CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>View source for Internet Protocol television - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"199e856b-bfdc-4d34-ad7f-2492a41d799a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Internet_Protocol_television","wgTitle":"Internet Protocol television","wgCurRevisionId":1257465618,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":1077225,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Internet_Protocol_television","wgRelevantArticleId":1077225,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user": "ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","mediawiki.ui.button":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mview_IPTV.jpg/1200px-Mview_IPTV.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mview_IPTV.jpg/800px-Mview_IPTV.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mview_IPTV.jpg/640px-Mview_IPTV.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="View source for Internet Protocol television - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Internet_Protocol_television rootpage-Internet_Protocol_television skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Internet+Protocol+television&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Internet+Protocol+television&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Internet+Protocol+television&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Internet+Protocol+television&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Internet Protocol television</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Internet_Protocol_television" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Internet_Protocol_television" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Internet_Protocol_television" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DInternet_Protocol_television%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DInternet_Protocol_television%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177518" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">Internet Protocol television</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext"><div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099782930">.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat h2{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:0;font-size:130%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-submit{list-style:none;display:inline;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:2em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat>div{flex:1 1 400px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238441935">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}</style><table id="mw-protectedpagetext" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/80px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:130%;"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div style="text-align: center;">This page is currently semi-protected so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">registered users</a> can edit it.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="pptext-whywhat"> <div class="pptext-why"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Why_is_the_page_protected?"><span id="Why_is_the_page_protected.3F"></span>Why is the page protected?</h2></div> <ul> <li>While most articles can be edited by anyone, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">semi-protection</a> is sometimes necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalism</a> to popular pages.</li> <li>The reason for protection can be found in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&page=Internet+Protocol+television">protection log</a>. If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pptext-what"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_can_I_do?"><span id="What_can_I_do.3F"></span>What can I do?</h2></div> <ul> <li>If you have a user account, <a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">log in</a> first. If you do not yet have an account, you may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&type=signup&campaign=semiprotectednotice">create one</a>; after <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">4 days and 10 edits</a>, you will be able to edit semi-protected pages.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Talk:Internet_Protocol_television" title="Talk:Internet Protocol television">Discuss this page</a> with others.</li> <li>For move-protected pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">requested moves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">Request that the page's protection level be reduced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Find out more about how to get started editing Wikipedia</a>.</li> <li>If you have noticed an error or have a suggestion for a <b>simple, non-controversial change</b>, you can submit an edit request by clicking the button below and following the instructions. An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established user</a> may then make the change on your behalf. Please check <a href="/wiki/Talk:Internet_Protocol_television" title="Talk:Internet Protocol television">the talk page</a> first in case the issue is already being discussed.</li> <li class="pptext-submit"><div> <p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AInternet_Protocol_television&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Semi-protected+edit+request+on+24+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Internet+Protocol+television"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Submit an edit request</span></a></span> </p> </div></li> <li>If you wrote any text, please save it temporarily to your device until you can edit this page.</li> </ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{short description|Television transmitted over a computer network}} {{redirect|IPTV|Iowa Public Television|Iowa PBS}} {{Multiple issues| {{Update|reason=Requires reliable non-social media sources|date=October 2024}} {{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2024}} {{Cleanup reorganize|date=July 2024}} }} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}} {{Use British English|date=January 2012}} [[File:Mview IPTV.jpg|thumb|An IPTV set-top box connected to a TV set, designed to receive television from a service called Mview]]'''Internet Protocol television''' ('''IPTV'''), also called '''TV over broadband''',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Mark |date=2021-08-22 |title=Sky UK Allegedly Trial Broadband TV Service Without Satellite UPDATE |url=https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2021/08/sky-uk-allegedly-trial-broadband-tv-service-without-satellite.html |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=ISPreview UK |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Andrew |date=November 2005 |title=IPTV the new buzz word in the UK broadband industry |url=https://www.thinkbroadband.com/news/2149-iptv-the-new-buzz-word-in-the-uk-broadband-industry |website=Think Broadband}}</ref> is the service delivery of [[television]] over [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) networks. Usually sold and run by a [[Telephone company|telecom provider]], it consists of broadcast [[live television]] that is [[streamed]] over the Internet ([[multicast]]) — in contrast to delivery through traditional [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial]], [[Satellite television|satellite]], and [[Cable television|cable]] transmission formats — as well as [[video on demand]] services for watching or replaying content ([[unicast]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashok |title=What is IPTV |url=https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-is-iptv/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Engineers Garage |language=en-US}}</ref> IPTV broadcasts started gaining usage during the 2000s alongside the rising use of [[broadband]]-based internet connections.<ref name=":0" /> It is often provided bundled with internet access services by [[ISP]]s to subscribers and runs in a closed network.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moro-Visconti |first1=Roberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiMqEAAAQBAJ&dq=OTT+also+encompasses+a+wave+of+%22skinny%22+television+services&pg=PA310 |title=Startup Valuation: From Strategic Business Planning to Digital Networking |date=17 April 2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783030716080}}</ref> IPTV normally requires the use of a [[set-top box]], which receives the encoded television content in the [[MPEG transport stream]] via [[IP multicast]], and converts the [[Data packet|packets]] to be watched on a TV set or other kind of display.<ref name=":1" /> It is distinct from [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top (OTT)]] services, which are based on a direct one-to-one transmission mechanism. IPTV methods have been standardised by organisations such as [[ETSI]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://docbox.etsi.org/zArchive/TISPAN/Open/Information/NGN_Presentations/IPTV%20Asia%20Dec08/Boswarthick_for_IPTV_Asia_Dec08.pdf | title=Login Page }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-06-26 |title=Japan standardisation for IPTV services |url=https://advanced-television.com/2008/06/26/japan-standardisation-for-iptv-services/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref> IPTV has found success in some regions: for example in Western Europe in 2015, pay IPTV users overtook pay satellite TV users.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-12 |title=IPTV overtakes pay satellite TV in Western Europe |url=https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2016/04/12/iptv-overtakes-pay-satellite-tv-in-western-europe/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Broadband TV News |language=en-GB}}</ref> IPTV is also used for media delivery around corporate and private networks.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} ==Definition== Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams{{clarify|date=February 2018}} over IP networks, [[MPEG transport stream]]s over IP networks and a number of proprietary systems. One official definition approved by the [[International Telecommunication Union]] focus group on IPTV (ITU-T FG IPTV) is: <blockquote>IPTV is defined as multimedia services such as television/video/audio/text/graphics/data delivered over IP-based networks managed to provide the required level of quality of service and experience, security, interactivity and reliability.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/IPTV+Standardization+On+Track+Say+Industry+Experts.aspx |work=ITU-T Newslog |date=27 October 2006 |title=IPTV Standardization on Track Say Industry Experts |access-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916031736/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/IPTV+Standardization+On+Track+Say+Industry+Experts.aspx |archive-date=16 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote> Another definition of IPTV, relating to the telecommunications industry, is the one given by [[Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions]] (ATIS) IPTV Exploratory Group in 2005: <blockquote>IPTV is defined as the secure and reliable delivery to subscribers of entertainment video and related services. These services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand (VOD) and [[Interactive television|Interactive TV (iTV)]]. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video and control signals. In contrast to video over the public Internet, with IPTV deployments, network security and performance are tightly managed to ensure a superior entertainment experience, resulting in a compelling business environment for content providers, advertisers and customers alike.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.atis.org/tops/IEG/ATIS_IPTV_EG_RPT_final.pdf |access-date=17 January 2012 |title=ATIS IPTV Exploratory Group Report and Recommendation to the TOPS Council |date=July 2006 |publisher=Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118031705/http://www.atis.org/tops/IEG/ATIS_IPTV_EG_RPT_final.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote> ==History== Up until the early 1990s, it was not thought possible that a [[television programme]] could be squeezed into the limited [[telecommunication]] [[bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth]] of a [[copper]] [[telephone cable]] to provide a [[video-on-demand]] (VOD) television service of acceptable quality, as the required bandwidth of a [[digital television]] signal was around 200{{nbsp}}[[Mbit/s]], which was 2,000 times greater than the bandwidth of a speech signal over a copper [[telephone wire]]. VOD services were only made possible as a result of two major technological developments: [[Motion compensation|motion-compensated]] [[Discrete cosine transform|DCT]] [[video compression]] and [[asymmetric digital subscriber line]] (ADSL) [[data transmission]].<ref name="Lea">{{cite book |last1=Lea |first1=William |title=Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68 |date=1994 |publisher=[[House of Commons Library]] |url=https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68 |access-date=20 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920082623/https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Motion-compensated DCT algorithms for [[video coding standards]] include the [[H.26x]] formats from 1988 onwards and the [[MPEG]] formats from 1991 onwards.<ref name="Ghanbari">{{cite book |last1=Ghanbari |first1=Mohammed |title=Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding |date=2003 |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |isbn=9780852967102 |pages=1–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref name="Li">{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Jian Ping |title=Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing: Chongqing, China, 29-31 August 2006 |date=2006 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=9789812709998 |page=847 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZiK3zXdK7sC&pg=PA847}}</ref> Motion-compensated DCT video compression significantly reduced the amount of bandwidth required for a television signal, while at the same time ADSL increased the bandwidth of data that could be sent over a copper telephone wire. ADSL increased the bandwidth of a telephone line from around 0.1{{nbsp}}[[Mbit/s]] to 2{{nbsp}}Mbit/s, while DCT compression reduced the required bandwidth of a digital television signal from around 200{{nbsp}}Mbit/s down to about 2{{nbsp}}Mbit/s. The combination of DCT and ADSL technologies made it possible to practically implement VOD services at around 2{{nbsp}}Mbit/s bandwidth in the 1990s.<ref name="Lea"/> The term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of [[Precept Software]] by [[Judith Estrin]] and [[William N. Carrico Jr.|Bill Carrico]]. Precept developed an Internet video product named ''IP/TV''. IP/TV was an [[Mbone]] compatible Windows and Unix-based application that transmitted single and multi-source audio and video traffic, ranging from low to DVD quality, using both [[unicast]] and [[IP multicast]] [[Real-time Transport Protocol]] (RTP) and [[Real time control protocol]] (RTCP). The software was written primarily by Steve Casner, [[Karl Auerbach]], and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/750/acquire.html |publisher=Cisco |title=Summary of Acquisitions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821101009/http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/750/acquire.html |archive-date=21 August 2007}}</ref> Cisco retains the IP/TV trademark. Telecommunications company [[US West]] (later [[Qwest]]) launched an IPTV service called TeleChoice in [[Phoenix, Arizona]] in 1998 using [[VDSL]] technology, becoming the first company in the United States to provide digital television over telephone lines.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gonderinger |first1=Lisa |title=US West quietly leads digital cable market |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53045931/arizona-republic/ |access-date=8 June 2020 |work=The Arizona Republic |issue=20 May 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608194045/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/53045931/arizona-republic/ |archive-date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT |url=https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/Reports/fcc98335.pdf |publisher=Federal Communications Commission |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021044229/https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Cable/Reports/fcc98335.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The service was shut down in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Shea |first1=Dan |title=Qwest finally phasing out Choice TV |url=https://www.fiercevideo.com/cable/qwest-finally-phasing-out-choice-tv |website=FierceVideo |date=10 October 2008 |access-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608194647/https://www.fiercevideo.com/cable/qwest-finally-phasing-out-choice-tv |archive-date=8 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[Internet radio]] company [[AudioNet]] started the first continuous [[live television|live]] [[webcast]]s with content from [[WFAA]]-TV in January 1998 and [[KCTU-LP]] on 10 January 1998.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://wichita.bizjournals.com/wichita/stories/1998/02/16/focus1.html | first=Timothy | last=Hart | title=KCTU-TV earns a place in television, Internet history | date=15 February 1998 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307224214/http://wichita.bizjournals.com/wichita/stories/1998/02/16/focus1.html | archive-date=7 March 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Kingston Communications]], a regional telecommunications operator in the UK, launched Kingston Interactive Television (KIT), an IPTV over [[digital subscriber line]] (DSL) service in September 1999. The operator added additional VOD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, a VOD content provider. Kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VOD over [[ADSL]] as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations and policy on IPTV. In 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/02/27/kingston_iptv/|title=Kingston pulls plug on IPTV service|website=theregister.co.uk|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113031558/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/02/27/kingston_iptv/|archive-date=13 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kitv.co.uk/ KIT Kingston Interactive Television] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905163612/http://www.kitv.co.uk/ |date=5 September 2015 }}. Kitv.co.uk. Retrieved on 12 March 2014.</ref> In 1999, [[NBTel]] (now known as [[Bell Aliant]]) was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2000/01/24/53.html |title=NBTel leading the way in North America with Aliant's new interactive information and entertainment television service – VibeVision |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122222013/http://www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2000/01/24/53.html |archive-date=22 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> using the Alcatel 7350 [[DSLAM]] and middleware created by iMagic TV (owned by NBTel's parent company [[Bruncor]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bruncor+launches+ImagicTV-a020767197 |title=Bruncor launches ImagicTV |date=9 June 1998 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022723/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Bruncor+launches+ImagicTV-a020767197 |url-status=dead }}</ref>). The service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in [[New Brunswick]], and later expanded into [[Nova Scotia]] in early 2000<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2001/08/30/6317.html |title=Aliant Telecom Launches New Television Technology in Halifax |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617041001/http://www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2001/08/30/6317.html |archive-date=17 June 2008}}</ref> after the formation of [[Aliant]]. iMagic TV was later sold to [[Alcatel-Lucent|Alcatel]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.itbusiness.ca/news/alcatel-buys-imagic-to-conjure-digital-tv-over-dsl/1852|title=Alcatel Acquires iMagic TV|work=ITBusiness.ca|year=2003|access-date=2018-10-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914082455/http://www.itbusiness.ca/news/alcatel-buys-imagic-to-conjure-digital-tv-over-dsl/1852|archive-date=14 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2002, [[Sasktel]] was the second in Canada to commercially deploy IPTV over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform.<ref name="rlp20080204">{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_April_10/ai_84632001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606140015/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_April_10/ai_84632001|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2013|title=Lucent Technologies Introduces First Commercial IP Video Over DSL Solution, Business Net |access-date=4 February 2008 | work=Business Wire | date=10 April 2002}}</ref> In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer [[high-definition television]] (HDTV) channels over an IPTV service.<ref name="rlp20061017">{{cite web|title=Amino selected for first HD IPTV deployment in USA|url=https://investor.aminocom.com/story-EMQ1314|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827060454/https://investor.aminocom.com/story-EMQ1314|archive-date=27 August 2016|df=dmy-all|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> In 2005, [[Bredbandsbolaget]] launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in [[Sweden]]. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest provider any longer; [[TeliaSonera]], who launched their service later, now has more customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.203998/bredbandsbolaget-rustar-pa-ip-tv |title=Bredbandsbolaget rustar på ip-tv |trans-title=Bredbandsbolaget is mobilizing for IP TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227031108/http://www.idg.se/2.1085/1.203998/bredbandsbolaget-rustar-pa-ip-tv |archive-date=27 February 2009|language=sv}}</ref> In 2007, TPG launched their IPTV service in Australia after a limited beta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TPG IPTV Officially Launched! - TPG |url=https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/archive/760306 |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Whirlpool.net.au |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-13 |title=TPG - IPTV |url=https://www.tpg.com.au/iptv/index.php |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703020725/http://www.tpg.com.au/iptv/index.php |archive-date=2007-07-03 |access-date=2023-06-01 }}</ref> By 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://broadband.theage.com.au/Broadband/Providers/|title=Internet Providers - Compare Broadband Deals from 44 Providers - WhistleOut|website=broadband.theage.com.au|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303102927/http://broadband.theage.com.au/Broadband/Providers|archive-date=3 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2008, [[Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited]] (PTCL) launched IPTV under the brand name of [[PTCL Smart TV]] in [[Pakistan]]. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country offering 140 live channels.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} In 2010, [[CenturyLink]] – after acquiring [[Embarq]] (2009) and Qwest (2010) – entered five U.S. markets with an IPTV service called Prism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telecompetitor.com/centurylink-quietly-launches-prism-iptv-product/ |title=CenturyLink Quietly Launches Prism IPTV Product |publisher=Telecompetitor.com |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706231505/http://www.telecompetitor.com/centurylink-quietly-launches-prism-iptv-product/ |archive-date=6 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This was after successful test marketing in Florida. Later in 2010, [[Bell Canada]] (a major division, if not the largest division of [[BCE Inc.|BCE]]) announced it would begin offering residential and business/commercial customers in Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, Ontario IPTV over a number of different modalities, including [[fibre to the home]], [[fibre to the node]] and [[DSL]]. This flavour of IPTV would be packaged with other services and branded as "Bell Fibe," providing Canadian customers with everything from local analogue trunk connectivity ([[Plain old telephone service|POTS]]), to [[DSL]] and [[fibre Internet]] to TV service via IPTV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bell Fibe TV launches in Toronto and Montréal |url=https://www.bce.ca/news-and-media/releases/show/bell-fibe-tv-launches-in-toronto-and-montr-al |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.bce.ca |language=English}}</ref> Bell further announced in the September 13th (2010) press release it would begin deploying fiber optic Ethernet to homes in [[Montreal]] and [[Toronto]]. Bell has since continued to install fiber optic Ethernet to homes (fibre to the home) across [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], Bell Canada's two largest customer territories. Bell was very successful with the deployment of the Bell Fibe product offering. Many customers in Ontario and Quebec switched from legacy ([[Coaxial cable|coaxial]]) [[cable companies]] to Bell's Fibe product because of Bell's marketing around IPTV and their at-home wireless PVR offering. Bell's wireless PVR would permit customers to place a TV anywhere they wanted - as long as they had a power outlet. Bell Fibe TV commercials would show young families watching TV outside on the couch with large 70+ inch LCDs and their Bell Fibe wireless PVR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fibe TV - Home {{!}} Bell Canada |url=https://www.bell.ca/Fibe-TV |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=www.bell.ca |language=en}}</ref> In Brazil, since at least 2012, [[Vivo (telecommunications company)|Vivo]] has been offering the service Vivo TV Fibra in 200+ cities where it has FTTH coverage (4Q 2020 data) . Since at least 2018, Oi has also been offering IPTV under its FTTH service "Oi Fibra". Also, several regional FTTH providers also offer IPTV along with FTTH internet services. In 2016, [[Korean Central Television]] (KCTV) introduced the [[set-top box]] called [[Manbang]], reportedly providing video-on-demand services in [[North Korea]] via quasi-internet protocol television (IPTV). Manbang allows viewers to watch five different TV channels in real-time, and find political information regarding the [[List of leaders of North Korea|Supreme Leader]] and [[Juche]] ideology, and read articles from state-run news organizations. ==Markets== ===Residential=== [[File:IP STB- HC I Series.jpg|thumb|An IPTV set-top box on display from a Taiwanese provider]] The global IPTV market was expected to grow from 28 million subscribers at US$12 billion revenue in 2009 to 83 million and US$38 billion in 2013.{{Update inline|date=November 2019}} Europe and Asia are the leading territories in terms of the overall number of subscribers. But in terms of service revenues, Europe and North America generate a larger share of global revenue, due to very low average revenue per user (ARPU) in China and India, the fastest growing (and ultimately, the biggest markets) is Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.international-television.org/tv_market_data/global-iptv-forecast-2009-2013.html |title=IPTV Global Forecast (2008–2013) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601051235/http://www.international-television.org/tv_market_data/global-iptv-forecast-2009-2013.html |archive-date=1 June 2010 |publisher=International Television Expert Group}}</ref> [[File:Deutsche Telekom Media Receiver 400-5954.jpg|thumb|[[Deutsche Telekom]] Media Receiver 400 set-top box for an IPTV service in Germany]] Services also launched in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Canada]], [[Croatia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Moldova]], [[Montenegro]], [[Morocco]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Orange consacré "Meilleur réseau mobile" au Maroc |url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2018/orange-consacre-meilleur-reseau-mobile-maroc/302109.html |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=[[Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb|Le Matin]] |date=5 October 2018 |language=fr}}</ref> [[North Macedonia]], [[Poland]], [[Mongolia]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhtelecom.ba/portalnovost+M5c30c4559cc.html|title=BH Telecom: BH Telecom - početna|website=www.bhtelecom.ba|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629193910/http://www.bhtelecom.ba/portalnovost+M5c30c4559cc.html|archive-date=29 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the [[Netherlands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpn.com/tv.htm|title=Interactieve TV - Wat is Interactieve TV? - KPN|website=www.kpn.com|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206083324/http://www.kpn.com/tv.htm|archive-date=6 December 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Greece]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Estonia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]],<ref>[http://www.t-home.hu/lakossagi/tv/iptv T-Home.hu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917024737/http://www.t-home.hu/lakossagi/tv/iptv |date=17 September 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.invitv.hu/ InviTV.hu]{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[Iceland]], [[Latvia]], [[Turkey]], [[Colombia]], [[Chile]] and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uzonline.uz/ru/services/internet/#iptv_f|title=UZONLINE - Тарифы на Интернет|website=uzonline.uz|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112172142/http://uzonline.uz/ru/services/internet/#iptv_f|archive-date=12 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom]] launched IPTV early and after a slow initial growth, in February 2009 [[BT Group|BT]] announced that it had reached 398,000 subscribers to its [[BT Vision]] service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iptv-news.com/iptv_news/february_09/bt_vision_passes_398k_subs_in_4q08|title=Media + Networks|website=www.iptv-news.com|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722095603/http://www.iptv-news.com/iptv_news/february_09/bt_vision_passes_398k_subs_in_4q08|archive-date=22 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A free IPTV service by the public broadcasters was launched in 2024 named [[Freely]]. [[Claro (mobile phone network)|Claro]] has launched their own IPTV service called "Claro TV". This service is available in several countries in which they operate, such as [[Dominican Republic]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]]. IPTV is just beginning to grow in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, and now it is growing in South Asian countries such as [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]] [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref>[http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=4685 "Salad days,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503153512/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/?p=4685 |date=3 May 2008 }} Chris Dziadul, ''Broadband TV News,'' 2 May 2008</ref> but significant plans exist in countries such as [[Russia]]. [[Kazakhstan]] introduced<ref>[http://www.iptv-industry.com/ar/23i.htm Delivering IPTV System to Kazakhtelecom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091110000552/http://www.iptv-industry.com/ar/23i.htm |date=10 November 2009 }} Article from the IPTV industrial portal</ref> its own IPTV services by the national provider Kazakhtelecom JSC<ref>[http://www.telecom.kz/index.php?actn=home&uin=1240830886&lang=eng iD TV services for broadband subscribers in Kazakhstan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008005028/http://www.telecom.kz/index.php?actn=home&uin=1240830886&lang=eng |date=8 October 2011 }} Kazakhtelecom JSC – iD TV service for Home users</ref> and content integrator Alacast under the "iD TV" brand in two major cities Astana and Almaty in 2009 and is about to go nationwide starting 2010.{{update after|2010|12|31}} Australian ISP iiNet launched Australia's first IPTV with Fetch TV.<ref>[http://www.iinet.net.au/press/releases/20100818-iinet-age-of-terabyte-arrives.pdf iiNet's Age of Terabyte] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010194736/http://www.iinet.net.au/press/releases/20100818-iinet-age-of-terabyte-arrives.pdf |date=10 October 2010 }} PDF from iiNet press release 18 August 2010</ref> In [[India]], IPTV was launched by [[MTNL]], [[BSNL]] and [[Jio]] in New Delhi, Mumbai and Punjab. [[APSFL]] is another IPTV provider in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. In [[Nepal]], IPTV was first launched by NEW IT VENTURE CORPORATION called [[Net TV Nepal]], the service can be accessed through its app, web app and Set-top boxes provided by local ISPs, another IPTV was started by [[Nepal Telecom]] called WOW Time in 2016 which can be accessed through its app. In [[Sri Lanka]], IPTV was launched by [[Sri Lanka Telecom]] (operated by [[SLT VisionCom]]) in 2008, under the brand name of [[PEO TV]]. This service is available throughout the country. [[Dialog TV]] has been available through the service since 2018. In [[Pakistan]], IPTV was launched by [[PTCL]] in 2008, under the brand name of [[PTCL Smart TV]]. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} In the [[Philippines]], [[PLDT]] offers [[Cignal]] IPTV services as an add-on in certain ADSL and fiber optic plans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pldt.com/news-center/article/2016/05/25/pldt-home-leads-fixed-broadband-market-adds-six-times-more-subscribers-than-competition|title=PLDT HOME leads fixed broadband market, adds six times more subscribers than competition|date=25 May 2016|access-date=17 February 2016|publisher=[[PLDT Incorporated]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529083030/http://www.pldt.com/news-center/article/2016/05/25/pldt-home-leads-fixed-broadband-market-adds-six-times-more-subscribers-than-competition|archive-date=29 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pldthome.com/fibr |title=High Speed Fiber Optic Internet Connection &#124; PLDT HOME |access-date=2017-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126161218/http://pldthome.com/fibr |archive-date=26 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In [[Malaysia]], various companies have attempted to launch IPTV services since 2005. Failed PayTV provider [[MiTV]] attempted to use an IPTV-over-UHF service but the service failed to take off. [[HyppTV]] was supposed to use an IPTV-based system, but not true IPTV as it does not provide a set-top box and requires users to view channels using a computer. True IPTV providers available in the country at the moment are [[Fine TV]] and [[DETV]]. In Q2 2010, Telekom Malaysia launched IPTV services through their [[fibre to the home]] product [[Unifi (internet service provider)|Unifi]] in select areas. In April 2010, [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro]] began testing IPTV services on TIME dotCom Berhad's high-speed [[fibre to the home]] optical fibre network. In December 2010, [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro]] began trials with customers in high-rise condominium buildings around the Mont Kiara area. In April 2011, [[Astro (satellite TV)|Astro]] commercially launched its IPTV services under the tag line "The One and Only Line You'll Ever Need", a triple play offering in conjunction with TIME dotCom Berhad that provides all the Astro programming via IPTV, together with voice telephone services and broadband Internet access all through the same fibre optic connection into the customer's home. In 2020, Astro launched "Plug-and-Play", which uses Unicast technology for streaming TV. In [[Turkey]], [[TTNET]] launched IPTV services under the name IPtivibu in 2010. It was available in pilot areas in the cities of Istanbul, İzmir and Ankara. As of 2011, IPTV service is launched as a large-scale commercial service and widely available across the country under the trademark "Tivibu EV".<ref>[http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25185594/ "Turkey's iptv, Tivibu Ev is on air"] ''ntvmsnbc.com,'' 23 February 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.tivibu.com.tr/ev "Tivibu Ev's Official Homepage"] ''tivibu.com/ev,'' 13 March 2011. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224193159/http://www.tivibu.com.tr/ev |date=24 February 2011 }}</ref> Superonline plans to provide IPTV under the different name "WebTV" in 2011. [[Türk Telekom]] started building the fibre optic substructure for IPTV in late 2007. ===Commercial and corporate=== IPTV has been widely used since around 2002{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} to distribute television and [[audio-visual]] (AV) media around businesses and commercial sites, whether as live TV channels or Video on Demand (VOD). Examples of types of commercial users include airports, schools, offices, hotels, and sports stadiums, to name just a few. [[Hotel television systems]] are the in-suite television content presented in hotel rooms, other hotel environments and in the hospitality industry for in-room entertainment, as well as hospitals, assisted living, senior care and nursing homes. These services may be free for the guest or paid, depending on the service and the individual hotel's or hotel chain's policy. Generally, these services are controlled by using the remote control. ==Architecture== [[File:IPTVnet.png|thumbnail|A simplified network diagram for IPTV]] ===Elements=== An IPTV head-end is a place where live [[TV channel]]s and AV sources are encoded, encrypted, and delivered as IP [[multicast stream]]s. Meanwhile, a [[video on demand]] (VOD) platform stores on-demand video assets and serves them as IP unicast streams when a user requests them. Sometimes, the VOD platform is located within the IPTV head-end. An interactive portal allows users to navigate within the different IPTV services, such as the VOD catalogue. A delivery network is a packet-switched network that carries IP packets, including [[unicast]] and multicast streams. Endpoints refer to user equipment that can request, decode, and deliver IPTV streams for display to the user. This can include computers, mobile devices, and [[set-top box]]es. At a residential IPTV user's home, the home TV gateway is the piece of equipment that terminates the access link from the delivery network. Lastly, the user set-top box is the piece of endpoint equipment that decodes and decrypts TV and VOD streams for display on the TV screen. ===Architecture of a video server network=== Depending on the network architecture of the service provider, there are two main types of video server architecture that can be considered for IPTV deployment: centralised and distributed. The centralised architecture model is a relatively simple and easy-to-manage solution. Because all media content is stored in centralised servers, it does not require a comprehensive content distribution system. Centralised architecture is generally good for a network that provides relatively small VOD service deployment, has adequate core and edge bandwidth or has an efficient [[content delivery network]] (CDN). A distributed architecture has bandwidth usage advantages and inherent system management features that are essential for managing a larger server network. Distributed architecture requires intelligent and sophisticated content distribution technologies to augment effective delivery of multimedia content over the service provider's network.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inwf.com/pubs/print/aroc58_toc.html|title=inwf.com |website=www.inwf.com |access-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222175000/http://www.inwf.com/pubs/print/aroc58_toc.html|archive-date=22 December 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Residential IPTV home networks=== In many cases, the [[residential gateway]] that provides connectivity with the [[Internet access]] network is not located close to the IPTV set-top box. This scenario becomes very common as service providers start to offer service packages with multiple set-top boxes per subscriber. Networking technologies that take advantage of existing [[home wiring]] (such as power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables) or of [[wireless]] hardware have become common solutions for this problem, although fragmentation in the wired home networking market has limited somewhat the growth in this market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartgridtoday.com/public/873.cfm|title=5 stories in 2 minutes|last=SmartGridToday.com|website=www.smartgridtoday.com|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310084013/http://www.smartgridtoday.com/public/873.cfm|archive-date=10 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://homegridforum.typepad.com/homegrid_forum/2008/10/why-do-we-need-a-unified-standard-at-all-1.html HomeGrid Forum Blog – Why do we need a unified standard at all?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622050023/http://homegridforum.typepad.com/homegrid_forum/2008/10/why-do-we-need-a-unified-standard-at-all-1.html |date=22 June 2009 }}</ref> In December 2008, [[ITU-T]] adopted Recommendation [[G.hn]] (also known as [[G.9960]]), which is a next-generation home networking standard that specifies a common PHY/MAC that can operate over any home wiring (power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables).<ref>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Global+Standard+For+Fully+Networked+Home.aspx New global standard for fully networked home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221090736/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/New+Global+Standard+For+Fully+Networked+Home.aspx |date=21 February 2009 }}, ITU-T Press Release</ref> Groups such as the [[Multimedia over Coax Alliance]], [[HomePlug Powerline Alliance]], [[Home Phoneline Networking Alliance]], and Quasar Alliance ([[Plastic Optical Fiber|Plastic Optical Fibre]])<ref>[http://www.quasar-pof.com/ Quasar POF alliance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110053730/http://quasar-pof.com/ |date=10 January 2016 }}</ref> each advocate their own technologies. ===Telecomms IMS architecture=== There is a growing standardisation effort on the use of the 3GPP [[IP Multimedia Subsystem]] (IMS) as an architecture for supporting IPTV services in telecommunications carrier networks. Both ITU-T and ETSI are working on so-called "IMS-based IPTV" standards (see e.g. ETSI TS 182 027<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pda.etsi.org/pda/home.asp?wki_id=CaDXV0CcRxTVYVVcl3FyX|title=Search & Browse Standards|website=pda.etsi.org|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728042738/http://pda.etsi.org/pda/home.asp?wki_id=CaDXV0CcRxTVYVVcl3FyX|archive-date=28 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>). Carriers will be able to offer both voice and IPTV services over the same core infrastructure and the implementation of services combining conventional TV services with telephony features (e.g. caller ID on the TV screen) will become straightforward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~veselin/publications/Sivchenko_ACM07.pdf|title=IMS-based IPTV services – architecture and implementation|website=city.ac.uk|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417235527/http://www.staff.city.ac.uk/~veselin/publications/Sivchenko_ACM07.pdf|archive-date=17 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Protocols== IPTV supports both [[live TV]] as well as stored video-on-demand. Playback requires a device connected to either a fixed or wireless IP network in the form of a standalone [[personal computer]], [[smartphone]], [[Internet tablet|touch screen tablet]], [[game console]], [[connected TV]] or [[Set-top box#IPTV receiver|set-top box]]. Content is compressed by [[Video codec|Video]] and [[audio codec]]s and then encapsulated in [[MPEG transport stream]] or [[Real-time Transport Protocol]] or other packets. IP multicasting allows for live data to be sent to multiple receivers using a single multicast group address. {{Update section|date=December 2020}} In standards-based IPTV systems, the primary underlying protocols used are: * Service-provider-based streaming: ** [[IGMP]] for subscribing to a live multicast stream (TV channel) and for changing from one live multicast stream to another (TV channel change). IP multicast operates within LANs (including VLANs) and across WANs also.{{citation needed|reason=Multicast is not supported on many WANs|date=December 2020}} IP multicast is usually routed in the network core by [[Protocol Independent Multicast]] (PIM), setting up correct distribution of multicast streams (TV channels) from their source all the way to the customers who wants to view them, duplicating received packets as needed. On-demand content uses a negotiated unicast connection. [[Real-time Transport Protocol]] (RTP) over [[User Datagram Protocol]] (UDP) or the lower overhead [[H.222]] transport stream over [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) are generally the preferred methods of encapsulation. * [[World Wide Web|Web]]-based unicast only live and VOD streaming: ** [[Adobe Flash Player]] prefers [[Real Time Messaging Protocol|RTMP]] over TCP with setup and control via either [[Action Message Format|AMF]] or [[XML]] or [[JSON]] transactions. ** Apple iOS uses [[HTTP Live Streaming|HLS]] [[adaptive bitrate streaming]] over [[HTTP]] with setup and control via an embedded [[M3U]] playlist file. ** Microsoft Silverlight uses [[Smooth Streaming|smooth streaming]] ([[adaptive bitrate streaming]]) over HTTP. * Web-based multicast live and unicast VOD streaming: ** The [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) recommends RTP over UDP or [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] transports with setup and control using [[RTSP]] over TCP. * [[Connected TV]]s, [[game console]]s, [[Set-top box#IPTV receiver|set-top boxes]] and [[network personal video recorder]]s: ** Local network content uses [[Universal Plug and Play#AV standards|UPnP AV]] for unicast via HTTP over TCP or for multicast live RTP over UDP. ** Web-based content is provided through either inline Web plug-ins or a television broadcast-based application that uses a [[middleware]] language such as [[MHEG-5]] that triggers an event such as loading an inline Web browser using an [[Adobe Flash Player]] plug-in. Local IPTV, as used by businesses for [[audio visual]] AV distribution on their company networks is typically based on a mixture of: # Conventional TV reception equipment and IPTV encoders # [[TV gateway]]s that receive live [[Digital Video Broadcasting]] (DVB) MPEG transport streams (channels) from terrestrial aerials, satellite dishes, or cable feeds and convert them into IP streams ==Via satellite== Although IPTV and conventional [[satellite TV]] distribution have been seen as complementary technologies, they are likely to be increasingly used together in hybrid IPTV networks. IPTV is largely neutral to the transmission medium, and IP traffic is already routinely carried by satellite for [[Internet backbone]] trunking and corporate [[VSAT]] networks.<ref>Berlocher, Greg and Freyer, Dan. "IP And Satellite: Communications Worlds Merging" ''Via Satellite'' January 2009 p 24–28</ref> The copper twisted pair cabling that forms the [[Last mile (telecommunications)|last mile]] of the telephone and broadband network in many countries is not able to provide a sizeable proportion of the population with an IPTV service that matches even existing terrestrial or satellite digital TV distribution. For a competitive multi-channel TV service, a connection speed of 20&nbsp;Mbit/s is likely to be required, but unavailable to most potential customers.<ref>Taga, Karim. "Hybrid delivery of content for IPTV" ''InterComms'' Issue 11 August 2008 p 13–14</ref> The increasing popularity of high-definition television increases connection speed requirements or limits IPTV service quality and connection eligibility even further. However, satellites are capable of delivering in excess of 100&nbsp;Gbit/s via multi-spot beam technologies, making satellite a clear emerging technology for implementing IPTV networks. Satellite distribution can be included in an IPTV network architecture in several ways. The simplest to implement is an IPTV-[[direct to home]] (DTH) architecture, in which hybrid DVB-broadband [[set-top box]]es in subscriber homes integrate satellite and IP reception to give additional bandwidth with return channel capabilities. In such a system, many live TV channels may be multicast via satellite and supplemented with stored video-on-demand transmission via the broadband connection. [[Arqiva]]’s Satellite Media Solutions Division suggests "IPTV works best in a hybrid format. For example, you would use broadband to receive some content and satellite to receive other, such as live channels".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Holmes |first1=Mark |title=Broadcast 2.0: The Changing Scene In Europe |url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/broadcasting/2008/09/01/broadcast-2-0-the-changing-scene-in-europe/ |magazine=Via Satellite |date=September 2008 |page= |pages=20–25}}</ref> ==Hybrid IPTV== {{Update|section|inaccurate=yes|date=July 2011}} Hybrid IPTV refers to the combination of traditional broadcast TV services and video delivered over either managed IP networks or the public Internet. It is an increasing trend in both the consumer and pay TV markets.<ref>{{cite web |author=19.46 Europe/London |url=http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/10/14/uk-and-france-lead-with-hybrid-iptv-set-tops/ |title=UK and France lead with hybrid IPTV set-tops |publisher=Broadbandtvnews.com |date=14 October 2009 |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728021919/http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2009/10/14/uk-and-france-lead-with-hybrid-iptv-set-tops/ |archive-date=28 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mrgco.com/press_releases.html#hstb09] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402135703/http://www.mrgco.com/press_releases.html#hstb09|date=2 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jviptv.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/hybrid-iptv-stb/ |title=HYBRID Set Top Boxes for IPTV &#124; Digital Media Strategy by Jeff Vinson |publisher=Jviptv.wordpress.com |date=25 June 2009 |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719230819/http://jviptv.wordpress.com/2009/06/25/hybrid-iptv-stb/ |archive-date=19 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The growth of Hybrid IPTV is driven by two major factors. Since the emergence of online video aggregation sites, like [[YouTube]] and [[Vimeo]] in the mid-2000s, traditional [[pay TV]] operators have come under increasing pressure to provide their subscribers with a means of viewing [[Internet]]-based video on their televisions. At the same time, specialist IP-based operators have looked for ways to offer [[Analog television|analogue]] and [[digital terrestrial]] services to their operations, without adding either additional cost or complexity to their transmission operations. [[Bandwidth (computing)|Bandwidth]] is a valuable asset for operators, so many have looked for alternative ways to deliver these new services without investing in additional network infrastructures. A hybrid set-top allows content from a range of sources, including [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial]] broadcast, satellite, and cable, to be brought together with video delivered over the Internet via an Ethernet connection on the device. This enables television viewers to access a greater variety of content on their TV sets, without the need for a separate box for each service. Hybrid IPTV set-top boxes may also enable users to access a range of advanced interactive services, such as VOD, [[catch-up TV]], as well as Internet applications, including [[video telephony]], surveillance, gaming, shopping, [[e-government]] accessed via a [[television set]]. From a [[pay-TV]] operator's perspective, a hybrid IPTV set-top box gives them greater long-term flexibility to deploy new services and applications as and when consumers require, most often without the need to upgrade equipment or for a technician to visit and reconfigure or swap out the device. This reduces the cost of launching new services, increases speed to market and limits disruption for consumers.<ref>[http://www.v-net.tv/Webcast.aspx?id=5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405064453/http://www.v-net.tv/Webcast.aspx?id=5|date=5 April 2010}}</ref> The [[Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV]] (HbbTV) consortium of industry companies the establishment of an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital TV and multimedia applications with a single user interface.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=HbbTV Consortium |date=27 August 2009 |url=http://www.hbbtv.org/news/HBBTV_PR_Final.pdf |title=New European initiative merges television with the power of the Internet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007125549/http://www.hbbtv.org/news/HBBTV_PR_Final.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2009 }}</ref> These trends led to the development of [[Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV]] set-top boxes that included both a [[ATSC tuner|broadcast tuner]] and an Internet connection&nbsp;– usually via an [[Ethernet]] port. The first commercially available hybrid IPTV set-top box was developed by [[Advanced Digital Broadcast]], a developer of digital television hardware and software, in 2005. The platform was developed for Spanish pay TV operator [[Telefonica]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltvnews.net/items/060911adb_spain.htm |title=ADB Delivers World's First Hybrid, Single-Chip, Advanced Video Coding, High Definition IPTV Set-Top Boxes To TELEFÓNICA |publisher=Digitaltvnews.net |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227141252/http://www.digitaltvnews.net/items/060911adb_spain.htm |archive-date=27 February 2012 }}</ref> and used as part of its Movistar TV service, launched to subscribers at the end of 2005. An alternative approach is the IPTV version of the [[Headend in the Sky]] cable TV solution. Here, multiple TV channels are distributed via satellite to the ISP or IPTV provider's [[point of presence]] (POP) for IP-encapsulated distribution to individual subscribers as required by each subscriber. This can provide a huge selection of channels to subscribers without overburdening incoming Internet to the POP, and enables an IPTV service to be offered to small or remote operators outside the reach of terrestrial high-speed WAN connection. An example is a network combining fibre and satellite distribution via an [[SES New Skies]] satellite of 95 channels to Latin America and the Caribbean, operated by IPTV Americas.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=IPTV Americas |date=13 January 2009 |url=http://www.iptv-americas.tv/releaseDB.php?leng=&notID=47 |title=IPTV Americas Launches First IPTV Satellite Distribution Platform for Latin America and The Caribbean via SES NEW SKIES' NSS-806 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016015125/http://www.iptv-americas.tv/releaseDB.php?leng=&notID=47 |archive-date=16 October 2011 }}</ref>{{update inline|reason=[[SES New Skies]] was apparently short lived.|date=October 2021}} ==Advantages== The Internet protocol-based platform offers significant advantages, including the ability to integrate television with other IP-based services like high-speed Internet access and [[VoIP]]. A switched IP network also allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality. In a typical TV or satellite network, using broadcast video technology, all the content constantly flows downstream to each customer, and the customer switches the content at the set-top box. The customer can select from as many choices as the telecomms, cable or satellite company can stuff into the ''pipe'' flowing into the home. A switched IP network works differently. Content remains in the network, and only the content the customer selects is sent into the customer's home. That frees up bandwidth, and the customer's choice is less restricted by the size of the ''pipe'' into the home. ===Interactivity=== An IP-based platform also allows significant opportunities to make the TV viewing experience more interactive and personalised. The provider may, for example, include an interactive programme guide that allows viewers to search for content by title or actor's name, or a [[picture-in-picture]] functionality that allows them to [[channel surf]] without leaving the programme they're watching. Viewers may be able to look up a player's stats while watching a sports game or control the camera angle. They also may be able to access photos or music from their PC on their television, use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favourite show, or even adjust parental controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report, while they're away from home. A feedback channel from the viewer to the provider is required for this interactivity. Terrestrial, satellite, and some cable networks for television do not feature a feedback channel and thus don't allow interactivity. However, interactivity with those networks can be possible by combining TV networks with data networks such as the Internet or a mobile communication network. ===Video on demand=== IPTV technology is used for [[video on demand]] (VOD),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2010/04/06/broadband-users-control-watch/ |title=Broadband Users Control What They Watch and When |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420143608/http://www.tvgenius.net/blog/2010/04/06/broadband-users-control-watch/ |archive-date=20 April 2010 }}</ref> which permits a customer to browse an online programme or film catalogue, to watch trailers and to then select a program. The [[playout]] of the selected item starts nearly instantaneously on the customer's TV or PC. Technically, when the customer selects the program, a point-to-point unicast connection is set up between the customer's decoder (set-top box or PC) and the delivering streaming server. The signalling for the trick mode functionality (pause, slow-motion, wind/rewind etc.) may be communicated using, for instance, RTSP. In an attempt to avoid content piracy, the VOD content is usually encrypted and [[digital rights management]] may be applied. A film that is chosen, for example, may be playable for 24 hours following payment, after which time it becomes unavailable. ===IPTV-based converged services=== Another advantage is the opportunity for integration and convergence. This opportunity is amplified when using IMS-based solutions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Session and Media Signalling for IPTV via IMS|url=http://c-mobile.ptinovacao.pt/files/PaperMobilWare2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625075612/http://c-mobile.ptinovacao.pt/files/PaperMobilWare2008.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 June 2008|website=MobileWare'08|author1=Riede, Christian |author2=Al-Hezmi, Adel |author3=Magedanz, Thomas |location= Innsbruck, Austria|date=12 February 2008 }}</ref> Converged services implies interaction of existing services in a seamless manner to create new value-added services. One example is on-screen [[caller ID]], getting caller ID on a TV, and the ability to handle the call (send it to voice mail, etc.). IP-based services help to provide consumers anytime and anywhere access to content over their televisions, PCs, and mobile device, and to integrate services and content to tie them together. Within businesses and institutions, IPTV eliminates the need to run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored video services. ==Limitations== IPTV is sensitive to packet loss and delays. An IPTV channel has a minimum bandwidth requirement. Some systems are able to adapt to lower available bandwidth by reducing picture quality. Although a few countries have very high-speed broadband-enabled populations,{{efn|[[South Korea]], for instance, has 6 million homes benefiting from a minimum connection speed of 100&nbsp;Mbit/s.}} in other countries legacy networks struggle to provide 3–5&nbsp;Mbit/s<ref>Bulkley, Kate. "IPTV's Eastern Promise" ''Digital TV Europe'' October 2008 p 48</ref>{{Update after|2013|8|13}} and so simultaneous use of IPTV, VOIP and Internet access may not be viable. The last-mile delivery for IPTV usually has a bandwidth restriction that only allows a small number of simultaneous TV channel streams&nbsp;– typically from one to three&nbsp;– to be delivered.<ref>Brown, Peter J. "Super Headends And High Expectations" ''Via Satellite'' April 2006 p 18–30</ref> ===Latency=== The [[network delay]] inherent in the use of [[satellite Internet access]] is often held up as a reason why satellites cannot be successfully used for IPTV. In practice, however, delay is not an important factor for IPTV, since it is a service that does not require real-time transmission, as is the case with telephony or videoconferencing services. It is the delay of response to requests to change channel, display an EPG, etc. that most affects customers’ perceived quality of service. Existing video transmission systems of both analogue and digital formats already introduce known quantifiable delays. Existing [[DVB]] TV channels that [[simulcast]] by both terrestrial and satellite transmissions experience the same 0.25-second delay difference between the two services with no detrimental effect, and it goes unnoticed by viewers. ==Bandwidth requirements== {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2017}} [[File:Figure2a.jpg|thumb|400px|Bandwidth capacity for simultaneously two HDTV streams, two SD streams, additional to HSD and voice]] Digital video is a sequence of digital images, called frames, each made up of [[pixel]]s or picture elements. Three bytes are typically used to represent the colour of the high quality image. Movies use 24 frames per second, North America television uses approximately 30 frames per second where the Europe television frame rate is 25 frames per second. Each digital video has dimensions width and height; SDTV is {{resx|720×480}} pixels, HDTV uses up to {{resx|1920×1080}} pixels. For checking the bandwidth requirements, you need to dimension your IPTV service, such as defining number of SD and HD TV channels, number of planned subscribers, VOD and nPVR concurrency. Based on these, you can calculate required bandwidth on each DSL line, in access network and in core IP network.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Denis |first=Lacković |date=9 March 2020 |title=Network Requirements for IPTV and OTT Service |url=https://www.uniqcast.com/blog/iptv-ott-service-requirements |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208124601/https://www.uniqcast.com/blog/iptv-ott-service-requirements |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Uniqcast}}</ref> ==Privacy implications== Due to limitations in bandwidth, an IPTV channel is delivered to the user one at a time. Changing a channel requires requesting the head-end server to provide a different broadcast stream, much like VOD.{{efn|For VOD, the stream is delivered using unicast whereas IPTV typically uses multicast.}} This could enable the service provider to accurately track each and every programme watched and the duration of watching for each viewer. In conjunction with regulatory differences between IPTV and cable TV, this tracking could pose a threat to privacy according to critics.<ref>[http://www.cedmagazine.com/iptv-privacy-risks.aspx IPTV privacy risks] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172921/http://www.cedmagazine.com/iptv-privacy-risks.aspx |date=5 January 2010 }}</ref> For IP multicast scenarios, since a particular multicast group (TV channel) needs to be requested before it can be viewed, the same privacy concerns apply. ==Vendors== {{update section|date=March 2023}} Some major telecoms vendors are active in this space, notably [[Accenture]] (Accenture Video Solution), [[Alcatel-Lucent]] (sometimes working with Movistar TV), [[Ericsson]] (notably since acquiring [[Tandberg Television]]), [[Huawei]], [[NEC]], [[PTCL Smart TV]], [[Sri Lanka Telecom]], [[Thomson SA|Thomson]], and [[ZTE]], as are some IT houses, led by [[Microsoft]]. Miami-based AlphaOTT, Tokyo-based The New Media Group, Malaysian-based [[Select-TV]], Oslo/Norway-based SnapTV, and California-based [[UTStarcom]], Inc. also offer end-to-end networking infrastructure for IPTV-based services, and Hong Kong-based BNS Ltd. provides turnkey open platform IPTV technology solutions. Others include [[Movistar TV]] and [[PCCW]]. [[Google Fiber]] offers an IPTV service in various US cities which includes up to 1 Gigabit-speed internet and over 290 channels depending on package via the fibre optic network being built out in Kansas City Kansas and Kansas City Missouri. Many of these IPTV solution vendors participated in the biennial Multiservice Switching Forum Interoperability 2008 (GMI) event which was coordinated by the [[MultiService Forum]] (MSF) at five sites worldwide from 20 to 31 October 2008. Test equipment vendors including Netrounds, [[Codenomicon]], [[Empirix]], Ixia, [[Mu Dynamics]], and [[Spirent]] joined solution vendors such as the companies listed above in one of the largest IPTV proving grounds ever deployed. ==Service bundling== For residential users, IPTV is often provided in conjunction with VOD and may be bundled with [[Internet service]]s such as Internet access and [[voice over Internet Protocol]] (VoIP) telecommunications services. Commercial bundling of IPTV, VoIP and Internet access is sometimes referred to in marketing as ''[[triple play (telecommunications)|triple play]]'' service. When these three are offered with cellular service, the combined service may be referred to as ''[[quadruple play]]''. ==Regulation== Historically, cable TV operators have been regulated differently from telecommunication operators. As IPTV allows TV and VOD to be transmitted over the [[Internet]], new regulatory issues arise.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/ericsson_business_review/pdf/308/308_38_41_reshaping.pdf |title= Ericsson report on need for regulation |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081115174848/http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/ericsson_business_review/pdf/308/308_38_41_reshaping.pdf |archive-date= 15 November 2008 |df= dmy-all }}&nbsp;{{small|(217&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> Professor Eli M. Noam highlights in his report "TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?" some of the key challenges with sector-specific regulation that is becoming obsolete due to convergence in this field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/media/noam2008.htm|title=TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?|first=Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|last=(CRTC)|website=www.crtc.gc.ca|date=3 September 2008 |access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213034731/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/media/noam2008.htm|archive-date=13 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Content delivery network]] * [[DVB-IPTV]] * [[Over-the-top media service]] * [[P2PTV]] * [[Sat-IP|SAT&gt;IP]] * [[Software as a service]] * [[Streaming television]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/guides/other/iptv.ars |website=Ars Technica|title= An Introduction to IPTV|author=Anderson, Nate|date=12 March 2006}} {{CATV}} [[Category:Digital television]] [[Category:Internet broadcasting]] [[Category:Internet radio]] [[Category:Streaming television]] [[Category:Video on demand]] [[Category:Television technology]] [[Category:Television terminology]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 1995]] [[Category:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1995]] [[Category:1990s neologisms]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=IPTV&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox_globe" title="Template:Ambox globe">Template:Ambox globe</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox_globe&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox globe">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox_globe_current_red" title="Template:Ambox globe current red">Template:Ambox globe current red</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox_globe_current_red&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox globe current red">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV" title="Template:CATV">Template:CATV</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CATV&action=edit" title="Template:CATV">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CATV_Africa,_Asia,_Middle_East_and_Oceania&action=edit" title="Template:CATV Africa, Asia, Middle East and Oceania">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Canada" title="Template:CATV Canada">Template:CATV Canada</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CATV_Canada&action=edit" title="Template:CATV Canada">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Europe" title="Template:CATV Europe">Template:CATV Europe</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CATV_Europe&action=edit" title="Template:CATV Europe">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean">Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CATV_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean&action=edit" title="Template:CATV Latin America and the Caribbean">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CATV_USA" title="Template:CATV USA">Template:CATV USA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CATV_USA&action=edit" title="Template:CATV USA">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Category_handler" title="Template:Category handler">Template:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Template:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">Template:Citation needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit" title="Template:Citation needed">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Template:Cite journal">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Template:Cite magazine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_magazine&action=edit" title="Template:Cite magazine">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Template:Cite news</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit" title="Template:Cite news">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Template:Cite press release</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_press_release&action=edit" title="Template:Cite press release">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clarify" title="Template:Clarify">Template:Clarify</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Clarify&action=edit" title="Template:Clarify">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleanup_reorganize" title="Template:Cleanup reorganize">Template:Cleanup reorganize</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cleanup_reorganize&action=edit" title="Template:Cleanup reorganize">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleanup_rewrite" title="Template:Cleanup rewrite">Template:Cleanup rewrite</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cleanup_rewrite&action=edit" title="Template:Cleanup rewrite">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">Template:DMCA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DMCA&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">Template:Dated maintenance category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_link" title="Template:Dead link">Template:Dead link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dead_link&action=edit" title="Template:Dead link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delink" title="Template:Delink">Template:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Delink&action=edit" title="Template:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">Template:Efn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit" title="Template:Efn">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME&action=edit" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix" title="Template:Fix">Template:Fix</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix&action=edit" title="Template:Fix">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix-span" title="Template:Fix-span">Template:Fix-span</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix-span&action=edit" title="Template:Fix-span">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix/category" title="Template:Fix/category">Template:Fix/category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix/category&action=edit" title="Template:Fix/category">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:JULIANDAY" title="Template:JULIANDAY">Template:JULIANDAY</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:JULIANDAY&action=edit" title="Template:JULIANDAY">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:MONTHNAME" title="Template:MONTHNAME">Template:MONTHNAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:MONTHNAME&action=edit" title="Template:MONTHNAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:MONTHNUMBER" title="Template:MONTHNUMBER">Template:MONTHNUMBER</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:MONTHNUMBER&action=edit" title="Template:MONTHNUMBER">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_issues" title="Template:Multiple issues">Template:Multiple issues</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multiple_issues&action=edit" title="Template:Multiple issues">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_issues/styles.css" title="Template:Multiple issues/styles.css">Template:Multiple issues/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Multiple_issues/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Multiple issues/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">Template:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox&action=edit" title="Template:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbsp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">Template:Nbsp</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nbsp&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbsp">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_TV" title="Template:North American TV">Template:North American TV</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:North_American_TV&action=edit" title="Template:North American TV">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist" title="Template:Notelist">Template:Notelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Notelist&action=edit" title="Template:Notelist">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">Template:Nowrap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nowrap&action=edit" title="Template:Nowrap">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ns_has_subpages" title="Template:Ns has subpages">Template:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Template:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagetype" title="Template:Pagetype">Template:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Template:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pp">Template:Pp</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pp&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pp">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protection_padlock" title="Template:Protection padlock">Template:Protection padlock</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Protection_padlock&action=edit" title="Template:Protection padlock">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Px2" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Px2">Template:Px2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Px2&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Px2">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Redirect" title="Template:Redirect">Template:Redirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Redirect&action=edit" title="Template:Redirect">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Replace" title="Template:Replace">Template:Replace</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Replace&action=edit" title="Template:Replace">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Resx" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Resx">Template:Resx</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Resx&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Resx">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SDcat" title="Template:SDcat">Template:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SDcat&action=edit" title="Template:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SUBJECTSPACE_formatted" title="Template:SUBJECTSPACE formatted">Template:SUBJECTSPACE formatted</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SUBJECTSPACE_formatted&action=edit" title="Template:SUBJECTSPACE formatted">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Template:Short description</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit" title="Template:Short description">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">Template:Short description/lowercasecheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck&action=edit" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Small" title="Template:Small">Template:Small</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Small&action=edit" title="Template:Small">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaces" title="Template:Spaces">Template:Spaces</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Spaces&action=edit" title="Template:Spaces">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Times" title="Template:Times">Template:Times</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Times&action=edit" title="Template:Times">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Two_pixel_space" title="Template:Two pixel space">Template:Two pixel space</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Two_pixel_space&action=edit" title="Template:Two pixel space">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced" title="Template:Unreferenced">Template:Unreferenced</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Unreferenced&action=edit" title="Template:Unreferenced">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Unreferenced_section" title="Template:Unreferenced section">Template:Unreferenced section</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Unreferenced_section&action=edit" title="Template:Unreferenced section">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Update" title="Template:Update">Template:Update</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Update&action=edit" title="Template:Update">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Update_after" title="Template:Update after">Template:Update after</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Update_after&action=edit" title="Template:Update after">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Update_inline" title="Template:Update inline">Template:Update inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Update_inline&action=edit" title="Template:Update inline">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Update_inline_span" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Update inline span">Template:Update inline span</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Update_inline_span&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Update inline span">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Update_section" title="Template:Update section">Template:Update section</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Update_section&action=edit" title="Template:Update section">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Update_span" title="Template:Update span">Template:Update span</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Update_span&action=edit" title="Template:Update span">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_British_English" title="Template:Use British English">Template:Use British English</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_British_English&action=edit" title="Template:Use British English">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">Template:Use dmy dates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit" title="Template:Use dmy dates">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Webarchive" title="Template:Webarchive">Template:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Template:Webarchive">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zero_width_joiner" title="Template:Zero width joiner">Template:Zero width joiner</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Zero_width_joiner&action=edit" title="Template:Zero width joiner">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler" title="Module:Category handler">Module:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/blacklist" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">Module:Category handler/blacklist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/blacklist&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/config" title="Module:Category handler/config">Module:Category handler/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/config&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/data" title="Module:Category handler/data">Module:Category handler/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/data&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/shared" title="Module:Category handler/shared">Module:Category handler/shared</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/shared&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/shared">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:DecodeEncode" title="Module:DecodeEncode">Module:DecodeEncode</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:DecodeEncode&action=edit" title="Module:DecodeEncode">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Delink" title="Module:Delink">Module:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Delink&action=edit" title="Module:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Disambiguation/templates" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Effective_protection_expiry" title="Module:Effective protection expiry">Module:Effective protection expiry</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Effective_protection_expiry&action=edit" title="Module:Effective protection expiry">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Effective_protection_level" title="Module:Effective protection level">Module:Effective protection level</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Effective_protection_level&action=edit" title="Module:Effective protection level">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:File_link" title="Module:File link">Module:File link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:File_link&action=edit" title="Module:File link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Format_link" title="Module:Format link">Module:Format link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Format_link&action=edit" title="Module:Format link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote" title="Module:Hatnote">Module:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote/styles.css" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">Module:Hatnote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote_list" title="Module:Hatnote list">Module:Hatnote list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote_list&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box" title="Module:Message box">Module:Message box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box&action=edit" title="Module:Message box">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/ambox.css" title="Module:Message box/ambox.css">Module:Message box/ambox.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/ambox.css&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/ambox.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/configuration" title="Module:Message box/configuration">Module:Message box/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">Module:Namespace detect/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/config&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">Module:Namespace detect/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/data&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ns_has_subpages" title="Module:Ns has subpages">Module:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Module:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/disambiguation" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">Module:Pagetype/disambiguation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/disambiguation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/setindex" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">Module:Pagetype/setindex</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/setindex&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Protection_banner" title="Module:Protection banner">Module:Protection banner</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Protection_banner&action=edit" title="Module:Protection banner">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Protection_banner/config" title="Module:Protection banner/config">Module:Protection banner/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Protection_banner/config&action=edit" title="Module:Protection banner/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Redirect_hatnote" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">Module:Redirect hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Redirect_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Redirect hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:SDcat" title="Module:SDcat">Module:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:SDcat&action=edit" title="Module:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String" title="Module:String">Module:String</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String&action=edit" title="Module:String">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Unsubst" title="Module:Unsubst">Module:Unsubst</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst&action=edit" title="Module:Unsubst">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Webarchive" title="Module:Webarchive">Module:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Module:Webarchive">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Webarchive/data" title="Module:Webarchive/data">Module:Webarchive/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Webarchive/data&action=edit" title="Module:Webarchive/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wikitext_Parsing" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">Module:Wikitext Parsing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikitext_Parsing&action=edit" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">Internet Protocol television</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module \"mediawiki.ui.button\".\n[1.41] Please use Codex. See migration guidelines: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI");mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wkmgf","wgBackendResponseTime":578,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.152","walltime":"0.251","ppvisitednodes":{"value":665,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":52836,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7109,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":3560,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 217.568 1 -total"," 52.09% 113.333 1 Template:Protected_page_text/semi"," 51.13% 111.252 1 Template:Protected_page_text"," 46.63% 101.445 1 Template:Fmbox"," 41.76% 90.859 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 30.65% 66.675 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 29.54% 64.273 1 Template:Hidden"," 24.49% 53.285 1 Template:Tlx"," 18.37% 39.970 1 Template:Submit_an_edit_request"," 9.93% 21.606 1 Template:Mbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.068","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1576223,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wkmgf","timestamp":"20241124015757","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>