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<span>Rabbinical literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinical_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rededication_by_the_Maccabees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rededication_by_the_Maccabees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rededication by the Maccabees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rededication_by_the_Maccabees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasmonean_dynasty_and_Roman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasmonean_dynasty_and_Roman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasmonean_dynasty_and_Roman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herod's_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herod's_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Herod's Temple</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Herod's_Temple-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Herod's Temple subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Herod's_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temenos_expansion,_date_and_duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temenos_expansion,_date_and_duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Temenos expansion, date and duration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temenos_expansion,_date_and_duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent_and_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_and_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Extent and financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_and_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platform,_substructures,_retaining_walls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform,_substructures,_retaining_walls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Platform, substructures, retaining walls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform,_substructures,_retaining_walls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_of_the_Gentiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_of_the_Gentiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Court of the Gentiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_of_the_Gentiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pinnacle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinnacle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Pinnacle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinnacle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Inner courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roofs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roofs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Roofs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roofs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pilgrimages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology_of_the_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology_of_the_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archaeology of the Temple</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology_of_the_Temple-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeology of the Temple subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology_of_the_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temple_warning_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_warning_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Temple warning inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_warning_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_of_trumpeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_of_trumpeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Place of trumpeting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_of_trumpeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walls_and_gates_of_the_Temple_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walls_and_gates_of_the_Temple_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Walls and gates of the Temple complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walls_and_gates_of_the_Temple_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Underground structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quarry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Quarry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floor_tiling_from_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor_tiling_from_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Floor tiling from courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor_tiling_from_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magdala_stone_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magdala_stone_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Magdala stone interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magdala_stone_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Second Temple Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Temple</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Tempel" title="Tweede Tempel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tweede Tempel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الهيكل الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهيكل الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_m%C9%99b%C9%99d" title="İkinci məbəd – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci məbəd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0" title="দ্বিতীয় মন্দির – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় মন্দির" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Втори йерусалимски храм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втори йерусалимски храм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segon_Temple" title="Segon Temple – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segon Temple" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%BD_chr%C3%A1m" title="Druhý chrám – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhý chrám" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Andet_Tempel" title="Det Andet Tempel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Andet Tempel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodianischer_Tempel" title="Herodianischer Tempel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herodianischer Tempel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_tempel" title="Teine tempel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine tempel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δεύτερος Ναός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερος Ναός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Templo" title="Segundo Templo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segundo Templo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Templo" title="Dua Templo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua Templo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="معبد دوم اورشلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معبد دوم اورشلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Second temple de Jérusalem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Second temple de Jérusalem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%84" title="제2성전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2성전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait_Kedua" title="Bait Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bait Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo_tempio_di_Gerusalemme" title="Secondo tempio di Gerusalemme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Secondo tempio di Gerusalemme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="בית המקדש השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית המקדש השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იერუსალიმის მეორე ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იერუსალიმის მეორე ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_Templom" title="Második Templom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második Templom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Втор ерусалимски храм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втор ерусалимски храм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoly_Faharoan%27_i_Jerosalema" title="Tempoly Faharoan' i Jerosalema – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tempoly Faharoan' i Jerosalema" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="الهيكل التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الهيكل التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuil_Kedua" title="Kuil Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuil Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Tempel" title="Tweede Tempel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Tempel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%A5%9E%E6%AE%BF" title="第二神殿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二神殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_andre_tempelet_i_Jerusalem" title="Det andre tempelet i Jerusalem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det andre tempelet i Jerusalem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia" title="Druga Świątynia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Druga Świątynia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Templo" title="Segundo Templo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segundo Templo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Doilea_Templu_din_Ierusalim" title="Al Doilea Templu din Ierusalim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al Doilea Templu din Ierusalim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Второй храм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Второй храм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempulli_i_Dyt%C3%AB" title="Tempulli i Dytë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tempulli i Dytë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Temple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Други храм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други храм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_hram" title="Drugi hram – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drugi hram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemin_toinen_temppeli" title="Jerusalemin toinen temppeli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jerusalemin toinen temppeli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Templo_sa_Herusalem" title="Ikalawang Templo sa Herusalem – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikalawang Templo sa Herusalem" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இரண்டாம் கோவில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரண்டாம் கோவில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="พระวิหารที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระวิหารที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_Tap%C4%B1nak" title="İkinci Tapınak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İkinci Tapınak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Другий храм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Другий храм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="ہیکل دوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیکل دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%9C%A3%E6%AE%BF" title="第二圣殿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第二圣殿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Temple&params=31_46_41_N_35_14_7_E_type:landmark_region:IL-JM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°14′7″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77806°N 35.23528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77806; 35.23528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Temple in Jerusalem (c. 516 BCE–70 CE)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Second Temple<br />Herod's Temple</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="he"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי</span>‎</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/220px-Second_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/330px-Second_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/440px-Second_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Model of <a href="#Herod's_Temple">Herod's Temple</a> (inspired by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>) displayed within the <a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Yahweh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leadership</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipality</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a> (first)<br /><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> (last)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (first)<br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (last)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem"><img alt="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png/240px-Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png/360px-Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png/480px-Jerusalem_Old_City_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2771" data-file-height="3391" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.147%;left:78.473%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Second Temple"><img alt="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Jerusalem</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem"><img alt="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png/240px-Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png/360px-Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png/480px-Jerusalem_location_map_without_titles.png 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="868" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.034%;left:79.194%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Second Temple"><img alt="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (modern municipal borders)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Jerusalem</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem"><img alt="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/240px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/360px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg/480px-Israel_location_map_with_stripes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.999%;left:59.049%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Second Temple"><img alt="Location of the former Second Temple in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Israel</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Temple&params=31_46_41_N_35_14_7_E_type:landmark_region:IL-JM"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°14′7″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77806°N 35.23528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77806; 35.23528</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a>; refurbished by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 516 BCE</span> (original)<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 18 CE</span> (Herodian)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Destroyed</th><td class="infobox-data">70 CE (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Roman siege</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height (max)</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 46 metres (151 ft)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_stone" title="Jerusalem stone">Jerusalem limestone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1930, 1967, 1968, 1970–1978, 1996–1999, 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Warren" title="Charles Warren">Charles Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mazar" title="Benjamin Mazar">Benjamin Mazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronny_Reich" title="Ronny Reich">Ronny Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Shukron" title="Eli Shukron">Eli Shukron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaakov_Billig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaakov Billig (page does not exist)">Yaakov Billig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Present-day site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Limited; see <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Temple Mount entry restrictions</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Second Temple</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ‎ הַשֵּׁנִי</span>‎</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Bēṯ hamMīqdāš hašŠēnī</i></span>, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'Second House of the Sanctum'</span>) was the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, in use between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 516 BCE</span> and its destruction in 70 CE. In its last phase it was enhanced by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, the result being later called <b>Herod's Temple</b>. Defining the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, it stood as a pivotal symbol of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewish identity</a> and was central to <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>; it was the chief place of worship, ritual sacrifice (<i><a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">korban</a></i>), and communal gathering for <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. As such, it attracted Jewish pilgrims from distant lands during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>. </p><p>Construction on the Second Temple began in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Persian conquest of Babylon</a>; the Second Temple's predecessor, known as <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>, had been destroyed alongside the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> as a whole by the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Babylonian siege of Jerusalem</a> around 587 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> issued the so-called <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">Edict of Cyrus</a>, which is described in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as having authorized and encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return to Zion</a>—a biblical event in which the Jewish people returned to the former Kingdom of Judah, which the Persians had recently restructured as the self-governing Jewish province of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a>. The completion of the Second Temple at the time of the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> signified a period of renewed Jewish hope and religious revival. According to biblical sources, the Second Temple was originally a relatively modest structure built under the authority of the Persian-appointed Jewish governor <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>, the penultimate <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">king of Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ezra6etc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezra6etc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1st century BCE, the Second Temple was refurbished and expanded under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>, hence the alternative eponymous name for the structure. Herod's transformation efforts resulted in a grand and imposing structure and courtyard, including the large edifices and façades shown in modern models, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, where both Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple stood, was also significantly expanded, doubling in size to become the ancient world's largest religious sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 70 CE, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, the Second Temple was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Roman siege of Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marking a cataclysmic and transformative point in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of the Second Temple prompted the development of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, which remains the mainstream form of Jewish religious practices globally. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_narrative">Biblical narrative</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:105.The_Rebuilding_of_the_Temple_Is_Begun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/105.The_Rebuilding_of_the_Temple_Is_Begun.jpg/220px-105.The_Rebuilding_of_the_Temple_Is_Begun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/105.The_Rebuilding_of_the_Temple_Is_Begun.jpg/330px-105.The_Rebuilding_of_the_Temple_Is_Begun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/105.The_Rebuilding_of_the_Temple_Is_Begun.jpg/440px-105.The_Rebuilding_of_the_Temple_Is_Begun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption>Rebuilding of the Temple (illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> from the 1866 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Sainte Bible</i></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The accession of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in 559 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Albright1963_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright1963-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rudimentary ritual sacrifice had continued at the site of the first temple following its destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the closing verses of the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">second book of Chronicles</a> and the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>, when the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great (<a href="/wiki/Ezra_1:1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra 1:1">Ezra 1:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ezra_1:4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra 1:4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles_36:22" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles 36:22">2 Chronicles 36:22</a>–<a href="/wiki/2_Chronicles_36:23" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Chronicles 36:23">23</a>), construction started at the original site of the altar of Solomon's Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events represent the final section in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Albright1963_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright1963-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solomons_Temple_10Century.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Solomons_Temple_10Century.JPG/220px-Solomons_Temple_10Century.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Solomons_Temple_10Century.JPG/330px-Solomons_Temple_10Century.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Solomons_Temple_10Century.JPG/440px-Solomons_Temple_10Century.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="2069" /></a><figcaption>Modern-day reconstruction of Jerusalem during the 10th century BCE, showing Solomon's Temple, which was on the site prior to the building of the Second Temple.</figcaption></figure> <p>The original core of the book of Nehemiah, the first-person memoir, may have been <a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">combined</a> with the core of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a> around 400 BCE. Further editing probably continued into the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period#Hellenistic_era" title="Second Temple period">Hellenistic era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the biblical account, after the return from Babylonian captivity, arrangements were immediately made to reorganize the desolated <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud Province">Yehud Province</a> after the demise of the Kingdom of Judah seventy years earlier. The body of pilgrims, forming a band of 42,360,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months, from the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> to Jerusalem, were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse, and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a>, the governor, who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden <a href="/wiki/Persian_daric" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian daric"> darics</a>, besides other gifts, the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood, and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris that occupied the site of the old temple; and in the second month of the second year (535 BCE), amid great public excitement and rejoicing, the foundations of the Second Temple were laid. A wide interest was felt in this great movement, although it was regarded with mixed feelings by the spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritans</a> wanted to help with this work but Zerubbabel and the elders declined such cooperation, feeling that the Jews must build the Temple unaided. Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews. According to <a href="/wiki/Ezra_4:5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra 4:5">Ezra 4:5</a>, the Samaritans sought to "frustrate their purpose" and sent messengers to <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> and Susa, with the result that the work was suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seven years later, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, who allowed the Jews to <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">return</a> to their homeland and rebuild the Temple, died,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a>. On his death, the "false <a href="/wiki/Smerdis" class="mw-redirect" title="Smerdis">Smerdis</a>", an impostor, occupied the throne for some seven or eight months, and then <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I of Persia">Darius</a> became king (522 BCE). In the second year of his rule the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets <a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a>. It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BCE, more than twenty years after the return from captivity. The Temple was completed on the third day of the month <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a>, in the sixth year of the reign of Darius, amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people,<sup id="cite_ref-Ezra6etc_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezra6etc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it was evident that the Jews were no longer an independent people, but were subject to a foreign power. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Book of Haggai</a> includes a prediction that the glory of the Second Temple would be greater than that of the first.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Temple may well have been consecrated in 516, construction and expansion may have continued as late as 500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the original artifacts from the Temple of Solomon are not mentioned in the sources after its destruction in 586 BCE, and are presumed lost. The Second Temple lacked various holy articles, including the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a><sup id="cite_ref-JE_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> containing the <a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a>, before which were placed the pot of <a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">manna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim" title="Urim and Thummim">Urim and Thummim</a><sup id="cite_ref-JE_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (divination objects contained in the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate" title="Priestly breastplate">Hoshen</a></i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sacred fire.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second Temple also included many of the original vessels of gold that had been taken by the <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a> but restored by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No detailed description of the Temple's architecture is given in the Hebrew Bible, save that it was sixty <a href="/wiki/Cubit#Biblical_cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> in both width and height, and was constructed with stone and lumber.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Second Temple, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a> (<i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kodesh Hakodashim</i></span></i>) was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the First Temple. Still, as in the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, the Second Temple included the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah</a> (golden lamp) for the <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hekhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekhal">Hekhal</a></i></span></i>, the Table of <a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">Showbread</a> and the golden <a href="/wiki/Altar_(Judaism)#Altar_of_Incense" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar (Judaism)">altar of incense</a>, with golden <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2ndT_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rabbinical_literature">Rabbinical literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Missing_years_(Jewish_calendar)" title="Missing years (Jewish calendar)">Missing years (Jewish calendar)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Jewish_chronology" title="Traditional Jewish chronology">Traditional Jewish chronology</a></div> <p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> states that the Second Temple stood for 420 years, and, based on the 2nd-century work <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a></i></span>, placed construction in <a href="/wiki/350s_BC" title="350s BC">356 BCE</a> (3824 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">AM</a>), 164 years later than academic estimates, and destruction in 68 CE (3828 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">AM</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "<a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a>" stood where the Ark used to be, and the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Priest (Judaism)">High Priest</a> put his censer on it on <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifth order, or division, of the Mishnah, known as <a href="/wiki/Kodashim" title="Kodashim">Kodashim</a>, provides detailed descriptions and discussions of the religious laws connected with <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem#Temple_services" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple service</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrifices</a>, the Temple and its furnishings, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">the priests</a> who carried out the duties and ceremonies of its service. <a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">Tractates</a> of the order deal with the sacrifices of animals, birds, and <a href="/wiki/Gift_offering" title="Gift offering">meal offerings</a>, the laws of bringing a sacrifice, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sin_offering" title="Sin offering">sin offering</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guilt_offering" title="Guilt offering">guilt offering</a>, and the laws of misappropriation of sacred property. In addition, the order contains a description of the Second Temple (<a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">tractate</a> <a href="/wiki/Middot_(Talmud)" title="Middot (Talmud)">Middot</a>), and a description and rules about the daily sacrifice service in the Temple (<a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">tractate</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamid" title="Tamid">Tamid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soncino_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soncino-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EJ_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJ-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Temple lacked the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></i></span> (the dwelling or settling divine presence of God) and the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ruach_HaKodesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach HaKodesh">Ruach HaKodesh</a></i></span> (holy spirit) present in the First Temple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rededication_by_the_Maccabees">Rededication by the Maccabees</h2></div> <p>Following the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> of Egypt until 200 BCE, when the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a> of Syria defeated Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panium" title="Battle of Panium">Battle of Paneion</a>. </p><p>In 167 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> ordered an altar to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> erected in the Temple. He also, according to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, "compelled Jews to dissolve the laws of the country, to keep their infants un-<a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">circumcised</a>, and to sacrifice swine's flesh upon the altar; against which they all opposed themselves, and the most approved among them were put to death."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> against the Seleucid empire, the Second Temple was rededicated and became the religious pillar of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a>, as well as culturally associated with the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hasmonean_dynasty_and_Roman_conquest">Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest</h2></div> <p>There is some evidence from archaeology that further changes to the structure of the Temple and its surroundings were made during the Hasmonean rule. <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>, the queen of the Hasmonean Kingdom appointed her elder son <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> as the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">high priest of Judaea</a>. Her younger son <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> was determined to have the throne, and as soon as she died he seized the throne. Hyrcanus, who was next in the succession, agreed to be content with being high priest. <a href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" title="Antipater the Idumaean">Antipater</a>, the governor of Idumæa, encouraged Hyrcanus not to give up his throne. Eventually, Hyrcanus fled to <a href="/wiki/Aretas_III" title="Aretas III">Aretas III</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Nabateans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabateans">Nabateans</a>, and returned with an army to take back the throne. He defeated Aristobulus and besieged Jerusalem. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, who was in Syria fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>, sent his lieutenant to investigate the conflict in Judaea. Both Hyrcanus and Aristobulus appealed to him for support. Pompey was not diligent in making a decision about this, which caused Aristobulus to march off. He was pursued by Pompey and surrendered but his followers closed Jerusalem to Pompey's forces. The Romans <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">besieged</a> and took the city in 63 BCE. The priests continued with the religious practices inside the Temple during the siege. The temple was not looted or harmed by the Romans. Pompey himself, perhaps inadvertently, went into the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a> and the next day ordered the priests to repurify the Temple and resume the religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Lester2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lester2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herod's_Temple"><span id="Herod.27s_Temple"></span>Herod's Temple</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/400px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/600px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG/800px-Jerusalem_Modell_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3867" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>Herod's Temple as imagined in the <a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a>; east at the bottom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiAir_IL-13-06_037_-_Temple_Mount.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/WikiAir_IL-13-06_037_-_Temple_Mount.JPG/220px-WikiAir_IL-13-06_037_-_Temple_Mount.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/WikiAir_IL-13-06_037_-_Temple_Mount.JPG/330px-WikiAir_IL-13-06_037_-_Temple_Mount.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/WikiAir_IL-13-06_037_-_Temple_Mount.JPG/440px-WikiAir_IL-13-06_037_-_Temple_Mount.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>View of the Temple Mount in 2013; east at the bottom</figcaption></figure> <p>The writings of Flavius Josephus and the information in tractate Middot of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> had for long been used for proposing possible designs for the Temple up to 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffman_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> in the 20th century provided another possible source. Lawrence Schiffman states that after studying Josephus and the Temple Scroll, he found Josephus to be historically more reliable than the Temple Scroll.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temenos_expansion,_date_and_duration"><span id="Temenos_expansion.2C_date_and_duration"></span>Temenos expansion, date and duration</h3></div> <p>Reconstruction of the temple under <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> began with a massive expansion of the Temple Mount <a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a>. For example, the Temple Mount complex initially measured 7 hectares (17 acres) in size, but Herod expanded it to 14.4 hectares (36 acres) and so doubled its area.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod's work on the Temple is generally dated from 20/19 BCE until 12/11 or 10 BCE. Writer Bieke Mahieu dates the work on the Temple enclosures from 25 BCE and that on the Temple building in 19 BCE, and situates the dedication of both in November 18 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious worship and temple rituals continued during the construction process.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritmeyer98_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritmeyer98-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent_and_financing">Extent and financing</h3></div> <p>The old temple built by <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a> was replaced by a magnificent edifice. Herod's Temple was one of the larger construction projects of the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-War_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus records that Herod was interested in perpetuating his name through building projects, that his construction programs were extensive and paid for by heavy taxes, but that his masterpiece was the Temple of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-War_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_shekel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary shekel">sanctuary shekel</a> was reinstituted to support the temple as the <a href="/wiki/Temple_tax" title="Temple tax">temple tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements">Elements</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fig66temple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fig66temple.png/310px-Fig66temple.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fig66temple.png/465px-Fig66temple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fig66temple.png/620px-Fig66temple.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Herod's Temple, from <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/VII._The_Presentation_in_the_Temple"><i>A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture</i></a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Platform,_substructures,_retaining_walls"><span id="Platform.2C_substructures.2C_retaining_walls"></span>Platform, substructures, retaining walls</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Moriah" title="Moriah">Mt. Moriah</a> had a plateau at the northern end, and steeply declined on the southern slope. It was Herod's plan that the entire mountain be turned into a giant square platform. The Temple Mount was originally intended<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be 1,600 feet (490 m) wide by 900 feet (270 m) broad by 9 stories high, with walls up to 16 feet (4.9 m) thick, but had never been finished. To complete it, a trench was dug around the mountain, and huge stone blocks were laid. Some of these weighed well over 100 tons, <a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">the largest</a> measuring 44.6 by 11 by 16.5 feet (13.6 m × 3.4 m × 5.0 m) and weighing approximately 567–628 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2022)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Court_of_the_Gentiles">Court of the Gentiles</h4></div> <p>The Court of the Gentiles was primarily a <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a>, with vendors selling souvenirs, sacrificial animals, food. Currency was also exchanged, with Roman currency exchanged for <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_shekel" title="Tyrian shekel">Tyrian</a> money, as also mentioned in the New Testament account of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_Money_Changers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus and the Money Changers">Jesus and the Money Changers</a>, when Jerusalem was packed with Jewish pilgrims who had come for Passover, perhaps numbering 300,000 to 400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ActJ_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ActJ-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above the <a href="/wiki/Huldah_Gates" title="Huldah Gates">Huldah Gates</a>, on top the Temple walls, was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> praised by Josephus as "more worthy of mention than any other [structure] under the sun"; its main part was a lengthy Hall of Columns which includes 162 columns, structured in four rows.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99,_The_Royal_Stoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%2C_The_Royal_Stoa.jpg/350px-%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%2C_The_Royal_Stoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%2C_The_Royal_Stoa.jpg/525px-%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%2C_The_Royal_Stoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%2C_The_Royal_Stoa.jpg/700px-%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%2C_The_Royal_Stoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Stoa in the Holyland Model of Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Stoa is widely accepted to be part of Herod's work; however, recent archaeological finds in the Western Wall tunnels suggest that it was built in the first century during the reign of Agripas, as opposed to the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pinnacle">Pinnacle</h4></div> <p>The accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">temptation of Christ</a> in the gospels of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> both suggest that the Second Temple had one or more '<a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a>': </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then he [<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>] brought Him to Jerusalem, set Him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to Him, "If You are the Son of God, throw Yourself down from here."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Greek word used is <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πτερύγιον</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pterugion</i></span>), which literally means a tower, rampart, or pinnacle.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i>, it can mean little wing, or by extension anything like a wing such as a battlement or parapet.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeologist Benjamin Mazar thought it referred to the southeast corner of the Temple overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inner_courts">Inner courts</h4></div> <p>According to Josephus, there were ten entrances into the inner courts, four on the south, four on the north, one on the east and one leading east to west from the Court of Women to the court of the Israelites, named the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Nicanor" title="Cave of Nicanor">Nicanor</a> Gate.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Josephus, Herod the Great erected a golden eagle over the great gate of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roofs">Roofs</h4></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_Bouflet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim Bouflet (page does not exist)">Joachim Bouflet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Bouflet" class="extiw" title="fr:Joachim Bouflet">fr</a>]</span> states that "the teams of archaeologists <a href="/wiki/Nahman_Avigad" title="Nahman Avigad">Nahman Avigad</a> in 1969–1980 in the <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Palace_(Jerusalem)" title="Herod's Palace (Jerusalem)">Herodian city of Jerusalem</a>, and Yigael Shiloh in 1978–1982, in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(archaeological_site)" title="City of David (archaeological site)">city of David</a>" have proven that the roofs of the Second Temple had no <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a>. In this, they support Josephus' description of the Second Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilgrimages">Pilgrimages</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage#Judaism" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage § Judaism</a></div> <p>Jews from distant parts of the Roman Empire would arrive by boat at the port of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Caesarea is a more likely port (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> where they would join a caravan for the three-day trek to the Holy City and would then find lodgings in one of the many hotels or hostelries. Then they changed some of their money from the <a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">profane</a> standard <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> currency for <a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_shekel" title="Tyrian shekel">Tyrian money</a>, the latter two considered religious.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JInt_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JInt-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destruction">Destruction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus,_A.D._70.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg/220px-David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg/330px-David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg/440px-David_Roberts_-_The_Siege_and_Destruction_of_Jerusalem_by_the_Romans_Under_the_Command_of_Titus%2C_A.D._70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="3921" /></a><figcaption>Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (1850 painting by <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a>). Looking southwest</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Mount_(Aerial_view,_2007)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Temple_Mount_%28Aerial_view%2C_2007%29_03.jpg/220px-Temple_Mount_%28Aerial_view%2C_2007%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Temple_Mount_%28Aerial_view%2C_2007%29_03.jpg/330px-Temple_Mount_%28Aerial_view%2C_2007%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Temple_Mount_%28Aerial_view%2C_2007%29_03.jpg/440px-Temple_Mount_%28Aerial_view%2C_2007%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="2371" /></a><figcaption>Present-day view of the Temple Mount looking southwest, with the golden <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> visible center and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">al-Aqsa Mosque</a> to the left beyond some trees. Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a> can be seen surrounding the Mount.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 66 CE, the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Jewish population rebelled</a> against the Roman Empire. Four years later, on the Hebrew calendrical date of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, either 4 August 70<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 30 August 70,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> under <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">retook and destroyed much of Jerusalem and Herod's Temple</a>. Josephus, while an apologist for the Empire, claims the burning of the Temple was the impulsive act of a Roman soldier, despite Titus's orders to preserve it, whereas later Christian sources, traced to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, suggest that Titus himself authorized the destruction, a view currently favored by modern scholars, though the debate persists.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, which was built in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to commemorate Titus's victory in Judea, depicts a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">Roman triumph</a>, with soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple, including the <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">temple menorah</a>. According to an inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> built the Colosseum with war spoils in 79–possibly from the spoils of the Second Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sects of Judaism that had their base in the Temple dwindled in importance, including the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(ancient_Israel)" title="Priesthood (ancient Israel)">priesthood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Temple was on the site of what today is the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>. The gates led close to what is now <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">al-Aqsa Mosque</a>, built much later.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritmeyer98_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritmeyer98-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Jews continued to inhabit the destroyed city, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> established a new <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman <i>colonia</i></a> called <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> in 135 CE, many of the Jewish communities were massacred. Jews were banned from entering Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Lester2010_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lester2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a> was set up on the former site of Herod's Temple for the practice of <a href="/wiki/Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman religion">Roman religion</a>. </p><p>Historical accounts relate that not only the Jewish Temple was destroyed, but also the entire Lower city of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, according to Josephus, Titus did not totally raze the towers (such as the <i>Tower of Phasael</i>, now erroneously called the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David_(northeast_tower)" title="Tower of David (northeast tower)">Tower of David</a>), keeping them as a memorial of the city's strength.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabba</a> (<i>Eikha Rabba</i> 1:32) recounts a similar episode related to the destruction of the city, according to which Rabban <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a>, during the Roman siege of Jerusalem, requested of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> that he spare the westernmost gates of the city (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פילי מערבאה</span>) that lead to Lydda (<a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>). When the city was eventually taken, the Arab auxiliaries who had fought alongside the Romans under their general, Fanjar, also spared that westernmost wall from destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a> includes a belief that the Second Temple will be replaced by a future <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a> in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology_of_the_Temple">Archaeology of the Temple</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_warning_inscriptions">Temple warning inscriptions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soreg_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Soreg_inscription.jpg/220px-Soreg_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Soreg_inscription.jpg/330px-Soreg_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Soreg_inscription.jpg/440px-Soreg_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><i>Soreg</i> inscription warning non-Jews from entering the sanctuary of the Second Temple</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1871, a hewn stone measuring 60 cm × 90 cm (24 in × 35 in) and engraved with Greek <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncials</a> was discovered near a court on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and identified by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simon_Clermont-Ganneau" title="Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau">Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau</a> as being the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Warning_inscription" title="Temple Warning inscription">Temple Warning inscription</a>. The stone inscription outlined the prohibition extended to those who were not of the Jewish nation to proceed beyond the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">soreg</i></span> separating the larger Court of the Gentiles and the inner courts. The inscription read in seven lines: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ΜΗΟΕΝΑΑΛΛΟΓΕΝΗΕΙΣΠΟ<br /> ΡΕΥΕΣΟΑΙΕΝΤΟΣΤΟΥΠΕ<br /> ΡΙΤΟΙΕΡΟΝΤΡΥΦΑΚΤΟΥΚΑΙ<br /> ΠΕΡΙΒΟΛΟΥΟΣΔΑΝΛΗ<br /> ΦΘΗΕΑΥΤΩΙΑΙΤΙΟΣΕΣ<br /> ΤΑΙΔΙΑΤΟΕΞΑΚΟΛΟΥ<br /> ΘΕΙΝΘΑΝΑΤΟΝ</span></span><br /> Translation: "Let no foreigner enter within the parapet and the partition which surrounds the Temple precincts. Anyone caught [violating] will be held accountable for his ensuing death." </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Today, the stone is preserved in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museums" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museums">Istanbul's Museum of Antiquities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-times_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935 a fragment of another similar Temple warning inscription was found.<sup id="cite_ref-times_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "foreigner" has an ambiguous meaning. Some scholars believe it referred to all gentiles, regardless of ritual purity status or religion. Others argue that it referred to unconverted Gentiles since <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> wrote the inscription. Herod himself was a converted <a href="/wiki/Idumean" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumean">Idumean</a> (or Edomite) and was unlikely to exclude himself or his descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Place_of_trumpeting">Place of trumpeting</h3></div> <p>Another <a href="/wiki/Trumpeting_place_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpeting place inscription">ancient inscription</a>, partially preserved on a stone discovered below the southwest corner of the Herodian Mount, contains the words "to the place of trumpeting". The stone's shape suggests that it was part of a parapet, and it has been interpreted as belonging to a spot on the Mount described by Josephus, "where one of the priests to stand and to give notice, by sound of trumpet, in the afternoon of the approach, and on the following evening of the close, of every <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">seventh day</a>" closely resembling what the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> says.<sup id="cite_ref-IMJ_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMJ-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walls_and_gates_of_the_Temple_complex">Walls and gates of the Temple complex</h3></div> <p>After 1967, archaeologists found that the wall extended all the way around the Temple Mount and is part of the city wall near the <a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a>. Thus, the remaining part of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> is not only the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>. Currently, <a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a> (named after American <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)" title="Edward Robinson (scholar)">Edward Robinson</a>) remains as the beginning of an arch that spanned the gap between the top of the platform and the higher ground farther away. Visitors and pilgrims also entered through the still-extant, but now plugged, gates on the southern side that led through <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a> to the top of the platform. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern wall">Southern wall</a> was designed as a grand entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-EMazar_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMazar-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archaeological digs have found numerous <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikvehs</a></i></span> (ritual baths) for the ritual purification of the worshipers, and a grand stairway leading to one of the now blocked entrances.<sup id="cite_ref-EMazar_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMazar-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_structures">Underground structures</h3></div> <p>Inside the walls, the platform was supported by a series of vaulted archways, now called <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a>, which still exist. Their current renovation by the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Waqf</a></i></span> is extremely controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quarry">Quarry</h3></div> <p>On September 25, 2007, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuval_Baruch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuval Baruch (page does not exist)">Yuval Baruch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Antiquities_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Antiquities Authority">Israeli Antiquities Authority</a> announced the discovery of a quarry compound that may have provided King Herod with the stones to build his Temple on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>. Coins, pottery and an iron stake found proved the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BCE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (August 2021)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Netzer" title="Ehud Netzer">Ehud Netzer</a> confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floor_tiling_from_courts">Floor tiling from courts</h3></div> <p>More recent findings from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a> include <a href="/wiki/Opus_sectile" title="Opus sectile">floor tiling</a> from the Second Temple period.<sup id="cite_ref-Floor_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floor-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magdala_stone_interpretation">Magdala stone interpretation</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Magdala_stone" title="Magdala stone">Magdala stone</a> is thought to be a representation of the Second Temple carved before its destruction in the year 70.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershner_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershner-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Temple_Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></div> <p>The period between the construction of the Second Temple in 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE witnessed major historical upheavals and significant religious changes that would affect most subsequent <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. The origins of the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">authority of scripture</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Noahide_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Noahide Law">centrality of law and morality in religion</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">apocalyptic expectations for the future</a> all developed in the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> of this period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_remnants_of_the_Jerusalem_Temple" title="Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple">Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_stone" title="Jerusalem stone">Jerusalem stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artifacts_significant_to_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artifacts significant to the Bible">List of artifacts significant to the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">List of megalithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Replicas of the Jewish Temple">Replicas of the Jewish Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Temple of Peace, Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline of Jewish history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on regnal years of Darius I, brought down in Richard Parker & Waldo Dubberstein's <i>Babylonian Chronology, 626 B.C.–A.D. 75</i>, Brown University Press: Providence 1956, p. 30. However, Jewish tradition holds that the Second Temple stood for only 420 years, i.e. from 352 BCE – 68 CE. See: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHadad2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hadad, David (2005). <i>Sefer Maʻaśe avot</i> (in Hebrew) (4 ed.). Beer Sheba: Kodesh Books. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/74311775">74311775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sefer+Ma%CA%BBa%C5%9Be+avot&rft.place=Beer+Sheba&rft.pages=364&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Kodesh+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F74311775&rft.aulast=Hadad&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span> (with endorsements by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Amar" title="Shlomo Amar">Shlomo Amar</a>, and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yona_Metzger" title="Yona Metzger">Yona Metzger</a>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSar-Shalom1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sar-Shalom, Rahamim (1984). <i>She'harim La'Luah Ha'ivry (Gates to the Hebrew Calendar)</i> (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv. p. 161 (Comparative chronological dates). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/854906532">854906532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She%27harim+La%27Luah+Ha%27ivry+%28Gates+to+the+Hebrew+Calendar%29&rft.place=Tel-Aviv&rft.pages=161+%28Comparative+chronological+dates%29&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F854906532&rft.aulast=Sar-Shalom&rft.aufirst=Rahamim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1974). <i>Sefer Mishneh Torah - HaYad Ha-Chazakah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 4. Jerusalem: Pe'er HaTorah. pp. 184–185 [92b–93a] (Hil. <i>Shmitta ve-yovel</i> 10:2–4). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122758200">122758200</a>. <q>According to this calculation, this year which is one-thousand, one-hundred and seven years following the destruction, which year in the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a> counting is [today] the 1,487th year (corresponding with Tishri 1175–Elul 1176 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), being the year 4,936 <a href="/wiki/Anno_mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno mundi">anno mundi</a>, it is a Seventh Year [of the seven-year cycle], and it is the 21st year of the <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(biblical)" title="Jubilee (biblical)">Jubilee</a>" (END QUOTE). = the destruction occurring in the lunar month of Av, two months preceding the New Year of 3,829 anno mundi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sefer+Mishneh+Torah+-+HaYad+Ha-Chazakah+%28Maimonides%27+Code+of+Jewish+Law%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=184-185+92b-93a+%28Hil.+%27%27Shmitta+ve-yovel%27%27+10%3A2-4%29&rft.pub=Pe%27er+HaTorah&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F122758200&rft.au=Maimonides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Classical Jewish records (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' Responsa, etc.) put the Second Temple period from 352 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> to 68 CE, a total of 420 years.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schiffman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schiffman_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman2003" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Lawrence H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQDkLzQimk8C&pg=PA48"><i>Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/KTAV_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="KTAV Publishing House">KTAV Publishing House</a>. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-813-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-813-4"><bdi>978-0-88125-813-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830021823/https://books.google.com/books?id=nQDkLzQimk8C&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-813-4&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQDkLzQimk8C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ezra6etc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ezra6etc_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ezra6etc_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a06.htm#15">Ezra 6:15,16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeissel2010" class="citation book cs1">Feissel, Denis (23 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840438627"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae: Volume 1 1/1: Jerusalem, Part 1: 1-704</i></a>. Hannah M. Cotton, Werner Eck, Marfa Heimbach, Benjamin Isaac, Alla Kushnir-Stein, Haggai Misgav. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-174100-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-174100-0"><bdi>978-3-11-174100-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/840438627">840438627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Iudaeae%2FPalaestinae%3A+Volume+1+1%2F1%3A+Jerusalem%2C+Part+1%3A+1-704&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F840438627&rft.isbn=978-3-11-174100-0&rft.aulast=Feissel&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F840438627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaresh2006" class="citation book cs1">Karesh, Sara E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378"><i>Encyclopedia of Judaism</i></a>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78785-171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78785-171-9"><bdi>978-1-78785-171-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162305378">1162305378</a>. <q>Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. [...] The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162305378&rft.isbn=978-1-78785-171-9&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1162305378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albright1963-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albright1963_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albright1963_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">Albright, William</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biblicalperiodfr0000albr"><i>The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra: An Historical Survey</i></a></span>. HarperCollins College Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-130102-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-130102-5"><bdi>978-0-06-130102-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Period+from+Abraham+to+Ezra%3A+An+Historical+Survey&rft.pub=HarperCollins+College+Division&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-06-130102-5&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiblicalperiodfr0000albr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=128&letter=T&search=second">"Temple, The Second"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temple%2C+The+Second&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D128%26letter%3DT%26search%3Dsecond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZevit2008" class="citation book cs1">Zevit, Ziony (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inRKaf_To5sC&pg=PA166">"From Judaism to Biblical Religion and Back Again"</a>. <i>The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship</i>. New York University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3187-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-3187-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830021826/https://books.google.com/books?id=inRKaf_To5sC&pg=PA166">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Judaism+to+Biblical+Religion+and+Back+Again&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Bible%3A+New+Insights+and+Scholarship&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3187-1&rft.aulast=Zevit&rft.aufirst=Ziony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinRKaf_To5sC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartledgeGarnseyGruen1997" class="citation book cs1">Cartledge, Paul; Garnsey, Peter; Gruen, Erich S., eds. (1997). <i>Hellenistic Constructs: Essays In Culture, History, and Historiography</i>. California: University of California Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20676-2"><bdi>978-0-520-20676-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+Constructs%3A+Essays+In+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Historiography&rft.place=California&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20676-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a02.htm#65">Ezra 2:65</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2ndT-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndT_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1897" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_George_Easton" title="Matthew George Easton">Easton, Matthew George</a> (1897). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Temple, the Second"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary_(1897)/Temple,_the_Second">"Temple, the Second" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's Bible Dictionary</a></i> (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Temple%2C+the+Second&rft.btitle=Easton%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.edition=New+and+revised&rft.pub=T.+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=Matthew+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_2" title="Ezra 2">Ezra 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2202.htm#3">Haggai 2:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2304.htm#10">Zechariah 4:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b36.htm#22">2 Chronicles 36:22–23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a05.htm#6">Ezra 5:6–6:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2202.htm#9">Haggai 2:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</a> (2004). <i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah</i>. Library of Second Temple Studies 47. Vol. 1. T&T Clark. pp. 282–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4"><bdi>978-0-567-08998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Yehud%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Province+of+Judah&rft.series=Library+of+Second+Temple+Studies+47&rft.pages=282-285&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08998-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%201:7–11&version=nrsv">Ezra 1:7–11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a06.htm#3">Ezra 6:3–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a> chapter 30; <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Zevahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Zevahim">Zevahim</a></i> 13:6); <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (<i>Megillah</i> 18a); <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<i>Megillah</i> 11b–12a; <i>Arakhin</i> 12b; <i>Baba Bathra</i> 4a), <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> (<i>Hil. Shmita ve-yovel</i> 10:3). Cf. Goldwurm, Hersh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZsPsOhxhSoC&q=%22year+of+the+destruction%22&pg=PA211">History of the Jewish people: the Second Temple era</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830021827/https://books.google.com/books?id=pZsPsOhxhSoC&q=%22year+of+the+destruction%22&pg=PA211">Archived</a> 2023-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mesorah Publications, 1982. Appendix: Year of the Destruction, p. 213. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-454-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-454-3">978-0-89906-454-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Middot_(Talmud)" title="Middot (Talmud)">Middot</a></i> 3:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birnbaum-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum1975" class="citation book cs1">Birnbaum, Philip (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/541">"Kodashim"</a></span>. <i>A Book of Jewish Concepts</i>. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/541">541–542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88482-876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88482-876-1"><bdi>978-0-88482-876-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kodashim&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Jewish+Concepts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=541-542&rft.pub=Hebrew+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-88482-876-1&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofjewishconc00birn%2Fpage%2F541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soncino-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soncino_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Epstein" title="Isidore Epstein">Epstein, Isidore</a>, ed. (1948). "Introduction to Seder Kodashim". <i>The Babylonian Talmud</i>. Vol. 5. Singer, M. H. (translator). London: The Soncino Press. pp. xvii–xxi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Seder+Kodashim&rft.btitle=The+Babylonian+Talmud&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xvii-xxi&rft.pub=The+Soncino+Press&rft.date=1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJ-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJ_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArzi1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arzi, Abraham (1978). "Kodashim". <i>Encyclopedia Judaica</i>. Vol. 10 (1st ed.). Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd. pp. 1126–1127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kodashim&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Judaica&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=1126-1127&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Keter+Publishing+House+Ltd.&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Arzi&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.21b.7?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Yoma 21b:7"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107144122/https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.21b.7?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Yoma+21b%3A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FYoma.21b.7%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus2012" class="citation web cs1">Josephus, Flavius (2012-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629063533/http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148:book=1:section=31">"The Wars of the Jews"</a>. p. i. 34. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0148:book=1:section=31">the original</a> on 2012-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=i.+34&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kaufmann, Kohler (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7233-hanukkah">"Ḥanukkah"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4anukkah&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F7233-hanukkah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2000" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Ari L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beingjewishspiri00gold/page/141"><i>Being Jewish: The Spiritual and Cultural Practice of Judaism Today</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beingjewishspiri00gold/page/141">141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82389-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82389-8"><bdi>978-0-684-82389-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Jewish%3A+The+Spiritual+and+Cultural+Practice+of+Judaism+Today&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82389-8&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ari+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeingjewishspiri00gold%2Fpage%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lester2010-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lester2010_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lester2010_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester_L._Grabbe2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC&pg=PA20"><i>An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. pp. 19–20, 26–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-55248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-55248-8"><bdi>978-0-567-55248-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830021831/https://books.google.com/books?id=i89-9fdNUcAC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Second+Temple+Judaism%3A+History+and+Religion+of+the+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Nehemiah%2C+the+Maccabees%2C+Hillel%2C+and+Jesus&rft.pages=19-20%2C+26-29&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-55248-8&rft.au=Lester+L.+Grabbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di89-9fdNUcAC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Schiffman "Descriptions of the Jerusalem Temple in Josephus and the Temple Scroll" in Chapter 11 of "The Courtyards of the House of the Lord", Brill, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12255-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12255-0">978-90-04-12255-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petrech & Edelcopp, "Four stages in the evolution of the Temple Mount", Revue Biblique (2013), pp. 343–344</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahieu, B., <i>Between Rome and Jerusalem</i>, OLA 208, Leuven: Peeters, 2012, pp. 147–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritmeyer98-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritmeyer98_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritmeyer98_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leen_Ritmeyer" title="Leen Ritmeyer">Leen</a> and Kathleen Ritmeyer (1998). <i>Secrets of Jerusalem's Temple Mount</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-War-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-War_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-War_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus: <i>The Jewish War</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2030:13&version=nrsv">Exodus 30:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Bahat: Touching the Stones of our Heritage, Israeli ministry of Religious Affairs, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>. Penguin, 1993. p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ActJ-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ActJ_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Funk" title="Robert W. Funk">Funk, Robert W.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Seminar" title="Jesus Seminar">Jesus Seminar</a>. <i>The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus.</i> HarperSanFrancisco. 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Mazar, Benjamin (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622363">"The Royal Stoa in the Southern Part of the Temple Mount"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research</i>. 46/47: 381–387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622363">10.2307/3622363</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6798">0065-6798</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622363">3622363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Academy+for+Jewish+Research&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Stoa+in+the+Southern+Part+of+the+Temple+Mount&rft.volume=46%2F47&rft.pages=381-387&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0065-6798&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3622363&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1882&hist=1">"Israel Antiquities Authority"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305094222/http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1882&hist=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Antiquities+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2FArticle_eng.aspx%3Fsec_id%3D25%26subj_id%3D240%26id%3D1882%26hist%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+4:9&version=nkjv">Luke 4:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittel1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Kittel" title="Gerhard Kittel">Kittel, Gerhard</a>, ed. (1976) [1965]. <i>Theological Dictionary of the New Testament: Volume III</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_W._Bromiley" title="Geoffrey W. Bromiley">Bromiley, Geoffrey W.</a> Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. p. 236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Volume+III&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong's Concordance 4419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazar, Benjamin (1975). <i>The Mountain of the Lord</i>, Doubleday. p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, War 5.5.2; 198; m. Mid. 1.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, War 1.648–655; Ant 17.149–63. On this, see <i>inter alia</i>: Albert Baumgarten, 'Herod's Eagle', in Aren M. Maeir, Jodi Magness and Lawrence H. Schiffman (eds), <i> 'Go Out and Study the Land' (Judges 18:2): Archaeological, Historical and Textual Studies in Honor of Hanan Eshel</i> (JSJ Suppl. 148; Leiden: Brill, 2012), pp. 7–21; Jonathan Bourgel, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45647596/Herod_s_golden_eagle_on_the_Temple_gate_a_reconsideration">Herod's golden eagle on the Temple gate: a reconsideration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830021833/https://www.academia.edu/45647596/Herod_s_golden_eagle_on_the_Temple_gate_a_reconsideration">Archived</a> 2023-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>Journal of Jewish Studies</i> 72 (2021), pp. 23–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouflet2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bouflet, Joachim (2023). "Fraudes Mystiques Récentes – Maria Valtorta (1897–1961) – Anachronismes et incongruités". <i>Impostures mystiques</i> [<i>Mystical Frauds</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf" title="Éditions du Cerf">Éditions du Cerf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-15520-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-15520-5"><bdi>978-2-204-15520-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fraudes+Mystiques+R%C3%A9centes+%E2%80%93+Maria+Valtorta+%281897%E2%80%931961%29+%E2%80%93+Anachronismes+et+incongruit%C3%A9s&rft.btitle=Impostures+mystiques&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Cerf&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-2-204-15520-5&rft.aulast=Bouflet&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders, E. P. <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i>. Penguin, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JInt-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JInt_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_Interrupted" title="Jesus, Interrupted">Jesus, Interrupted</a>, HarperCollins, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117393-6">978-0-06-117393-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgsf.org/dbeattie/calendar/?roman=70">"Hebrew Calendar"</a>. <i>www.cgsf.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224205/http://www.cgsf.org/dbeattie/calendar/?roman=70">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cgsf.org&rft.atitle=Hebrew+Calendar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgsf.org%2Fdbeattie%2Fcalendar%2F%3Froman%3D70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunson1995" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrGEFpW80UC&pg=PA212"><i>A Dictionary of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510233-8"><bdi>978-0-19-510233-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830022914/https://books.google.com/books?id=HsrGEFpW80UC&pg=PA212">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510233-8&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHsrGEFpW80UC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg2006" class="citation cs2">Goldenberg, Robert (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-judaism/destruction-of-the-jerusalem-temple-its-meaning-and-its-consequences/A3D597AAE094CCFDCCE188FFD48CD16C">"The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences"</a>, <i>The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</i>, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 194–195, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488.009">10.1017/chol9780521772488.009</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism%3A+Volume+4%3A+The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.atitle=The+destruction+of+the+Jerusalem+Temple%3A+its+meaning+and+its+consequences&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=194-195&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fchol9780521772488.009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fcambridge-history-of-judaism%2Fdestruction-of-the-jerusalem-temple-its-meaning-and-its-consequences%2FA3D597AAE094CCFDCCE188FFD48CD16C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Johnston2001" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Johnston (15 June 2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1311985/Colosseum-built-with-loot-from-sack-of-Jerusalem-temple.html">"Colosseum 'built with loot from sack of Jerusalem temple'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1311985/Colosseum-built-with-loot-from-sack-of-Jerusalem-temple.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=Colosseum+%27built+with+loot+from+sack+of+Jerusalem+temple%27&rft.date=2001-06-15&rft.au=Bruce+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1311985%2FColosseum-built-with-loot-from-sack-of-Jerusalem-temple.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlföldy1995" class="citation journal cs1">Alföldy, Géza (1995). "Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum". <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Papyrologie_und_Epigraphik" title="Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik">Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</a></i>. <b>109</b>: 195–226. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189648">20189648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Papyrologie+und+Epigraphik&rft.atitle=Eine+Bauinschrift+aus+dem+Colosseum&rft.volume=109&rft.pages=195-226&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20189648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alf%C3%B6ldy&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D6%3Awhiston+chapter%3D6%3Awhiston+section%3D3">6.6.3.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830022915/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D6%3Awhiston+chapter%3D6%3Awhiston+section%3D3">Archived</a> 2023-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Quote: "...So he (Titus) gave orders to the soldiers both to burn and plunder the city; who did nothing indeed that day; but on the next day they set fire to the repository of the archives, to Acra, to the council-house, and to the place called Ophlas; at which time the fire proceeded as far as the palace of queen Helena, which was in the middle of Acra: the lanes also were burnt down, as were also those houses that were full of the dead bodies of such as were destroyed by famine."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus (<i>The Jewish War</i> 7.1.1.), Quote: "Caesar gave orders that they should now demolish the entire city and temple, but should leave as many of the towers standing as were of the greatest eminence; that is, Phasael, and Hippicus, and Mariamme, and so much of the wall as enclosed the city on the west side. This wall was spared, in order to afford a camp for such as were to lie in garrison; as were the towers also spared, in order to demonstrate to posterity what kind of city it was, and how well fortified, which the Roman valour had subdued."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Shahar2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Shahar, Meir (2015). "When was the Second Temple Destroyed? Chronology and Ideology in Josephus and in Rabbinic Literature". <i>Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period</i>. <b>46</b> (4/5). Brill: 562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700631-12340439">10.1163/15700631-12340439</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24667712">24667712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism+in+the+Persian%2C+Hellenistic%2C+and+Roman+Period&rft.atitle=When+was+the+Second+Temple+Destroyed%3F+Chronology+and+Ideology+in+Josephus+and+in+Rabbinic+Literature&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4%2F5&rft.pages=562&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700631-12340439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24667712%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ben+Shahar&rft.aufirst=Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Rabba (<i>Eikha Rabba</i> 1:32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/christianworld/article-705729">"A Christian view of the coming Temple – opinion"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post – Christian World</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220807214558/https://www.jpost.com/christianworld/article-705729">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%E2%80%93+Christian+World&rft.atitle=A+Christian+view+of+the+coming+Temple+%E2%80%93+opinion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fchristianworld%2Farticle-705729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-times_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-times_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZion" class="citation web cs1">Zion, Ilan Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/ancient-temple-mount-warning-stone-is-closest-thing-we-have-to-the-temple/">"Ancient Temple Mount 'warning' stone is 'closest thing we have to the Temple'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830022916/https://www.timesofisrael.com/ancient-temple-mount-warning-stone-is-closest-thing-we-have-to-the-temple/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Ancient+Temple+Mount+%27warning%27+stone+is+%27closest+thing+we+have+to+the+Temple%27&rft.aulast=Zion&rft.aufirst=Ilan+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fancient-temple-mount-warning-stone-is-closest-thing-we-have-to-the-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2011" class="citation book cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/5287/chapter/148016316?login=true#273599969"><i>Contesting Conversion: Genealogy, Circumcision, and Identity in Ancient Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199914456" title="Special:BookSources/9780199914456"><bdi>9780199914456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+Conversion%3A+Genealogy%2C+Circumcision%2C+and+Identity+in+Ancient+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=87-110&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199914456&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F5287%2Fchapter%2F148016316%3Flogin%3Dtrue%23273599969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMJ-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMJ_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/191539">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'To the place of trumpeting …,' Hebrew inscription on a parapet from the Temple Mount"</a>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/The_Israel_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Israel Museum">The Israel Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830023450/https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/191539">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27To+the+place+of+trumpeting+%E2%80%A6%2C%27+Hebrew+inscription+on+a+parapet+from+the+Temple+Mount&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=The+Israel+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imj.org.il%2Fen%2Fcollections%2F191539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMazar-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMazar_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMazar_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazar2002" class="citation book cs1">Mazar, Eilat (2002). <i>The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations</i>. Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication. pp. 55–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-90299-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-90299-1-4"><bdi>978-965-90299-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+the+Temple+Mount+Excavations&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=55-57&rft.pub=Shoham+Academic+Research+and+Publication&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-965-90299-1-4&rft.aulast=Mazar&rft.aufirst=Eilat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/national-news/debris-removed-from-temple-mount-sparks-controversy">"Debris removed from Temple Mount sparks controversy"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004115122/https://www.jpost.com/national-news/debris-removed-from-temple-mount-sparks-controversy">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+Jpost.com&rft.atitle=Debris+removed+from+Temple+Mount+sparks+controversy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fnational-news%2Fdebris-removed-from-temple-mount-sparks-controversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffney2007" class="citation web cs1">Gaffney, Sean (2007-09-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-24-1382898922_x.htm">"Herod's Temple quarry found"</a>. <i>USA Today.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100809211416/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-09-24-1382898922_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today.com&rft.atitle=Herod%27s+Temple+quarry+found&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.aulast=Gaffney&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2007-09-24-1382898922_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Floor-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Floor_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/MAGAZINE-second-temple-courtyard-flooring-restored-1.5437343">"Second Temple Flooring restored"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516004938/https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/MAGAZINE-second-temple-courtyard-flooring-restored-1.5437343">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Second+Temple+Flooring+restored&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Farchaeology%2FMAGAZINE-second-temple-courtyard-flooring-restored-1.5437343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershner-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kershner_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershner2015" class="citation news cs1">Kershner, Isabel (8 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/09/world/middleeast/magdala-stone-israel-judaism.html">"A Carved Stone Block Upends Assumptions About Ancient Judaism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506162456/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/09/world/middleeast/magdala-stone-israel-judaism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Carved+Stone+Block+Upends+Assumptions+About+Ancient+Judaism&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft.aulast=Kershner&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F09%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fmagdala-stone-israel-judaism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Temple" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Second Temple</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Second+Temple&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Second+Temple">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Second+Temple&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Grabbe, Lester. 2008. <i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period</i>. 2 vols. New York: T&T Clark.</li> <li>Nickelsburg, George. 2005. <i>Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah: A Historical and Literary Introduction</i>. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress.</li> <li>Schiffman, Lawrence, ed. 1998. <i>Texts and Traditions: A Source Reader for the Study of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV.</li> <li>Stone, Michael, ed. 1984. <i>The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud</i>. 2 vols. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Fortress.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Second_Jewish_temple_in_Jerusalem" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Second Jewish temple in Jerusalem">Second Jewish temple in Jerusalem</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/historyresources/second_temple_and_talmudic_era.htm">Second Temple and Talmudic Era</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224192231/http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/internetresources/historyresources/second_temple_and_talmudic_era.htm">Archived</a> 2021-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=123&letter=T&search=Herod's%20Temple"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: Temple of Herod</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=128&letter=T&search=Second%20Temple"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: Temple, The Second</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4enoch.org">4 Enoch: The Online Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/portrait/temple.html#purity">PBS <i>Frontline</i>: Temple Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/4837528/A-model-of-biblical-proportions-man-spends-30-years-creating-a-model-of-Herods-Temple.html">Picture gallery of a model of the temple</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Prayer Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Spirits" title="Dome of the Spirits">Dome of the Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha" title="Dome of Yusuf Agha">Dome of Yusuf Agha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qasim_Pasha" title="Fountain of Qasim Pasha">Fountain of Qasim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay" title="Fountain of Qayt Bay">Fountain of Qayt Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-N%C4%81ranj_Pool" title="An-Nāranj Pool">An-Nāranj Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">Library</a></li> <li>Madrasas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_al-Ashrafiyya" title="Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya">Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankiziyya" title="Tankiziyya">Tankiziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" title="Al-Uthmaniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Uthmaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatuniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatuniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Khatuniyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls and entries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minarets_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound">Minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspector%27s_Gate" title="Inspector's Gate">Inspector's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Merchants%27_Gate" title="Cotton Merchants' Gate">Cotton Merchants'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Chain Gate (Jerusalem)">Chain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_is_in_danger" title="Al-Aqsa is in danger">Al-Aqsa is in danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabitat" title="Murabitat">Murabitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aqsa massacre (page does not exist)">Al-Aqsa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Flood">Al-Aqsa Flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekhal">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten_Sea" title="Molten Sea">Molten Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_treasury" title="Temple treasury">Temple treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Replicas of the Jewish Temple">Replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schick_models_of_Jerusalem" title="Schick models of Jerusalem">Schick models of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Western Wall Heritage Foundation">The Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughrabi_Bridge" title="Mughrabi Bridge">Mughrabi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotel_compromise" title="Kotel compromise">Kotel compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">Western Wall Commission</a></li> <li>Advocacy groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HaLiba" title="HaLiba">HaLiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Faithful" title="Temple Mount Faithful">Temple Mount Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon_of_the_Wall" title="Platoon of the Wall">Platoon of the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%E2%80%93Wailing_Wall_Committee" title="Pro–Wailing Wall Committee">Pro–Wailing Wall Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">Women for the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">Women of the Wall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallal" title="Kallal">Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wall" title="Eastern Wall">Eastern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Antonia Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birket_Israel" title="Birket Israel">Birket Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Baris" title="Hasmonean Baris">Hasmonean Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins" title="Monastery of the Virgins">Monastery of the Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Raranj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pool of Raranj">Pool of Raranj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Baris" title="Ptolemaic Baris">Ptolemaic Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struthion_Pool" title="Struthion Pool">Struthion Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah_Gates" title="Huldah Gates">Huldah Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Gate" title="Beautiful Gate">Beautiful Gate</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_the_Temple_Mount" title="Excavations at the Temple Mount">Excavations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_remnants_of_the_Jerusalem_Temple" title="Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple">Archaeological remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Destruction_of_Antiquities_on_the_Temple_Mount" title="Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount">Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan#Assassination" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Assassination of Abdullah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_mosque_fire" title="Al-Aqsa mosque fire">1969 arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes">Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Temple Mount riots">1990 riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Temple_Mount_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Temple Mount clashes">2009 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 wave of violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">2017 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_shooting" title="2017 Temple Mount shooting">2017 shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">2022 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2023 Al-Aqsa clashes">2023 clashes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status quo of Holy Land sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Entry restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel of the World">Navel of the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Temple_Mount" title="Category:Temple Mount">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanukkah" title="Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanukkah" title="Template talk:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanukkah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hanukkahחֲנֻכָּה" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hanukkah</li><li>חֲנֻכָּה</li></ul></div></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanukkah_traditions" title="Category:Hanukkah traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreidel" title="Dreidel">Dreidel (Sevivon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_gelt" title="Hanukkah gelt">Gelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">Public menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscochos" title="Biscochos">Biscochos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrniki" title="Syrniki">Syrniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritas_de_prasa" title="Fritas de prasa">Fritas de prasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke" title="Latke">Latke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noodle_latkes" title="Noodle latkes">Noodle latkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfenj" title="Sfenj">Sfenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufganiyah" title="Sufganiyah">Sufganiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%B1uelo" title="Buñuelo">Buñuelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music" title="Hanukkah music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ma%27oz_Tzur" title="Ma'oz Tzur">Ma'oz Tzur</a> (Rock of Ages)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haneirot_Halalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haneirot Halalu (page does not exist)">Haneirot Halalu</a> (These lights)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odecha_Ki_Tovot_Gamalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta (page does not exist)">Odecha Ki Tovot Gamalta</a> (I will Thank You)"</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichlu_Mashmanim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichlu Mashmanim (page does not exist)">Ichlu Mashmanim</a> (Eat Fattened Animals)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Little_Dreidel" title="I Have a Little Dreidel">I Have a Little Dreidel</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oh_Chanukah" title="Oh Chanukah">Oh Chanukah</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Chanukah_Song" title="The Chanukah Song">The Chanukah Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Erran_Baron_Cohen_Presents:_Songs_in_the_Key_of_Hanukkah" title="Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah">Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Light_One_Candle" title="Light One Candle">Light One Candle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Puppy_for_Hanukkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppy for Hanukkah">Puppy for Hanukkah</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hanukkah_Sessions" title="The Hanukkah Sessions">The Hanukkah Sessions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_film" title="Hanukkah film">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Crazy_Nights" title="Eight Crazy Nights">Eight Crazy Nights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full-Court_Miracle" title="Full-Court Miracle">Full-Court Miracle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Hammer_(film)" title="The Hebrew Hammer (film)">The Hebrew Hammer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_in_television" title="Hanukkah in television">In television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_One_with_the_Holiday_Armadillo" class="mw-redirect" title="The One with the Holiday Armadillo">The One with the Holiday Armadillo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah" title="A Rugrats Chanukah">A Rugrats Chanukah</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festigal" title="Festigal">Festigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_bush" title="Hanukkah bush">Hanukkah bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_Harry" title="Hanukkah Harry">Hanukkah Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf#Mensch_on_a_Bench" title="The Elf on the Shelf">Mensch on a Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismukkah" title="Chrismukkah">Chrismukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanukia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanukkah"><img alt="Hanukkah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/100px-Chanukia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/150px-Chanukia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chanukia.jpg/200px-Chanukia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean <br />Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">Books of Maccabees</a> (1 and 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Jews">The War of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_cruse_of_oil" title="Miracle of the cruse of oil">Miracle of the cruse of oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias" title="Mattathias">Mattathias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gaddi" title="John Gaddi">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Avaran" title="Eleazar Avaran">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ma%27aleh_Levona" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ma'aleh Levona">Ma'aleh Levona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(166_BC)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (166 BC)">Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmaus" title="Battle of Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zur" title="Battle of Beth Zur">Beth Zur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabee_campaigns_of_163_BC" title="Maccabee campaigns of 163 BC">Campaigns of 163 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Zechariah" title="Battle of Beth Zechariah">Beth Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adasa" title="Battle of Adasa">Adasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elasa" title="Battle of Elasa">Elasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728428#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728428#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/973646718">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Temple&oldid=1258969104">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Temple&oldid=1258969104</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_Temple" title="Category:Second Temple">Second 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