CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rice v. Cayetano - Wikisource, the free online library</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikisourcemwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fdd03a10-a1a6-490f-84f3-ac36105ab716","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rice_v._Cayetano","wgTitle":"Rice v. Cayetano","wgCurRevisionId":12084600,"wgRevisionId":12084600,"wgArticleId":1498552,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"], "wgCategories":["Case missing lower court","United States Supreme Court decisions in Volume 528","2000 works","United States Supreme Court decisions","PD-USGov"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rice_v._Cayetano","wgRelevantArticleId":1498552,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikisource","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"prpProofreadPageBookNamespaces":[0,0,114],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":false,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"]};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Site-styles":"ready","ext.gadget.MoreMenu-local-pagestyles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","ext.wikisource.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.proofreadpage.base":"ready","ext.proofreadpage.article":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","codex-search-styles":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.wikisource.download","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.Easy_LST","ext.gadget.Fill_Index","ext.gadget.IndexFormTools","ext.gadget.Site","ext.gadget.PageNumbers","ext.gadget.MoreMenu-local","ext.gadget.PurgeTab","ext.gadget.interwiki-transclusion","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.checkUser.clientHints"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=codex-search-styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.proofreadpage.article%2Cbase%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikisource.icons%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.MoreMenu-local-pagestyles%2CSite-styles&only=styles&skin=vector"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rice v. Cayetano - Wikisource, the free online library"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Rice_v._Cayetano&action=edit"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikisource.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikisource (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikisource.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikisource Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin-vector-legacy mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rice_v_Cayetano rootpage-Rice_v_Cayetano skin-vector action-view"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-~ext-wikisource-download" class="mw-indicator"><span id='ooui-php-1' class='ext-wikisource-download-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","href":"https:\/\/ws-export.wmcloud.org\/?format=epub&lang=en&page=Rice_v._Cayetano","rel":["nofollow"],"label":"Download","title":"Download an EPUB version of this work","flags":["primary","progressive"],"data":{"wsExportUrl":"https:\/\/ws-export.wmcloud.org"},"classes":["ext-wikisource-download-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Download an EPUB version of this work' tabindex='0' href='https://ws-export.wmcloud.org/?format=epub&lang=en&page=Rice_v._Cayetano' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-iconElement-noIcon oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Download</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span></div> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rice v. Cayetano</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikisource</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="ws-noexport"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14666768">.mw-parser-output .wst-header .wst-header-mainblock{border:1px solid #ACA;background-color:#E6F2E6;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .wst-header .wst-header-notes{border-bottom:1px solid #A0A0A0;background-color:#FAFAFF;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .wst-header .contributor-text{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .wst-header #header-title-text{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wst-header #ws-data{display:none}.mw-parser-output .wst-header #ws-data.ws-data-show{display:block}.mw-parser-output .wst-header .wst-header-missing-params{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;border-top:1px solid #CCC;border-right:1px solid #CCC;border-bottom:1px hidden transparent;border-left:1px solid #CCC;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .wst-header .wst-header-missing-params .error{font-size:90%;font-weight:bold}</style></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14182871">.mw-parser-output .wst-header-mainblock{margin:4px auto 4px auto;padding:0 3px;display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-back,.mw-parser-output .wst-header-forward{display:flex;flex:1 4 100%;min-width:min-content;align-items:center;font-size:.9em}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-nav-empty{visibility:hidden}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-back{justify-content:flex-start;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-central-cell{flex:4 1 100%;max-width:max-content;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-forward{justify-content:flex-end;text-align:right}@media(max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .wst-header-mainblock{flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-central-cell{flex:0 0 100%;order:-2;width:auto}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-back,.mw-parser-output .wst-header-forward{width:auto}}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-notes{display:inline-block;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;empty-cells:hide;font-size:.9em;line-height:1.4;margin:0 auto 4px auto;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .wst-header-left{float:left}</style><div class="ws-header wst-header-structure wst-unknown wst-header ws-header ws-noexport noprint dynlayout-exempt"><div class="wst-header-mainblock wst-unknown-mainblock headertemplate"><div class="wst-header-back searchaux wst-unknown-back wst-header-nav-empty"><div class="wst-header-back-arrow">←</div><div class="wst-header-back-link"></div></div><div class="wst-header-central-cell wst-unknown-central-cell"><span class="wst-header-title wst-unknown-title"><span id="header-title-text">Rice v. Cayetano</span> (<span id="header-year-text">2000</span>)<div class="header-section-text">Rice v. Cayetano</div></span></div><div class="wst-header-forward searchaux wst-unknown-forward"><div class="wst-header-forward-link"><a href="/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano/Opinion_of_the_Court" title="Rice v. Cayetano/Opinion of the Court">/Opinion of the Court</a></div><div class="wst-header-forward-arrow">→</div></div></div><div class="wst-header-notes header_notes searchaux wst-unknown-notes"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14321584">.mw-parser-output .plainSister{display:block;font-size:93%;line-height:normal;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none;list-style-position:outside;border:1px solid #AAA;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5ex 0 0.5ex 0.5ex;padding:0;background:#FFFFFF;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .sisicon,.mw-parser-output .dabicon{padding-right:1ex}</style><ul class="plainSister"><li class="sisitem"><span class="sisicon"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portals" title="Portal:Portals"><img alt="Related Portals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/27px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portals" title="Portal:Portals">related portals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Portal:Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></li></ul></div><div class="ws-noexport" id="ws-data" style="speak:none"><span id="ws-article-id">1498552</span><span id="ws-title">Rice v. Cayetano — Rice v. Cayetano</span><span id="ws-year">2000</span></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="display: table; box-sizing:border-box; font-weight:700; margin:1.5em auto 1.5em auto; max-width:100%;"><p style="text-align:center;">United States Supreme Court</p><p style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports/Volume_528" title="United States Reports/Volume 528">528</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/528_U.S._495" class="mw-redirect" title="528 U.S. 495">495</a></p><p style="text-align:center;"><span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Rice</span>  v.  <span style="text-transform: uppercase;">Cayetano</span></p><p style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; font-weight:normal;">No. 98-818  Argued: October 6, 1999 --- Decided: February 23, 2000</p><div style="display:inline; clear:both;"></div> </div> <div style="box-sizing:border-box; clear:left; float:right; overflow:visible; position:relative;"> <div class="wikitable noprint" id="CaseNavDocs" style="display: table; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px 1px; background: rgb(86, 155, 187); color: black; box-sizing: border-box; border-right: 1px solid rgb(86, 155, 187); border-left: 1px solid rgb(86, 155, 187); margin: 0 auto 0.50em 1.00em; width: auto;"> <div style="display: table-header-group; background-color: rgb(242, 242, 242); color: black;"> <div style="display: table-row;"> <div class="mw-customtoggle-row02 mw-customtoggle-row03 mw-customtoggle-row04 mw-customtoggle-row05 mw-customtoggle-row06 mw-customtoggle-row07 mw-customtoggle-row08 mw-customtoggle-row09 mw-customtoggle-row10" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="action" id="headerLabel" style="display: inline-block; padding: 0.25em 1.50em 0.25em 1.50em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: 900;">Court Documents</span></div> </div> </div> <div style="display: table-row-group; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: black;"> <div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-row02" style="display: table-row;"> <div class="caseHeading" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; padding: 0.25em 1.50em 0.25em 1.50em;"> <div id="heading1"><strong><a href="/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano/Opinion_of_the_Court" title="Rice v. Cayetano/Opinion of the Court">Opinion of the Court</a></strong> </div> </div> </div><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-row03" style="display: table-row;"> <div class="caseHeading" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;"> <dl style="margin-left:0;"> <dt><span id="heading2">Concurring Opinion</span></dt> <dd style="margin-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano/Concurrence_Breyer" title="Rice v. Cayetano/Concurrence Breyer">Breyer</a></dd> </dl> </div> </div><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-row05" style="display: table-row;"> <div class="caseHeading" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;"> <dl style="margin-left:0;"> <dt><span id="heading4">Dissenting Opinions</span></dt> <dd style="margin-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano/Dissent_Stevens" title="Rice v. Cayetano/Dissent Stevens">Stevens</a></dd><dd style="margin-left:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano/Dissent_Ginsburg" title="Rice v. Cayetano/Dissent Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></dd> </dl> </div> </div><div class="mw-collapsible" id="mw-customcollapsible-row10" style="display: table-row;"> <div class="caseHeading" style="display: table-cell; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-weight:700;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/17px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/26px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/34px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano" class="extiw" title="w:Rice v. Cayetano">Wikipedia article</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>The Hawaiian Constitution limits the right to vote for nine trustees chosen in a statewide election. The trustees compose the governing authority of a state agency known as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, or OHA. The agency administers programs designed for the benefit of two subclasses of Hawaiian citizenry, "Hawaiians" and "native Hawaiians." State law defines "native Hawaiians" as descendants of not less than one-half part of the races inhabiting the islands before 1778, and "Hawaiians"—a larger class that includes "native Hawaiians"—as descendants of the peoples inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands in 1778. The trustees are chosen in a statewide election in which only "Hawaiians" may vote. Petitioner Rice, a Hawaiian citizen without the requisite ancestry to be a "Hawaiian" under state law, applied to vote in OHA trustee elections. When his application was denied, he sued respondent Governor (hereinafter State), claiming, <i>inter alia,</i> that the voting exclusion was invalid under the <a href="/wiki/Additional_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Amendment_XIV" title="Additional amendments to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Additional_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Amendment_XV" title="Additional amendments to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendments</a>. The Federal District Court granted the State summary judgment. Surveying the history of the islands and their people, it determined that Congress and Hawaii have recognized a guardian–ward relationship with the native Hawaiians, which is analogous to the relationship between the United States and Indian tribes. It examined the voting qualifications with the latitude applied to legislation passed pursuant to Congress' power over Indian affairs, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morton_v._Mancari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morton v. Mancari (page does not exist)"><i>Morton</i> v. <i>Mancari</i></a>, 417 U. S. 535, and found that the electoral scheme was rationally related to the State's responsibility under its <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Admission Act</a> to utilize a part of the proceeds from certain public lands for the native Hawaiians' benefit. The Ninth Circuit affirmed, finding that Hawaii "may rationally conclude that Hawaiians, being the group to whom trust obligations run and to whom OHA trustees owe a duty of loyalty, should be the group to decide who the trustees ought to be." 146 F. 3d 1075, 1079. </p><p><i>Held:</i> Hawaii's denial of Rice's right to vote in OHA trustee elections violates the Fifteenth Amendment. Pp. 511–524. </p><p>(a) The Amendment's purpose and command are set forth in explicit and comprehensive language. The National Government and the States may not deny or abridge the right to vote on account of race. The Amendment reaffirms the equality of races at the most basic level </p><p><span class="pagenum ws-pagenum" id="496" data-page-number="496"><span class="pagenum-inner ws-noexport"></span></span> </p><p>of the democratic process, the exercise of the voting franchise. It protects all persons, not just members of a particular race. Important precedents give instruction in the instant case. The Amendment was quite sufficient to invalidate a grandfather clause that did not mention race but instead used ancestry in an attempt to confine and restrict the voting franchise, <a href="/wiki/Guinn_v._United_States" title="Guinn v. United States"><i>Guinn</i> v. <i>United States,</i></a> 238 U. S. 347, 364–365; and it sufficed to strike down the white primary systems designed to exclude one racial class (at least) from voting, see, <i>e.g.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_v._Adams" title="Terry v. Adams"><i>Terry</i> v. <i>Adams</i></a>, 345 U.S. 461, 469–470. The voting structure in this case is neither subtle nor indirect; it specifically grants the vote to persons of the defined ancestry and to no others. Ancestry can be a proxy for race. It is that proxy here. For centuries Hawaii was isolated from migration. The inhabitants shared common physical characteristics, and by 1778 they had a common culture. The provisions at issue reflect the State's effort to preserve that commonality to the present day. In interpreting the Reconstruction Era civil rights laws this Court has observed that racial discrimination is that which singles out "identifiable classes of persons... solely because of their ancestry or ethnic characteristics." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Francis_College_v._Al-Khazraji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Francis College v. Al-Khazraji (page does not exist)"><i>Saint Francis College</i> v. <i>Al-Khazraji</i></a>, 481 U. S. 604, 613. The very object of the statutory definition here is to treat the early Hawaiians as a distinct people, commanding their own recognition and respect. The history of the State's definition also demonstrates that the State has used ancestry as a racial definition and for a racial purpose. The drafters of the definitions of "Hawaiian" and "native Hawaiian" emphasized the explicit tie to race. The State's additional argument that the restriction is race neutral because it differentiates even among Polynesian people based on the date of an ancestor's residence in Hawaii is undermined by the classification's express racial purpose and its actual effects. The ancestral inquiry in this case implicates the same grave concerns as a classification specifying a particular race by name, for it demeans a person's dignity and worth to be judged by ancestry instead of by his or her own merit and essential qualities. The State's ancestral inquiry is forbidden by the Fifteenth Amendment for the further reason that using racial classifications is corruptive of the whole legal order democratic elections seek to preserve. The law itself may not become the instrument for generating the prejudice and hostility all too often directed against persons whose particular ancestry is disclosed by their ethnic characteristics and cultural traditions. The State's electoral restriction enacts a race-based voting qualification. Pp. 511–517. </p><p>(b) The State's three principal defenses of its voting law are rejected. It argues first that the exclusion of non-Hawaiians from voting is permitted under this Court's cases allowing the differential treatment of Indian tribes. However, even if Congress had the authority, delegated </p><p><span class="pagenum ws-pagenum" id="497" data-page-number="497"><span class="pagenum-inner ws-noexport"></span></span> </p><p>to the State, to treat Hawaiians or native Hawaiians as tribes, Congress may not authorize a State to create a voting scheme of the sort created here. Congress may not authorize a State to establish a voting scheme that limits the electorate for its public officials to a class of tribal Indians to the exclusion of all non-Indian citizens. The elections for OHA trustee are elections of the State, not of a separate quasi sovereign, and they are elections to which the Fifteenth Amendment applies. <i>Morton</i> v. <i>Mancari, supra</i>, distinguished. The State's further contention that the limited voting franchise is sustainable under this Court's cases holding that the one-person, one-vote rule does not pertain to certain special purpose districts such as water or irrigation districts also fails, for compliance with the one-person, one-vote rule of the Fourteenth Amendment does not excuse compliance with the Fifteenth Amendment. Hawaii's final argument that the voting restriction does no more than ensure an alignment of interests between the fiduciaries and the beneficiaries of a trust founders on its own terms, for it is not clear that the voting classification is symmetric with the beneficiaries of the programs OHA administers. While the bulk of the funds appears to be earmarked for the benefit of "native Hawaiians," the State permits both "native Hawaiians" and "Hawaiians" to vote for trustees. The argument fails on more essential grounds; it rests on the demeaning premise that citizens of a particular race are somehow more qualified than others to vote on certain matters. There is no room under the Amendment for the concept that the right to vote in a particular election can be allocated based on race. Pp. 517–524. </p><p>146 F. 3d 1075, reversed. </p><p><span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kennedy, J.</span>, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rehnquist, C. J.</span>, and <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">O'Connor</span>, <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Scalia</span>, and <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Thomas, JJ.</span>, joined. <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Breyer, J.</span>, filed an opinion concurring in the result, in which <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Souter, J.</span>, joined, <i>post,</i> p. 524. <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stevens, J.</span>, filed a dissenting opinion, in which <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ginsburg, J.</span>, joined as to Part II, <i>post,</i> p. 527. <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;">Ginsburg, J.</span>, filed a dissenting opinion, <i>post,</i> p. 547. </p><p><i>Theodore B. Olson</i> argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were <i>Douglas R. Cox</i> and <i>Thomas G. Hungar.</i> </p><p><i>John G. Roberts, Jr.,</i> argued the cause for respondent. </p><p>With him on the brief were <i>Earl I. Anzai,</i> Attorney General of Hawaii, <i>Girard D. Lau, Dorothy Sellers,</i> and <i>Charleen M. Aina,</i> Deputy Attorneys General, and <i>Gregory G. Garre.</i> </p><p><span class="pagenum ws-pagenum" id="498" data-page-number="498"><span class="pagenum-inner ws-noexport"></span></span> </p><p><i>Deputy Solicitor General Kneedler</i> argued the cause for the United States as <i>amicus curiae</i> urging affirmance. With him on the brief were <i>Solicitor General Waxman, Assistant Attorney General Schiffer, Deputy Solicitor General Underwood, Irving L. Gornstein,</i> and <i>Elizabeth Ann Peterson.</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12988171">.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs{font-size:83%;clear:both;line-height:1.25;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs ol.references{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs-ruled{border-top:1px solid black;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs ol.references.uksi{margin-top:0;list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs ol.references.uksi li::marker{font-weight:bold}</style> </p> <div class="prp-pages-output"><div class="reflist wst-smallrefs" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Briefs of <i>amici curiae</i> urging reversal were filed for the Campaign for a Color-Blind America et al. by <i>Richard K. Willard</i> and <i>Shannen W Coffin</i>; and for the Center for Equal Opportunity et al. by <i>Brett M. Kavanaugh, Robert H. Bork,</i> and <i>Roger Clegg.</i><br /><br /> Briefs of <i>amici curiae</i> urging affirmance were filed for the State of California et al. by <i>Bill Lockyer,</i> Attorney General of California, and <i>Thomas F. Gede,</i> Special Assistant Attorney General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective jurisdictions as follows: <i>Bill Pryor</i> of Alabama, <i>John F. Tarantino</i> of Guam, <i>Frankie Sue Del Papa</i> of Nevada, <i>Patricia A. Madrid</i> of New Mexico, <i>Maya B. Kara</i> of the Northern Mariana Islands, <i>W A. Drew Edmondson</i> of Oklahoma, and <i>Hardy Myers</i> of Oregon; for the Alaska Federation of Natives et al. by <i>Jeffrey L. Bleich;</i> for the Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estate Trust by <i>Carter G. Phillips, Virginia A. Seitz,</i> and C. <i>Michael Hare;</i> for the National Congress of American Indians by <i>Kim Jerome Gottschalk</i> and <i>Steven C. Moore;</i> for the State Council of Hawaiian Homestead Associations et al. by <i>Paul Alston, William M. Tam, Lea Hong,</i> and <i>David M. Forman;</i> and for the Office of Hawaiian Affairs et al. by <i>Harry R. Sachse, Reid Peyton Chambers, Arthur Lazarus, Jr., Sherry P. Broder,</i> and <i>Jon M. Van Dyke.</i><br /><br /> Briefs of <i>amici curiae</i>were filed for the Hawai'i Congressional Delegations by <i>Patricia M. Zell, Jennifer M. L. Chock,</i> and <i>Janet Erickson;</i> for the Hou Hawaiians et al. by <i>Walter R. Schoettle;</i> and for the Pacific Legal Foundation by <i>John H. Findley</i> and <i>Sharon L. Browne.</i></span> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14318802">.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer{box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.25em;clear:both;width:auto;page-break-before:always;break-before:page}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child{display:table;border:2px solid #88A;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 0;empty-cells:hide;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto 0 auto;width:100%;background-color:#F7F8FF;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child{display:table-row-group}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div{display:table-cell;padding:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:auto}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(2){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(2)>div{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(2)>div:first-child{display:block;margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(2)>div:nth-child(2){display:table;border-top:1px solid #88A}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(2)>div:nth-child(2)>div{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(2)>div:nth-child(2)>div:first-child{text-align:center;padding:5px 0;width:40px}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(2)>div:nth-child(2)>div:nth-child(2){text-align:left;padding:5px;font-size:92%}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(3){text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .licensetpl{display:none}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer.wst-collapsible-box{clear:both;margin:0.25em 0 0.25em 0;font-size:95%;background-color:#f7f8ff;color:#202122;border:2px solid #88A;text-align:left;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .wst-license-container-title{display:inline-block;padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .wst-license-container-content{background:transparent;color:inherit;margin:0;padding:3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer.warningLicenseContainer>div:first-child{border-color:#b22222;background-color:#ffeeee;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer.warningLicenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:first-child>div:nth-child(2)>div:nth-child(2){border-color:#b22222;color:#202122}</style><div class="licenseContainer licenseBanner dynlayout-exempt"> <div><div><div><div> <p><span class="imageLeft"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/48px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/72px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/96px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span></span> </p> </div><div> <div> <p>This work is in the <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_domain" class="extiw" title="w:public domain">public domain</a></b> in the United States because it is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="w:Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">a work</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="w:Federal government of the United States">United States <i>federal</i> government</a> (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_1/Sections_105_and_106" title="United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Sections 105 and 106">17 U.S.C. 105</a>). </p> </div> </div><div> <p><span class="imageRight"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/48px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/72px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/96px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> </p> </div></div></div></div> <div class="licensetpl"> <p><span class="licensetpl_short">Public domain</span><span class="licensetpl_long">Public domain</span><span class="licensetpl_link_req">false</span><span class="licensetpl_attr_req">false</span> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Rice_v._Cayetano&oldid=12084600">https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Rice_v._Cayetano&oldid=12084600</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000_works" title="Category:2000 works">2000 works</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_decisions" title="Category:United States Supreme Court decisions">United States Supreme Court decisions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:PD-USGov" title="Category:PD-USGov">PD-USGov</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Case_missing_lower_court" title="Category:Case missing lower court">Case missing lower court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_decisions_in_Volume_528" title="Category:United States Supreme Court decisions in Volume 528">United States Supreme Court decisions in Volume 528</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anonuserpage" class="mw-list-item"><span title="The user page for the IP address you are editing as">Not logged in</span></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rice+v.+Cayetano" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rice+v.+Cayetano" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namespaces</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rice_v._Cayetano" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" > <label id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Views</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rice_v._Cayetano"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice_v._Cayetano&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice_v._Cayetano&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" > <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">More</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <h3 >Search</h3> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikisource" aria-label="Search Wikisource" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikisource [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Search the pages for this text" value="Search"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" value="Go"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel" class="vector-legacy-sidebar"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a> </div> <nav id="p-navigation" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label" > <h3 id="p-navigation-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Navigation</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main Page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-scriptorium" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource:Scriptorium"><span>Central discussion</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-subjectindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portals"><span>Subject index</span></a></li><li id="n-categoryauthors" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:Authors_by_alphabetical_order"><span>Authors</span></a></li><li id="n-randomwork" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomRootpage/Main"><span>Random work</span></a></li><li id="n-randomauthor" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomRootpage/Author"><span>Random author</span></a></li><li id="n-randomindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomRootpage/Index"><span>Random transcription</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to find out"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikisource.org&uselang=en" title="Support us"><span>Donate</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-do" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-do emptyPortlet vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-do-label" > <h3 id="p-do-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Display Options</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rice_v._Cayetano" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rice_v._Cayetano" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice_v._Cayetano&oldid=12084600" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice_v._Cayetano&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rice_v._Cayetano&id=12084600&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FRice_v._Cayetano"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FRice_v._Cayetano"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading-label" > <h3 id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Print/export</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li><li id="wikisource-download-epub" class="mw-list-item"><a title="Download an EPUB version of this work" href="https://ws-export.wmcloud.org/?format=epub&lang=en&page=Rice_v._Cayetano"><span>Download EPUB</span></a></li><li id="wikisource-download-mobi" class="mw-list-item"><a title="Download a MOBI version of this work" href="https://ws-export.wmcloud.org/?format=mobi&lang=en&page=Rice_v._Cayetano"><span>Download MOBI</span></a></li><li id="wikisource-download-pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a title="Download a PDF version of this work" href="https://ws-export.wmcloud.org/?format=pdf&lang=en&page=Rice_v._Cayetano"><span>Download PDF</span></a></li><li id="wikisource-download-choose" class="mw-list-item"><a title="Open a form to choose other formats and fonts etc." href="https://ws-export.wmcloud.org/?lang=en&title=Rice_v._Cayetano"><span>Other formats</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" > <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In other projects</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In other languages</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:NewItem?site=enwikisource&page=Rice+v.+Cayetano" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 January 2022, at 11:47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy.</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource:About">About Wikisource</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikisource.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Rice_v._Cayetano&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module \"codex-search-styles\".\n[1.43] Use a CodexModule with codexComponents to set your specific components used: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Codex#Using_a_limited_subset_of_components");mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2fxxf","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.141","walltime":"0.199","ppvisitednodes":{"value":455,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":13829,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":462,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":7,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":8029,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 169.063 1 -total"," 53.09% 89.753 1 Template:Header"," 28.27% 47.790 1 Template:PD-USGov"," 27.22% 46.014 1 Template:License"," 5.46% 9.230 1 Template:Smallrefs"," 4.06% 6.861 1 Template:CaseCaption"," 3.39% 5.724 1 Template:License_scope"," 3.00% 5.066 3 Template:Pagenum"," 2.42% 4.087 1 Template:USSCcase"," 2.03% 3.427 2 Template:Uc"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.078","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1057817,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-l8jwl","timestamp":"20241122192743","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>