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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hexagonal close packed crystals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hexagonal_close_packed_crystals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slip_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slip_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Slip band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slip_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_of_slip_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_of_slip_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identification of slip activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_of_slip_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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a crystallographic plane</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slip_system.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Slip_system.gif/220px-Slip_system.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Slip_system.gif/330px-Slip_system.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Slip_system.gif/440px-Slip_system.gif 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Schematic view of slip mechanism</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <b>slip</b> is the large displacement of one part of a <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> relative to another part along <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallographic plane">crystallographic planes</a> and directions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slip occurs by the passage of <a href="/wiki/Dislocations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dislocations">dislocations</a> on close/packed planes, which are planes containing the greatest number of <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">atoms per area</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-packed">close-packed</a> directions (most atoms per length). Close-packed planes are known as <i>slip</i> or <i>glide planes</i>. A <b>slip system</b> describes the set of symmetrically identical <b>slip planes</b> and associated family of <b>slip directions</b> for which dislocation motion can easily occur and lead to <a href="/wiki/Plastic_deformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic deformation">plastic deformation</a>. The magnitude and direction of slip are represented by the <a href="/wiki/Burgers_vector" title="Burgers vector">Burgers vector</a>, <span class="texhtml"><b>b</b></span>. </p><p>An external force makes parts of the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">crystal lattice</a> glide along each other, changing the material's geometry. A <a href="/wiki/Critical_resolved_shear_stress" title="Critical resolved shear stress">critical resolved shear stress</a> is required to initiate a slip.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull_and_Bacon_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull_and_Bacon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slip_systems">Slip systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Slip systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Face_centered_cubic_crystals">Face centered cubic crystals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Face centered cubic crystals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/194px-Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/291px-Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg/388px-Lattice_face_centered_cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Unit cell of an fcc material.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FCC_Lattice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FCC_Lattice.svg/153px-FCC_Lattice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FCC_Lattice.svg/230px-FCC_Lattice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FCC_Lattice.svg/306px-FCC_Lattice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Lattice configuration of the close packed slip plane in an fcc material. The arrow represents the Burgers vector in this dislocation glide system.</figcaption></figure> <p>Slip in <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face centered cubic</a> (fcc) crystals occurs along the <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_spheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Close-packing of spheres">close packed plane</a>. Specifically, the slip plane is of type <a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index">{111}</a>, and the direction is of type <<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>10>. In the diagram on the right, the specific plane and direction are (111) and [<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>10], respectively. </p><p>Given the permutations of the slip plane types and direction types, fcc crystals have 12 slip systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fcc lattice, the <a href="/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)" title="Norm (mathematics)">norm</a> of the Burgers vector, b, can be calculated using the following equation:<sup id="cite_ref-VanVliet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanVliet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |b|={\frac {a}{2}}|\langle 110\rangle |={\frac {a{\sqrt {2}}}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mn>110</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |b|={\frac {a}{2}}|\langle 110\rangle |={\frac {a{\sqrt {2}}}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77d37b4b7b5b15094e7334465f7423ea441deed1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.309ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |b|={\frac {a}{2}}|\langle 110\rangle |={\frac {a{\sqrt {2}}}{2}}}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-VanVliet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanVliet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Where a is the lattice constant of the unit cell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_centered_cubic_crystals">Body centered cubic crystals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Body centered cubic crystals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg/197px-Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg/296px-Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg/394px-Lattice_body_centered_cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Unit cell of a bcc material.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BCC_Lattice.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BCC_Lattice.JPG/148px-BCC_Lattice.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BCC_Lattice.JPG/223px-BCC_Lattice.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BCC_Lattice.JPG/297px-BCC_Lattice.JPG 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Lattice configuration of the slip plane in a bcc material. The arrow represents the Burgers vector in this dislocation glide system.</figcaption></figure> <p>Slip in <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) crystals occurs along the plane of shortest <a href="/wiki/Burgers_vector" title="Burgers vector">Burgers vector</a> as well; however, unlike fcc, there are no truly close-packed planes in the bcc crystal structure. Thus, a slip system in bcc requires heat to activate. </p><p>Some bcc materials (e.g. α-Fe) can contain up to 48 slip systems. There are six slip planes of type {110}, each with two <111> directions (12 systems). There are 24 {123} and 12 {112} planes each with one <111> direction (36 systems, for a total of 48). Although the number of possible slip systems is much higher in bcc crystals than fcc crystals, the ductility is not necessarily higher due to increased <a href="/wiki/Peierls_stress" title="Peierls stress">lattice friction stresses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the {123} and {112} planes are not exactly identical in activation energy to {110}, they are so close in energy that for all intents and purposes they can be treated as identical. In the diagram on the right the specific slip plane and direction are (110) and [<span style="text-decoration:overline;">1</span>11], respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-VanVliet_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanVliet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |b|={\frac {a}{2}}|\langle 111\rangle |={\frac {{\sqrt {3}}a}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mn>111</mn> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>3</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |b|={\frac {a}{2}}|\langle 111\rangle |={\frac {{\sqrt {3}}a}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35b67b33bdda42404105b946b61976d36bd50ac4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.309ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |b|={\frac {a}{2}}|\langle 111\rangle |={\frac {{\sqrt {3}}a}{2}}}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-VanVliet_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanVliet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hexagonal_close_packed_crystals">Hexagonal close packed crystals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hexagonal close packed crystals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slip_systems_in_zirconium_alloys.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Slip_systems_in_zirconium_alloys.png/389px-Slip_systems_in_zirconium_alloys.png" decoding="async" width="389" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Slip_systems_in_zirconium_alloys.png 1.5x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Slip systems in <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium alloy">zirconium alloys</a>. 𝒃 and 𝒏 are the slip direction and plane, respectively, and 𝝎 is the rotation axis calculated in the present work, orthogonal to both the slip plane normal and slip direction. The crystal direction of the rotation axis vectors is labelled on the IPF colour key.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Slip in <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close_packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close packed">hexagonal close packed</a> (hcp) metals is much more limited than in bcc and fcc crystal structures. Usually, hcp crystal structures allow slip on the densely packed basal {0001} planes along the <11<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>0> directions. The activation of other slip planes depends on various parameters, e.g. the c/a ratio. Since there are only 2 independent slip systems on the basal planes, for arbitrary plastic deformation additional slip or twin systems needs to be activated. This typically requires a much higher resolved <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stress</a> and can result in the brittle behavior of some hcp polycrystals. However, other hcp materials such as pure titanium show large amounts of ductility.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> have a slip plane at {0001} and a slip direction of <11<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span>0>. This creates a total of three slip systems, depending on orientation. Other combinations are also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Callister_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callister-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two types of dislocations in crystals that can induce slip - edge dislocations and screw dislocations. Edge dislocations have the direction of the Burgers vector perpendicular to the dislocation line, while screw dislocations have the direction of the Burgers vector parallel to the dislocation line. The type of dislocations generated largely depends on the direction of the applied stress, temperature, and other factors. Screw dislocations can easily <a href="/wiki/Cross_Slip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross Slip">cross slip</a> from one plane to another if the other slip plane contains the direction of the Burgers vector.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull_and_Bacon_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull_and_Bacon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slip_band">Slip band</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slip band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S4_loaded_slip_band.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/S4_loaded_slip_band.gif/289px-S4_loaded_slip_band.gif" decoding="async" width="289" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/S4_loaded_slip_band.gif/434px-S4_loaded_slip_band.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/S4_loaded_slip_band.gif 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>A slip band formed on a ferrite grain in an aged hardened stainless steel. The slip band at the centre of the image was observed at a certain load, then the load was increased with a burst of dislocations coming out of the slip band tip as a response to the load increment. This burst of dislocations and topographic change ahead of the slip band was observed across different slip bands (see the supplementary information of the paper). image length is 10 um.<sup id="cite_ref-Koko_1182842_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koko_1182842-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slip_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Slip bands">Slip bands</a></div> <p>Formation of slip bands indicates a concentrated unidirectional slip on certain planes causing a stress concentration. Typically, slip bands induce surface steps (i.e. roughness due <a href="/wiki/Persistent_slip_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent slip bands">persistent slip bands</a> during <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">fatigue</a>) and a stress concentration which can be a crack nucleation site. Slip bands extend until impinged by a boundary, and the generated stress from dislocation pile-up against that boundary will either stop or transmit the operating slip.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formation of slip bands under cyclic conditions is addressed as <a href="/wiki/Persistent_slip_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent slip bands">persistent slip bands</a> (PSBs) where formation under monotonic condition is addressed as dislocation planar arrays (or simply slip-bands).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slip-bands can be simply viewed as boundary sliding due to dislocation glide that lacks (the complexity of ) PSBs high plastic deformation localisation manifested by tongue- and ribbon-like extrusion. And, where <a href="/wiki/Persistent_slip_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent slip bands">PSBs</a> normally studied with (effective) Burger’s vector aligned with extrusion plane because PSB extends across the grain and exacerbate during fatigue;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> monotonic slip-band has a Burger’s vector for propagation and another for plane extrusions both controlled by the conditions at the tip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_of_slip_activity">Identification of slip activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Identification of slip activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geometrically_necessary_dislocations" title="Geometrically necessary dislocations">Geometrically necessary dislocations</a></div> <p>The main methods to identify the active slip system involve either <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_trace_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slip trace analysis (page does not exist)">slip trace analysis</a> of single crystals<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">polycrystals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koko_1182842_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koko_1182842-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using diffraction techniques such as neutron diffraction<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and high angular resolution <a href="/wiki/Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">electron backscatter diffraction</a> elastic strain analysis,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscopy</a> diffraction imaging of <a href="/wiki/Dislocation" title="Dislocation">dislocations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In slip trace analysis, only the slip plane is measured, and the slip direction is inferred. In zirconium, for example, this enables the identification of slip activity on a basal, prism, or 1st/2nd order pyramidal plane. In the case of a 1st-order pyramidal plane trace, the slip could be in either ⟨𝑎⟩ or ⟨𝑐 + 𝑎⟩ directions; slip trace analysis cannot discriminate between these.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">Diffraction</a>-based studies measure the residual dislocation content instead of the slipped dislocations, which is only a good approximation for systems that accumulate networks of <a href="/wiki/Geometrically_necessary_dislocations" title="Geometrically necessary dislocations">geometrically necessary dislocations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Face-centred_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centred cubic">Face-centred cubic</a> polycrystals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In low-symmetry crystals such as <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">hexagonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, there could be regions of the predominantly single slip where geometrically necessary dislocations may not necessarily accumulate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residual dislocation content does not distinguish between glissile and sessile dislocations. Glissile dislocations contribute to slip and <a href="/wiki/Hardening_(metallurgy)" title="Hardening (metallurgy)">hardening</a>, but sessile dislocations contribute only to latent hardening.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diffraction methods cannot generally resolve the slip plane of a residual dislocation. For example, in Zr, the screw components of ⟨𝑎⟩ dislocations could slip on prismatic, basal, or 1st-order pyramidal planes. Similarly, ⟨𝑐 + 𝑎⟩ screw dislocations could slip on either 1st or 2nd order pyramidal planes.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miller_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller indices">Miller indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_slip_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Persistent slip bands">Persistent slip bands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJastrzebski" class="citation book cs1">Jastrzebski, D. <i>Nature and Properties of Engineering Materials</i> (Wiley International ed.).</cite><span 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Ben (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786046">"Deformation compatibility in a single crystalline Ni superalloy"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>472</b> (2185): 20150690. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSPSA.47250690J">2016RSPSA.47250690J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2015.0690">10.1098/rspa.2015.0690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4786046">4786046</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26997901">26997901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Deformation+compatibility+in+a+single+crystalline+Ni+superalloy&rft.volume=472&rft.issue=2185&rft.pages=20150690&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4786046%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016RSPSA.47250690J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26997901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.2015.0690&rft.issn=1364-5021&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Tiantian&rft.au=Dunne%2C+Fionn+P.+E.&rft.au=Britton%2C+T.+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4786046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlip+%28materials+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slip_(materials_science)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/slip/index.php">An online tutorial on slip</a>, explained on <a href="/wiki/DoITPoMS" title="DoITPoMS">DoITPoMS</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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