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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Mastication" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Le_processus_masticatoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_processus_masticatoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Le processus masticatoire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_processus_masticatoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_qualité_de_la_mastication_et_la_santé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_qualité_de_la_mastication_et_la_santé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>La qualité de la mastication et la santé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_qualité_de_la_mastication_et_la_santé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrôle_de_la_mastication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrôle_de_la_mastication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contrôle de la mastication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrôle_de_la_mastication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bruit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mastication_et_addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mastication_et_addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mastication et addiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mastication_et_addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mastication</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 38 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%BA" title="مضغ – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsapa" title="Pagsapa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagsapa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дъвчене – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъвчене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masticaci%C3%B3" title="Masticació – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Masticació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDv%C3%BDk%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Žvýkání – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žvýkání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauen" title="Kauen – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kauen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%8C%DE%A8_%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކާތަކެތި ހެފުން – maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކާތަކެތި ހެފުން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μάσηση – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάσηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing" title="Chewing – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chewing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masticaci%C3%B3n" title="Masticación – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masticación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtxikatze" title="Murtxikatze – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Murtxikatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86" title="جویدن – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جویدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastigaci%C3%B3n" title="Mastigación – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mastigación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="לעיסה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לעיסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3" title="चर्वण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चर्वण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1g%C3%A1s" title="Rágás – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rágás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masticar" title="Masticar – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Masticar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengunyahan" title="Pengunyahan – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengunyahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masticazione" title="Masticazione – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Masticazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%80%E5%9A%BC" title="咀嚼 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="咀嚼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff%E1%BA%93a" title="Tuffẓa – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tuffẓa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%94%B9%EA%B8%B0" title="씹기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="씹기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauwen" title="Kauwen – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kauwen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBucie" title="Żucie – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żucie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Mastigação – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mastigação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Жевание – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жевание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing" title="Chewing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chewing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrtypja" title="Përtypja – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përtypja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Жвакање – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жвакање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%82" title="నమలడం – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నమలడం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C4%9Fneme" title="Çiğneme – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çiğneme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Жування – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="چبانا – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چبانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaynash" title="Chaynash – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chaynash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhai" title="Nhai – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%80%E5%9A%BC" title="咀嚼 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="咀嚼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3%CD%98-chio%CC%8Dk" title="Chó͘-chio̍k – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chó͘-chio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%99%8D" title="噍 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="噍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q827742#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mastication" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Macaca_arctoides.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Macaca_arctoides.png/220px-Macaca_arctoides.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Macaca_arctoides.png/330px-Macaca_arctoides.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Macaca_arctoides.png/440px-Macaca_arctoides.png 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Un <a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">macaque</a> utilisant la mastication pour prédigérer de la matière végétale coriace. Macaques et <a href="/wiki/Babouin" title="Babouin">babouins</a> sont des <a href="/wiki/Animaux_de_laboratoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Animaux de laboratoire">animaux de laboratoire</a> qui ont été utilisés pour l'étude de la mastication<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Beagle_terrier_mix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Beagle_terrier_mix.jpg/220px-Beagle_terrier_mix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Beagle_terrier_mix.jpg/330px-Beagle_terrier_mix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Beagle_terrier_mix.jpg/440px-Beagle_terrier_mix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Chez certains mammifères (félins et canidés notamment) la mastication peut faire partie de comportements de jeu (ou d'apprentissage chez les jeunes)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Shinno,_God_of_medicine,_chewing_medicinal_herb._Wellcome_M0004081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shinno%2C_God_of_medicine%2C_chewing_medicinal_herb._Wellcome_M0004081.jpg/220px-Shinno%2C_God_of_medicine%2C_chewing_medicinal_herb._Wellcome_M0004081.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shinno%2C_God_of_medicine%2C_chewing_medicinal_herb._Wellcome_M0004081.jpg/330px-Shinno%2C_God_of_medicine%2C_chewing_medicinal_herb._Wellcome_M0004081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Shinno%2C_God_of_medicine%2C_chewing_medicinal_herb._Wellcome_M0004081.jpg/440px-Shinno%2C_God_of_medicine%2C_chewing_medicinal_herb._Wellcome_M0004081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="3357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a> japonais représentant Shinno, le dieu de la médecine, mâchant des herbes médicinales</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>mastication</b> est l'action de broyer les <a href="/wiki/Aliment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliment">aliments</a> avec les <a href="/wiki/Dent" title="Dent">dents</a> de manière à en favoriser la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9glutition" title="Déglutition">déglutition</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>. Ce phénomène fait appel aux <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> de la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2choire" title="Mâchoire">mâchoire</a>. La mastication fait partie de la <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/manducation" class="extiw" title="wikt:manducation">manducation</a>, c'est-à-dire de l'ensemble des opérations (<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9hension" title="Préhension">préhension</a>, mastication, <a href="/wiki/Insalivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insalivation">insalivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9glutition" title="Déglutition">déglutition</a>) antérieures à la digestion dans le <a href="/wiki/Tube_digestif" class="mw-redirect" title="Tube digestif">tube digestif</a> et constitue la première phase de la digestion buccale, ce qui est souvent ignoré. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Le_processus_masticatoire">Le processus masticatoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Le processus masticatoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Le processus masticatoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Aliment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliment">aliments</a> contenus dans la <a href="/wiki/Cavit%C3%A9_buccale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavité buccale">cavité buccale</a> sont écrasés et déchiquetés par les <a href="/wiki/Dent" title="Dent">dents</a>. Les dents, de par leurs formes et positions, transforment les aliments en les coupant et/ou les écrasant. Les <a href="/wiki/Canine" title="Canine">canines</a> pointues et les incisives tranchantes découpent et déchiquètent alors que les <a href="/wiki/Molaire_(dent)" title="Molaire (dent)">molaires</a>, plus larges et arrondies broient les aliments, qui sont aussi imprégnés de <a href="/wiki/Salive" title="Salive">salive</a>, qui contient des <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>. Ces deux transformations facilitent considérablement leur assimilation par le reste du système digestif, et notamment l'estomac. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Langue_(anatomie_humaine)" title="Langue (anatomie humaine)">langue</a> intervient aussi dans le processus de mastication. En effet, celle-ci déplace les aliments encore non mastiqués sous les <a href="/wiki/Molaire_(dent)" title="Molaire (dent)">molaires</a> afin qu'ils soient broyés. Elle améliore également le mélange de la salive avec la nourriture. La mastication serait peu efficace si l'individu se contentait seulement de mâcher, sans se servir de sa langue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_qualité_de_la_mastication_et_la_santé"><span id="La_qualit.C3.A9_de_la_mastication_et_la_sant.C3.A9"></span>La qualité de la mastication et la santé</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : La qualité de la mastication et la santé" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La qualité de la mastication et la santé"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La méthode de mastication, conçue en 1898 par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Fletcher (page inexistante)">Horace Fletcher</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Fletcher" class="extiw" title="en:Horace Fletcher"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Horace Fletcher »">(en)</span></a>, surnommé « le grand masticateur», connaît encore un certain succès. Américain obèse, il se voit refuser une police d'assurance en raison de son poids respectable. Fletcher entreprend de maigrir par une méthode consistant à mâcher chaque bouchée de nourriture jusqu'à la réduire à l'état de liquide. Cette méthode préconisant de mâcher chaque bouchée au moins 30 fois fait encore l'objet d'exploitation commerciale au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, à l'instar du Néerlandais John P. Hiller qui vend pour 20 dollars, sous couvert de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_amaigrissant" title="Régime amaigrissant">régime amaigrissant</a>, une méthode d'initiation à la mastication<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Plusieurs études confirment que les gens qui mâchent davantage ont un volume de prise alimentaire moindre et moins de surpoids ou d'obésité<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La qualité de mastication peut être mesurée par exemple par le « test de la carotte crue coupée »<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La mastication peut être rendue impossible ou difficile par certaines dysharmonies dento-maxillaires, par une <a href="/wiki/Allergie" title="Allergie">allergie</a> à une prothèse ou en raison du port d'un <a href="/wiki/Appareil_dentaire" title="Appareil dentaire">appareil dentaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ou encore en raison de certaines infirmités motrices et/ou cérébrales<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou se dégrader avec l’âge ou quand la dentition est dégradée<sup id="cite_ref-age1980_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age1980-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le fait que des dents soient manquantes diminue significativement la performance masticatoire, repousse le moment de la déglutition et augmente la taille des particules avalées<sup id="cite_ref-age1980_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age1980-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. De même pour un éventuel dysfonctionnement salivaire<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou musculaire (un muscle masticatoire rendu expérimentalement douloureux par injection d’une solution hypersaline altère significativement la qualité de la mastication, avec notamment une chute de la <i><span class="citation">« force occlusale volontaire maximale »</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). La perte de certaines dents peut conduire à des changements dans les préférences alimentaires<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La qualité de la mastication est donc l’un des paramètres de la santé et de l’état nutritionnel notamment chez les <a href="/wiki/Personnes_%C3%A2g%C3%A9es" class="mw-redirect" title="Personnes âgées">personnes âgées</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La mastication s’accompagne d’un réflexe de salivation et d’une augmentation (de 25-28 %) du débit sanguin des régions musculaires et sensorimotrices concernées<sup id="cite_ref-Sang1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sang1997-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais aussi de 9 à 17 % dans le <a href="/wiki/Cortex_insulaire" title="Cortex insulaire">cortex insulaire</a> et de 8 à 11 % dans le <a href="/wiki/Cervelet" title="Cervelet">cervelet</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a>, ce qui confirme l’importance de l’activation de certaines zones du cerveau à cette occasion<sup id="cite_ref-Sang1997_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sang1997-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contrôle_de_la_mastication"><span id="Contr.C3.B4le_de_la_mastication"></span>Contrôle de la mastication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Contrôle de la mastication" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Contrôle de la mastication"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La mastication et sa rythmique (importante chez les animaux <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>) sont en grande partie inconscientes et sous contrôle neural, avec contrôle direct ou indirect du cerveau<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle implique la coordination de nombreux muscles<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Diverses boucles de rétroactions sensitivomotrices modulent la mastication selon le goût et les paramètres physiques de pression notamment perçus par la langue, le palais, les joues, la mâchoire, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La mastication ne fait pas intervenir les mêmes processus physiologiques et cérébraux que l’acte de <a href="/wiki/Morsure" title="Morsure">morsure</a> volontaire<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bruit">Bruit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bruit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bruit"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plusieurs études ont porté sur les bruits (parfois associés à un ressaut) liés à la mastication, ou la capacité de l'enfant à apprendre peu à peu à reconnaitre et différencier le caractère croquant ou croustillant de certains aliments cuits ou crus (croute de pain, carotte ou pomme crue<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>...), information sensorielle qui peut parmi d'autres influer sur le choix des aliments chez l'adulte<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (certaines <a href="/wiki/Publicit%C3%A9" title="Publicité">publicités</a> insistent sur le caractère <i>« croustillant »</i> de certains aliments de <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9jeuner" title="Déjeuner">petit déjeuner</a>, céréales préparées, riz soufflé et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corn-flake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corn-flake (page inexistante)">corn-flakes</a> notamment). </p><p>L’étude des paramètres acoustiques de la mastication (intensité, fréquence et durée, par exemple lors de la mastication d’aliments croustillants comme des <a href="/wiki/Chips" title="Chips">chips</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Tortillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortillas">tortillas</a>) peut fournir des indications sur le processus de mastication<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Certains troubles de la <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> sont associés à un dysfonctionnement de la mastication<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mastication_et_addiction">Mastication et addiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Mastication et addiction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mastication et addiction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Mail_Pouch_barn_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mail_Pouch_barn_Ohio.jpg/220px-Mail_Pouch_barn_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mail_Pouch_barn_Ohio.jpg/330px-Mail_Pouch_barn_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mail_Pouch_barn_Ohio.jpg/440px-Mail_Pouch_barn_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Publicité murale pour du <a href="/wiki/Tabac_%C3%A0_m%C3%A2cher" title="Tabac à mâcher">tabac à mâcher</a> sur une grange de l'<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> ; au pic de cette "mode" (<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1960" title="Années 1960">années 1960</a>), il y avait environ 20.000 granges ainsi peintes (dans 22 États américains) aux frais de la <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Bloch Brothers Tobacco Company</span></i> (basée à <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_(Virginie-Occidentale)" title="Wheeling (Virginie-Occidentale)">Wheeling</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Virginie-Occidentale" title="Virginie-Occidentale">Virginie-Occidentale</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Thailand_Hill_Tribes_(406385340).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Thailand_Hill_Tribes_%28406385340%29.jpg/220px-Thailand_Hill_Tribes_%28406385340%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Thailand_Hill_Tribes_%28406385340%29.jpg/330px-Thailand_Hill_Tribes_%28406385340%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Thailand_Hill_Tribes_%28406385340%29.jpg/440px-Thailand_Hill_Tribes_%28406385340%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Dents émaillées en noir à des fins esthétiques (Thaïlande).</figcaption></figure> <p>La mastication du <a href="/wiki/Chewing-gum" title="Chewing-gum">chewing-gum</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Tabac_%C3%A0_m%C3%A2cher" title="Tabac à mâcher">tabac à mâcher</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">feuilles de coca</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Noix_d%27arec" title="Noix d'arec">noix d'arec</a> (aussi dite noix de bétel) ou de <a href="/wiki/Khat_(botanique)" title="Khat (botanique)">khat</a>, et la salivation induite, peuvent entraîner des habitudes ou dans les trois derniers cas un comportement addictif et de dépendance<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La mastication de <a href="/wiki/Noix_d%27arec" title="Noix d'arec">noix d'arec</a> noircit les dents et est source de <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>. </p> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Hylander, W. L., & Johnson, K. R. (1994), <i>Jaw muscle function and wishboning of the mandible during mastication in macaques and baboons</i>. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 94(4), 523-547.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330940407/abstract;jsessionid=76198D75CA83930E8B7C3F1EFC716F80.f03t04">résumé</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Larson C.R, Byrd K.E, Garthwaite C.R & Luschei E.S (1980), <i>Alterations in the pattern of mastication after ablations of the lateral precentral cortex in rhesus macaques</i>. Experimental neurology, 70(3), 638-651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sandoz2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomas_Sandoz2005"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sandoz" title="Thomas Sandoz">Thomas Sandoz</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoires parallèles de la médecine. Des Fleurs de Bach à l'ostéopathie</cite>, Le Seuil, <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 67<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoires+parall%C3%A8les+de+la+m%C3%A9decine.+Des+Fleurs+de+Bach+%C3%A0+l%27ost%C3%A9opathie&rft.pub=Le+Seuil&rft.aulast=Sandoz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMastication"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Zhu_&_J._H._Hollis2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Y._Zhu_&_J._H._Hollis2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Y. Zhu & J. H. Hollis, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Increasing the number of chews before swallowing reduces meal size in normalweight, overweight, and obese adults</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 8, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.020">10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.020</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Increasing+the+number+of+chews+before+swallowing+reduces+meal+size+in+normalweight%2C+overweight%2C+and+obese+adults&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Academy+of+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft.issue=1&rft.au=Y.+Zhu+%26+J.+H.+Hollis&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jand.2013.08.020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMastication"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hurst,_Haruhisa_Fukuda2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yumi_Hurst,_Haruhisa_Fukuda2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Yumi Hurst, Haruhisa Fukuda, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Effects of changes in eating speed on obesity in patients with diabetes: a secondary analysis of longitudinal health check-up data</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 8,‎ <time>2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019589">10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019589</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+changes+in+eating+speed+on+obesity+in+patients+with+diabetes%3A+a+secondary+analysis+of+longitudinal+health+check-up+data&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.au=Yumi+Hurst%2C+Haruhisa+Fukuda&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2017-019589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AMastication"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Lucas, P. W., & Luke, D. A. (1983), <i>Methods for analysing the breakdown of food in human mastication.</i> Archives of Oral Biology, 28(9), 813-819 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003996983900377">résumé</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Blamoutier P (1962), <i>L'allergie aux appareils de prothèse dentaire</i>. Revue Française d'Allergie, 2(2), 105-112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Droz D (2008) <i>Infirmité, polyhandicap et santé buccale</i>. Archives de pédiatrie, 15(5), 849-851.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-age1980-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-age1980_9-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-age1980_9-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Feldman R.S, Kapur K.K, Alman J.E & Chauncey H.H (1980) <i>Aging and mastication: changes in performance and in the swallowing threshold with natural dentition</i>. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 28(3), 97-103 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7354209">résumé</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Pedersen A.M, Bardow A, Jensen S.B & Nauntofte B (2002), <i>Saliva and gastrointestinal functions of taste, mastication, swallowing and digestion</i>. Oral diseases, 8(3), 117-129 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.02851.x/full">résué</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Svensson P, Arendt-Nielsen L & Houe L (1997), <i>Muscle pain modulates mastication: an experimental study in humans</i>. Journal of orofacial pain, 12(1), 7-16 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/9656894">résumé</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Manly R.S & Shiere F.R (1950), <i>The effect of dental deficiency on mastication and food preference</i>. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, 3(5), 674-685 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0030422050902933">résumé</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dormenval V (1995), <i>Sécrétion salivaire, mastication, état de santé et état nutritionnel chez les personnes âgées hospitalisées</i> (Thèse de Doctorat).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sang1997-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sang1997_14-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Sang1997_14-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Momose T, Nishikawa J, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y, Senda M, Kubota K, ... & Minakuchi S (1997), <i>Effect of mastication on regional cerebral blood flow in humans examined by positron-emission tomography with 15 O-labelled water and magnetic resonance imaging</i>. Archives of oral biology, 42(1), 57-61 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003996996000817">résumé</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dellow, P. G., & Lund, J. P. (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009454/pdfEvidence">for central timing of rhythmical mastication</a>. The Journal of Physiology, 215(1), 1-13 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009454/abstract">résumé</a>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Lund, J. P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.510.2970&rep=rep1&type=pdfMastication">and its control by the brain stem</a>. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, 2(1), 33-64 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cro.sagepub.com/content/2/1/33.short">résumé</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Palmer, J. B., Rudin, N. J., Lara, G., & Crompton, A. W. (1992), <i>Coordination of mastication and swallowing</i>. Dysphagia, 7(4), 187-200. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02493469">résumé</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Lavigne G, Kim J.S, Valiquette C & Lund J.P (1987) <i>Evidence that periodontal pressoreceptors provide positive feedback to jaw closing muscles during mastication</i>. Journal of Neurophysiology, 58(2), 342-358. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jn.physiology.org/content/58/2/342.short">résumé</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Luschei, E. S., & Goldberg, L. J. (2011). <i>Neural mechanisms of mandibular control: mastication and voluntary biting</i>. Comprehensive Physiology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Monneuse M.O (2003) <i>La perception d’aliments croquants chez des enfants de 6 à 12 ans : le pain et les pommes</i>. Anthropology of food, (1). (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aof.revues.org/1269">résumé</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Louis-Sylvestre J (1996), « <b>Rôle de l’information sensorielle dans le choix alimentaire</b> », Psychologie Française, 41(3) : 11-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> Lee W.E, Schweitzer M.A, Morgan G.M & Shepherd D.C (1990) <i>Analysis of food crushing sounds during mastication: Total sound level studies</i>. Journal of texture studies, 21(2), 165-178 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=7735305">résuméInist-CNRS</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Grosjean L (1977) <i>Causes de troubles de la phonation en milieu scolaire</i>. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 55(5), 581.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Kalix Peter & Khan Inayat (1984) « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/bulletin/1984/Vol62-No6/bulletin_1984_62(6)_831-836.pdf"><i>Le khat: une substance végétale de type amphétaminique</i> »</a>, Bulletin OMS, 62 (6), 831-83, PDF, 6 pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Deveaux M & Pépin G (2006) <i>Dosage de la cathinone et de la cathine dans des feuilles de khat (Catha edulis) saisies</i>. Le khat pose-t-il un nouveau problème d'addiction?. In <i>Annales de Toxicologie Analytique</i> (Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 77-83). EDP Sciences (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ata-journal.org/articles/ata/abs/2006/01/ata2006109/ata2006109.html">résumé</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mastication?uselang=fr">Mastication</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <div style="column-count:3;margin:.3em 0;" class="colonnes"><div style="margin:-.3em 0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing-gum" title="Chewing-gum">Chewing-gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_(zoologie)" title="Rumination (zoologie)">Rumination (zoologie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminant">Ruminant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2choire" title="Mâchoire">Mâchoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">Dentition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivation" title="Salivation">Salivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_alimentaire_des_hadrosaures" title="Régime alimentaire des hadrosaures">Régime alimentaire des hadrosaures</a></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mastication&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Anderson, D. J. (1956). Measurement of stress in mastication. I. Journal of Dental Research, 35(5), 664-670.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdr.sagepub.com/content/35/5/664.extract">résumé</a>)</li> <li>Faure, F. (2009). Evaluation des paramètres de la mastication chez les patients réhabilités par prothèse implantaire fixe avec mise en charge immédiate (Doctoral dissertation).</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hiiemae K.M & Kay R.F (1973), <i>Evolutionary trends in the dynamics of primate mastication</i>. Craniofacial Biology of Primates, 3, 28-64.</li> <li>Isabelle R (1989), Des effets de la mastication du chewing-gum sur la santé bucco-dentaire (Doctoral dissertation).</li> <li>Kebder, A., & HENNEQUIN, M. (2008). Etude des relations entre les contacts inter-arcades et les indicateurs granulométriques et cinématiques de la mastication (Doctoral dissertation).</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Kemsley, E. K., Defernez, M., Sprunt, J. C., & Smith, A. C. (2003). Electromyographic responses to prescribed mastication. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 13(2), 197-207.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> LEE III, W. E., Deibel, A. E., Glembin, C. T., & Munday, E. G. (1988). « Analysis of food crushing sounds during mastication: frequency-time studies ». Journal of Texture Studies, 19(1), 27-38.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Lucas, P. W., & Luke, D. A. (1983). Methods for analysing the breakdown of food in human mastication. Archives of Oral Biology, 28(9), 813-819 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003996983900377">résumé</a>).</li> <li>Pirot, A. (2008). Mastication unilatérale et contrôle postural: approche expérimentale (Doctoral dissertation).</li> <li>Salel, A. (2013). Formation d'un <a href="/wiki/Bol_alimentaire" title="Bol alimentaire">bol alimentaire</a> carné au cours de la mastication humaine (Doctoral dissertation).</li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Physiologie" title="Portail de la physiologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Creative-Tail-pulse.svg/24px-Creative-Tail-pulse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Creative-Tail-pulse.svg/36px-Creative-Tail-pulse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Creative-Tail-pulse.svg/48px-Creative-Tail-pulse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Physiologie" title="Portail:Physiologie">Portail de la physiologie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mastication&oldid=213261986">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mastication&oldid=213261986</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Physiologie" title="Catégorie:Physiologie">Physiologie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Appareil_digestif" title="Catégorie:Appareil digestif">Appareil digestif</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_%C3%A0_traduction_en_anglais" title="Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais">Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cat%C3%A9gorie_Commons_avec_lien_local_identique_sur_Wikidata" title="Catégorie:Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata">Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_une_pr%C3%A9sentation_en_colonnes_avec_un_nombre_fixe_de_colonnes" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant une présentation en colonnes avec un nombre fixe de colonnes">Page utilisant une présentation en colonnes avec un nombre fixe de colonnes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Physiologie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Physiologie/Articles liés">Portail:Physiologie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Biologie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Biologie/Articles liés">Portail:Biologie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Sciences/Articles liés">Portail:Sciences/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Projet:Biologie/Pages_li%C3%A9es" title="Catégorie:Projet:Biologie/Pages liées">Projet:Biologie/Pages liées</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 11 mars 2024 à 16:10.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. 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