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href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chen Xitong" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chen Xitong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chen Xitong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%8B%9C%ED%86%B5" title="천시통 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천시통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%B8%8C%E5%90%8C" title="陳希同 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="陳希同" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chen Xitong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Chen Xitong</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">陈希同</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen_Xitong.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/29/Chen_Xitong.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="310" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_Secretary_of_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party Secretary of Beijing">Communist Party Secretary of Beijing</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 1992 – September 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiyan" title="Li Qiyan">Li Qiyan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Beijing" title="Mayor of Beijing">Mayor of Beijing</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 1983 – January 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Ruoyu" title="Jiao Ruoyu">Jiao Ruoyu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1930-06-10</span>)</span>June 10, 1930<br /><a href="/wiki/Anyue" class="mw-redirect" title="Anyue">Anyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 2, 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-06-02)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–1995)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chen Xitong</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">陈希同</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chén Xītóng</span></i>; June 10, 1930 – June 2, 2013) was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Beijing" title="Mayor of Beijing">Mayor of Beijing</a> until he was removed from office on charges of corruption in 1995. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xitong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chen was born on June 10, 1930, in <a href="/wiki/Anyue" class="mw-redirect" title="Anyue">Anyue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuan Province">Sichuan Province</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> at the age of 18 and majored in Chinese Language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2013BBC2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2013BBC2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xitong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By November 1979 when he had been elected as the vice-mayor of <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing Municipality">Beijing Municipality</a>, he had served as the leader of a neighborhood committee, deputy head of a police substation, head of a factory workshop, secretary to <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E4%BB%81" class="extiw" title="zh:刘仁">Liu Ren</a> (Beijing Municipality Communist Party 2nd Secretary), deputy head of a rural commune and Party Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Changping_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Changping District">Changping County</a> of Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was demoted during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> and forced to clean toilets for some time. His early support for <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> led to his return to the Beijing Party office in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Who2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nanLin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanLin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1982, he was the Secretary of Beijing Municipality Communist Party and was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">12th Party Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1983, Chen Xitong became Mayor of Beijing Municipality and was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/State_councillor_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="State councillor (China)">State Councilor</a> in April 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as the head of international goodwill delegations to a variety of places including North Korea, U.S.A, Moscow, France, Ankara, Warsaw, East Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xitong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div> <p>Chen Xitong was the mayor of Beijing during the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played a central role in the events that unfolded during and after the protests. </p><p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a>, the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) former <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>, university students in Beijing, who saw Hu as a reformer, seized the opportunity of his mourning to protest a variety of issues they felt plagued the country.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 22, during Hu's state funeral, students knelt down in front of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a> demanding an audience with <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier of the State Council</a>, but were ignored. Chen Xitong blamed lower party officials for leading the students to believe they could have an audience with Li Peng.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Xitong, on April 23, called a meeting with presidents of various Beijing universities, chastised them for their passivity and asked them to gather more information on the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Beijing" title="Politics of Beijing">Beijing Party Secretary</a>, and Chen Xitong convinced <a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman of the Standing Committee</a>, to call a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee (PSC)</a> to address the issue of the student protest.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 24, Li Peng presided over a PSC meeting at which Chen Xitong and Li Ximing made official reports on behalf of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee. They presented the student protest as planned and well organized.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their reports, they stressed that <a href="/wiki/1989_Chinese_protests_by_region" title="1989 Chinese protests by region">protests</a> were <a href="/wiki/Chengdu_protests_of_1989" title="Chengdu protests of 1989">happening simultaneously nationwide</a> and stated that the committee should not take the protest lightly. They argued that the protests included "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>high school students and workers<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." and were growing at an alarming rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also highlighted remarks targeted at Deng Xiaoping, the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader of the People's Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on this report, Li Peng updated Deng Xiaoping on the protests and Deng responded that "this was no ordinary student movement."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By April 25 phone lines at <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> dorms were cut and telegrams blocked.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 26, the <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People’s Daily</a></i> published an <a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">editorial</a>, based largely on Deng Xiaoping's reaction to Li Peng's report that painted the protest as turmoil. This echoed rhetoric of the Cultural Revolution and exacerbated the protests. On <a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">April 27</a> students repeatedly broke police lines meant to deter them from going to the square. On April 30 Chen Xitong and Li Ximing met with the Beijing College Student Association, an officially approved organization that was not affiliated with the protesting students.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another PSC meeting on May 1, after the government failed to clear the square in reaction to the April 26th editorial, Chen Xitong, on behalf of the Beijing Party Committee, accused the Standing Committee of betrayal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beijing Municipal Government had announced stricter limits on protests, which were enthusiastically ignored by protesters. This led <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, the General Secretary of the CCP, to describe these limits in his <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State:_The_Secret_Journal_of_Premier_Zhao_Ziyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang">narrative of the events</a>, “as a piece of wastepaper.”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 8, Chen Xitong accused Zhao Ziyang of betraying the Standing Committee in the conciliatory speech Zhao gave about the student protest at the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> meeting on May 4.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 13, anticipating the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989#Mikhail_Gorbachev's_visit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">arrival of Gorbachev</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">1989 Sino-Soviet Summit</a>, students began a hunger strike. Zhao Ziyang appointed Chen Xitong and Li Ximing as part of a delegation to meet with the students at Tiananmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Sue_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sue-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students accused Chen of living too extravagant a lifestyle, to which he responded, “We have made some mistakes.”<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Xitong and Li Ximing even offered to disclose their assets as a way to calm protesters and absolve themselves of corruption charges.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they were not able to reach any meaningful agreement with students concerning any of the matters raised.<sup id="cite_ref-Sue_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sue-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 18 students met with Li Peng to discuss conditions for vacating the square. In this meeting, Chen Xitong noted the hassle the protest had caused the city of Beijing and its effect on the city's traffic and productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the May 18th entry of Li Peng's unpublished diary, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment</a></i>, in a Committee meeting to decide the next course of action, Chen Xitong was put in charge of carrying out a martial law order with assistance from a military general.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 20, martial law was effected with an order banning protests and strikes signed by Chen Xitong.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This again exacerbated the crisis as more people showed up to support the students in reaction to the announcement and prevented soldiers from carrying out the order to clear the square.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 1, <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> quoted Chen Xitong at a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day#China" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> celebration attended by 20,000 children, telling the children not to worry about the protest, elaborating that they would gain access to Tiananmen Square very soon.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Xitong and Li Ximing then went to Deng Xiaoping's home on June 2 and gave him a report that portrayed the protest as part of an international plot to derail the progress of China.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of June 3, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Army at Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">People's Liberation Army</a> would finally carry out the order to <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989#3–4_June:_clearing_the_square" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">clear the square</a>, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989#Death_toll" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">deadly casualties</a>. </p><p>By June 5, Chen Xitong was one of the first CCP officials to give an official statement concerning the events.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Xitong did not appear on television to give this statement. James Miles, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC's</a> Beijing correspondent at the time, believes his physical absence to back up the statement was a sign of the Party's political uncertainty following the crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 30 at the <a href="/wiki/7th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="7th National People's Congress">7th National People's Congress</a>’ (NPC) 8th session, Chen Xitong delivered the CCP’s official narrative of the events titled <i>Checking the Turmoil and Quelling the Counter-revolutionary Rebellion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this report, Chen accused the liberal leaning <i>Economics Weekly</i> (<i>Jingjixue Zhoubao</i>), owned by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ziming" title="Chen Ziming">Chen Ziming’s</a> Beijing Social and Economic Science Research Institute,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of attempting to protect Zhao Ziyang and overthrow Deng Xiaoping.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also accused the paper of pushing a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_liberalization" title="Bourgeois liberalization">bourgeois liberalization agenda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Economics Weekly</i> was closed down after the crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the speech focused on the role Zhao Ziyang played in the crisis than that played by the official “black hands” of the crisis, Chen Ziming and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Juntao" title="Wang Juntao">Wang Juntao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also focused on foreign influences. Chen Xitong accused anti-socialist actors from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> of facilitating the student protest by providing weapons and money.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also denounced <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo's</a> connection with dissidents in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Xitong maintained that protesters were influenced by foreign actors and did not invite foreign news agencies to his press conferences until March 7, 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar of East Asian studies, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Vogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra Vogel">Ezra Vogel</a>, presents the argument that Chen Xitong exaggerated the dangers posed by the initial protests in his April 24 report to the PSC. This exaggeration is believed to have launched the domino effect that led to the eventual crackdown of the protest.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reasons given for this possible exaggeration include – the idea that Chen, fearing repercussions of allowing a protest to continue in his jurisdiction, exaggerated the dangers posed by the protesters to convince the PSC to quell it immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ogden <i>et al.</i> also posit that the second-generation of hardliners, to which Chen belonged, maintained their tough stance, in unison with <a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">party elders</a>, to get promoted within the party. This they felt they could achieve if Zhao and his appointees were pushed out.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Xitong was regularly accused by protesters of corruption and some demanded that he be impeached,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accusing him of controlling the media like a “shameless warlord.”<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Xitong was allied with many of the more famous targets of the protesters, like Li Peng.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Tiananmen_Square_protests">After Tiananmen Square protests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xitong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After Tiananmen Square protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political Scientist Joseph Fewsmith argues Chen Xitong was in the running to replace Zhao Ziyang, but Deng Xiaoping felt his public hardline stance in the Tiananmen protests made him a difficult choice to succeed Zhao.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compared to <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> who was able to incentivize workers in Shanghai to remove roadblocks and students, a feat that gained the respect of party elders.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen Xitong's loyalty to Deng Xiaoping's <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">economic reforms</a> would however be rewarded with promotions within the party. He was selected as the Beijing Party Secretary in 1991 after Li Ximing fell out of favour because of his opposition to Deng's economic reforms. Chen also earned a seat within Politburo in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Conversations with Chen Xitong</b> </p><p>In 2012, a book titled <i>Conversations with Chen Xitong</i> based on interviews with Chen, authored by Yao Jianfu, a retired journalist of the Xinhua News Agency, with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Guoguang" title="Wu Guoguang">Wu Guoguang</a> was published by New Century Press. In this book Chen sought to challenge the idea that he played an important part in the crackdown. As for the idea that he convinced Deng Xiaoping to adopt hard line tactics, Chen argues that he had never been to Deng Xiaoping's house.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues further that Li Ximing actually misinformed him about the student protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the report he read on behalf of the Communist Party, he contends that he was never part of the drafting process of the report.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is confirmed by Li Peng's unpublished diary, which stated in its June 18 entry that he and Jiang Zemin in a PSC meeting chose Chen Xitong to read the report even though he was not at the draft meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his administration of the martial law order, Chen was puzzled by the idea that he was in charge of the crackdown of June 3–4 and claims he had no knowledge of this until Li Peng's diary surfaced in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wu Guoguang's foreword states that due to the chaotic nature of those few days, it is plausible that Chen was not informed about his role in the crackdown in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would go on to say he was "sorry" for the event of June 4, 1989, saying that no one should have died in the crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected reports that thousands of people died in Tiananmen Square as "nonsense", while also pointing to violence that occurred against People's Liberation Army forces.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also reports that Chen Xitong stated that he is a staunch communist, and opposing unrest was his basic attitude during that day and he has not changed this view.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corruption_scandal">Corruption scandal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xitong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Corruption scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the leader of "Beijing clique", Chen challenged Jiang Zemin's newly obtained authority during his presidency. This led to Chen's downfall in 1995 during an anti-corruption campaign led by Jiang's <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gilley_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilley-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> view Chen's downfall as a political struggle between Chen and Jiang. According to the book <i>Conversations with Chen Xitong</i>, he denied the corruption charges brought against him, calling them "the worst miscarriage of justice involving a high-level leader since the Cultural Revolution, or since 1989... an absurd miscarriage of justice."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chen's Vice Mayor, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Baosen" title="Wang Baosen">Wang Baosen</a>, died by suicide in 1994, which led to a confrontational power struggle between the "Beijing clique" and the "Shanghai clique". It was later stated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the money that Chen embezzled was used to build vacational recreation centers, which catered to most top-tier politicians in Beijing at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen was also accused of having an extramarital affair with He Ping.<sup id="cite_ref-gilley_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilley-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, Chen Xitong was given a 16-year jail sentence on charges of <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">dereliction of duty</a>. His son, Chen Xiaotong, was also sentenced for 12 years.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chen left <a href="/wiki/Qincheng_Prison" title="Qincheng Prison">Qincheng Prison</a> in 2004 under probation, officially due to reasons of ill health.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novel <i>The Wrath of Heaven — the Anti-Corruption Bureau in Action</i> (天怒—反貪局在行動; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Tiān nù—Fǎntānjú zài Xíngdòng), published in 1996, is a fictionalized account of the Chen Xitong case written from the point of a view of an investigator. A small-scale, disorganized ban occurred shortly after publication, but the ban seems to have been overturned sometime later, with the book being available for sale on Chinese book websites.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xitong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chen died of cancer on June 2, 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two days before the 24th anniversary of the Tiananmen Crackdown, and less than two months before his release date. He was 82. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xitong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Xitong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartke1991">Bartke 1991</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2013BBC2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2013BBC2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2013">Buckley 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBBC2013">BBC 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Who2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartke1987">Bartke 1987</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nanLin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nanLin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNan1992">Nan 1992</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scmp-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scmp_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scmp_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouth_China_Morning_Post2013">South China Morning Post 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNan1992">Nan 1992</a>, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgden1992">Ogden 1992</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChai2011">Chai 2011</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2009">Zhao 2009</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHan1990">Han 1990</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheng1990">Cheng 1990</a>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHan1990">Han 1990</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNan1992">Nan 1992</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2009">Zhao 2009</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2009">Zhao 2009</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHan1990">Han 1990</a>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sue-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sue_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sue_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuettinger2004">Suettinger 2004</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNan1992">Nan 1992</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgden1992">Ogden 1992</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuettinger2004">Suettinger 2004</a>, pp. 35–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimmieNixon1989">Simmie & Nixon 1989</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNan1992">Nan 1992</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalhoun1994">Calhoun 1994</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForeign_Broadcast_Information_Service1989">Foreign Broadcast Information Service 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBao2012">Bao 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimmieNixon1989">Simmie & Nixon 1989</a>, pp. 133–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChong2011">Chong 2011</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChai2011">Chai 2011</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1996">Miles 1996</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuettinger2004">Suettinger 2004</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarme1990">Barme 1990</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1996">Miles 1996</a>, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUniversity_of_Michigan_Press2018">University of Michigan Press 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOksenberg1990">Oksenberg 1990</a>, pp. 56–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1996">Miles 1996</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1996">Miles 1996</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHicks1990">Hicks 1990</a>, p. 485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1996">Miles 1996</a>, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheng1990">Cheng 1990</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles1996">Miles 1996</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNcn2012" class="citation web cs1">Ncn (June 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2newcenturynet.blogspot.com/2012/06/blog-post_7040.html">"新世纪 NewCenturyNet: 姚监复记述：陈希同谈话录节选"</a>. <i>新世纪 NewCenturyNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hong Kong: French Centre for Research on Contemporary China.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Chen+Xitong+-+CEFC&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=French+Centre+for+Research+on+Contemporary+China&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft.aulast=Bao&rft.aufirst=Pu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefc.com.hk%2Fevent%2Fconversations-with-chen-xitong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC2013" class="citation news cs1">BBC (June 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/china/2013/06/130605_profile_chen_xitong.shtml">"六四事件关键人物：陈希同"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%9A%E9%99%88%E5%B8%8C%E5%90%8C&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.au=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fchina%2F2013%2F06%2F130605_profile_chen_xitong.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarme1990" class="citation book cs1">Barme, Geremie (1990). "Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989". In Hicks, George L.; Asai, Motofumi (eds.). <i>The Broken Mirror: China after Tiananmen</i>. Chicago: St. James Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582074851" title="Special:BookSources/0582074851"><bdi>0582074851</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23102427">23102427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confession%2C+Redemption%2C+and+Death%3A+Liu+Xiaobo+and+the+Protest+Movement+of+1989&rft.btitle=The+Broken+Mirror%3A+China+after+Tiananmen&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23102427&rft.isbn=0582074851&rft.aulast=Barme&rft.aufirst=Geremie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartke1987" class="citation book cs1">Bartke, Wolfgang (1987). <i>Who's who in the People's Republic of China</i>. 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Saur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3598107714" title="Special:BookSources/3598107714"><bdi>3598107714</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23190872">23190872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=K.G.+Saur&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23190872&rft.isbn=3598107714&rft.aulast=Bartke&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranigan2012" class="citation news cs1">Branigan, Tania (May 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/29/tiananmen-square-deaths-beijing-mayor">"Tiananmen Crackdown was a Tragedy, says Former Beijing Mayor"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tiananmen+Crackdown+was+a+Tragedy%2C+says+Former+Beijing+Mayor&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fmay%2F29%2Ftiananmen-square-deaths-beijing-mayor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2013" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Chris (June 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/06/world/asia/chen-xitong-mayor-during-tiananmen-protests-dies.html">"Chen Xitong, Beijing Mayor During Tiananmen Protests, Dies at 82"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chen+Xitong%2C+Beijing+Mayor+During+Tiananmen+Protests%2C+Dies+at+82&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F06%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchen-xitong-mayor-during-tiananmen-protests-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1994" class="citation book cs1">Calhoun, Craig J. (1994). <i>Neither Gods nor Emperors: Students and the Struggle for Democracy in China</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520211618" title="Special:BookSources/0520211618"><bdi>0520211618</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30069371">30069371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neither+Gods+nor+Emperors%3A+Students+and+the+Struggle+for+Democracy+in+China&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30069371&rft.isbn=0520211618&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChai2011" class="citation book cs1">Chai, Ling (2011). <i>A Heart for Freedom: The Remarkable Journey of a Young Dissident, her Daring Escape, and her Quest to Free China's Daughters</i> (International trade paper ed.). Carol Stream, Ill.: Tyndale House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1414364858" title="Special:BookSources/978-1414364858"><bdi>978-1414364858</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/712116860">712116860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Heart+for+Freedom%3A+The+Remarkable+Journey+of+a+Young+Dissident%2C+her+Daring+Escape%2C+and+her+Quest+to+Free+China%27s+Daughters&rft.place=Carol+Stream%2C+Ill.&rft.edition=International+trade+paper&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F712116860&rft.isbn=978-1414364858&rft.aulast=Chai&rft.aufirst=Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan1997" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Vivien Pik Kwan (July 23, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/article/194251/party-poised-kick-out-shamed-boss">"Party Poised to Kick out Shamed Boss"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Party+Poised+to+Kick+out+Shamed+Boss&rft.date=1997-07-23&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Vivien+Pik+Kwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Farticle%2F194251%2Fparty-poised-kick-out-shamed-boss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng1990" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Chu-yuan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindtiananmenm00chen"><i>Behind the Tiananmen Massacre: Social, Political, and Economic Ferment in China</i></a>. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813310474" title="Special:BookSources/0813310474"><bdi>0813310474</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21445564">21445564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Tiananmen+Massacre%3A+Social%2C+Political%2C+and+Economic+Ferment+in+China&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21445564&rft.isbn=0813310474&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Chu-yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindtiananmenm00chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChong2011" class="citation book cs1">Chong, Denise (2011). <i>Egg on Mao: A Story of Love, Hope and Defiance</i>. Toronto: Vintage Canada. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307355805" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307355805"><bdi>978-0307355805</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/648387994">648387994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egg+on+Mao%3A+A+Story+of+Love%2C+Hope+and+Defiance&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Vintage+Canada&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F648387994&rft.isbn=978-0307355805&rft.aulast=Chong&rft.aufirst=Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaison1997" class="citation news cs1">Faison, Seth (September 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/15/world/beijing-journal-politics-sex-and-murder-a-banned-best-seller.html?src=pm">"Beijing Journal; Politics, Sex and Murder! A Banned Best-Seller!"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beijing+Journal%3B+Politics%2C+Sex+and+Murder%21+A+Banned+Best-Seller%21&rft.date=1997-09-15&rft.aulast=Faison&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F09%2F15%2Fworld%2Fbeijing-journal-politics-sex-and-murder-a-banned-best-seller.html%3Fsrc%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFewsmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Fewsmith, Joseph (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasincetianan00jose/page/46"><i>China since Tiananmen: The Politics of Transition</i></a>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinasincetianan00jose/page/46">46, 64–6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521001056" title="Special:BookSources/0521001056"><bdi>0521001056</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56324651">56324651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+since+Tiananmen%3A+The+Politics+of+Transition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=46%2C+64-6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56324651&rft.isbn=0521001056&rft.aulast=Fewsmith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinasincetianan00jose%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Broadcast_Information_Service1989" class="citation news cs1">Foreign Broadcast Information Service (May 24, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409035930/http://www.tsquare.tv/chronology/May18mtg.html">"Li Peng's May 18 Meeting with Students"</a>. Beijing Television Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsquare.tv/chronology/May18mtg.html">the original</a> on April 9, 2018 – via tsquare.tv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Li+Peng%27s+May+18+Meeting+with+Students&rft.date=1989-05-24&rft.au=Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsquare.tv%2Fchronology%2FMay18mtg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilley1998" class="citation book cs1">Gilley, Bruce (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0KxAH5K84xYC&pg=PA241"><i>Tiger on the Brink: Jiang Zemin and China's New Elite</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 241–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520213955" title="Special:BookSources/0520213955"><bdi>0520213955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiger+on+the+Brink%3A+Jiang+Zemin+and+China%27s+New+Elite&rft.pages=241-246&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0520213955&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0KxAH5K84xYC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan1990" class="citation book cs1">Han, Minzhu (1990). Han, Minzhu; Hua, Sheng (eds.). <i>Cries for Democracy: Writings and Speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691008574" title="Special:BookSources/0691008574"><bdi>0691008574</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21080715">21080715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cries+for+Democracy%3A+Writings+and+Speeches+from+the+1989+Chinese+Democracy+Movement&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21080715&rft.isbn=0691008574&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Minzhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1990" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, George (1990). "Selected Documents and Statements". In Hicks, George L.; Asai, Motofumi (eds.). <i>The Broken Mirror: China after Tiananmen</i>. Chicago: St. James Press. p. 485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582074851" title="Special:BookSources/0582074851"><bdi>0582074851</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23102427">23102427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selected+Documents+and+Statements&rft.btitle=The+Broken+Mirror%3A+China+after+Tiananmen&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23102427&rft.isbn=0582074851&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang_LimBuckley2012" class="citation news cs1">Kang Lim, Benjamin; Buckley, Chris (May 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2012/05/28/another-ousted-china-party-chief-challenges-case-against-him-2/">"Another Ousted China Party Chief Challenges Case Against Him"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Another+Ousted+China+Party+Chief+Challenges+Case+Against+Him&rft.date=2012-05-28&rft.aulast=Kang+Lim&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Buckley%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2012%2F05%2F28%2Fanother-ousted-china-party-chief-challenges-case-against-him-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinkley2007" class="citation book cs1">Kinkley, Jeffrey C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CR4E2erwY6cC&pg=PA47"><i>Corruption And Realism in Late Socialist China: The Return of the Political Novel</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804754859" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804754859"><bdi>978-0804754859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+And+Realism+in+Late+Socialist+China%3A+The+Return+of+the+Political+Novel&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0804754859&rft.aulast=Kinkley&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCR4E2erwY6cC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManion2009" class="citation book cs1">Manion, Melanie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zyMeydaAu1kC&pg=PA193"><i>Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 193–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674014862" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674014862"><bdi>978-0674014862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+by+Design%3A+Building+Clean+Government+in+Mainland+China+and+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=193-196&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674014862&rft.aulast=Manion&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzyMeydaAu1kC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1996" class="citation book cs1">Miles, James A. R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacyoftiananme00jame"><i>The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472107313" title="Special:BookSources/0472107313"><bdi>0472107313</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34080083">34080083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Tiananmen%3A+China+in+Disarray&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34080083&rft.isbn=0472107313&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=James+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegacyoftiananme00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNan1992" class="citation book cs1">Nan, Lin (1992). <i>The Struggle for Tiananmen: Anatomy of the 1989 Mass Movement</i>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275936562" title="Special:BookSources/0275936562"><bdi>0275936562</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25833237">25833237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Tiananmen%3A+Anatomy+of+the+1989+Mass+Movement&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25833237&rft.isbn=0275936562&rft.aulast=Nan&rft.aufirst=Lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden1992" class="citation book cs1">Ogden, Suzanne (1992). <i>China's Search for Democracy: The Student and the Mass Movement of 1989</i>. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873327233" title="Special:BookSources/0873327233"><bdi>0873327233</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24173035">24173035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Search+for+Democracy%3A+The+Student+and+the+Mass+Movement+of+1989&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24173035&rft.isbn=0873327233&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOksenberg1990" class="citation book cs1">Oksenberg, Michel (1990). Oksenberg, Michel; Sullivan, Lawrence R; Lambert, Marc; Li, Qiao. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beijingspring19800okse"><i>Beijing Spring, 1989: Confrontation and Conflict: The Basic Documents</i></a></span>. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873326849" title="Special:BookSources/0873326849"><bdi>0873326849</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21038018">21038018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing+Spring%2C+1989%3A+Confrontation+and+Conflict%3A+The+Basic+Documents&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21038018&rft.isbn=0873326849&rft.aulast=Oksenberg&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeijingspring19800okse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1998" class="citation news cs1">Poole, Teresa (August 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/peking-party-boss-is-jailed-for-corruption-1168869.html">"Peking Party Boss is Jailed for Corruption"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Peking+Party+Boss+is+Jailed+for+Corruption&rft.date=1998-08-01&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeking-party-boss-is-jailed-for-corruption-1168869.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmieNixon1989" class="citation book cs1">Simmie, Scott; Nixon, Bob (1989). <i>Tiananmen Square = Tʻien-an men</i>. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0888946759" title="Special:BookSources/0888946759"><bdi>0888946759</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21158000">21158000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiananmen+Square+%3D+T%CA%BBien-an+men&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21158000&rft.isbn=0888946759&rft.aulast=Simmie&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Nixon%2C+Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouth_China_Morning_Post2013" class="citation news cs1">South China Morning Post (June 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1253554/june-4-crackdown-mastermind-chen-xitong-dies">"June 4 Crackdown Mastermind Chen Xitong dies"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=June+4+Crackdown+Mastermind+Chen+Xitong+dies&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft.au=South+China+Morning+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F1253554%2Fjune-4-crackdown-mastermind-chen-xitong-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuettinger2004" class="citation book cs1">Suettinger, Robert (2004) [2003]. <i>Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989-2000</i> (1st softcover ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815782071" title="Special:BookSources/0815782071"><bdi>0815782071</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64445077">64445077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Tiananmen%3A+The+Politics+of+U.S.-China+Relations%2C+1989-2000&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=1st+softcover&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64445077&rft.isbn=0815782071&rft.aulast=Suettinger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun2004" class="citation book cs1">Sun, Yan (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corruptionmarket00suny_0"><i>Corruption And Market In Contemporary China</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corruptionmarket00suny_0/page/126">126</a>–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801442842" title="Special:BookSources/0801442842"><bdi>0801442842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corruption+And+Market+In+Contemporary+China&rft.pages=126-131&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0801442842&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorruptionmarket00suny_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Michigan_Press2018" class="citation book cs1">University of Michigan Press (April 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409032822/https://www.press.umich.edu/15318/legacy_of_tiananmen"><i>The Legacy of Tiananmen</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472084517" title="Special:BookSources/9780472084517"><bdi>9780472084517</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.umich.edu/15318/legacy_of_tiananmen">the original</a> on April 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Tiananmen&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft.isbn=9780472084517&rft.au=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.umich.edu%2F15318%2Flegacy_of_tiananmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_F._Vogel" title="Ezra F. Vogel">Vogel, Ezra F.</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China">Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</a></i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 637. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674055445" title="Special:BookSources/9780674055445"><bdi>9780674055445</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/754841335">754841335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Transformation+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=637&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F754841335&rft.isbn=9780674055445&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Ezra+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1994" class="citation book cs1">Young, Ernest (1994). "Imagining the Ancien Regime in the Deng Era". In Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N; Perry, Elizabeth J (eds.). <i>Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China</i> (2nd ed.). Boulder: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813320429" title="Special:BookSources/0813320429"><bdi>0813320429</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30623957">30623957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imagining+the+Ancien+Regime+in+the+Deng+Era&rft.btitle=Popular+Protest+and+Political+Culture+in+Modern+China&rft.place=Boulder&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30623957&rft.isbn=0813320429&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXinhua_News_Agency2013" class="citation news cs1">Xinhua News Agency (June 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133202/http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-06/05/c_116047863.htm">"陈希同病亡"</a>. <i>Xinhua News Agency</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-06/05/c_116047863.htm">the original</a> on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%E9%99%88%E5%B8%8C%E5%90%8C%E7%97%85%E4%BA%A1&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft.au=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Flocal%2F2013-06%2F05%2Fc_116047863.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2009" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Ziyang (2009). Bao, Pu; Chiang, Renee; Ignatius, Adi; MacFarquhar, Roderick (eds.). <i>Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang</i>. London: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847376978" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847376978"><bdi>978-1847376978</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319501920">319501920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoner+of+the+State%3A+The+Secret+Journal+of+Zhao+Ziyang&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319501920&rft.isbn=978-1847376978&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Ziyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChen+Xitong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Ruoyu" title="Jiao Ruoyu">Jiao Ruoyu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Beijing" title="Mayor of Beijing">Mayor of Beijing</a> </b><br />1983–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiyan" title="Li Qiyan">Li Qiyan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Secretary of the CCP <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> Committee </b><br />1992–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:7th State Council of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:7th_State_Council_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:7th State Council of China (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:7th_State_Council_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:7th State Council of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="7th_State_Council_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">7th <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Li Peng Cabinet (1988–1993)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a><sup>PSC</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">5 <a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premiers</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a><sup>PSC</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a> (added)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a> (added)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fang_(politician)" title="Wang Fang (politician)">Wang Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chen Xitong</a><sup>P</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a><sup>P</sup> (added)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a> → <a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of the People's Republic of China">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">1</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">2</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">National Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">3</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Planning Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a><sup>PSC</sup> → <a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">4</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">State Commission for Restructuring Economy</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a><sup>PSC</sup> → <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jinhua" title="Chen Jinhua">Chen Jinhua</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">5</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(China)" title="Minister of Education (China)">State Education Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">6</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (China)">State Science and Technology Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">7</span> <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Ding_Henggao" title="Ding Henggao">Ding Henggao</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">8</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Ethnic_Affairs_Commission" title="National Ethnic Affairs Commission">Ethnic Affairs Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">9</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Public Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Fang_(politician)" title="Wang Fang (politician)">Wang Fang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Tao_Siju" title="Tao Siju">Tao Siju</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">State Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Jia_Chunwang" title="Jia Chunwang">Jia Chunwang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">11</span> Ministry of Supervision <a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">12</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Minister of Civil Affairs">Civil Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Cui_Naifu" title="Cui Naifu">Cui Naifu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">13</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Cai_Cheng" title="Cai Cheng">Cai Cheng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">14</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(China)" title="Minister of Finance (China)">Finance</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a> → <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhongli" title="Liu Zhongli">Liu Zhongli</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">15</span> Ministry of Personnel <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Dongwan" title="Zhao Dongwan">Zhao Dongwan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">16</span> Ministry of Labor <a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ruan_Chongwu" title="Ruan Chongwu">Ruan Chongwu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">17</span> Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Xun_(born_1930)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Xun (born 1930) (page does not exist)">Zhu Xun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E8%AE%AD" class="extiw" title="zh:朱训">zh</a>]</span><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">18</span> Ministry of Construction <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Hanxiong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Hanxiong (page does not exist)">Lin Hanxiong</a> → <a href="/wiki/Hou_Jie" title="Hou Jie">Hou Jie</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">19</span> Ministry of Energy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Yicheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Yicheng (page does not exist)">Huang Yicheng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">20</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(China)" title="Ministry of Railways (China)">Ministry of Railways</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Senmao" title="Li Senmao">Li Senmao</a> → <a href="/wiki/Han_Zhubin" title="Han Zhubin">Han Zhubin</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">21</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(China)" title="Ministry of Transport (China)">Transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Qian_Yongchang" title="Qian Yongchang">Qian Yongchang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Huang_Zhendong" title="Huang Zhendong">Huang Zhendong</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">22</span> Ministry of Mechanical and Electronic Industry <a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a> → <a href="/wiki/He_Guangyuan" title="He Guangyuan">He Guangyuan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">23</span> Ministry of Aviation and Space Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Zongtang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Zongtang (page does not exist)">Lin Zongtang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">24</span> Ministry of Metallurgical Industry <a href="/wiki/Qi_Yuanjing" title="Qi Yuanjing">Qi Yuanjing</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">25</span> Ministry of Chemical Industry <a href="/wiki/Qin_Zhongda" title="Qin Zhongda">Qin Zhongda</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gu_Xiulian" title="Gu Xiulian">Gu Xiulian</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">26</span> Ministry of Light Industry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeng_Xianlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeng Xianlin (page does not exist)">Zeng Xianlin</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">27</span> Ministry of Textile Industry <a href="/wiki/Wu_Wenying" title="Wu Wenying">Wu Wenying</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">28</span> Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications <a href="/wiki/Yang_Taifang" title="Yang Taifang">Yang Taifang</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">29</span> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Water_Resources_(China)" title="Minister of Water Resources (China)">Ministry of Water Resources</a> <a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhenhuai" title="Yang Zhenhuai">Yang Zhenhuai</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">30</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs">Ministry of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/He_Kang" title="He Kang">He Kang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhongyi" title="Liu Zhongyi">Liu Zhongyi</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">31</span> Ministry of Forestry <a href="/wiki/Gao_Dezhan" title="Gao Dezhan">Gao Dezhan</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">32</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Ping_(politician)" title="Hu Ping (politician)">Hu Ping</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">33</span> Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Tuobin" title="Zheng Tuobin">Zheng Tuobin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a><sup>P</sup><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">34</span> Ministry of Materials <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Suinian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Suinian (page does not exist)">Liu Suinian</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">35</span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Meng_(author)" title="Wang Meng (author)">Wang Meng</a> → <a href="/wiki/He_Jingzhi" title="He Jingzhi">He Jingzhi</a> → <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhongde" title="Liu Zhongde">Liu Zhongde</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">36</span> Ministry of Radio, Film and Television <a href="/wiki/Ai_Zhisheng" title="Ai Zhisheng">Ai Zhisheng</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">37</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Commission" title="National Health Commission">Ministry of Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Minzhang" title="Chen Minzhang">Chen Minzhang</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">38</span> State Physical Culture and Sports Commission <a href="/wiki/Li_Menghua" title="Li Menghua">Li Menghua</a> → <a href="/wiki/Wu_Shaozu" title="Wu Shaozu">Wu Shaozu</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">39</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Population_and_Family_Planning_Commission" title="National Population and Family Planning Commission">State Family Planning Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Peng_Peiyun" title="Peng Peiyun">Peng Peiyun</a>♀<br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">40</span> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="Governor of the People's Bank of China">Central Bank Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a><br /> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span class="nobold">41</span> <a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">Auditor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Peijian" title="Lü Peijian">Lü Peijian</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>P</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>;</li> <li><sup>PSC</sup>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee</a>;</li> <li>♀: female</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1992–1997)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1992–1997)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1992–1997)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chen Xitong</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(expelled 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(politician)" title="Xie Fei (politician)">Xie Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Shaowen" title="Tan Shaowen">Tan Shaowen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(died 1993)</span> → <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanbin" title="Wang Hanbin">Wang Hanbin</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_Councilors_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_councillors" title="Template:State councillors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_councillors" title="Template talk:State councillors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_councillors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State councillors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_Councilors_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiuli" title="Yu Qiuli">Yu Qiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua" title="Huang Hua">Huang Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Yi" title="Fang Yi">Fang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Shi%27en" title="Kang Shi'en">Kang Shi'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Muhua" title="Chen Muhua">Chen Muhua</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Pengfei" title="Ji Pengfei">Ji Pengfei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jingfu" title="Zhang Jingfu">Zhang Jingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Aiping" title="Zhang Aiping">Zhang Aiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ping" title="Song Ping">Song Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingqian" title="Wang Bingqian">Wang Bingqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Fang_(politician)" title="Wang Fang (politician)">Wang Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jian" title="Song Jian">Song Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guixian" title="Li Guixian">Li Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Junsheng" title="Chen Junsheng">Chen Junsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Peiyun" title="Peng Peiyun">Peng Peiyun</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Amat" title="Ismail Amat">Ismail Amat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhongyu_(politician,_born_1933)" title="Wang Zhongyu (politician, born 1933)">Wang Zhongyu</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhili" title="Chen Zhili">Chen Zhili</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Jianmin" title="Hua Jianmin">Hua Jianmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Gangchuan" title="Cao Gangchuan">Cao Gangchuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongkang" title="Zhou Yongkang">Zhou Yongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Jiaxuan" title="Tang Jiaxuan">Tang Jiaxuan</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th State Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yandong" title="Liu Yandong">Liu Yandong</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Kai" title="Ma Kai">Ma Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Jianzhu" title="Meng Jianzhu">Meng Jianzhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Bingguo" title="Dai Bingguo">Dai Bingguo</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:12th_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:12th State Council of China">12th State Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jing" title="Yang Jing">Yang Jing</a> (dismissed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Wanquan" title="Chang Wanquan">Chang Wanquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jiechi" title="Yang Jiechi">Yang Jiechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Shengkun" title="Guo Shengkun">Guo Shengkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yong_(politician)" title="Wang Yong (politician)">Wang Yong</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:13th_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:13th State Council of China">13th State Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Fenghe" title="Wei Fenghe">Wei Fenghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yong_(politician)" title="Wang Yong (politician)">Wang Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Jie" title="Xiao Jie">Xiao Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kezhi" title="Zhao Kezhi">Zhao Kezhi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:14th_State_Council_of_China" title="Template:14th State Council of China">14th State Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shangfu" title="Li Shangfu">Li Shangfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Gang" title="Qin Gang">Qin Gang</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_leaders_of_Beijing_since_1949" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beijing_leaders" title="Template:Beijing leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beijing_leaders" title="Template talk:Beijing leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beijing_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beijing leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_leaders_of_Beijing_since_1949" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Beijing" title="Politics of Beijing">Political leaders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> since 1949</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Beijing Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Party Committee<br />Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hujia" title="Lin Hujia">Lin Hujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Junyi" title="Duan Junyi">Duan Junyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1942)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1942)">Liu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Jinlong" title="Guo Jinlong">Guo Jinlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Li_(politician)" title="Yin Li (politician)">Yin Li</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_People%27s_Congress" title="Beijing Municipal People's Congress">Congress<br />Chairpersons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jia_Tingsan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jia Tingsan (page does not exist)">Jia Tingsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Pengfei" title="Zhao Pengfei">Zhao Pengfei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jianmin" title="Zhang Jianmin">Zhang Jianmin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Junbo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Junbo (page does not exist)">Yu Junbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Deyin" title="Du Deyin">Du Deyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wei_(born_1958)" title="Li Wei (born 1958)">Li Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Xiuling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Xiuling (page does not exist)">Li Xiuling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Beijing" title="Mayor of Beijing">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Rongzhen" title="Nie Rongzhen">Nie Rongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Hujia" title="Lin Hujia">Lin Hujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiao_Ruoyu" title="Jiao Ruoyu">Jiao Ruoyu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiyan" title="Li Qiyan">Li Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1942)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1942)">Liu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Xuenong" title="Meng Xuenong">Meng Xuenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Jinlong" title="Guo Jinlong">Guo Jinlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshun" title="Wang Anshun">Wang Anshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jining" title="Chen Jining">Chen Jining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Yong_(politician)" title="Yin Yong (politician)">Yin Yong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference</a><br />Chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ren (page does not exist)">Liu Ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guoyu" title="Ding Guoyu">Ding Guoyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Pengfei" title="Zhao Pengfei">Zhao Pengfei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Daosheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Daosheng (page does not exist)">Liu Daosheng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Jin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Jin (page does not exist)">Fan Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bai_Jiefu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bai Jiefu (page does not exist)">Bai Jiefu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Daming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Daming (page does not exist)">Wang Daming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Guangwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Guangwen (page does not exist)">Chen Guangwen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheng_Shi%27e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheng Shi'e (page does not exist)">Cheng Shi'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Anjiang" title="Yang Anjiang">Yang Anjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshun" title="Wang Anshun">Wang Anshun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Lin_(politician)" title="Ji Lin (politician)">Ji Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wei_Xiaodong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wei Xiaodong (page does not exist)">Wei Xiaodong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Municipal_Supervisory_Commission" title="Beijing Municipal Supervisory Commission">Supervisory</a><br />Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shuofu" title="Zhang Shuofu">Zhang Shuofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yong" title="Chen Yong">Chen Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Jian_(born_1964)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Jian (born 1964) (page does not exist)">Chen Jian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Template talk:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">Proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">1986 Chinese student demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_responsibility_system" title="Household responsibility system">Household responsibility system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_26_Editorial" title="April 26 Editorial">April 26 Editorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27_demonstrations" title="April 27 demonstrations">April 27 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_hunger_strikes" title="Tiananmen hunger strikes">Hunger Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_between_students_and_the_government_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialogue between students and the government during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Dialogue between students and the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_of_student_organizations_during_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Funding of student organizations during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Funding of student organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Mao_portrait_vandalism_incident" title="1989 Mao portrait vandalism incident">Mao portrait incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sino-Soviet_Summit" title="1989 Sino-Soviet Summit">Sino-Soviet Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9_Deng_speech" title="June 9 Deng speech">June 9 Deng speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist<br />Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Elders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Regional leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chen Xitong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Tong" title="Bao Tong">Bao Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mingfu" title="Yan Mingfu">Yan Mingfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Mu" title="Yuan Mu">Yuan Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Protesters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Leading figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bei_Dao" title="Bei Dao">Bei Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Jian" title="Cui Jian">Cui Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Qing" title="Dai Qing">Dai Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Zilin" title="Ding Zilin">Ding Zilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Zheng" title="Fang Zheng">Fang Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Dongfang" title="Han Dongfang">Han Dongfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Dejian" title="Hou Dejian">Hou Dejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lu" title="Li Lu">Li Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xianbin" title="Liu Xianbin">Liu Xianbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Benli" title="Qin Benli">Qin Benli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Tong" title="Shen Tong">Shen Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Baiqiao" title="Tang Baiqiao">Tang Baiqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bingzhang_(dissident)" title="Wang Bingzhang (dissident)">Wang Bingzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Youcai" title="Wang Youcai">Wang Youcai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Yan_(dissident)" title="Xiong Yan (dissident)">Xiong Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Jiaqi" title="Yan Jiaqi">Yan Jiaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dongyue" title="Yu Dongyue">Yu Dongyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boli" title="Zhang Boli">Zhang Boli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Changqing" title="Zhao Changqing">Zhao Changqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Yongjun_incident" title="Zhou Yongjun incident">Zhou Yongjun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Workers%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_at_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="People's Liberation Army at the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xuezhi" title="Hong Xuezhi">Hong Xuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Guanglie" title="Liang Guanglie">Liang Guanglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Qinxian" title="Xu Qinxian">Xu Qinxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lianxiu" title="Li Lianxiu">Li Lianxiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Army units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Army (People's Republic of China)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Airborne_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Airborne Corps">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Army (People's Republic of China)">20th</a></li> <li>24th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Army (People's Republic of China)">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Army (People's Republic of China)">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Army (People's Republic of China)">28th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="39th Army (People's Republic of China)">39th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Army (People's Republic of China)">40th</a></li> <li>54th</li> <li>63rd</li> <li>64th</li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th</a></li> <li>67th</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Almost_a_Revolution" title="Almost a Revolution">Almost a Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tiananmen_Journal" title="A Tiananmen Journal">A Tiananmen Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_June_Fourth_Poems" title="Collection of June Fourth Poems">Collection of June Fourth Poems</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Moment" title="The Critical Moment">The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_China" title="Escape from China">Escape from China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Execution_(painting)" title="Execution (painting)">Execution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gate_of_Heavenly_Peace_(film)" title="The Gate of Heavenly Peace (film)">The Gate of Heavenly Peace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Heart_for_Freedom" title="A Heart for Freedom">A Heart for Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(advertisement)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hunt (advertisement)">Leica advert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(1994_film)" title="Moving the Mountain (1994 film)">Moving the Mountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_the_State" title="Prisoner of the State">Prisoner of the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quelling_the_People" title="Quelling the People">Quelling the People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Over_Tiananmen_Square" title="Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square">Sunrise Over Tiananmen Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Exiles" title="Tiananmen Exiles">Tiananmen Exiles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiananmen_Papers" title="The Tiananmen Papers">The Tiananmen Papers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Shame" title="Pillar of Shame">Pillar of Shame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(play)" title="Chimerica (play)">Chimerica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimerica_(TV_series)" title="Chimerica (TV series)">TV series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Human rights<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>China Support Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_of_China" title="Democracy Party of China">Democracy Party of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_in_Support_of_Patriotic_Democratic_Movements_of_China" title="Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China">Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_China_(organization)" title="Human Rights in China (organization)">Human Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy">Information Centre for Human Rights and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yellowbird" title="Operation Yellowbird">Operation Yellowbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Mothers" title="Tiananmen Mothers">Tiananmen Mothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_for_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Anniversaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="10th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">10th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">20th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="21st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">21st (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="24th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">24th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="25th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">25th (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="30th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">30th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="31st anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">31st (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="32nd anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">32nd (2021)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_My_Name" title="Nothing to My Name">Nothing to My Name</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4th_Museum" title="June 4th Museum">June 4th Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy" title="Goddess of Democracy">Goddess of Democracy</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_of_Democracy_(Hong_Kong)" title="Goddess of Democracy (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="Reactions to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Reactions to the protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_and_trial_of_Chen_Ziming_and_Wang_Juntao" title="Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao">Arrest and trial of Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707099#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707099#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q707099#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374008729">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73789019">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1897772/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCQ9D4g4kqCjbD9CDjG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1097759202">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2002007774">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p182916499">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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