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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_natives_and_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_natives_and_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable natives and residents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_natives_and_residents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable natives and residents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_natives_and_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writers_and_filmmakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_and_filmmakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Writers and filmmakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_and_filmmakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sportsmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sportsmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sportsmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sportsmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_Cup_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_Cup_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Africa Cup of Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_Cup_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ziguinchor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="زيغينشور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيغينشور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Зигиншор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зигиншор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor_(kapital_sa_rehiyon)" title="Ziguinchor (kapital sa rehiyon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ziguinchor (kapital sa rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%81" title="Ζιγκινσόρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζιγκινσόρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigin%C4%89or" title="Ziginĉor – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ziginĉor" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="زیگینچور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیگینچور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%B1%EC%87%BC%EB%A5%B4" title="지갱쇼르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지갱쇼르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%80_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Զիգինշոր (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զիգինշոր (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8" title="זיגינשור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיגינשור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigin%C5%A1oras" title="Ziginšoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ziginšoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="زيجنشور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زيجنشور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor_(stad)" title="Ziguinchor (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ziguinchor (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジガンショール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジガンショール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor_(Steed)" title="Ziguinchor (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ziguinchor (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜ਼ਿਗਿਨਕੋਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਿਗਿਨਕੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Зигиншор (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зигиншор (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Зігіншор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зігіншор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="زیگینچور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زیگینچور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigin%C5%A1or" title="Ziginšor – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ziginšor" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ziguinchor" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%8E%E9%87%91%E7%BB%8D%E5%B0%94" title="济金绍尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ziguinchor&params=12_35_N_16_16_W_region:SN_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°35′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°16′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.583°N 16.267°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.583; -16.267</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ziguinchor Region, Senegal</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and commune in Ziguinchor Region, Senegal</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ziguinchor</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">زيغينكور</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Senegal" title="List of cities in Senegal">commune</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziguinchor6.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Downtown of Ziguinchor"><img alt="Downtown of Ziguinchor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ziguinchor6.JPG/250px-Ziguinchor6.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ziguinchor6.JPG/375px-Ziguinchor6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ziguinchor6.JPG/500px-Ziguinchor6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Downtown of Ziguinchor</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegal_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ziguinchor is located in Senegal"><img alt="Ziguinchor is located in Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Senegal_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Senegal_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Senegal_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Senegal_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Senegal_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Senegal_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="954" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.532%;left:22.629%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ziguinchor"><img alt="Ziguinchor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ziguinchor</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Senegal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates (region:SN_type:city): <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ziguinchor&params=12_33_43_N_16_17_2_W_region:SN_type:city(214874)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°33′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">16°17′2″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.56194°N 16.28389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.56194; -16.28389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of the world">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Senegal" title="Regions of Senegal">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor_Region" title="Ziguinchor Region">Ziguinchor Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Senegal" title="Departments of Senegal">Departement</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor_Department" title="Ziguinchor Department">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djibril_Sonko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djibril Sonko (page does not exist)">Djibril Sonko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Senegal" title="List of cities in Senegal">commune</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">32.8 km<sup>2</sup> (12.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 m (39 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023 census)<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Senegal" title="List of cities in Senegal">commune</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">214,874</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6,600/km<sup>2</sup> (17,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">274,563</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ziguinchor</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[zi.gɛ̃.ʃoʁ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>: <i lang="wo">Siggcoor</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[sigːcɔːr]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زيغينكور</span>) is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor_Region" title="Ziguinchor Region">Ziguinchor Region</a>, and the chief town of the <a href="/wiki/Casamance" title="Casamance">Casamance</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, lying at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Casamance_River" title="Casamance River">Casamance River</a>. It has a population of 214,874 (2023 census).<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the eighth largest city of Senegal, but is nearly separated from the north of the country by the nation of <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>. </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid climate">arid</a> north of Senegal, Ziguinchor has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a>, as it is under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monsoon">West African Monsoon</a>. It has an average annual accumulated rainfall of approximately 1,547 millimetres or 61 inches.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several competing etymologies for Ziguinchor's name. The best known comes from the time when Portuguese traders and explorers came to the region to form a trading post. It is derived from a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> phrase, <i>Cheguei e choram</i>, "I came and they cry". The local people, seeing the Europeans, began crying, thinking they were about to be enslaved. Other scholars believe that the name likely predates the Portuguese arrival. </p><p>The earliest sources mention the <a href="/wiki/Bainuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bainuk">Bainuk</a> of <i>Ezigichor</i>. The term may come from the <a href="/wiki/Banyum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyum language">Bainuk language</a> words <i>"asi nin core,"</i> meaning "places to go are finished," relating to the end of the Bainuk migrations in their traditional history. It could also come from <i>"ji gi cor,"' meaning "place of several fields."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_7_02_-_Official_opening_of_a_PAIGC_secondary_school_in_Ziguinchor,_Senegal_-_1974.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_7_02_-_Official_opening_of_a_PAIGC_secondary_school_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_7_02_-_Official_opening_of_a_PAIGC_secondary_school_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_1974.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_7_02_-_Official_opening_of_a_PAIGC_secondary_school_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_7_02_-_Official_opening_of_a_PAIGC_secondary_school_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_1974.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_7_02_-_Official_opening_of_a_PAIGC_secondary_school_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_1974.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_7_02_-_Official_opening_of_a_PAIGC_secondary_school_in_Ziguinchor%2C_Senegal_-_1974.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PAIGC" class="mw-redirect" title="PAIGC">PAIGC</a> Secondary School official opening in Ziguinchor, Senegal – 1974</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_11_06_-_Ziguinchor_hospital,_Senegal_-_1973.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_11_06_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_1973.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_11_06_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_1973.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_11_06_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_1973.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_11_06_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_1973.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_11_06_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_1973.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ASC_Leiden_-_Coutinho_Collection_-_11_06_-_Ziguinchor_hospital%2C_Senegal_-_1973.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4757" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PAIGC" class="mw-redirect" title="PAIGC">PAIGC</a> Ziguinchor hospital, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest habitation of the area was a <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a> village.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first European settlement in the area was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> in 1645 as a dependency of <a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a> populated by settlers from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Lancados" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancados">lancados</a></i> and other Afro-Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese objective was to found a trading post and establish an alliance with the local <i>mansa</i> or king of the <a href="/wiki/Kasa_kingdom" title="Kasa kingdom">Kasa kingdom</a>. Chroniclers described him as the ruler most friendly to the Portuguese along the <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinean</a> coast. The king started to live in a European manner, with table, chairs and western clothing. His court included several Portuguese merchants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the commodities for trade were enslaved Africans, and Ziguinchor became a <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave port</a> during much of the Portuguese rule. </p><p>The post boasted a fort with a few pieces of artillery by 1700, but was never an important economic center. The French occupied <a href="/wiki/Carabane" title="Carabane">Carabane</a> island downstream in 1836, forcing Portuguese ships to pay duties there. Despite frantic diplomatic efforts by governor <a href="/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Barreto" title="Honório Barreto">Honório Barreto</a>, Portugal never really tried to defend their claim to the region. Ziguinchor was eventually transferred to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> on 22 April 1888, fulfilling a deal brokered at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin conference">Berlin conference</a> of 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the French, Ziguinchor became a major trade port, mostly due to the intensive <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnut</a> cultivation which the colonial government encouraged in the interior. By 1900, the area was largely converted to Christianity, although significant <a href="/wiki/Syncretist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretist">Syncretist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> communities flourish. </p><p>Rice growing, the traditional crop of the region, was hurt by the government's push to cultivate groundnuts. They forced the clearing of extensive forest areas. The French government also imported rice from the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> they encouraged in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, shrinking the market for Casamance's traditional main produce. </p><p>After independence, the city's economic growth slowed, in part due to the <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">War of Independence</a> in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>. The Portuguese military crossed into the area at least once, pursuing <a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">PAIGC</a> rebels. Cannon fire could be heard in the city for much of the war. During this period Ziguinchor became a main post for both the <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegalese Army">Senegalese Army</a> and French forces, guarding the frontier that cut <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a> families and communities in two. </p><p>As the capital of Casamance, Ziguinchor has been at the center of a <a href="/wiki/Casamance_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Casamance Conflict">three-decade-long conflict</a> with Dakar that has flared into open civil war on more than one occasion. With a population with a majority of <a href="/wiki/Diola" class="mw-redirect" title="Diola">Diola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the effects of a large migration of <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> fleeing drought in the north during the 1970s caused tensions to flare. A 1983 demonstration against price rises in Ziguinchor Market was put down violently by Senegalese forces, and an insurgency by the <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Democratic_Forces_of_Casamance" title="Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance">Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance</a> (MFDC) followed, effectively wrecking the economy of the region. The 2004 peace accords, signed in Ziguinchor, were hoped to be the end of the violence, but in 2006, sporadic fighting by an MFDC split and laying of land mines again erupted in rural areas nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ousmane_Sonko" title="Ousmane Sonko">Ousmane Sonko</a>, a prominent opposition leader, was elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> of Ziguinchor in 2022. The city was the scene of large protests in June 2023 after his conviction on charges that many Senegalese, especially youth, view as a political ploy by President <a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Macky Sall</a> to discredit a rival.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_de_Ziguinchor_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Port_de_Ziguinchor_.jpg/220px-Port_de_Ziguinchor_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Port_de_Ziguinchor_.jpg/330px-Port_de_Ziguinchor_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Port_de_Ziguinchor_.jpg/440px-Port_de_Ziguinchor_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Port of Ziguinchor</figcaption></figure> <p>Ziguinchor remains economically dependent on its role as a <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> port, transport hub and <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> terminal. The "Nationale 4" highway crosses the <a href="/wiki/Casamance_River" title="Casamance River">Casamance River</a> just east of the city, linking the region with <a href="/wiki/Bignona" title="Bignona">Bignona</a> about 25 km to the north, and (via <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>), the rest of Senegal. </p><p>A vibrant <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Senegal" title="Tourism in Senegal">tourist</a> destination, the beaches of nearby <a href="/wiki/Cap_Skirring" title="Cap Skirring">Cap Skirring</a> were discovered by foreign tourists in the 1960s, and the location was built up to become one of the first <a href="/wiki/Club_Med" title="Club Med">Club Med</a> resorts. Ziguinchor region is also known for growing great quantities of rice, oranges, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a>, bananas, <a href="/wiki/Cashews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashews">cashews</a>, tropical fruits and vegetables, fish, and prawns, much of which are processed locally and exported from the city, its port, and its airport. It is also home to a large <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanut</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">oil</a> <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziguinchor9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ziguinchor9.JPG/220px-Ziguinchor9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ziguinchor9.JPG/330px-Ziguinchor9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ziguinchor9.JPG/440px-Ziguinchor9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The ferry terminal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG/220px-ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG/330px-ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG/440px-ZiguinchorCasamance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>View on Casamance River</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/MV_Joola" class="mw-redirect" title="MV Joola">MV Joola</a>, which sank in 2002, was sailing from Ziguinchor to <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>. The loss of the ferry, which was not replaced until 2005, cut the main link between Casamance and the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new ferry, which began regular runs in 2007, is named for local anti-colonial martyr <a href="/wiki/Aline_Sitoe_Diatta" title="Aline Sitoe Diatta">Aline Sitoe Diatta</a>, and promises a boost to the local economy. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has an airport, <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor_Airport" title="Ziguinchor Airport">Ziguinchor Airport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of buildings in the town have classified by government decree as historic, the cemetery and several government buildings, like the Ziguinchor Regional Council.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZiguinchorImpluviumEntrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZiguinchorImpluviumEntrance.jpg/220px-ZiguinchorImpluviumEntrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZiguinchorImpluviumEntrance.jpg/330px-ZiguinchorImpluviumEntrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/ZiguinchorImpluviumEntrance.jpg/440px-ZiguinchorImpluviumEntrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption>The Franco-Senegalese Alliance</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZiguinchorCath%C3%A9drale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ZiguinchorCath%C3%A9drale.JPG/220px-ZiguinchorCath%C3%A9drale.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ZiguinchorCath%C3%A9drale.JPG/330px-ZiguinchorCath%C3%A9drale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ZiguinchorCath%C3%A9drale.JPG/440px-ZiguinchorCath%C3%A9drale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Saint-Anthoine de Padoue Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Places_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of worship">places of worship</a>, they are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> churches and temples: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ziguinchor" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Ziguinchor">Roman Catholic Diocese of Ziguinchor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>), <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a> mosques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziguinchor is a melting pot of all the ethnic groups co-existing in Senegal: <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a>/<a href="/wiki/Halpulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Halpulaar">Halpulaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mankanya_people" title="Mankanya people">Mancagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjack_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjack people">Manjack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bainouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bainouk">Bainouk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balanta_people" title="Balanta people">Balanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a>. Jola have been the majority of the population in the region since at least 1500, and culturally share much with the people of <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>. One of three dialects of <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a>, <i>Cacheu–Ziguinchor</i>, is centered around the city. Resistant to first <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, many Jola retain a degree of animist practices, while <a href="/wiki/Basse_Casamance" class="mw-redirect" title="Basse Casamance">Basse Casamance</a> is the only majority <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_natives_and_residents">Notable natives and residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable natives and residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziguinchor is the birthplace of some famous Senegalese people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writers_and_filmmakers">Writers and filmmakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writers and filmmakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sembene_Ousmane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sembene Ousmane">Sembene Ousmane</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists">Artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Tour%C3%A9_Kunda" title="Touré Kunda">Tourekunda</a> brothers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sportsmen">Sportsmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sportsmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Francois_Bocande" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Francois Bocande">Jules Francois Bocande</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassirou_N%27Diaye" title="Bassirou N'Diaye">Bassirou N'Diaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansana_Coly" title="Lansana Coly">Lansana Coly</a>, judoka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basile_de_Carvalho" title="Basile de Carvalho">Basile de Carvalho</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliou_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Aliou Cissé">Aliou Cissé</a>, footballer and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Jackson" title="Nicolas Jackson">Nicolas Jackson</a>, footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khaby_Lame" title="Khaby Lame">Khaby Lame</a>, social media influencer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziguinchor has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Aw</i>). It has hot, rainless winters and warm, very wet summers. The average annual rainfall is approximately 1,550 millimetres or 61 inches, which is more than three times that of Dakar, although less than half that of <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a>. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Ziguinchor (1991–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2<br />(99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.5<br />(95.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3<br />(90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(94.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(0.19) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(0.11) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.1<br />(3.67) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">341.1<br />(13.43) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">480.7<br />(18.93) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">358.6<br />(14.12) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.5<br />(4.47) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(0.24) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1<br />(0.00) </td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,401.2<br />(55.17) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21.4 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.4 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.1 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.2 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">285.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.0 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.9 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.5 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">241.8 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,907.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMONormals_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMONormals-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sun 1961-1990)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziguinchor10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ziguinchor10.JPG/220px-Ziguinchor10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ziguinchor10.JPG/330px-Ziguinchor10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ziguinchor10.JPG/440px-Ziguinchor10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ziguinchor Regional Council</figcaption></figure> <p>In the decades following independence, Ziguinchor was a stronghold of the Socialist Party of Senegal (PS). <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sagna" title="Robert Sagna">Robert Sagna</a>, a long-time minister in Socialist Party governments, was also Mayor of Ziguinchor from 1984 to 2009. In the beginning of 2007 Sagna left the PS and led the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taku_D%C3%A9faraat_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taku Défaraat Sénégal (page does not exist)">Taku Défaraat Sénégal</a> coalition in a failed presidential bid.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001's legislative elections, a big push by President <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a>'s ruling PDS party, spearheading the <i>Sopi</i> coalition (joined in 2008 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=And-J%C3%ABf/Pads&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="And-Jëf/Pads (page does not exist)">And-Jëf/Pads</a>), was led by Ziguinchor politician <a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Bald%C3%A9_(politician)" title="Abdoulaye Baldé (politician)">Abdoulaye Baldé</a>, a former General Secretary to the President. In the 2001 elections, the a Ziguinchor <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Senegal">National Assembly</a> seat was gained by the PDS, and held again in 2007, prompting speculation that Sagna and his party's days of dominating local politics were numbered. Sagna, though, won a legislative seat on proportional representation in 2007, and continued in both offices<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 2009. The Sopi Coalition won the March 2009 local election in Ziguinchor, and Baldé was elected Mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served until 2022, when he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Ousmane_Sonko" title="Ousmane Sonko">Ousmane Sonko</a>, a nationally prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/Yewwi_Askan_Wi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yewwi Askan Wi">Yewwi Askan Wi</a> coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa_Cup_of_Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Africa Cup of Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ziguinchor" title="Special:EditPage/Ziguinchor">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ziguinchor was one of the venues for the <a href="/wiki/1992_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Africa Cup of Nations">1992 Africa Cup of Nations</a> football championship. The city Sports and Arts Associations conceived for the first time the concept of having specific suburbs barracking for each national team in order to give a vibrant and joyful atmosphere to the Football tournament that saw <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Congo</a> play the first half of the Championship in that city. This successful and original experience inspired other tournament organisers from then on. Mali hosting the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations used the same concept through the famous Ndiatiguiya, (having specific suburbs barracking for a specific team throughout the tournament), and then Korea/Japan during the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 World Cup</a> used the same concept as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>École française <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Rabelais" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Rabelais">François-Rabelais</a>, a French international school serving <i>maternelle</i> (preschool) through <i>collège</i>, is in Ziguinchor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_West_Africa" title="Catholic University of West Africa">Catholic University of West Africa</a> opened a campus in Ziguinchor in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Dictionary_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor_University" title="Ziguinchor University">Ziguinchor University</a> was founded in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ziguinchor is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, Italy<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s" title="Saint-Maur-des-Fossés">Saint-Maur-des-Fossés</a>, France<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Filipe,_Cape_Verde_(municipality)" title="São Filipe, Cape Verde (municipality)">São Filipe</a>, Cape Verde<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo" title="Viana do Castelo">Viana do Castelo</a>, Portugal<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/senegal/mun/admin/ziguinchor/SN14035100__ziguinchor/">Citypopulation.de</a> Population and area of Ziguinchor Commune</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033456/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region3/SENEGAL.pdf">"SENEGAL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Water Management Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region3/SENEGAL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SENEGAL&rft.pub=International+Water+Management+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwmi.cgiar.org%2Fwetlands%2Fpdf%2FAfrica%2FRegion3%2FSENEGAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiguinchor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bühnen, Stephan. “Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany.” <i>History in Africa,</i> vol. 19, 1992, pp. 45–101. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995">https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995</a>. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobbanMendy2013" class="citation book cs1">Lobban, Richard Andrew Jr.; Mendy, Peter Karibe (2013). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau</i> (4th ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. pp. 433–435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5310-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5310-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-5310-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Guinea-Bissau&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=433-435&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5310-2&rft.aulast=Lobban&rft.aufirst=Richard+Andrew+Jr.&rft.au=Mendy%2C+Peter+Karibe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiguinchor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline JUILLARD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/cola/insts/france-ut/archives/Fall2003/ConfLangImmigration/juillard.pdf">Sub-Saharian immigration in France: from diversity to integration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813031522/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/insts/france-ut/archives/Fall2003/ConfLangImmigration/juillard.pdf">Archived</a> 13 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Université René Descartes-Paris V. Conference paper. University of Texas (2003) pp.9–10.<br />For full population summary, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117170035/http://www.culture.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=108">Centre culturel régional de Ziguinchor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117170035/http://www.culture.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=108">Archived</a> 17 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ministère de la Culture, du Patrimoine historique classé, des Langues nationales et de la Francophonie, Government of Senegal (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol19no1/191senegal.htm">Ernest Harsch. Peace pact raises hope in Senegal: After 22 years, Casamance war is winding down</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214113129/http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol19no1/191senegal.htm">Archived</a> 14 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, From Africa Renewal, Vol.19 No. 1 (April 2005), page 14.<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4135797.stm">Crowds cheer Senegal peace deal</a>, BBC, 30 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1743090.stm">Casamance rebels attack town</a>, BBC, 4 January 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeltier2023" class="citation news cs1">Peltier, Elian (1 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/01/world/africa/senegal-ousmane-sonko.html">"Protests Erupt in Senegal After Opposition Leader Is Sentenced to Prison"</a>. 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Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2573-2575</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMONormals-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMONormals_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Senegal/CSV/Ziguinchor_61695.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ziguinchor"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991-2020+%E2%80%94+Ziguinchor&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-1-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSenegal%2FCSV%2FZiguinchor_61695.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiguinchor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-I/SG/61695.TXT">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1961-1990: Ziguinchor"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1961-1990%3A+Ziguinchor&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FRA-I%2FSG%2F61695.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiguinchor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6379847.stm">Mame Less Camara, Senegal's presidential contenders</a>, BBC News, 22 February 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.rewmi.com/index.php?action=article&numero=8665&PHPSESSID=14acc234575a650e97660c8a87820b7c">Pds et Aj décident d'aller en coalition à Ziguinchor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304125101/http://www2.rewmi.com/index.php?action=article&numero=8665&PHPSESSID=14acc234575a650e97660c8a87820b7c">Archived</a> 4 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Le Soleil, 28 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nettali.net/spip.php?article3394">SÛR DE LA VICTOIRE DE LA COALITION SOPI A ZIGUINCHOR</a>, Abdoulaye Baldé lance des piques à Robert Sagna. Nettali. 12 May 2007 . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091202124116/http://www2.rewmi.com/index.php?action=article&numero=1728">Deux défaites successives à Ziguinchor: Est-ce le chant du cygne pour Robert Sagna ?</a>, Rewmi, 6 June 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialisme-republiquesn.org/old/spip.php?article386">Robert Sagna va t-il vers la rupture ? Chronique d'un départ annoncé</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202152741/http://www.socialisme-republiquesn.org/old/spip.php?article386">Archived</a> 2 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Parti socialiste Sénégal, 13 December 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xalimasn.com/spip.php?article1292">"Passation de service à la mairie de Ziguinchor: Baldé fait de Robert Sagna, "le maire honoraire de la ville""</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, xalimasn.com, 18 April 2009 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoumaré2022" class="citation news cs1">Soumaré, Marième (25 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/169945/senegal-oppositionist-ousmane-sonko-celebrates-his-election-victory-in-ziguinchor/">"Senegal: Oppositionist Ousmane Sonko celebrates his election victory in Ziguinchor"</a>. The Africa Report<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Senegal%3A+Oppositionist+Ousmane+Sonko+celebrates+his+election+victory+in+Ziguinchor&rft.date=2022-01-25&rft.aulast=Soumar%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Mari%C3%A8me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F169945%2Fsenegal-oppositionist-ousmane-sonko-celebrates-his-election-victory-in-ziguinchor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiguinchor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/senegal-ziguinchor-ecole-francaise-francois">École française François-Rabelais</a>." <a href="/wiki/AEFE" class="mw-redirect" title="AEFE">AEFE</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9couvrez+Saint-Maur&rft.pub=Saint-Maur-des-Foss%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint-maur.com%2Fma-mairie%2Fdecouvrir-saint-maur%2Fjumelages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiguinchor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caboverde.com/ilhas/fogo/fogo-12.htm">"Ilhas de Cabo Verde: Ilha do Fogo"</a> (in Portuguese and French). Cabo Verde Islands<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ilhas+de+Cabo+Verde%3A+Ilha+do+Fogo&rft.pub=Cabo+Verde+Islands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caboverde.com%2Filhas%2Ffogo%2Ffogo-12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiguinchor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cm-viana-castelo.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais-cooperacao/">"Relações internacionais / cooperação"</a> (in Portuguese). Viana do Castelo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es+internacionais+%2F+coopera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.pub=Viana+do+Castelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cm-viana-castelo.pt%2Fmunicipio%2Frelacoes-internacionais-cooperacao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZiguinchor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Much of this article was translated from the French language Wikipedia article <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziguinchor" class="extiw" title="fr:Ziguinchor">fr:Ziguinchor</a>.</li> <li>Ferdinand de Jong. Politicians of the Sacred Grove: Citizenship and Ethnicity in Southern Senegal. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 72, No. 2 (2002), pp. 203–220 <i>On the political and cultural tactics of longtime mayor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sagna" title="Robert Sagna">Robert Sagna</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Jean-Claude Bruneau, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ziguinchor en Casamance: aspects géographiques de la capitale régionale du Sud Sénégalais</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_Bordeaux_Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="University Bordeaux Montaigne">Université de Bordeaux III</a>, 1975, 409 p. (Thèse de 3rd cycle)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Jean-Claude Bruneau, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ziguinchor en Casamance: la croissance urbaine dans les pays tropicaux</i></span></i>, Talence, Ministère des universités, <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>, Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1979</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Nfally Diedhiou, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Administration coloniale et travail forcé en Casamance. Étude de cas du réseau routier à travers la construction de la route Tobor-Ziguinchor</i></span></i>, Dakar, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cheikh_Anta_Diop" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Cheikh Anta Diop">Université Cheikh Anta Diop</a>, 2000, 119 p. + annexes, (Mémoire de Maîtrise)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Maguette Diop, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Monographie climatique d'une station synoptique: Ziguinchor (1946–1975)</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Dakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de Dakar">Université de Dakar</a>, 1977 (Mémoire de Maîtrise)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Baudouin Duquesne, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le secteur informel en Afrique. Approche théorique et étude de cas: "les barroms-sarrettes de Ziguinchor"</i></span></i>, Sénégal, 1986</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Mamadou Goudiaby, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Monographie de la ville de Ziguinchor de 1886 à 1960: le problème des sources</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cheikh_Anta_Diop" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Cheikh Anta Diop">Université Cheikh Anta Diop</a>, 2001, 51 p. (Mémoire de DEA)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Caroline Juillard, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sociolinguistique urbaine: la vie des langues à Ziguinchor (Sénégal)</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNRS" class="mw-redirect" title="CNRS">CNRS</a>, 1995</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Mamadou Goudiaby, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Monographie de la ville de Ziguinchor de 1886 à 1960: le problème des sources</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Cheikh_Anta_Diop" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Cheikh Anta Diop">Université Cheikh Anta Diop</a>, 2001, 51 p. (Mémoire de DEA)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Jacqueline Trincaz, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Colonisations et religions en Afrique noire. L'exemple de Ziguinchor</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, L'Harmattan, 1981, VIII + 360 p. (Thèse de 3rd cycle publiée)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Pierre-Xavier Trincaz, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Colonisation et régionalisme, la double domination: exemple de Ziguinchor en Casamance, Sénégal. Etude urbaine socio-économique d'une capitale régionale d'Afrique</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Paris_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de Paris V">Université de Paris V</a>, 1979 (Thèse de 3rd cycle publiée en 1984, <i>Colonisation et Régionalisme. Ziguinchor en Casamance</i>, Paris, ORSTOM, 270 p.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziguinchor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013192149/http://www.aimf.asso.fr/article2.asp?ville=Ziguinchor&num_menu=12000">Mayor of Ziguinchor's statistics</a> at the International Association for Francophone Mayors.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117170035/http://www.culture.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=108">Centre culturel régional de Ziguinchor</a>, Ministère de la Culture, du Patrimoine historique classé, des Langues nationales et de la Francophonie, Senegal.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travelaffect.com/2017/02/ziguinchor-basse-casamance-senegal/">Video of Ziguinchor 2017</a> Documentary about Ziguinchor and Nella Star, a Dutch anthropologist, revisiting Ziguinchor after 44 years to bring back memories.</li></ul> <div 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Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202776#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125616788">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1334852/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119242-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81086488">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567542105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/223705977">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ziguinchor&params=12_35_N_16_16_W_region:SN_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°35′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°16′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.583°N 16.267°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.583; -16.267</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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