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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types and examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types and examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key–value_store" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key–value_store"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Key–value store</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key–value_store-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Document_store" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Document_store"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Document store</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Document_store-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Graph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling_relational_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling_relational_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Handling relational data</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Handling_relational_data-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Handling relational data subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Handling_relational_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_queries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_queries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Multiple queries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_queries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caching,_replication_and_non-normalized_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caching,_replication_and_non-normalized_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Caching, replication and non-normalized data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caching,_replication_and_non-normalized_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nesting_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nesting_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nesting data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nesting_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ACID_and_join_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ACID_and_join_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>ACID and join support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ACID_and_join_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Query_optimization_and_indexing_in_NoSQL_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Query_optimization_and_indexing_in_NoSQL_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Query optimization and indexing in NoSQL databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Query_optimization_and_indexing_in_NoSQL_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NoSQL</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قاعدة البيانات غير العلائقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاعدة البيانات غير العلائقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="نواس‌کیوال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نواس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD" title="നോഎസ്ക്യുഎൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോഎസ്ക്യുഎൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டமைப்பில்லாத வினவு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்பில்லாத வினவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL_(kavram)" title="NoSQL (kavram) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NoSQL (kavram)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="نو ایس کیو ایل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نو ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="NoSQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82231#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Database class for storage and retrieval of modeled data</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Structured 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For the Microsoft technology, see <a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured Storage</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>NoSQL</b> (originally referring to "non-<a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>" or "non-relational")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an approach to <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> design that focuses on providing a mechanism for <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">storage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_retrieval" title="Data retrieval">retrieval</a> of data that is modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>. Instead of the typical tabular structure of a relational database, NoSQL databases house data within one data structure. Since this non-relational database design does not require a <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">schema</a>, it offers rapid scalability to manage large and typically unstructured data sets.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NoSQL systems are also sometimes called <i>"Not only SQL"</i> to emphasize that they may support <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>-like query languages or sit alongside SQL databases in <a href="/wiki/Polyglot_persistence" title="Polyglot persistence">polyglot-persistent</a> architectures.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-relational databases have existed since the late 1960s, but the name "NoSQL" was only coined in the early 2000s,<sup id="cite_ref-leavitt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leavitt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> triggered by the needs of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> companies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NoSQL databases are increasingly used in <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real-time_web" title="Real-time web">real-time web</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivations for this approach include simplicity of <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, simpler <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scaling#Horizontal_(scale_out)_and_vertical_scaling_(scale_up)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal scaling">"horizontal" scaling</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cluster_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster computing">clusters of machines</a> (which is a problem for relational databases),<sup id="cite_ref-leavitt_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leavitt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finer control over <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">availability</a>, and limiting the <a href="/wiki/Object-relational_impedance_mismatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-relational impedance mismatch">object-relational impedance mismatch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a> used by NoSQL databases (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Key-value_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value database">key–value pair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">wide column</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">document</a>) are different from those used by default in relational databases, making some operations faster in NoSQL. The particular suitability of a given NoSQL database depends on the problem it must solve. Sometimes the data structures used by NoSQL databases are also viewed as "more flexible" than relational <a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">database tables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many NoSQL stores compromise consistency (in the sense of the <a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a>) in favor of availability, partition tolerance, and speed. Barriers to the greater adoption of NoSQL stores include the use of low-level <a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">query languages</a> (instead of SQL, for instance), lack of ability to perform ad hoc <a href="/wiki/Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">joins</a> across tables, lack of standardized interfaces, and huge previous investments in existing relational databases.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most NoSQL stores lack true <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> transactions, although a few databases like <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a> have made them central to their designs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, most NoSQL databases offer a concept of "<a href="/wiki/Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">eventual consistency</a>", in which database changes are propagated to all nodes "eventually" (typically within milliseconds), so queries for data might not return updated data immediately or might result in reading data that is not accurate, a problem known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stale_read" class="extiw" title="wikt:stale read">stale read</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some NoSQL systems may exhibit lost writes and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">data loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some NoSQL systems provide concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Write-ahead_logging" title="Write-ahead logging">write-ahead logging</a> to avoid data loss.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Distributed_transaction_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed transaction processing">distributed transaction processing</a> across multiple databases, data consistency is an even bigger challenge that is difficult for both NoSQL and relational databases. Relational databases "do not allow referential integrity constraints to span databases".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few systems maintain both <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> transactions and <a href="/wiki/X/Open_XA" title="X/Open XA">X/Open XA</a> standards for <a href="/wiki/Distributed_transaction" title="Distributed transaction">distributed transaction processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactive relational databases share conformational relay analysis techniques as a common feature.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limitations within the interface environment are overcome using semantic virtualization protocols, such that NoSQL services are accessible to most <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>NoSQL</i> was used by Carlo Strozzi in 1998 to name his lightweight <a href="/wiki/Strozzi_NoSQL_(RDBMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strozzi NoSQL (RDBMS)">Strozzi NoSQL open-source relational database</a> that did not expose the standard <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">Structured Query Language</a> (SQL) interface, but was still relational.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His NoSQL <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">RDBMS</a> is distinct from the around-2009 general concept of NoSQL databases. Strozzi suggests that, because the current NoSQL movement "departs from the relational model altogether, it should therefore have been called more appropriately 'NoREL'",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to "not relational". </p><p>Johan Oskarsson, then a developer at <a href="/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a>, reintroduced the term <i>NoSQL</i> in early 2009 when he organized an event to discuss "<a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">distributed, non-relational databases</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name attempted to label the emergence of an increasing number of non-relational, distributed data stores, including open source clones of Google's <a href="/wiki/Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a>/<a href="/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a> and Amazon's <a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">DynamoDB</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_examples">Types and examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types and examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various ways to classify NoSQL databases, with different categories and subcategories, some of which overlap. What follows is a non-exhaustive classification by data model, with examples:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="text-align: left;" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Notable examples of this type </th></tr> <tr> <td>Key–value cache</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Coherence" title="Oracle Coherence">Coherence</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere_eXtreme_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale">eXtreme Scale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazelcast" title="Hazelcast">Hazelcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infinispan" title="Infinispan">Infinispan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memcached" title="Memcached">Memcached</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velocity_(memory_cache)" class="mw-redirect" title="Velocity (memory cache)">Velocity</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value store</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scylla_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylla (database)">ScyllaDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Key–value store (eventually consistent)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_NoSQL_Database" title="Oracle NoSQL Database">Oracle NoSQL Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riak" title="Riak">Riak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Key–value store (ordered)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/FoundationDB" title="FoundationDB">FoundationDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning_Memory-Mapped_Database" title="Lightning Memory-Mapped Database">LMDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MemcacheDB" title="MemcacheDB">MemcacheDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuple store</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jini" title="Jini">Apache River</a>, <a href="/wiki/GigaSpaces" title="GigaSpaces">GigaSpaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarantool" title="Tarantool">Tarantool</a>, <a href="/wiki/TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO</a> ActiveSpaces, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triplestore" title="Triplestore">Triplestore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/MarkLogic_Server" title="MarkLogic Server">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontotext" title="Ontotext">Ontotext-OWLIM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_NoSQL_Database" title="Oracle NoSQL Database">Oracle NoSQL database</a>, Profium Sense, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">Virtuoso Universal Server</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Object_database" title="Object database">Object database</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Objectivity/DB" title="Objectivity/DB">Objectivity/DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perst" title="Perst">Perst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zope_Object_Database" title="Zope Object Database">ZODB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Db4o" title="Db4o">db4o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstone (database)">GemStone/S</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterSystems_Cach%C3%A9" title="InterSystems Caché">InterSystems Caché</a>, <a href="/wiki/JADE_(programming_language)" title="JADE (programming language)">JADE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ObjectDatabase%2B%2B" title="ObjectDatabase++">ObjectDatabase++</a>, <a href="/wiki/ObjectDB" title="ObjectDB">ObjectDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ObjectStore" title="ObjectStore">ObjectStore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odaba" title="Odaba">ODABA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realm_(database)" title="Realm (database)">Realm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versant_Object_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Versant Object Database">Versant Object Database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document store</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/BaseX" title="BaseX">BaseX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clusterpoint" title="Clusterpoint">Clusterpoint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="/wiki/CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/DocumentDB" class="mw-redirect" title="DocumentDB">DocumentDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/EXist" title="EXist">eXist-db</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firestore" class="mw-redirect" title="Firestore">Google Cloud Firestore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Notes">IBM Domino</a>, <a href="/wiki/MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/RavenDB" title="RavenDB">RavenDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qizx" title="Qizx">Qizx</a>, <a href="/wiki/RethinkDB" title="RethinkDB">RethinkDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elasticsearch" title="Elasticsearch">Elasticsearch</a>, <a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Datastore" title="Google Cloud Datastore">Google Cloud Datastore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_HBase" title="Apache HBase">HBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertable" title="Hypertable">Hypertable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scylla_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scylla (database)">ScyllaDB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native multi-model database</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MarkLogic_Server" title="MarkLogic Server">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a>, <a href="/wiki/FoundationDB" title="FoundationDB">FoundationDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AgensGraph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AgensGraph (page does not exist)">AgensGraph</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a>, <a href="/wiki/AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Giraph" title="Apache Giraph">Apache Giraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/GUN_(graph_database)" title="GUN (graph database)">GUN (Graph Universe Node)</a>, <a href="/wiki/InfiniteGraph" title="InfiniteGraph">InfiniteGraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo4J" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo4J">Neo4J</a>, <a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">Virtuoso</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MultiValue" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiValue">Multivalue database</a> </td> <td>D3 <a href="/wiki/Pick_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick database">Pick database</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a> (ESE/NT), <a href="/wiki/InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterSystems_Cach%C3%A9" title="InterSystems Caché">InterSystems Caché</a>, jBASE <a href="/wiki/Pick_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick database">Pick database</a>, mvBase <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Software" title="Rocket Software">Rocket Software</a>, mvEnterprise <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Software" title="Rocket Software">Rocket Software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northgate_Information_Solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Northgate Information Solutions">Northgate Information Solutions</a> Reality (the original Pick/MV Database), <a href="/wiki/OpenQM" title="OpenQM">OpenQM</a>, Revelation Software's OpenInsight (Windows) and Advanced Revelation (DOS), UniData <a href="/wiki/Rocket_U2" title="Rocket U2">Rocket U2</a>, UniVerse <a href="/wiki/Rocket_U2" title="Rocket U2">Rocket U2</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key–value_store"><span id="Key.E2.80.93value_store"></span>Key–value store</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key–value store"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value database</a></div> <p>Key–value (KV) stores use the <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative array</a> (also called a map or dictionary) as their fundamental data model. In this model, data is represented as a collection of key–value pairs, such that each possible key appears at most once in the collection.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key–value model is one of the simplest non-trivial data models, and richer data models are often implemented as an extension of it. The key–value model can be extended to a discretely ordered model that maintains keys in <a href="/wiki/Lexicographical_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographical order">lexicographic order</a>. This extension is computationally powerful, in that it can efficiently retrieve selective key <i>ranges</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key–value stores can use <a href="/wiki/Consistency_model" title="Consistency model">consistency models</a> ranging from <a href="/wiki/Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">eventual consistency</a> to <a href="/wiki/Serializability" class="mw-redirect" title="Serializability">serializability</a>. Some databases support ordering of keys. There are various hardware implementations, and some users store data in memory (RAM), while others on <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> (SSD) or <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">rotating disks</a> (aka hard disk drive (HDD)). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Document_store">Document store</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Document store"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented database</a> and <a href="/wiki/XML_database" title="XML database">XML database</a></div> <p>The central concept of a document store is that of a "document". While the details of this definition differ among document-oriented databases, they all assume that documents encapsulate and encode data (or information) in some standard formats or encodings. Encodings in use include <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, <a href="/wiki/YAML" title="YAML">YAML</a>, and <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a> forms like <a href="/wiki/BSON" title="BSON">BSON</a>. Documents are addressed in the database via a unique <i>key</i> that represents that document. Another defining characteristic of a document-oriented database is an <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> or query language to retrieve documents based on their contents. </p><p>Different implementations offer different ways of organizing and/or grouping documents: </p> <ul><li>Collections</li> <li>Tags</li> <li>Non-visible <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a></li> <li>Directory hierarchies</li></ul> <p>Compared to relational databases, collections could be considered analogous to tables and documents analogous to records. But they are different – every record in a table has the same sequence of fields, while documents in a collection may have fields that are completely different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graph">Graph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Graph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a></div> <p>Graph databases are designed for data whose relations are well represented as a <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a> consisting of elements connected by a finite number of relations. Examples of data include <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relations</a>, public transport links, road maps, network topologies, etc. </p> <dl><dt>Graph databases and their query language</dt></dl> <table style="text-align: left;" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Language(s)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=AgensGraph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AgensGraph (page does not exist)">AgensGraph</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cypher_(query_language)" title="Cypher (query language)">Cypher</a></td> <td>Multi-model <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/AllegroGraph" title="AllegroGraph">AllegroGraph</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Neptune" title="Amazon Neptune">Amazon Neptune</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gremlin (programming language)">Gremlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a></td> <td>AQL, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></td> <td>Multi-model DBMS <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> and <a href="/wiki/Key-value_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value store">Key-value store</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azure_Cosmos_DB" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure Cosmos DB">Azure Cosmos DB</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gremlin (programming language)">Gremlin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DEX_(Graph_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEX (Graph database)">DEX/Sparksee</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FlockDB" title="FlockDB">FlockDB</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GUN_(graph_database)" title="GUN (graph database)">GUN (Graph Universe Node)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store added in DB2 10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/InfiniteGraph" title="InfiniteGraph">InfiniteGraph</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JanusGraph" title="JanusGraph">JanusGraph</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></td> <td>Multi-model <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">document database</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neo4j" title="Neo4j">Neo4j</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cypher_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypher Query Language">Cypher</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Database_engine" title="Database engine">database engine</a> hybrid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL 1.1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store added in 11g </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, SQL</td> <td>Multi-model <a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">document</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontotext" title="Ontotext">OWLIM</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL 1.1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store </td></tr> <tr> <td>Profium Sense</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> triple store </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redis" title="Redis">RedisGraph</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cypher_Query_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypher Query Language">Cypher</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sqrrl" title="Sqrrl">Sqrrl Enterprise</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph database</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TerminusDB" title="TerminusDB">TerminusDB</a> </td> <td>JavaScript, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Datalog" title="Datalog">datalog</a> </td> <td>Open source RDF triple-store and document store<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The performance of NoSQL databases is usually evaluated using the metric of <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a>, which is measured as operations per second. Performance evaluation must pay attention to the right <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarks</a> such as production configurations, parameters of the databases, anticipated data volume, and concurrent user <a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">workloads</a>. </p><p>Ben Scofield rated different categories of NoSQL databases as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="text-align: left;" class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Data model</th> <th>Performance</th> <th>Scalability</th> <th>Flexibility</th> <th>Complexity</th> <th>Data integrity</th> <th>Functionality </th></tr> <tr> <td>Key–value store</td> <td>high</td> <td>high</td> <td>high</td> <td>none</td> <td>low</td> <td>variable (none) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Column-oriented store</td> <td>high</td> <td>high</td> <td>moderate</td> <td>low</td> <td>low</td> <td>minimal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Document-oriented store</td> <td>high</td> <td>variable (high)</td> <td>high</td> <td>low</td> <td>low</td> <td>variable (low) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Graph database</td> <td>variable</td> <td>variable</td> <td>high</td> <td>high</td> <td>low-med</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Relational database</td> <td>variable</td> <td>variable</td> <td>low</td> <td>moderate</td> <td>high</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">relational algebra</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Performance and scalability comparisons are most commonly done using the <a href="/wiki/YCSB" title="YCSB">YCSB</a> benchmark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handling_relational_data">Handling relational data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Handling relational data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since most NoSQL databases lack ability for joins in queries, the <a href="/wiki/Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schema</a> generally needs to be designed differently. There are three main techniques for handling relational data in a NoSQL database. (See <a href="#ACID_and_join_support">table join and ACID support</a> for NoSQL databases that support joins.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_queries">Multiple queries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multiple queries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead of retrieving all the data with one query, it is common to do several queries to get the desired data. NoSQL queries are often faster than traditional SQL queries, so the cost of additional queries may be acceptable. If an excessive number of queries would be necessary, one of the other two approaches is more appropriate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caching,_replication_and_non-normalized_data"><span id="Caching.2C_replication_and_non-normalized_data"></span>Caching, replication and non-normalized data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Caching, replication and non-normalized data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instead of only storing foreign keys, it is common to store actual foreign values along with the model's data. For example, each blog comment might include the username in addition to a user id, thus providing easy access to the username without requiring another lookup. When a username changes, however, this will now need to be changed in many places in the database. Thus this approach works better when reads are much more common than writes.<sup id="cite_ref-DataModeling-Couchbase.com_November_11_2019c_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DataModeling-Couchbase.com_November_11_2019c-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nesting_data">Nesting data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nesting data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With document databases like MongoDB it is common to put more data in a smaller number of collections. For example, in a blogging application, one might choose to store comments within the blog post document, so that with a single retrieval one gets all the comments. Thus in this approach a single document contains all the data needed for a specific task. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ACID_and_join_support">ACID and join support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: ACID and join support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A database is marked as supporting <a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> properties (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) or <a href="/wiki/Join_(SQL)" title="Join (SQL)">join</a> operations if the documentation for the database makes that claim. However, this doesn't necessarily mean that the capability is fully supported in a manner similar to most SQL databases. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Database</th> <th>ACID</th> <th>Joins </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=AgensGraph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AgensGraph (page does not exist)">AgensGraph</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Apache Ignite</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CouchDB" class="mw-redirect" title="CouchDB">CouchDB</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Db2" title="IBM Db2">IBM Db2</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/InfinityDB" title="InfinityDB">InfinityDB</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Memory-Mapped_Database" title="Lightning Memory-Mapped Database">LMDB</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MarkLogic" title="MarkLogic">MarkLogic</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-MarkLogicJoins_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkLogicJoins-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-MongoDBJoin_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MongoDBJoin-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OrientDB" title="OrientDB">OrientDB</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-OrientDBJoin_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrientDBJoin-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MarkLogicJoins-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarkLogicJoins_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joins do not necessarily apply to document databases, but MarkLogic can do joins using semantics.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MongoDBJoin-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MongoDBJoin_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MongoDB did not support joining from a sharded collection until version 5.1.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrientDBJoin-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OrientDBJoin_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OrientDB can resolve 1:1 joins using links by storing direct links to foreign records.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Query_optimization_and_indexing_in_NoSQL_databases">Query optimization and indexing in NoSQL databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Query optimization and indexing in NoSQL databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different NoSQL databases, such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">DynamoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couchbase_Server" title="Couchbase Server">Couchbase</a>, HBase, and Redis, exhibit varying behaviors when querying non-indexed fields. Many perform full-table or collection scans for such queries, applying filtering operations after retrieving data. However, modern NoSQL databases often incorporate advanced features to optimize query performance. For example, MongoDB supports compound indexes and query-optimization strategies, Cassandra offers secondary indexes and materialized views, and Redis employs custom indexing mechanisms tailored to specific use cases. Systems like Elasticsearch use inverted indexes for efficient text-based searches, but they can still require full scans for non-indexed fields. This behavior reflects the design focus of many NoSQL systems on scalability and efficient key-based operations rather than optimized querying for arbitrary fields. Consequently, while these databases excel at basic <a href="/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete" title="Create, read, update and delete">CRUD</a> operations and key-based lookups, their suitability for complex queries involving joins or non-indexed filtering varies depending on the database type—document, key–value, wide-column, or graph—and the specific implementation. <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">Comparison of object database management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_structured_storage_software" title="Comparison of structured storage software">Comparison of structured storage software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_scalability" title="Database scalability">Database scalability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_cache" title="Distributed cache">Distributed cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceted_search" title="Faceted search">Faceted search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiValue" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiValue">MultiValue</a> database</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema-agnostic_databases" title="Schema-agnostic databases">Schema-agnostic databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triplestore" title="Triplestore">Triplestore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_database" title="Vector database">Vector database</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nosql-database.org/">http://nosql-database.org/</a> "NoSQL DEFINITION: Next Generation Databases mostly addressing some of the points : being non-relational, distributed, open-source and horizontally scalable".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/topics/nosql-databases">"What Is a NoSQL Database? | IBM"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i>. 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-82662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-82662-6"><bdi>978-0-321-82662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NoSQL+Distilled%3A+A+Brief+Guide+to+the+Emerging+World+of+Polyglot+Persistence&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-321-82662-6&rft.aulast=Sadalage&rft.aufirst=Pramod&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCrearyKelly2013" class="citation book cs1">McCreary, Dan; Kelly, Ann (2013). <i>Making Sense of NoSQL: A guide for managers and the rest of us</i>. Manning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781617291074" title="Special:BookSources/9781617291074"><bdi>9781617291074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+NoSQL%3A+A+guide+for+managers+and+the+rest+of+us&rft.pub=Manning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781617291074&rft.aulast=McCreary&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiese2015" class="citation book cs1">Wiese, Lena (2015). <i>Advanced Data Management for SQL, NoSQL, Cloud and Distributed Databases</i>. 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B.; Hossain, S. A. (2013). "NoSQL Database: New Era of Databases for Big data Analytics - Classification, Characteristics and Comparison". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1307.0191">1307.0191</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.DB">cs.DB</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=NoSQL+Database%3A+New+Era+of+Databases+for+Big+data+Analytics+-+Classification%2C+Characteristics+and+Comparison&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1307.0191&rft.aulast=Moniruzzaman&rft.aufirst=A.+B.&rft.au=Hossain%2C+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrend2013" class="citation citeseerx cs1">Orend, Kai (2013). "Analysis and Classification of NoSQL Databases and Evaluation of their Ability to Replace an Object-relational Persistence Layer". <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.184.483">10.1.1.184.483</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=CiteSeerX&rft.atitle=Analysis+and+Classification+of+NoSQL+Databases+and+Evaluation+of+their+Ability+to+Replace+an+Object-relational+Persistence+Layer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.184.483%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Orend&rft.aufirst=Kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishnanKulkarniDadbhawala" class="citation web cs1">Krishnan, Ganesh; Kulkarni, Sarang; Dadbhawala, Dharmesh Kirit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US7383272?oq=ganesh+krishnan">"Method and system for versioned sharing, consolidating and reporting information"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Method+and+system+for+versioned+sharing%2C+consolidating+and+reporting+information&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=Ganesh&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+Sarang&rft.au=Dadbhawala%2C+Dharmesh+Kirit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS7383272%3Foq%3Dganesh%2Bkrishnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NoSQL&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrauch" class="citation web cs1">Strauch, Christof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christof-strauch.de/nosqldbs.pdf">"NoSQL whitepaper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stuttgart: Hochschule der Medien.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NoSQL+whitepaper&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Hochschule+der+Medien&rft.aulast=Strauch&rft.aufirst=Christof&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christof-strauch.de%2Fnosqldbs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdlich" class="citation web cs1">Edlich, Stefan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nosql-database.org/">"NoSQL database List"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NoSQL+database+List&rft.aulast=Edlich&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnosql-database.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeubauer2010" class="citation web cs1">Neubauer, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/articles/graph-nosql-neo4j">"Graph Databases, NOSQL and Neo4j"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graph+Databases%2C+NOSQL+and+Neo4j&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Neubauer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Farticles%2Fgraph-nosql-neo4j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBushik2012" class="citation web cs1">Bushik, Sergey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/665327/tech-primers-a-vendor-independent-comparison-of-nosql-databases-cassandra-hbase-mongodb-riak.html">"A vendor-independent comparison of NoSQL databases: Cassandra, HBase, MongoDB, Riak"</a>. NetworkWorld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+vendor-independent+comparison+of+NoSQL+databases%3A+Cassandra%2C+HBase%2C+MongoDB%2C+Riak&rft.pub=NetworkWorld&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bushik&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Farticle%2F665327%2Ftech-primers-a-vendor-independent-comparison-of-nosql-databases-cassandra-hbase-mongodb-riak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoSQL" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZicari2014" class="citation web cs1">Zicari, Roberto V. 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systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="List of relational database management systems">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_column-oriented_DBMSes" title="List of column-oriented DBMSes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NoSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSQL" title="NewSQL">NewSQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_in-memory_databases" title="List of in-memory databases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain-based_database" title="Blockchain-based database">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong%27s_axioms" title="Armstrong's axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codd%27s_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete" title="Create, read, update and delete">CRUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_(SQL)" title="Null (SQL)">Null</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACELC_theorem" title="PACELC theorem">PACELC theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Row_(database)" title="Row (database)">row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_(SQL)" title="View (SQL)">View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">Transaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Database_Connectivity" title="Java Database Connectivity">JDBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery_API_for_Java" title="XQuery API for Java">XQJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity" title="Open Database Connectivity">ODBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_Rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Rewriting">Query rewriting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_plan" title="Query plan">Query plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database_administration" title="Database administration">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_(computing)#DATABASE" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_storage_structures" title="Database storage structures">Database storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">Relational algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_calculus" title="Relational calculus">Relational calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li> <li><a 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