Zeeland had appreciably declined since those halcyon days, however. The States had since greatly increased their self-confidence as a budding government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995213–214_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995213–214-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1584">1584</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1584"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, Parma's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a> made inexorable progress. It captured <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a> in April 1584,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;186–188_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;186–188-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> in May,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;204–213_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;204–213-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ghent in September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;13_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;13-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this desperate situation, William of Orange started to entertain thoughts of finally accepting the title of Count of Holland,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995214–216_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995214–216-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which some of his ardent supporters, notably <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Buys" title="Paulus Buys">Paulus Buys</a>, had first pressed upon him in 1581.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By June 1583, negotiations were still ongoing as Amsterdam and Gouda opposed the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the States of Holland offered Orange the title of Count under restrictive conditions, to which William voiced his preliminary agreement on 12 December 1583.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proceedings were interrupted when the Duke of Anjou died on 10 June 1584;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;236_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;236-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William and the States-General instead agreed to offer the sovereignty to the king of France instead, and immediately sent a delegation to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the French king refused, while William was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_G%C3%A9rard" title="Balthasar Gérard">Balthasar Gérard</a> on 10 July 1584,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;241–242_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;241–242-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing the plan to become moot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995214–216_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995214–216-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assassination for a while put the States of Holland in disarray, which left the initiative to the much diminished States of Flanders and Brabant in the States-General. The latter were by now getting desperate as they controlled only slivers of their provinces (Parma had put <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp under siege</a> on 3 July 1584).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believed that their only succour could come from France. On their behest the States-General therefore started a debate on the merit of once more offering sovereignty to king Henri III of France in September, and over Hooft's and Amsterdam's objections a Dutch embassy was sent to France in February 1585. But the situation in France had deteriorated, the religious strife between <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a> (Protestants) and Catholics increasing, and so Henri did not feel strong enough to defy Philip, prompting him to decline the honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995218–219_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995218–219-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1585">1585</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1585"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hellburners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hellburners.jpg/250px-Hellburners.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hellburners.jpg/375px-Hellburners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Hellburners.jpg/500px-Hellburners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Hellburners against Farnese's pontoon bridge during the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">siege of Antwerp</a>, 1584–1585. Print from <a href="/wiki/Famiano_Strada" title="Famiano Strada">Famiano Strada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the "Calvinist republic" of Antwerp was being brought to heel by Parma. He had cut its supply-line from the north by placing a <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> river downstream from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;35_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;35-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usual starvation tactic now began to take hold on the city of 80,000. Morale declined, also because one of the last Brabant holdout, Brussels, surrendered in March 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;44_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;44-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious assault</a> (during which an attempt was made to blow up the ship-bridge with the use of "<a href="/wiki/Hellburners" title="Hellburners">Hellburners</a>") failed in April,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;57–64_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;57–64-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the city finally <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp_(1584%E2%80%931585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Antwerp (1584–1585)">surrendered</a> in August 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995219_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995219-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;134_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;134-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fall of Antwerp – the largest city in the Low Countries at the time – prompted over half its population to flee to the north. Between 1560 and 1590, the population of Antwerp plummeted from 100,000 inhabitants to 42,000.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well aware of the counter-productivity of Alba's terror tactics, Parma treated the inhabitants leniently, but most Protestants nevertheless migrated to the northern provinces, swelling the stream of often wealthy merchants and skilled labourers that sought refuge there in this period. A side effect of this wholesale migration was that the economic strength of the reconquered provinces steadily declined, while that of the United Provinces, especially Holland and Zeeland, mightily increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995219_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995219-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The States-General in their extremity now turned to the English monarch Elizabeth I with an offer of sovereignty. Elizabeth had been approached as early as 1573 by the States of Holland <a href="/wiki/English_political_intrigue_during_the_Dutch_Revolt" title="English political intrigue during the Dutch Revolt">with a similar offer</a> for the province, but then she declined, as she generally disapproved of rebellion. Now, however, the English government reconsidered in view of the gains Parma was making, which also had the unwanted effect of strengthening Catholic anti-government sentiment in England. Though declining to take up the offer of sovereignty, Elizabeth therefore decided to extend an English <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> over the Netherlands, be it under strict conditions to protect her interests. She offered to send an expeditionary force of 6,350-foot and 1,000 horse, the cost to be shared by the States-General, provided her nominee, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester</a>, would be put in both military and political charge of the country as governor-general. Furthermore, he should govern through a reconstituted Council of State, on which the English government would have two voting members (one of which was the Clerk of the Privy Council, Sir Thomas Wilkes), and she was to be given the fortress ports of <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Flushing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brielle" title="Brielle">Brill</a> as surity for the loans she extended. The States-General agreed to this in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch" title="Treaty of Nonsuch">Treaty of Nonsuch</a> of 20 August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020ev.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;3_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020ev.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first instance in which the rebel state was diplomatically recognised by a foreign government (the treaty with Anjou having been "private").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995219–220_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995219–220-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leicester's intervention in the Netherlands had mixed results. He was to be a rallying point for the forces in the Netherlands that were opposed to the hegemony of the States of Holland. As a protector of the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> in England, he was seen as a natural ally by the "strict" faction of Calvinists in the Netherlands, who had opposed William of Orange's policy of "religious peace", and now were arrayed against the "lax" Dutch regents who favoured an <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erastus" title="Thomas Erastus">Erastian</a> Church order, a bone of contention for many years to come. Those Dutch regents, led by the <a href="/wiki/Land%27s_Advocate_of_Holland" title="Land's Advocate of Holland">Land's Advocate of Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarnevelt" title="Johan van Oldenbarnevelt">Johan van Oldenbarnevelt</a>, opposed Leicester from the start because they identified him as the focus of the opposition in the Netherlands to the power they had acquired during the course of the Revolt. Beside the hard-line Calvinists, that opposition consisted of the Dutch nobility, whose power had declined in favour of that of the despised merchant class that the regents represented, and the factions in the other provinces, such as Utrecht and Friesland, that resented Holland's supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995221–222_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995221–222-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1586">1586</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1586"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_political_intrigue_during_the_Dutch_Revolt" title="English political intrigue during the Dutch Revolt">English political intrigue during the Dutch Revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gysius-Oorsprong-en-voortgang_9076.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gysius-Oorsprong-en-voortgang_9076.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Gysius-Oorsprong-en-voortgang_9076.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gysius-Oorsprong-en-voortgang_9076.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Gysius-Oorsprong-en-voortgang_9076.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gysius-Oorsprong-en-voortgang_9076.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Gysius-Oorsprong-en-voortgang_9076.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="3324" /></a><figcaption>Allegory: a Spanish soldier menaces a Dutch maiden with a dagger against a background of executions and battle, print from Johannes Gysius: <i>Oorspronck ende voortgang der Neder-landtscher beroerten ende ellendicheden</i>, 1616</figcaption></figure> <p>The first conflict arose during the negotiations with Leicester in January 1586 over the exact contents of his commission as governor-general. The Treaty of Nonsuch provided that stadtholders for the individual provinces would henceforth be appointed by the Council of State, so as to give England a say in the matter. Nevertheless, in Friesland and Groningen <a href="/wiki/William_Louis,_Count_of_Nassau-Dillenburg" title="William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg">William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg</a> (nephew of William of Orange), and in Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel <a href="/wiki/Adolf_van_Nieuwenaar" title="Adolf van Nieuwenaar">Adolf van Nieuwenaar</a> had been appointed by the States-General in early 1585, before the treaty. In a show of bad faith the States of Holland and Zeeland had then appointed the second legitimate son of William of Orange, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stadtholder in their provinces just before Leicester arrived. To add insult to injury, the States insisted that all stadtholders derived their authority from the sovereign States of the provinces that appointed them, so Leicester could claim no say in the matter (an argument that would play an important role in future constitutional conflicts). Confronted with this <i>fait accompli</i> he had no choice but to acquiesce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995224_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995224-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leicester also clashed with Holland over matters of policy like the representation of the States of Brabant and Flanders, who by now no longer controlled any significant areas in their provinces, in the States-General. From 1586 on they were barred from taking part in the deliberations over Leicester's objection, though he managed to retain their seats in the Council of State for them. Once the States-General were thus deprived of the membership of the last Southern provinces, Israel (1995) stated that one may in effect start using the name <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> for the new state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995225–226_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995225–226-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holland also opposed Leicester's embargo on "trade with the enemy." Superficially, this made sense from a strategic point of view, and the embargo proved quite effective after Leicester put it in force in April, causing much hardship in the Spanish-controlled territories in the next Winter. However, the embargo also hit the Dutch merchants very hard, as much of the <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> on the Baltic was now diverted to England. The Dutch regents therefore preferred a system of control with licenses that had the added benefit of bringing in much-needed revenue. For the moment Leicester prevailed on this point, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995225–226_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995225–226-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political strains between Leicester and Holland intensified when Calvinist hard-liners, in Utrecht, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Prouninck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard Prouninck (page does not exist)">Gerard Prouninck</a>, seized power in that province in August. This provided Leicester with an anti-Holland power base from which he could make difficulties for the Dutch regents in other provinces, especially Friesland, also. When Leicester temporarily returned to England in December, Holland immediately set to work to recover the lost ground. New regulations were put in force that required every officer in the pay of Holland to accept his commission from the stadtholder, Maurice, who also had to approve all troop movements. Leicester's trade embargo was emasculated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1587">1587</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1587"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, much mutual irritation had arisen between the Dutch populace and the English troops garrisoned in many towns. In January 1587 the English garrisons at Deventer<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020ev.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;117_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020ev.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;117-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Zutphen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020ev.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;118_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020ev.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;118-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were bribed to defect to Spain, followed by those in <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020ev.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;123_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020ev.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;123-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995228–230_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995228–230-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contributed to anti-English sentiment amongst the populace, which helped undermine the pro-English Utrecht faction, that had been agitating for offering sovereignty to Elizabeth once again. When Leicester returned to the Netherlands, he found his friends weakened so much that he concluded that he would have to seize power by force to get the situation under control. After preparations during the Summer, Leicester occupied Gouda, Schoonhoven and a few other cities in September 1587. An attempt to arrest Maurice and Oldenbarnevelt in The Hague failed, however, as did an attempted insurrection of hardline Calvinists in Leiden. When a personal attempt by Leicester to get Amsterdam in his camp also failed, he gave up and returned to England in December 1587. Thus ended the last attempt to keep the Netherlands a "mixed monarchy", under foreign government. The northern provinces now entered a period of more than two centuries of republican government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995228–230_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995228–230-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Map_gallery">Map gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Map gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1579–1588 overview (Spanish)"><img alt="1579–1588 overview (Spanish)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg/92px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg/138px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg/184px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="2022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1579–1588 overview (Spanish)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parma%27s_negen_jaren.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1579–1588 overview (Dutch)"><img alt="1579–1588 overview (Dutch)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Parma%27s_negen_jaren.svg/92px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Parma%27s_negen_jaren.svg/137px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Parma%27s_negen_jaren.svg/183px-Parma%27s_negen_jaren.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1579–1588 overview (Dutch)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarige_oorlog_1577-1578.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1577–1578 (before)"><img alt="1577–1578 (before)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tachtigjarige_oorlog_1577-1578.svg/92px-Tachtigjarige_oorlog_1577-1578.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tachtigjarige_oorlog_1577-1578.svg/137px-Tachtigjarige_oorlog_1577-1578.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tachtigjarige_oorlog_1577-1578.svg/183px-Tachtigjarige_oorlog_1577-1578.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1577–1578 (before)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarige_oorlog-1579.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1579"><img alt="1579" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tachtigjarige_oorlog-1579.svg/92px-Tachtigjarige_oorlog-1579.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tachtigjarige_oorlog-1579.svg/137px-Tachtigjarige_oorlog-1579.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tachtigjarige_oorlog-1579.svg/183px-Tachtigjarige_oorlog-1579.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1579</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1580.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1580"><img alt="1580" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1580.svg/92px-Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1580.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1580.svg/137px-Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1580.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1580.svg/183px-Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1580.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1580</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1581.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1581"><img alt="1581" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1581.svg/92px-Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1581.svg.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1581.svg/137px-Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1581.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1581.svg/183px-Tachtigjarige_Oorlog_1581.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1581</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1582.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1582"><img alt="1582" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1582.png/92px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1582.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1582.png/137px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1582.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1582.png/183px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1582.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1582</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1583.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1583"><img alt="1583" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1583.png/92px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1583.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1583.png/137px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1583.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1583.png/183px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1583.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1583</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1584.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1584"><img alt="1584" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1584.png/92px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1584.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1584.png/137px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1584.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1584.png/183px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1584.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1584</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1585.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1585"><img alt="1585" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1585.png/92px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1585.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1585.png/137px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1585.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1585.png/183px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1585.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1585</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1586-1587.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1586–1587"><img alt="1586–1587" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1586-1587.png/92px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1586-1587.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1586-1587.png/137px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1586-1587.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1586-1587.png/183px-Tachtigjarigeoorlog-1586-1587.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1586–1587</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nederlanden_1588-89.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1588–1589 (after)"><img alt="1588–1589 (after)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nederlanden_1588-89.png/92px-Nederlanden_1588-89.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nederlanden_1588-89.png/137px-Nederlanden_1588-89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nederlanden_1588-89.png/183px-Nederlanden_1588-89.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1588–1589 (after)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'A first radical phase continued until 1575–1576, and found its violent peak in the years after 1572. (...) But in 1575, a phase of moderaton commenced, because moderates on [both] loyal and rebel sides stepped forward, who strove towards a solution through negotiations. (...) An attempted negotiation in Breda failed, however...(...) But in November 1576 (...) the parties in Ghent did reach an agreement.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200914_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200914-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'It was not until later in the year [1579] that [William of Orange] agreed with the Union [of Utrecht] when faced with a lack of alternatives. He was also compelled to do so, because after three years of moderation a new phase of violence, in which Parma with the help of his troops <i>and</i> with diplomacy returned ever more southern provinces to the obedience of Philip II.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The brief success of the middle party. The Pacification of Ghent had been able to hold all provinces together for not even three years. Thereby concluding that it was doomed to fail is easy with hindsight. It would be all too easy to jump from the Pacification of Ghent in 1576 to 1579, the year of the separation of the Netherlands into the Unions of Atrecht and Utrecht.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (...) 'In 1576, the year of the general Revolt against Spain...'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Around 1588, the Revolt's character changed radically. Far-reaching constitutional amendments took place (...) The definitive moment was reached on 12 April 1588, when the officials were released from their oath to Leicester and came under the oath of the new government. The Republic of United Netherlands had emerged: the unexpected result of an unplanned process of station formation.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200921_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200921-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands emerged in 1588. Remarkably, there has never been an official decision, or a proclamation issued. The Republic arose though the course of events and the growing power of the States.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulderDoedensKortlever2008VI,_120–126_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulderDoedensKortlever2008VI,_120–126-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Belgian historian Henri Pirenne qualified the murder of William as a useless crime. After all, in his last years, the prince was unable to cope with the advance of Parma.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem19956._De_geregelde_oorlog_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem19956._De_geregelde_oorlog-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The role of the Archduke Matthias as nominal governor-general had now become superfluous, and he was bought off with a generous annuity in March 1581.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995208–209_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995208–209-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though van Gelderen (2002) maintains that the Dutch versions actually antedate the monarchomach publications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Gelderen2002269–276_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Gelderen2002269–276-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orange's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_William,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Philip William, Prince of Orange">Philip William</a>, the Prince of Orange until his death in 1618, was a prisoner of war in Spain; William of Orange's second son <a href="/wiki/Justinus_van_Nassau" title="Justinus van Nassau">Justinus van Nassau</a>, by his mistress Eva Elincx, was illegitimate.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;124-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;124_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;124_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020b">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b</a>, v. II p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem1995_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Lem1995">van der Lem 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200916-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200916_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroenveld2009">Groenveld 2009</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200916–17-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200916–17_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroenveld2009">Groenveld 2009</a>, p. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200910–11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200910–11_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroenveld2009">Groenveld 2009</a>, p. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918–19_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroenveld2009">Groenveld 2009</a>, p. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200921-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200921_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200921_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroenveld2009">Groenveld 2009</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200922_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroenveld2009">Groenveld 2009</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem2019142–143-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem2019142–143_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem2019142–143_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Lem2019">van der Lem 2019</a>, p. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelderblom200077–78-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelderblom200077–78_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGelderblom2000">Gelderblom 2000</a>, p. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Tachtigjarige Oorlog". <i><a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a> Encyclopedie <a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a></i> (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 1993–2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tachtigjarige+Oorlog&rft.btitle=Encarta+Encyclopedie+Winkler+Prins&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation%2FHet+Spectrum&rft.date=1993%2F2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulderDoedensKortlever2008VI,_120–126-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulderDoedensKortlever2008VI,_120–126_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMulderDoedensKortlever2008VI,_120–126_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMulderDoedensKortlever2008">Mulder, Doedens & Kortlever 2008</a>, p. VI, 120–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200914-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200914_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroenveld2009">Groenveld 2009</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroenveld200918_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroenveld2009">Groenveld 2009</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruin189930-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruin189930_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFruin1899">Fruin 1899</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFruin18999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFruin18999_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFruin1899">Fruin 1899</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem19956._De_geregelde_oorlog-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem19956._De_geregelde_oorlog_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Lem1995">van der Lem 1995</a>, p. 6. De geregelde oorlog.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;206-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;206_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020b">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b</a>, v. II p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger2007290–291-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger2007290–291_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoenigsberger2007">Koenigsberger 2007</a>, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_pp.&nbsp;9–36-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III_pp.&nbsp;9–36_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020c">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c</a>, v. III pp. 9–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995201–202-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995201–202_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008144-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2008144_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy2008">Tracy 2008</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;305-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;305_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020b">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b</a>, v. II p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995205–208-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1995205–208_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsrael1995">Israel 1995</a>, pp. 205–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELimm198953,_55-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELimm198953,_55_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLimm1989">Limm 1989</a>, pp. 53, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II_p.&nbsp;277-31"><span 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-873072-1"><bdi>0-19-873072-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness%2C+and+Fall+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-873072-1&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigsberger2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koenigsberger" title="Helmut Koenigsberger">Koenigsberger, Helmut G.</a> (2007). <i>Monarchies, States Generals and Parliaments. The Netherlands in the fifteenth and sixteenth centurie</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04437-0"><bdi>978-0-521-04437-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchies%2C+States+Generals+and+Parliaments.+The+Netherlands+in+the+fifteenth+and+sixteenth+centurie&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04437-0&rft.aulast=Koenigsberger&rft.aufirst=Helmut+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span> [2001] paperback</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020b" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8687563130" title="Special:BookSources/979-8687563130"><bdi>979-8687563130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+v.+II&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.%2C+inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8687563130&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020c" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020c). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. III</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8687563130" title="Special:BookSources/979-8687563130"><bdi>979-8687563130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+v.+III&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8687563130&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020d). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): The Siege of Antwerp, v. IV</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8689543123" title="Special:BookSources/979-8689543123"><bdi>979-8689543123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+The+Siege+of+Antwerp%2C+v.+IV&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.%2C+inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8689543123&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020e" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020e). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. V</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8689560397" title="Special:BookSources/979-8689560397"><bdi>979-8689560397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+v.+V&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.%2C+inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8689560397&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Lem1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van der Lem, Anton (1995). "Het verhaal van de Opstand. Hoofdstuk 5: De scheiding in de Nederlanden". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918052748/http://dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/verhaal/Pages/verhaal05.aspx"><i>De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648)</i></a> (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/verhaal/Pages/verhaal05.aspx">the original</a> on 18 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Het+verhaal+van+de+Opstand.+Hoofdstuk+5%3A+De+scheiding+in+de+Nederlanden&rft.btitle=De+Opstand+in+de+Nederlanden+%281555%E2%80%931648%29&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Kosmos+%2F+Leiden+University&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=van+der+Lem&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdutchrevolt.leiden.edu%2Fdutch%2Fverhaal%2FPages%2Fverhaal05.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Lem2019" class="citation book cs1">van der Lem, Anton (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4KGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143"><i>Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648</i></a>. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 142–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789140880" title="Special:BookSources/978-1789140880"><bdi>978-1789140880</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+the+Netherlands%3A+The+Eighty+Years+War%2C+1568%E2%80%931648&rft.place=London&rft.pages=142-243&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1789140880&rft.aulast=van+der+Lem&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4KGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimm1989" class="citation book cs1">Limm, Peter (1989). <i>The Dutch Revolt, 1559–1648</i>. London: Longman. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Revolt%2C+1559%E2%80%931648&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Limm&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelderblom2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gelderblom, Oscar (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neIWrD1zn_sC&pg=PA77"><i>Zuid-Nederlandse kooplieden en de opkomst van de Amsterdamse stapelmarkt (1578–1630)</i></a> (in Dutch). Hilversum: Verloren. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9065506207" title="Special:BookSources/978-9065506207"><bdi>978-9065506207</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zuid-Nederlandse+kooplieden+en+de+opkomst+van+de+Amsterdamse+stapelmarkt+%281578%E2%80%931630%29&rft.place=Hilversum&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Verloren&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9065506207&rft.aulast=Gelderblom&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneIWrD1zn_sC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulderDoedensKortlever2008" class="citation book cs1">Mulder, Liek; Doedens, Anne; Kortlever, Yolande (2008). <i>Geschiedenis van Nederland, van prehistorie tot heden</i>. Baarn: HBuitgevers. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9055746262" title="Special:BookSources/978-9055746262"><bdi>978-9055746262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+Nederland%2C+van+prehistorie+tot+heden&rft.place=Baarn&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=HBuitgevers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9055746262&rft.aulast=Mulder&rft.aufirst=Liek&rft.au=Doedens%2C+Anne&rft.au=Kortlever%2C+Yolande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2008" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, J.D. (2008). <i>The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920911-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920911-8"><bdi>978-0-19-920911-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+the+Dutch+Republic%3A+War%2C+Finance%2C+and+Politics+in+Holland+1572%E2%80%931588&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920911-8&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighty+Years%27+War%2C+1579%E2%80%931588" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579–1588&oldid=1242430421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579–1588&oldid=1242430421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Category:Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th_century_in_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Category:16th century in the Dutch Republic">16th century in the Dutch Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1580s_in_Spain" title="Category:1580s in Spain">1580s in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_conflicts" title="Category:16th-century conflicts">16th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Portugal" title="Category:Wars involving Portugal">Wars involving Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Spain" title="Category:Wars involving Spain">Wars involving Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Category:Wars involving the Dutch Republic">Wars involving the Dutch Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Category:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy">Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Wars involving the Netherlands">Wars involving the Netherlands</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use British English from July 2022">Use British English from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 August 2024, at 19:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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