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Serangan bom atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Latar_belakang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latar_belakang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Latar belakang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Latar belakang</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latar_belakang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perang_Pasifik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perang_Pasifik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Perang Pasifik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perang_Pasifik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persiapan_penyerbuan_Jepang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persiapan_penyerbuan_Jepang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Persiapan penyerbuan Jepang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persiapan_penyerbuan_Jepang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serangan_udara_di_Jepang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serangan_udara_di_Jepang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Serangan udara di Jepang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serangan_udara_di_Jepang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengembangan_bom_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengembangan_bom_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pengembangan bom atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengembangan_bom_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persiapan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persiapan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Persiapan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Persiapan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Persiapan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Persiapan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penyusunan_rencana_dan_pelatihan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyusunan_rencana_dan_pelatihan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Penyusunan rencana dan pelatihan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyusunan_rencana_dan_pelatihan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penentuan_target" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penentuan_target"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Penentuan target</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penentuan_target-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rencana_demonstrasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rencana_demonstrasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rencana demonstrasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rencana_demonstrasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selebaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selebaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Selebaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selebaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deklarasi_Potsdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deklarasi_Potsdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Deklarasi Potsdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deklarasi_Potsdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiroshima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiroshima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hiroshima</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hiroshima-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Hiroshima</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hiroshima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hiroshima_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiroshima_pada_Perang_Dunia_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hiroshima pada Perang Dunia II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiroshima_pada_Perang_Dunia_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengeboman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengeboman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pengeboman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengeboman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peristiwa_di_darat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peristiwa_di_darat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Peristiwa di darat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peristiwa_di_darat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabar_pengeboman_di_Jepang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabar_pengeboman_di_Jepang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Kabar pengeboman di Jepang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabar_pengeboman_di_Jepang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peristiwa_7–9_Agustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peristiwa_7–9_Agustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peristiwa 7–9 Agustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peristiwa_7–9_Agustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagasaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagasaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nagasaki</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nagasaki-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Nagasaki</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nagasaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nagasaki_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagasaki_pada_Perang_Dunia_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nagasaki pada Perang Dunia II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagasaki_pada_Perang_Dunia_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengeboman_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengeboman_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pengeboman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengeboman_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peristiwa_di_darat_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peristiwa_di_darat_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Peristiwa di darat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peristiwa_di_darat_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rencana_pengeboman_atom_selanjutnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rencana_pengeboman_atom_selanjutnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rencana pengeboman atom selanjutnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rencana_pengeboman_atom_selanjutnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyerahan_diri_dan_pendudukan_Jepang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyerahan_diri_dan_pendudukan_Jepang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Penyerahan diri dan pendudukan Jepang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyerahan_diri_dan_pendudukan_Jepang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggambaran,_tanggapan_masyarakat,_dan_penyensoran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggambaran,_tanggapan_masyarakat,_dan_penyensoran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Penggambaran, tanggapan masyarakat, dan penyensoran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggambaran,_tanggapan_masyarakat,_dan_penyensoran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korban_pascaserangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korban_pascaserangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Korban pascaserangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korban_pascaserangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hibakusha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hibakusha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Hibakusha</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hibakusha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Hibakusha</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hibakusha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penyintas_ganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyintas_ganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Penyintas ganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyintas_ganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyintas_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyintas_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Penyintas Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyintas_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perdebatan_seputar_pengeboman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perdebatan_seputar_pengeboman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Perdebatan seputar pengeboman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perdebatan_seputar_pengeboman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bacaan lanjutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pranala luar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arsip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Arsip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peringatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peringatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Peringatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peringatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Serangan bom atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 85 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoombomaanvalle_van_Hiroshima_en_Nagasaki" title="Atoombomaanvalle van Hiroshima en Nagasaki – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atoombomaanvalle van Hiroshima en Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeyos_atomicos_sobre_Hiroshima_y_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeyos atomicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bombardeyos atomicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A" title="القصف الذري على هيروشيما وناجازاكي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القصف الذري على هيروشيما وناجازاكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%89" title="ضربه نوويه على هيروشيما وناجاساكى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ضربه نوويه على هيروشيما وناجاساكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeos_at%C3%B3micos_sobre_Hiroshima_y_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeos atómicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bombardeos atómicos sobre Hiroshima y Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro%C5%9Fima_v%C9%99_Naqasakinin_atom_bombardman%C4%B1" title="Hiroşima və Naqasakinin atom bombardmanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hiroşima və Naqasakinin atom bombardmanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هیروشیما و ناکازاکینین آتوم بومباردمانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیروشیما و ناکازاکینین آتوم بومباردمانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Хиросима һәм Нагасаки ҡалаларына атом бомбаһы ташлау – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хиросима һәм Нагасаки ҡалаларына атом бомбаһы ташлау" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeboman_atomik_Hiroshima_miwah_Nagasaki" title="Pangeboman atomik Hiroshima miwah Nagasaki – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pangeboman atomik Hiroshima miwah Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атомни бомбардировки на Хирошима и Нагасаки – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атомни бомбардировки на Хирошима и Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="হিরোশিমা ও নাগাসাকিতে পারমাণবিক বোমাবর্ষণ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিরোশিমা ও নাগাসাকিতে পারমাণবিক বোমাবর্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombezadenno%C3%B9_atomek_Hiroshima_ha_Nagasaki" title="Bombezadennoù atomek Hiroshima ha Nagasaki – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bombezadennoù atomek Hiroshima ha Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomski_napad_na_Hiroshimu_i_Nagasaki" title="Atomski napad na Hiroshimu i Nagasaki – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atomski napad na Hiroshimu i Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardejos_at%C3%B2mics_d%27Hiroshima_i_Nagasaki" title="Bombardejos atòmics d'Hiroshima i Nagasaki – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bombardejos atòmics d'Hiroshima i Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0,_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хиросимана а, Нагасакина а тӀе атоман бомбанаш йожор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хиросимана а, Нагасакина а тӀе атоман бомбанаш йожор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="وێرانکردنی ھێرۆشیما – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێرانکردنی ھێرۆشیما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomov%C3%A9_bombardov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Hiro%C5%A1imy_a_Nagasaki" title="Atomové bombardování Hirošimy a Nagasaki – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atomové bombardování Hirošimy a Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombomberne_over_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Atombomberne over Hiroshima og Nagasaki – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atombomberne over Hiroshima og Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombombenabw%C3%BCrfe_auf_Hiroshima_und_Nagasaki" title="Atombombenabwürfe auf Hiroshima und Nagasaki – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atombombenabwürfe auf Hiroshima und Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%88%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Ρίψη ατομικής βόμβας στη Χιροσίμα και το Ναγκασάκι – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίψη ατομικής βόμβας στη Χιροσίμα και το Ναγκασάκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoma_bombado_de_Hiro%C5%9Dima_kaj_Nagasaki" title="Atoma bombado de Hiroŝima kaj Nagasaki – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atoma bombado de Hiroŝima kaj Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeos_at%C3%B3micos_de_Hiroshima_y_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeos atómicos de Hiroshima y Nagasaki – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bombardeos atómicos de Hiroshima y Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuumapommide_heitmine_Hiroshimale_ja_Nagasakile" title="Tuumapommide heitmine Hiroshimale ja Nagasakile – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuumapommide heitmine Hiroshimale ja Nagasakile" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_eta_Nagasakiko_bonbardaketa_nuklearrak" title="Hiroshima eta Nagasakiko bonbardaketa nuklearrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiroshima eta Nagasakiko bonbardaketa nuklearrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بمباران اتمی هیروشیما و ناگاساکی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بمباران اتمی هیروشیما و ناگاساکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshiman_ja_Nagasakin_pommitukset" title="Hiroshiman ja Nagasakin pommitukset – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiroshiman ja Nagasakin pommitukset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardements_atomiques_d%27Hiroshima_et_de_Nagasaki" title="Bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buam%C3%A1il_Hiroshima_agus_Nagasaki" title="Buamáil Hiroshima agus Nagasaki – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buamáil Hiroshima agus Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeo_at%C3%B3mico_de_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeo atómico de Hiroshima e Nagasaki – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bombardeo atómico de Hiroshima e Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroch%C3%ADma_ha_Nagas%C3%A1ki_ojekapup%C3%A1r%C3%B5guare" title="Hirochíma ha Nagasáki ojekapupárõguare – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hirochíma ha Nagasáki ojekapupárõguare" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B" title="હિરોશિમા અને નાગાસાકી પરનો અણુ હુમલો – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિરોશિમા અને નાગાસાકી પરનો અણુ હુમલો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99" title="הטלת פצצות האטום על הירושימה ועל נגסאקי – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטלת פצצות האטום על הירושימה ועל נגסאקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी परमाणु बमबारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिरोशिमा और नागासाकी परमाणु बमबारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_bombardiranje_Hiro%C5%A1ime_i_Nagasakija" title="Atomsko bombardiranje Hirošime i Nagasakija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atomsko bombardiranje Hirošime i Nagasakija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosima_%C3%A9s_Nagaszaki_bomb%C3%A1z%C3%A1sa" title="Hirosima és Nagaszaki bombázása – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hirosima és Nagaszaki bombázása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հիրոսիմայի և Նագասակիի ատոմային ռմբակոծումներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիրոսիմայի և Նագասակիի ատոմային ռմբակոծումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjarnorku%C3%A1r%C3%A1sirnar_%C3%A1_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Kjarnorkuárásirnar á Hiroshima og Nagasaki – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjarnorkuárásirnar á Hiroshima og Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardamenti_atomici_di_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bombardamenti atomici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bombardamenti atomici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%88%86%E5%BC%BE%E6%8A%95%E4%B8%8B" title="日本への原子爆弾投下 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本への原子爆弾投下" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ჰიროსიმისა და ნაგასაკის ატომური დაბომბვა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიროსიმისა და ნაგასაკის ატომური დაბომბვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Хиросима мен Нагасакиге атом бомбаларын тасталуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хиросима мен Нагасакиге атом бомбаларын тасталуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಿರೋಷಿಮಾ ಮತ್ತು ನಾಗಸಾಕಿಗಳ ಪರಮಾಣು ಬಾಂಬ್ ದಾಳಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿರೋಷಿಮಾ ಮತ್ತು ನಾಗಸಾಕಿಗಳ ಪರಮಾಣು ಬಾಂಬ್ ದಾಳಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%88%C2%B7%EB%82%98%EA%B0%80%EC%82%AC%ED%82%A4_%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%ED%8F%AD%ED%83%84_%ED%88%AC%ED%95%98" title="히로시마·나가사키 원자폭탄 투하 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히로시마·나가사키 원자폭탄 투하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro%C5%A1imos_ir_Nagasakio_atominis_bombardavimas" title="Hirošimos ir Nagasakio atominis bombardavimas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hirošimos ir Nagasakio atominis bombardavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosimas_un_Nagasaki_bombard%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Hirosimas un Nagasaki bombardēšana – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hirosimas un Nagasaki bombardēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daroka_baomba_at%C3%B4mika_tao_Hiroshima_sy_Nagasaki" title="Daroka baomba atômika tao Hiroshima sy Nagasaki – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Daroka baomba atômika tao Hiroshima sy Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атомски бомбардирања на Хирошима и Нагасаки – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атомски бомбардирања на Хирошима и Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിരോഷിമ ദിനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിരോഷിമ ദിനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिरोशिमा शहरावरील परमाणुबॉम्ब हल्ला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिरोशिमा शहरावरील परमाणुबॉम्ब हल्ला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoombommen_op_Hiroshima_en_Nagasaki" title="Atoombommen op Hiroshima en Nagasaki – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atoombommen op Hiroshima en Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombombene_over_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombombene_over_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardaments_atomics_d%27Hiroshima_e_de_Nagasaki" title="Bombardaments atomics d'Hiroshima e de Nagasaki – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bombardaments atomics d'Hiroshima e de Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹੀਰੋਸ਼ੀਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਾਸਾਕੀ ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣੂ ਹਮਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੀਰੋਸ਼ੀਮਾ ਅਤੇ ਨਾਗਾਸਾਕੀ ਪ੍ਰਮਾਣੂ ਹਮਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeo_at%C3%B3miko_di_Hiroshima_i_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeo atómiko di Hiroshima i Nagasaki – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bombardeo atómiko di Hiroshima i Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atak_atomowy_na_Hiroszim%C4%99_i_Nagasaki" title="Atak atomowy na Hiroszimę i Nagasaki – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atak atomowy na Hiroszimę i Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8D" title="د هیروشیما او ناګاساکي اټومي بمبارۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هیروشیما او ناګاساکي اټومي بمبارۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeamentos_at%C3%B4micos_de_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bombardeamentos atômicos de Hiroshima e Nagasaki – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bombardeamentos atômicos de Hiroshima e Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardamentele_atomice_de_la_Hiroshima_%C8%99i_Nagasaki" title="Bombardamentele atomice de la Hiroshima și Nagasaki – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bombardamentele atomice de la Hiroshima și Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атомные бомбардировки Хиросимы и Нагасаки – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атомные бомбардировки Хиросимы и Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атомовы бомбардованя Гирошимы и Нагасаки – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атомовы бомбардованя Гирошимы и Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A9_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱬᱩ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱨᱳᱥᱤᱢᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱥᱟᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱨᱢᱟᱬᱩ ᱵᱚᱢᱵᱟᱨᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bummardamenti_at%C3%B2mici_di_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bummardamenti atòmici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bummardamenti atòmici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomsko_bombardiranje_Hiroshime_i_Nagasakija" title="Atomsko bombardiranje Hiroshime i Nagasakija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atomsko bombardiranje Hiroshime i Nagasakija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB" title="හිරෝෂිමා සහ නාගසාකි පරමාණු බෝම්බ ප්රහාර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිරෝෂිමා සහ නාගසාකි පරමාණු බෝම්බ ප්රහාර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%B3mov%C3%A9_bombardovanie_Hiro%C5%A1imy_a_Nagasaki" title="Atómové bombardovanie Hirošimy a Nagasaki – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atómové bombardovanie Hirošimy a Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedrsko_bombardiranje_Hiro%C5%A1ime_in_Nagasakija" title="Jedrsko bombardiranje Hirošime in Nagasakija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jedrsko bombardiranje Hirošime in Nagasakija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardimet_b%C3%ABrthamore_t%C3%AB_Hiroshim%C3%ABs_dhe_Nagasakit" title="Bombardimet bërthamore të Hiroshimës dhe Nagasakit – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bombardimet bërthamore të Hiroshimës dhe Nagasakit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Атомска бомбардовања Хирошиме и Нагасакија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атомска бомбардовања Хирошиме и Нагасакија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombomberna_%C3%B6ver_Hiroshima_och_Nagasaki" title="Atombomberna över Hiroshima och Nagasaki – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atombomberna över Hiroshima och Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabomu_ya_Hiroshima_na_Nagasaki" title="Mabomu ya Hiroshima na Nagasaki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mabomu ya Hiroshima na Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இரோசிமாவிலும் நாகசாக்கியிலும் அணுகுண்டு வீச்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரோசிமாவிலும் நாகசாக்கியிலும் அணுகுண்டு வீச்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE,_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="హిరోషిమా, నాగసాకిలపై అణ్వస్త్ర దాడులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిరోషిమా, నాగసాకిలపై అణ్వస్త్ర దాడులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Бомбаборони атомии Хиросима ва Нагасаки – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бомбаборони атомии Хиросима ва Нагасаки" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4" title="การทิ้งระเบิดปรมาณูที่ฮิโรชิมะและนางาซากิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทิ้งระเบิดปรมาณูที่ฮิโรชิมะและนางาซากิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiro%C5%9Fima_ve_Nagasaki%27ye_atom_bombas%C4%B1_sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Hiroşima ve Nagasaki'ye atom bombası saldırısı – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hiroşima ve Nagasaki'ye atom bombası saldırısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ядерне бомбардування Хіросіми і Нагасакі – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ядерне бомбардування Хіросіми і Нагасакі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ہیروشیما اور ناگاساکی میں ایٹمی بمباری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیروشیما اور ناگاساکی میں ایٹمی بمباری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%A5_n%C3%A9m_bom_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD_xu%E1%BB%91ng_Hiroshima_v%C3%A0_Nagasaki" title="Vụ ném bom nguyên tử xuống Hiroshima và Nagasaki – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vụ ném bom nguyên tử xuống Hiroshima và Nagasaki" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B2%9B%E6%89%98%E9%95%BF%E5%B4%8E%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%B9%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="广岛托长崎原子弹爆炸 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="广岛托长崎原子弹爆炸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vevent" style="border-spacing:2px;;width:315px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik">Perang Pasifik</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two aerial photos of atomic bomb mushroom clouds, over two Japanese cities in 1945." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/300px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/450px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/600px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4918" data-file-height="2918" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Awan_jamur" title="Awan jamur">Awan jamur</a> bom atom di langit Hiroshima (kiri) dan Nagasaki (kanan).</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Tanggal</th><td><a href="/wiki/6_Agustus" title="6 Agustus">6 Agustus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/9_Agustus" title="9 Agustus">9 Agustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Lokasi</th><td><span class="location"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Hasil</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Blok_Sekutu_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II">Sekutu</a> menang</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pihak terlibat</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Amerika Serikat"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a></span><br /><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Britania Raya"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Jepang"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Jepang">Jepang</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Tokoh dan pemimpin</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">William S. Parsons</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lewis" title="Robert A. Lewis">Robert A. Lewis</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Charles Sweeney</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ashworth" title="Frederick Ashworth">Frederick Ashworth</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Kekaisaran Jepang"><img alt="Kekaisaran Jepang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shunroku_Hata" title="Shunroku Hata">Shunroku Hata</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Pasukan</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan District">Manhattan District</a>: 50 A.S., 2 Britania<br /><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a>: 1.770 A.S.</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Umum_Kedua_(Jepang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentara Umum Kedua (Jepang)">Tentara Umum Kedua</a>:<br />Hiroshima: 40.000<br />Nagasaki: 9.000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Korban</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 20 <a href="/wiki/Tahanan_perang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahanan perang">tahanan perang</a> A.S., Belanda, Britania tewas</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p>Hiroshima: </p> <ul><li>20.000+ tentara tewas</li> <li>70.000–146.000 warga sipil tewas</li></ul> <p>Nagasaki: </p> <ul><li>39.000–80.000 tewas</li></ul> <b>Total: 129.000–246.000+ tewas</b></td></tr></tbody></table> 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Tengah</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serangan_Marshall-Gilbert" title="Serangan Marshall-Gilbert">Serangan Marshall-Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serangan_Doolittle" title="Serangan Doolittle">Serangan Doolittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Laut_Karang" title="Pertempuran Laut Karang">Laut Karang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Midway" title="Pertempuran Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_RY&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi RY (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>RY</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Kepulauan_Solomon" title="Kampanye Kepulauan Solomon">Kep. Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Kepulauan_Gilbert_dan_Marshall" title="Kampanye Kepulauan Gilbert dan Marshall">Kep. Gilbert dan Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operasi_Forager" class="mw-redirect" title="Operasi Forager">Kep. Mariana dan Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampanye_Kepulauan_Bonin_dan_Ryukyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampanye Kepulauan Bonin dan Ryukyu (halaman belum tersedia)">Bonin dan Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Inmate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Inmate (halaman belum tersedia)">Kep. Karolina</a></li></ul> <p><b>Asia Tenggara</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasi_Indochina_Prancis" title="Invasi Indochina Prancis">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Prancis-Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Prancis-Thailand">Perang Prancis-Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasi_Jepang_ke_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Jepang ke Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Hindia_Belanda" title="Kampanye Hindia Belanda">Hindia Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Malaya" title="Pertempuran Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penaklukan_Burma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penaklukan Burma (halaman belum tersedia)">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Singapura" title="Pertempuran Singapura">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampanye_Burma_(1942%E2%80%9343)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampanye Burma (1942–43) (halaman belum tersedia)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Burma_(1944)" title="Kampanye Burma (1944)">Burma (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Burma_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Kampanye Burma (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasi_Indochina_Prancis_Kedua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasi Indochina Prancis Kedua (halaman belum tersedia)">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Selat_Malaka" title="Pertempuran Selat Malaka">Selat Malaka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Tiderace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Tiderace (halaman belum tersedia)">Tiderace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operasi_Zipper" title="Operasi Zipper">Zipper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samudra_Hindia_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samudra Hindia dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Samudra Hindia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemboman_Asia_Tenggara_(1944%E2%80%9345)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemboman Asia Tenggara (1944–45) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemboman berstrategi (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Pasifik Barat Daya</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Filipina_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Pertempuran Filipina (1941–42)">Filipina (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Hindia_Belanda" title="Kampanye Hindia Belanda">Hindia Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Timor_(1942%E2%80%9343)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertempuran Timor (1942–43)">Timor Portugis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_untuk_Australia" title="Pertempuran untuk Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Nugini" title="Kampanye Nugini">Nugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Filipina_(1944%E2%80%9345)" title="Pertempuran Filipina (1944–45)">Filipina (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Kalimantan_(1945)" title="Kampanye Kalimantan (1945)">Kalimantan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Amerika Utara</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampanye_Kepulauan_Aleutian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampanye Kepulauan Aleutian (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepulauan Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Ellwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Ellwood (halaman belum tersedia)">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Theater_(1939-1945)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Theater (1939-1945) (halaman belum tersedia)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens (halaman belum tersedia)">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lookout_Air_Raids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lookout Air Raids (halaman belum tersedia)">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balon_api&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balon api (halaman belum tersedia)">Balon api</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyek_Hula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyek Hula (halaman belum tersedia)">Proyek Hula</a></li></ul> <p><b>Jepang</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serangan_udara_di_Jepang" title="Serangan udara di Jepang">Serangan udara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serangan_udara_Jepang_di_Kepulauan_Mariana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serangan udara Jepang di Kepulauan Mariana (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepulauan Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampanye_Kepulauan_Volcano_dan_Ryukyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampanye Kepulauan Volcano dan Ryukyu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kepulauan Volcano & Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Tokyo" title="Pengeboman Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Starvation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Starvation (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>Starvation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II (halaman belum tersedia)">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serangan_di_Yokosuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serangan di Yokosuka (halaman belum tersedia)">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Teluk_Sagami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Teluk Sagami (halaman belum tersedia)">Teluk Sagami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemboman_Kure_(Juli_1945)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemboman Kure (Juli 1945) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operasi_Downfall" title="Operasi Downfall"><i>Downfall</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serangan_bom_atom_di_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Serangan bom atom di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki">Pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendudukan_Kepulauan_Kuril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendudukan Kepulauan Kuril (halaman belum tersedia)">Kep. Kuril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyerahnya_Jepang" title="Menyerahnya Jepang">Jepang menyerah</a><b></b></li></ul> <p><b>Manchuria</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasi_Soviet_ke_Manchuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Soviet ke Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Mutanchiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Mutanchiang (halaman belum tersedia)">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Seishin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Seishin (halaman belum tersedia)">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Perang_Tiongkok-Jepang_Kedua" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua">Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg/199px-Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg/298px-Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg/397px-Hypocenter_of_Atomic_bombings_in_Nagasaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypocenter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypocenter (halaman belum tersedia)">Hypocenter</a> dari bom atom Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada bulan Agustus 1945, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> menjatuhkan <a href="/wiki/Bom_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bom atom">bom atom</a> di dua kota <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Jepang">Jepang</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima,_Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima, Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, menandai tahap akhir <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">AS</a> mendapatkan persetujuan <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> untuk menjatuhkan <a href="/wiki/Senjata_pemusnah_massal" title="Senjata pemusnah massal">senjata</a> tersebut, yang sebagaimana tertuang dalam <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Quebec" title="Perjanjian Quebec">Perjanjian Quebec</a>. Operasi ini menewaskan sedikitnya 129.000 jiwa,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan merupakan penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" title="Senjata nuklir">senjata nuklir</a> pertama dan satu-satunya dalam sejarah. </p><p>Pada tahun terakhir Perang Dunia II, <a href="/wiki/Sekutu_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekutu pada Perang Dunia II">Sekutu</a> bersiap-siap melancarkan <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Downfall" title="Operasi Downfall">serbuan ke daratan Jepang</a> yang memakan biaya besar. Amerika Serikat sebelumnya melaksanakan <a href="/wiki/Serangan_udara_di_Jepang" title="Serangan udara di Jepang">kampanye pengeboman</a> yang meluluhlantakkan banyak kota di Jepang. <a href="/wiki/Teater_Eropa_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Teater Eropa pada Perang Dunia II">Perang di Eropa</a> selesai setelah <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a> menandatangani <a href="/wiki/Instrumen_Penyerahan_Diri_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumen Penyerahan Diri Jerman">instrumen penyerahan diri</a> pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-05-08">8 Mei 1945</span>. Akan tetapi, Jepang menolak memenuhi tuntutan Sekutu untuk menyerah tanpa syarat. <a href="/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik">Perang Pasifik</a> pun berlanjut. Bersama Britania Raya dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Cina_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Cina (1912–49)">Tiongkok</a>, Amerika Serikat meminta pasukan Jepang menyerah dalam <a href="/wiki/Deklarasi_Potsdam" title="Deklarasi Potsdam">Deklarasi Potsdam</a> tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-07-26">26 Juli 1945</span> atau menghadapi "kehancuran cepat dan besar". Jepang <a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">mengabaikan</a> ultimatum tersebut. </p><p>Pada bulan Juli 1945, <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Manhattan" title="Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a> yang dirintis Sekutu berhasil melaksanakan <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(uji_nuklir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity (uji nuklir)">pengujian bom atom</a> di gurun <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. Mereka memproduksi senjata nuklir berdasarkan dua rancangan pada bulan Agustus. <a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Udara_Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat">Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat</a> dilengkapi dengan <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> khusus versi <a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a> yang mampu mengangkut bom nuklir dari <a href="/wiki/Tinian" title="Tinian">Tinian</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Mariana" title="Kepulauan Mariana">Kepulauan Mariana</a>. </p><p>Tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-06">6 Agustus</span>, AS menjatuhkan bom atom uranium <a href="/wiki/Senjata_fisi_jenis_bedil" title="Senjata fisi jenis bedil">jenis bedil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>) di Hiroshima. Presiden Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> meminta Jepang menyerah 16 jam kemudian dan memberi peringatan akan adanya "hujan reruntuhan dari udara yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya di muka bumi." Tiga hari kemudian, pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-09">9 Agustus</span>, AS menjatuhkan bom plutonium <a href="/wiki/Desain_senjata_nuklir" title="Desain senjata nuklir">jenis implosi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>) di <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. Dalam kurun dua sampai empat bulan pertama setelah pengeboman terjadi, dampaknya menewaskan 90.000–146.000 orang di Hiroshima dan 39.000–80.000 di Nagasaki; kurang lebih separuh korban di setiap kota tewas pada hari pertama. Pada bulan-bulan seterusnya, banyak orang yang tewas karena efek luka bakar, <a href="/wiki/Sindrom_radiasi_akut" title="Sindrom radiasi akut">penyakit radiasi</a>, dan cedera lain disertai sakit dan kekurangan gizi. Di dua kota tersebut, sebagian besar korban tewas merupakan warga sipil meskipun terdapat <a href="/wiki/Garnisun" title="Garnisun">garnisun</a> militer besar di Hiroshima. </p><p>Tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-15">15 Agustus</span>, enam hari setelah pengeboman Nagasaki dan <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Soviet%E2%80%93Jepang_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Soviet–Jepang (1945)">menyatakan perang</a>, Jepang menyatakan <a href="/wiki/Penyerahan_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyerahan Jepang">menyerah</a> kepada Sekutu. Tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="09-02">2 September</span>, Jepang menandatangani <a href="/wiki/Instrumen_Penyerahan_Diri_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumen Penyerahan Diri Jepang">instrumen penyerahan diri</a> yang otomatis mengakhiri Perang Dunia II. Pengaruh pengeboman ini terhadap penyerahan diri Jepang dan alasan etisnya masih <a href="/wiki/Perdebatan_mengenai_pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdebatan mengenai pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki">diperdebatkan</a> sampai sekarang. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latar_belakang">Latar belakang</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perang_Pasifik">Perang Pasifik</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik">Perang Pasifik</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peta Asia Timur dan Pasifik Barat pada Perang Dunia II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/250px-1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/375px-1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/500px-1945-08-01JapWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>Situasi Perang Pasifik pada 1 Agustus 1945. Jepang masih menguasai seluruh <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Indocina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indocina">Indocina</a>, sebagian besar Tiongkok, termasuk beberapa kota besar di Tiongkok, dan sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Hindia_Belanda" title="Hindia Belanda">Hindia Belanda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pada tahun 1945, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik">Perang Pasifik</a> antara <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Jepang">Kekaisaran Jepang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sekutu_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekutu pada Perang Dunia II">Sekutu</a> memasuki tahun keempat. Jepang melawan dengan sengit agar kemenangan AS dihantui oleh jumlah korban yang besar. Dari 1,25 juta tentara Amerika Serikat yang gugur pada <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Personel_militer" title="Personel militer">personel militer</a> yang <a href="/wiki/Gugur_dalam_tugas" title="Gugur dalam tugas">gugur dalam tugas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Terluka_dalam_tugas" title="Terluka dalam tugas">cedera dalam tugas</a>, hampir satu juta tentara gugur dalam kurun waktu Juni 1944 sampai Juni 1945. Pada Desember 1944, jumlah tentara AS yang gugur mencapai angka tertingginya, 88.000 tentara per bulan, akibat <a href="/wiki/Serangan_Ardennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Serangan Ardennes">Serangan Ardennes</a> oleh Jerman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco20092–3,_49–51_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco20092–3,_49–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Pasifik, Sekutu <a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Filipina_(1944%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampanye Filipina (1944–1945)">kembali ke Filipina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960307_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960307-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Myanmar_1944%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampanye Myanmar 1944–1945">merebut Myanmar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960532_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960532-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Borneo_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampanye Borneo (1945)">menyerbu Borneo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960527_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1960527-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serangan dilancarkan untuk melenyapkan pasukan Jepang yang masih bercokol di <a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Bougainville" title="Kampanye Bougainville">Bougainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Aitape%E2%80%93Wewak" title="Kampanye Aitape–Wewak">Nugini</a>, dan Filipina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong196348–49_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong196348–49-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada bulan April 1945, pasukan Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Okinawa" title="Pertempuran Okinawa">mendarat di Okinawa</a> dan bertempur sengit sampai Juni. Seiring perang berlangsung, rasio korban Jepang dan AS turun dari 5:1 di Filipina ke 2:1 di Okinawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco20092–3,_49–51_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco20092–3,_49–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat Sekutu terus merangsek ke Jepang, kondisi bangsa Jepang semakin buruk. Tonase armada kapal dagang Jepang turun dari 5.250.000 <a href="/wiki/Tonase_bruto_terdaftar" title="Tonase bruto terdaftar">ton bruto</a> pada tahun 1941 ke 1.560.000 ton pada Maret 1945, dan 557.000 ton bulan Agustus 1945. Kelangkaan bahan mentah memaksa ekonomi perang Jepang jatuh pada paruh akhir 1944. Ekonomi masyarakat yang melemah sepanjang perang mencapai tingkat terparahnya pada pertengahan 1945. Ketiadaan kapal juga memengaruhi armada nelayan. Pada tahun 1945, hasil tangkapan ikan hanya 22% dari hasil tahun 1941. Panen beras tahun 1945 mencapai jumlah terendah sejak 1909. Akibatnya, <a href="/wiki/Kelaparan" title="Kelaparan">kelaparan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kekurangan_gizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekurangan gizi">kekurangan gizi</a> merebak di masyarakat. Produksi industri Amerika Serikat jauh lebih unggul daripada industri Jepang. Pada tahun 1943, Amerika Serikat memproduksi hampir 100.000 pesawat per tahun, berbeda dengan 70.000 pesawat yang diproduksi Jepang selama Perang Dunia II. Pada musim panas 1944, AS mengerahkan hampir seratus kapal induk di Pasifik, lebih banyak daripada 25 kapal induk yang dimiliki Jepang sepanjang perang. Bulan Februari 1945, Pangeran <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> memberitahu <a href="/wiki/Kaisar_Jepang" title="Kaisar Jepang">Kaisar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> bahwa kekalahan sudah tidak bisa dihindari lagi dan menyarankan Kaisar untuk turun takhta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoox19692540–2544_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox19692540–2544-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persiapan_penyerbuan_Jepang">Persiapan penyerbuan Jepang</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Downfall" title="Operasi Downfall">Operasi Downfall</a></div> <p>Sebelum Jerman Nazi <a href="/wiki/Hari_Kemenangan_di_Eropa" title="Hari Kemenangan di Eropa">menyerah</a> tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-05-08">8 Mei 1945</span>, sejumlah rencana disiapkan untuk operasi terbesar dalam Perang Pasifik, <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Downfall" title="Operasi Downfall">Operasi Downfall</a>, yaitu penyerbuan Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200932–34_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200932–34-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operasi ini terbagi ke dalam dua bagian: <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Downfall#Olympic" title="Operasi Downfall">Operasi Olympic</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Downfall#Coronet" title="Operasi Downfall">Operasi Coronet</a>. Keseluruhan operasi rencananya dimulai pada Oktober 1945. Olympic merupakan serangkaian pendaratan <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat_Keenam" title="Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat Keenam">Angkatan Darat Keenam</a> AS untuk mencaplok sepertiga wilayah dari pulau Jepang paling besar di bagian selatan, <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyushu">Kyūshū</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009125–130_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009125–130-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operasi Olympic dilanjutkan pada Maret 1946 oleh Operasi Coronet, pencaplokan <a href="/wiki/Dataran_Kant%C5%8D" title="Dataran Kantō">Dataran Kantō</a>, dekat Tokyo di Pulau <a href="/wiki/Honshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshu">Honshū</a>, oleh <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat_Pertama" title="Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat Pertama">Angkatan Darat Pertama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat_Kedelapan" title="Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat Kedelapan">Kedelapan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat_Kesepuluh" title="Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat Kesepuluh">Kesepuluh</a> AS. Waktu tersebut dipilih agar semua sasaran Olympic tercapai, tentara bisa dikirimkan dari Eropa, dan musim dingin Jepang cepat usai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009169–171_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009169–171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg/250px-%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg/375px-%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg/500px-%22Jap...You%27re_Next%5E_We%27ll_Finish_the_Job%22_-_NARA_-_513563.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="2931" /></a><figcaption>Poster Angkatan Darat AS yang mempersiapkan masyarakat untuk invasi Jepang setelah merampungkan perang di Jerman dan Italia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Geografi_Jepang" title="Geografi Jepang">Geografi Jepang</a> membuat rencana invasi ini diketahui Jepang; mereka mampu memprediksi rencana invasi Sekutu secara akurat dan menyesuaikan rencana pertahanan mereka yaitu <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Ketsug%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Operasi Ketsugō">Operasi Ketsugō</a>. Jepang merencanakan pertahanan Kyūshū secara habis-habisan tanpa menyisakan cadangan untuk operasi pertahanan selanjutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200945–48_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200945–48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empat divisi veteran ditarik dari <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Kwantung" title="Tentara Kwantung">Tentara Kwantung</a> di <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> pada Maret 1945 untuk memperkuat pasukan di Jepang,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200921_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200921-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan 45 divisi baru diaktifkan antara bulan Februari dan Mei 1945. Sebagian besar divisi tersebut merupakan divisi imobil untuk pertahanan pesisir, tetapi 16 lainnya merupakan divisi mobil berpengalaman tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200970–72_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200970–72-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara keseluruhan, 2,3 juta tentara <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang">Angkatan Darat Jepang</a> disiapkan untuk mempertahankan pulau-pulau besar Jepang. Mereka dibantu oleh 28 juta <a href="/wiki/Korps_Tempur_Sukarelawan" title="Korps Tempur Sukarelawan">milisi sipil</a> pria dan wanita. Perkiraan korban bervariasi namun ditaksir sangat tinggi. Wakil Kepala <a href="/wiki/Staf_Umum_Angkatan_Laut_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Staf Umum Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang">Staf Umum Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laksamana_Madya" class="mw-redirect" title="Laksamana Madya">Laksamana Madya</a> <a href="/wiki/Takijir%C5%8D_%C5%8Cnishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Takijirō Ōnishi">Takijirō Ōnishi</a>, memperkirakan bahwa jumlah warga Jepang yang tewas bisa mencapai 20 juta jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009121–124_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009121–124-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Joint War Plans Committee,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> penyampai informasi perencanaan ke <a href="/wiki/Kepala_Staf_Gabungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepala Staf Gabungan">Kepala Staf Gabungan</a>, memperkirakan bahwa Olympic akan memakan korban antara 130.000 sampai 220.000 tentara AS dengan 25.000 sampai 46.000 di antaranya gugur. Hasil penelitian disampaikan pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-06-15">15 Juni 1945</span> setelah adanya informasi dari hasil pendaratan di Okinawa. Penelitian tersebut menyoroti pertahanan Jepang yang lemah karena pemblokiran laut yang sangat efektif dan kampanye pengeboman oleh Amerika Serikat. <a href="/wiki/Kepala_Staf_Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat">Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenderal_Angkatan_Darat" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenderal Angkatan Darat">Jenderal</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>, dan Komandan Angkatan darat di Pasifik, Jenderal <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, menandatangani dokumen yang menyetujui perkiraan Joint War Plans Committee tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll200748_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200748-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amerika Serikat dikejutkan oleh penumpukan pasukan Jepang yang terlacak oleh intelijen <a href="/wiki/Ultra" title="Ultra">Ultra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea1992202–225_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea1992202–225-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Perang_Amerika_Serikat" title="Menteri Perang Amerika Serikat">Menteri Perang</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> sangat khawatir dengan perkiraan jumlah korban tentara AS sehingga ia menugaskan <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a> dan <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> untuk melakukan penelitian terpisah. Wright dan Shockley berbicara dengan Kolonel <a href="/wiki/James_McCormack" title="James McCormack">James McCormack</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> serta mempelajari perkiraan korban yang disampaikan <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._DeBakey" title="Michael E. DeBakey">Michael E. DeBakey</a> dan Gilbert Beebe. Wright dan Shockley memperkirakan bahwa jumlah korban di sisi Sekutu bisa mencapai antara 1,7 dan 4 juta orang bila skenarionya seperti itu dengan 400.000 sampai 800.000 di antaranya gugur sedangkan korban di sisi Jepang bisa mencapai antara 5 sampai 10 juta orang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200998–99_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200998–99-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999340_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999340-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall mulai mempertimbangkan penggunaan senjata yang "sudah siap dipakai dan pasti mampu mengurangi jumlah tentara Amerika yang gugur":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perang_kimia" title="Perang kimia">gas beracun</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fosgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosgen">Fosgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustar_belerang" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustar belerang">gas mustar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_air_mata" title="Gas air mata">gas air mata</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sianogen_klorida" title="Sianogen klorida">sianogen klorida</a> dalam jumlah besar dipindahkan ke <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> dari gudang senjata di Australia dan Nugini sebagai bagian dari persiapan Operasi Olympic. MacArthur menjamin bahwa satuan <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Warfare_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Warfare Service">Chemical Warfare Service</a> sudah terlatih untuk menggunakannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Senjata_biologis" title="Senjata biologis">senjata biologis</a> di Jepang turut dipertimbangkan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffer1985164–165_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer1985164–165-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serangan_udara_di_Jepang">Serangan udara di Jepang</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Serangan_udara_di_Jepang" title="Serangan udara di Jepang">Serangan udara di Jepang</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of a four engined World War II-era aircraft being viewed from above while it is flying over a city. A large cloud of smoke is visible immediately below the aircraft." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg/250px-Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg/375px-Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg/500px-Boeing_B-29A-45-BN_Superfortress_44-61784_6_BG_24_BS_-_Incendiary_Journey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Pesawat B-29 di langit Osaka tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-06-01">1 Juni 1945</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Ketika Amerika Serikat mengembangkan rencana kampanye udara terhadap Jepang sebelum Perang Pasifik, pencaplokan pangkalan Sekutu di Pasifik Barat pada beberapa pekan pertama konflik Pasifik menandakan bahwa serangan udara baru dimulai pada pertengahan 1944 setelah <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> siap dikerahkan ke ajang pertempuran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate19534_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate19534-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Matterhorn" title="Operasi Matterhorn">Operasi Matterhorn</a> melibatkan pemindahan pesawat-pesawat B-29 yang berpangkalan di India ke pangkalan di sekitar <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, Tiongkok, untuk persiapan penyerangan target-target strategis di Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate195322–24_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate195322–24-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upaya tersebut gagal memenuhi tujuan strategis yang dikehendaki para perumus rencana karena permasalahan logistik, kesulitan mekanis pesawat pengebom, kerentanan pangkalan persiapan di Tiongkok, dan jarak tempuh yang jauh menuju kota-kota di Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953169–175_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953169–175-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brigadir_Jenderal_(Amerika_Serikat)" title="Brigadir Jenderal (Amerika Serikat)">Brigadir Jenderal</a> <a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Udara_Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat">Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat</a> (USAAF) <a href="/wiki/Haywood_S._Hansell" title="Haywood S. Hansell">Haywood S. Hansell</a> menetapkan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinian" title="Tinian">Tinian</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Saipan" title="Saipan">Saipan</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Mariana" title="Kepulauan Mariana">Kepulauan Mariana</a> cocok dijadikan pangkalan B-29, namun saat itu masih dikuasai Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate195329–31_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate195329–31-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategi pun diganti agar sesuai dengan perang udara,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953507–509_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953507–509-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Kepulauan_Mariana_dan_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampanye Kepulauan Mariana dan Palau">kepulauan tersebut direbut</a> kembali antara Juni dan Agustus 1944. Beberapa pangkalan udara dibangun,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953514–521_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953514–521-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan B-29 diterbangkan dari Kepulauan Mariana bulan Oktober 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953548–551_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953548–551-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pangkalan-pangkalan tersebut dapat disuplai oleh kapal kargo tanpa hambatan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953536–545_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953536–545-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/XXI_Bomber_Command" title="XXI Bomber Command">XXI Bomber Command</a> memulai misi penyerangan Jepang pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1944-11-18">18 November 1944</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953558–560_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953558–560-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usaha awal untuk mengebom Jepang dari Kepulauan Mariana sama tidak efektifnya seperti B-29 di Tiongkok. Hansell melanjutkan operasi <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_presisi" title="Pengeboman presisi">pengeboman tepat</a> berketinggian tinggi yang menyasar industri penting dan jaringan transportasi sekalipun taktik ini tidak berdampak besar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953566_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953566-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usaha ini gagal karena kesulitan logistik dengan pangkalan yang jauh, masalah teknis yang dialami pesawat baru dengan teknologi yang juga baru, cuaca yang tidak bersahabat, dan perlawanan musuh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandler200124–26_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200124–26-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953574–576_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953574–576-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A vast devastated area with only a few burned out buildings standing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/250px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/375px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg/500px-Tokyo_1945-3-10-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption><i>Operation Meetinghouse</i> <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Tokyo" title="Pengeboman Tokyo">meratakan Tokyo</a> pada malam tanggal 9–10 Maret 1945 dan menjadi serangan udara paling mematikan sepanjang Perang Dunia II.<sup id="cite_ref-deadliest_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilayah yang terdampak jauh lebih luas dan jumlah korban tewas jauh lebih banyak daripada pengeboman nuklir Hiroshima atau Nagasaki.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Pengganti Hansell, <a href="/wiki/Mayor_Jenderal_(Amerika_Serikat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor Jenderal (Amerika Serikat)">Mayor Jenderal</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>, menjadi komandan operasi pada Januari 1945 dan pada awalnya masih meneruskan taktik pengeboman tepat yang sama dengan hasil yang tidak memuaskan pula. Serangan tersebut awalnya menargetkan fasilitas industri penting, tetapi sebagian besar proses produksi Jepang dilakukan di bengkel-bengkel kecil dan rumah warga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953608–610_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953608–610-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di bawah tekanan markas USAAF di Washington, LeMay mengganti taktik dan memutuskan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">pengeboman bakar</a> tingkat rendah di perkotaan Jepang merupakan satu-satunya cara untuk menghancurkan kemampuan produksi mereka; beralih dari pengeboman tepat ke <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_wilayah" title="Pengeboman wilayah">pengeboman wilayah</a> dengan bom bakar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953568–570_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953568–570-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seperti kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_strategis_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Pengeboman strategis pada Perang Dunia II">pengeboman strategis pada Perang Dunia II</a>, tujuan serangan USAAF di Jepang adalah menghancurkan industri perang musuh, membunuh atau melumpuhkan warga sipil yang dipekerjakan oleh industri perang, dan <a href="/wiki/Demoralisasi_(perang)" title="Demoralisasi (perang)">menurunkan moral sipil</a>. Warga sipil yang terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Upaya_perang" title="Upaya perang">upaya perang</a> lewat berbagai aktivitas seperti pembangunan <a href="/wiki/Benteng" title="Benteng">benteng</a> dan produksi munisi dan material perang lainnya di pabrik dan bengkel dianggap sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kombatan" title="Kombatan">kombatan</a> secara hukum dan pantas diserang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards199683_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards199683-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerrell1996250_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerrell1996250-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selama enam bulan selanjutnya, XXI Bomber Command di bawah pimpinan LeMay mengebom 67 kota di Jepang. <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Tokyo" title="Pengeboman Tokyo">Pengeboman Tokyo</a>, atau <i>Operation Meetinghouse</i>, tanggal 9–10 Maret menewaskan sekitar 100.000 orang dan menghancurkan perkotaan seluas 16 mil persegi (41 km<sup>2</sup>) dan 267.000 bangunan dalam satu malam saja. Operasi ini merupakan pengeboman paling mematikan sepanjang Perang Dunia II. Sebanyak 20 B-29 ditembak jatuh oleh meriam flak dan pesawat tempur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953614–617_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953614–617-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada bulan Mei, 75% bom yang dijatuhkan merupakan bom bakar yang dirancang untuk membakar "kota kertas" Jepang. Pada pertengahan Juni, enam kota terbesar di Jepang telah diluluhlantakkan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953642–643_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953642–643-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berakhirnya pertempuran di Okinawa bulan itu memberikan Sekutu kesempatan untuk memanfaatkan pangkalan udara yang letaknya lebih dekat dengan pulau-pulau utama Jepang. Kampanye pengeboman pun ditingkatkan. Pesawat yang terbang dari <a href="/wiki/Kapal_induk" title="Kapal induk">kapal induk</a> Sekutu dan <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Ryukyu" title="Kepulauan Ryukyu">Kepulauan Ryukyu</a> secara rutin menyasar target-target di Jepang sepanjang 1945 menjelang Operasi Downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr1991207_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr1991207-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengeboman dialihkan ke kota-kota kecil yang dihuni 60.000 sampai 350.000 jiwa. Menurut Yuki Tanaka, AS mengebom lebih dari seratus kota di Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serangan-serangan tersebut juga mematikan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953653–658_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953653–658-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Militer Jepang tidak mampu menghentikan serangan Sekutu dan persiapan <a href="/wiki/Pertahanan_sipil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertahanan sipil">pertahanan sipil</a> Jepang tidak cukup kuat. Pesawat tempur dan senjata antipesawat Jepang sulit menyasar pesawat pengebom yang terbang sangat tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoox1994412–414_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox1994412–414-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak April 1945, pesawat penyergap Jepang harus menghadapi pesawat tempur pengawal Amerika Serikat yang berpangkalan di <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a> dan Okinawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoox1994422_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox1994422-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada bulan itu, <a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Udara_Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang">Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Udara_Angkatan_Laut_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Pasukan Udara Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang">Pasukan Udara Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang</a> berhenti menyergap pesawat Sekutu supaya masih ada pesawat tempur yang tersisa menjelang invasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201054_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201054-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada pertengahan 1945, Jepang mengurangi frekuensi penyergapan B-29 yang melakukan pengintaian di Jepang untuk menghemat bahan bakar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201058–59_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201058–59-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada Juli 1945, Jepang menimbun 1.156.000 US barel (137.800.000 l; 36.400.000 US gal; 30.300.000 imp gal) <a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">avgas</a> untuk persiapan penyerbuan Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200979–80_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200979–80-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski militer Jepang memutuskan untuk melanjutkan serangan terhadap pesawat pengebom Sekutu sebelum bulan Juni berakhir, pesawat tempur yang beroperasi saat itu sudah sangat sedikit sehingga tidak sempat berganti taktik untuk mencegah serangan udara Sekutu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoox1994429_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoox1994429-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengembangan_bom_atom">Pengembangan bom atom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Manhattan" title="Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a></div> <p>Penemuan <a href="/wiki/Fisi_nuklir" title="Fisi nuklir">fisi nuklir</a> oleh kimiawan Jerman <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Fritz Strassmann</a> tahun 1938 dan penjelasan teorinya oleh <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" title="Otto Frisch">Otto Frisch</a> memungkinkan terjadinya pengembangan bom atom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19857_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19857-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kekhawatiran bahwa <a href="/wiki/Proyek_bom_atom_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Proyek bom atom Jerman">proyek bom atom Jerman</a> akan menghasilkan senjata atom pertama di dunia tercantum dalam <a href="/wiki/Surat_Einstein-Szilard" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Einstein-Szilard">surat Einstein-Szilard</a>. Para ilmuwan yang mengungsi dari Jerman Nazi dan negara-negara fasis lainnya juga sama khawatirnya. Sentimen tersebut mendorong pelaksaaan penelitian pertama di Amerika Serikat pada akhir 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198512_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198512-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengembangan baru melesat setelah <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a> dari Britania Raya melaporkan pada akhir 1941 bahwa sebuah bom hanya membutuhkan 5–10 kilogram <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> yang sudah mengalami pengayaan isotop daripada berton-ton uranium yang tidak dikayakan (<i>unenriched</i>) disertai moderator neutron (e.g. air berat).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing196440-43,_76-79_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing196440-43,_76-79-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bekerja sama dengan Britania Raya dan Kanada yang masing-masing memiliki proyek <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Chalk_River_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk River Laboratories">Chalk River Laboratories</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Manhattan" title="Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a>, di bawah arahan Mayor Jenderal <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves, Jr.">Leslie R. Groves, Jr.</a>, dari <a href="/wiki/Korps_insinyur_(Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korps insinyur (Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat)">Korps Teknisi Angkatan Darat AS</a>, merancang dan membangun bom atom pertama di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198589_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198589-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves menunjuk <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> sebagai pelaksana dan kepala <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> di New Mexico, tempat bom atom tersebut dirancang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198582-84_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198582-84-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dua jenis bom berhasil dikembangkan. <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Senjata_fisi_jenis_bedil" title="Senjata fisi jenis bedil">senjata fisi jenis bedil</a> yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> uranium langka yang dibuat di <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Clinton Engineer Works</a> di <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985522_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985522-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Desain_senjata_nuklir" title="Desain senjata nuklir">senjata nuklir jenis implosi</a> yang lebih kuat dan efisien namun lebih rumit yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unsur_sintetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur sintetis">unsur sintetis</a> yang dibuat di sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_nuklir" title="Reaktor nuklir">reaktor nuklir</a> di <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford, Washington</a>. Senjata implosi uji coba, <a href="/wiki/The_Gadget" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gadget">The Gadget</a>, diledakkan di <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(uji_coba_nuklir)" title="Trinity (uji coba nuklir)">Trinity Site</a>, dekat <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo, New Mexico</a>, pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-07-16">16 Juli 1945</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985511–516_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985511–516-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jepang juga memiliki <a href="/wiki/Program_senjata_nuklir_Jepang" title="Program senjata nuklir Jepang">program senjata nuklir sendiri</a>, tetapi kekurangan sumber daya manusia, mineral, dan pendanaan seperti Proyek Manhattan, dan tidak pernah membuat kemajuan dalam pengembangan bom atom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunden199850–52_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunden199850–52-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persiapan">Persiapan</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyusunan_rencana_dan_pelatihan">Penyusunan rencana dan pelatihan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Agnew_HiroshimaAircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color photo of three silver four engined World War II-era aircraft neatly lined up alongside a runway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Agnew_HiroshimaAircraft.jpg/250px-Agnew_HiroshimaAircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Agnew_HiroshimaAircraft.jpg/375px-Agnew_HiroshimaAircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Agnew_HiroshimaAircraft.jpg/500px-Agnew_HiroshimaAircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Pesawat <a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a> yang turut mengebom Hiroshima. Kiri ke kanan: <a href="/wiki/Big_Stink_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stink (B-29)"><i>Big Stink</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Artiste (B-29)"><i>The Great Artiste</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a> dibentuk pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1944-12-09">9 Desember 1944</span> dan diaktifkan tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1944-12-17">17 Desember 1944</span> di <a href="/wiki/Wendover_Army_Air_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendover Army Air Field">Wendover Army Air Field</a>, Utah, di bawah pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Kolonel_(Amerika_Serikat)" title="Kolonel (Amerika Serikat)">Kolonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-509offhist_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-509offhist-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibbets ditugaskan untuk menyusun dan memimpin <a href="/wiki/Grup_pengeboman" title="Grup pengeboman">kelompok tempur</a> untuk mengembangkan cara menjatuhkan senjata atom di target-target di Jerman dan Jepang. Karena skuadronnya terbagi menjadi pesawat pengebom dan pesawat angkut, kelompok ini digolongkan sebagai satuan "komposit" alih-alih satuan "pengebom".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bekerja sama dengan Proyek Manhattan di Los Alamos, Tibbets memilih Wendover sebagai pangkalan pelatihannya alih-alih <a href="/wiki/Great_Bend,_Kansas" title="Great Bend, Kansas">Great Bend, Kansas</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Home,_Idaho" title="Mountain Home, Idaho">Mountain Home, Idaho</a>, karena letaknya yang terpencil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibbets1998163,_167–168_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbets1998163,_167–168-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setiap pesawat pengebom melaksanakan sedikitnya 50 latihan menjatuhkan <a href="/wiki/Bom_labu" title="Bom labu">bom labu</a> palsu atau aktif. Tibbets kemudian menyatakan bahwa pasukan terbangnya siap tempur.<sup id="cite_ref-ready_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ready-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men in military fatigues, without jackets or ties." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg/250px-Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg/375px-Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg/500px-Three_Tinian_Joint_Chiefs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>"Kepala Gabungan Tinian": Kapten William S. Parsons (kiri), Laksamana Muda William R. Purnell (tengah), dan Brigadir Jenderal Thomas F. Farrell (kanan)</figcaption></figure> <p>509th Composite Group terdiri atas 225 perwira resmi dan 1.542 prajurit resmi; hampir semuanya kelak dikerahkan ke Tinian. Selain personel resmi, 509th Composite Group menempatkan 51 warga sipil dan personel militer dari <a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a> di Tinian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200525_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200525-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang diberi nama 1st Technical Detachment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953706_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953706-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skuadron_Pengeboman_ke-393" class="mw-redirect" title="Skuadron Pengeboman ke-393">Skuadron Pengeboman ke-393</a>, bagian dari 509th Composite Group, dilengkapi dengan 15 pesawat B-29 <a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a>. Pesawat ini telah disesuaikan untuk mengangkut senjata nuklir dan dilengkapi dengan mesin yang <a href="/wiki/Injeksi_bahan_bakar" title="Injeksi bahan bakar">diinjeksi bahan bakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baling-baling" title="Baling-baling">baling-baling</a> <a href="/wiki/Daya_dorong_terbalik" title="Daya dorong terbalik">dorongan terbalik</a> Curtiss Electric, aktuator pneumatik untuk membuka dan menutup pintu ruang bom dengan cepat, dan pemutakhiran lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200514–15_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200514–15-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pasukan pendukung darat dari 509th Composite Group dikirimkan menggunakan kereta api pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-04-26">26 April 1945</span>, ke tempat pemberangkatannya di <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington. Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="05-06">6 Mei</span>, pasukan pendukung berlayar dengan SS <i>Cape Victory</i> menuju Kepulauan Mariana, sedangkan materialnya dikirimkan menggunakan SS <i>Emile Berliner</i>. <i>Cape Victory</i> berhenti sejenak di <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eniwetok" class="mw-redirect" title="Eniwetok">Eniwetok</a>, tetapi penumpangnya tidak diizinkan keluar dari wilayah pelabuhan. Pasukan pendahulu yang terdiri atas 29 perwira dan 61 prajurit diterbangkan dengan C-54 ke <a href="/wiki/North_Field_(Tinian)" title="North Field (Tinian)">North Field</a> di Tinian antara tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="05-15">15 Mei</span> dan <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="05-22">22 Mei</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ada pula dua perwakilan dari Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Brigadir_Jenderal_(Amerika_Serikat)" title="Brigadir Jenderal (Amerika Serikat)">Brigadir Jenderal</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(jenderal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Farrell (jenderal)">Thomas Farrell</a>, wakil komandan Proyek Manhattan, dan <a href="/wiki/Laksamana_Muda_(Amerika_Serikat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laksamana Muda (Amerika Serikat)">Laksamana Muda</a> <a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William R. Purnell</a> dari Military Policy Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2005100_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005100-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka bertugas memutuskan urusan kebijakan yang lebih tinggi di tempat. Bersama Kapten <a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">William S. Parsons</a>, komandan Project Alberta, mereka dikenal dengan sebutan "Kepala Gabungan Tinian".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristman1998176_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristman1998176-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penentuan_target">Penentuan target</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of Japan and the Marianas Islands indicating the routes taken by the raids. One goes straight to Iwo Jima and Hiroshima and back the same way. The other goes to the southern tip of Japan, up to Kokura, down to Nagasaki, and the southwest to Okinawa befofore heading back to Tinian." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg/250px-Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg/375px-Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg/500px-Atomic_bomb_1945_mission_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Rute misi tanggal 6 dan 9 Agustus, dan letak kota Hiroshima, Nagasaki, dan <a href="/wiki/Kokura" title="Kokura">Kokura</a> (target awal tanggal 9 Agustus).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Handy_to_spaatz_1945.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Handy_to_spaatz_1945.gif/250px-Handy_to_spaatz_1945.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Handy_to_spaatz_1945.gif/375px-Handy_to_spaatz_1945.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Handy_to_spaatz_1945.gif 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Perintah Jenderal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Handy" title="Thomas T. Handy">Thomas Handy</a> ke Jenderal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a> yang mengizinkan penjatuhan bom atom</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada bulan April 1945, Marshall meminta Groves memberi target-target pengeboman agar disetujui dirinya dan Stimson. Groves membentuk Target Committee yang dipimpin Marshall sendiri beranggotakan Farrell, Mayor John A. Derry, <a href="/wiki/Kolonel" title="Kolonel">Kolonel</a> William P. Fisher, Joyce C. Stearns, dan <a href="/wiki/David_M._Dennison" title="David M. Dennison">David M. Dennison</a> dari USAAF; dan ilmuwan <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney" title="William Penney, Baron Penney">William Penney</a> dari Proyek Manhattan. Target Committee mengadakan rapat di Washington tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="04-27">27 April</span>; di Los Alamos tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="05-10">10 Mei</span>, tempat pertemuan antara komite, ilmuwan, dan teknisi di sana; dan di Washington lagi tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="05-28">28 Mei</span>, tempat pertemuan komite dengan Tibbets dan <a href="/wiki/Komandan" title="Komandan">Komandan</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ashworth" title="Frederick Ashworth">Frederick Ashworth</a> dari Project Alberta, serta penasihat ilmiah Proyek Manhattan, <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Richard C. Tolman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985528–529_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985528–529-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Target Committee mencalonkan lima target: <a href="/wiki/Kokura" title="Kokura">Kokura</a>, tempat berdirinya salah satu pabrik amunisi terbesar di Jepang; <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, tempat pemberangkatan dan pusat industri yang dijadikan markas militer besar; <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, daerah perkotaan yang menjadi tempat produksi pesawat, peralatan mesin, kapal, perangkat listrik, dan penyulingan minyak; dan <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, pusat industri besar. Pemilihan target memiliki syarat-syarat sebagai berikut: </p> <ul><li>Diameter target lebih besar daripada 3 mi (4,8 km) dan merupakan target penting yang terletak di wilayah perkotaan besar.</li> <li>Ledakannya akan menghasilkan kerusakan yang efektif.</li> <li>Target kemungkinan besar belum diserang pada Agustus 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-targetcommittee_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-targetcommittee-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Sebagian besar kota-kota ini tak tersentuh oleh operasi pengeboman malam, dan Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat setuju untuk menghapusnya dari daftar target sehingga penilaian keefektifan senjata dapat dibuat secara tepat. Hiroshima disebut sebagai "depot pasukan dan tempat pemberangkatan penting yang terletak di wilayah industri perkotaan. [Hiroshima] merupakan target radar yang baik dan ukurannya cukup besar sehingga sebagian besar kota mungkin rusak parah. Terdapat perbukitan di sekitarnya yang memungkinkan efek pemusatan ledakan sehingga potensi kerusakan semakin besar. Karena ada sungai, [Hiroshima] bukan target <a href="/wiki/Perangkat_pembakar" title="Perangkat pembakar">bom bakar</a> yang tepat."<sup id="cite_ref-targetcommittee_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-targetcommittee-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Target Committee menyatakan bahwa, "Kami menyepakati bahwa faktor psikologis dalam penentuan target merupakan hal penting. Dua faktor tersebut adalah (1) memperoleh dampak psikologis terbesar untuk melawan Jepang dan (2) membuat penjatuhan bom pertama semantap mungkin sehingga kehebatan senjata ini dapat diakui oleh dunia internasional setelah berita [tentang pengeboman ini] terbit. Kyoto pantas karena merupakan pusat industri militer yang penting sekaligus pusat pendidikan sehingga penduduknya dapat memahami kehebatan senjata ini. <a href="/wiki/Istana_Kekaisaran_Tokyo" title="Istana Kekaisaran Tokyo">Istana Kekaisaran</a> di Tokyo lebih terkenal daripada target-target lain, tetapi nilai strategisnya rendah."<sup id="cite_ref-targetcommittee_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-targetcommittee-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauer" title="Edwin O. Reischauer">Edwin O. Reischauer</a>, pakar Jepang di <a href="/wiki/Korps_Intelijen_Militer_(Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat)" title="Korps Intelijen Militer (Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat)">Dinas Intelijen Angkatan Darat AS</a>, konon katanya mencegah pengeboman Kyoto.<sup id="cite_ref-targetcommittee_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-targetcommittee-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam otobiografinya, Reischauer membantah klaim tersebut: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... satu-satunya orang yang berhak mendapat pengakuan karena mencegah pengeboman Kyoto adalah Henry L. Stimson, Menteri Perang waktu itu, yang mengenal baik dan menyukai Kyoto sejak ia berbulan madu di sana sekian puluh tahun sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReischauer1986101_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReischauer1986101-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="05-30">30 Mei</span>, Stimson meminta Groves menghapus Kyoto dari daftar target karena memiliki warisan sejarah, agama, dan budaya, tetapi Groves hanya melihat objek militer dan industrinya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985529_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985529-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stimson lalu berbincang dengan <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat">Presiden</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> perihal masalah ini. Truman setuju dengan Stimson, dan Kyoto pun sementara dihapus dari daftar target.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasegawa200667–68_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa200667–68-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groves berusaha memasukkan kembali Kyoto ke daftar target pada bulan Juli, tetapi Stimson bersikukuh dengan pendapatnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2006149–150_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2006149–150-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985530_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985530-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-25">25 Juli</span>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> menggantikan tempat Kyoto di dalam daftar target.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985530_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985530-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perintah serangan diserahkan ke Jenderal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a> pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-25">25 Juli</span> dengan tanda tangan Jenderal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Handy" title="Thomas T. Handy">Thomas T. Handy</a>, pelaksana tugas Kepala Staf, karena Marshall sedang menghadiri <a href="/wiki/Konferensi_Potsdam" title="Konferensi Potsdam">Konferensi Potsdam</a> bersama Truman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953712–713_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953712–713-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada hari itu, Truman menulis di diarinya bahwa:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Senjata ini akan digunakan untuk melawan Jepang mulai hari ini sampai 10 Agustus. Saya sudah memberitahu Menteri Perang, [Henry] Stimson, untuk menyasar objek militer, tentara, dan pelaut, bukan wanita dan anak-anak. Sekalipun orang Jepang itu barbar, kejam, tanpa ampun, dan fanatik, kita sebagai pemimpin dunia tidak boleh menjatuhkan bom yang mengerikan itu di ibu kota lama [Kyoto] maupun yang baru [Tokyo] demi kesejahteraan bersama. Dia dan saya sepakat. Target kita adalah militer.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rencana_demonstrasi">Rencana demonstrasi</h3></div><p> Pada awal Mei 1945, Stimson membentuk <a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a> atas desakan kepala Proyek Manhattan dan memberi saran tentang <a href="/wiki/Teknologi_nuklir" title="Teknologi nuklir">tenaga nuklir</a> atas persetujuan Truman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–256_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–256-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada rapat tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="05-31">31 Mei</span> dan <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="06-01">1 Juni</span>, ilmuwan <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> menyarankan pelaksanaan demonstrasi non-tempur di Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompton1956240_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompton1956240-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> kemudian mengatakan bahwa:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Jelas sekali bahwa semua orang akan menduga mereka telah ditipu. Bila sebuah bom diledakkan di Jepang setelah duluan diberitahu, angkatan udara Jepang bisa melakukan penyerobotan besar-besaran. Bom atom adalah alat yang rumit dan masih dalam tahap pengembangan. Operasinya pasti tidak rutin. Jika pasukan Jepang memutuskan untuk menyerang pada tahap penyesuaian bom terakhir, tindakan keliru akan menggagalkan seluruh rencana. Berakhirnya demonstrasi kehebatan bom justru lebih buruk daripada pembatalan pengeboman. Sekarang sudah jelas bahwa ketika waktu penjatuhan bom telah tiba, kita perlu menyediakan satu bom saja, lalu dilanjutkan oleh bom-bom lain dengan jeda waktu yang panjang. Kita tidak boleh membiarkan kemungkinan bahwa salah satu bom tersebut gagal meledak. Jika uji coba dilakukan di daerah netral, militer Jepang yang bertekad tinggi dan fanatik mungkin tidak akan terpukau. Jika uji coba terbuka dilakukan dan gagal membuat Jepang menyerah, peluang kejutan yang efektif justru akan hilang. Sebaliknya, uji coba terbuka malah akan mempersiapkan Jepang untuk menyerobot serangan atom semampu mereka. Meski demonstrasi yang tidak memakan korban jiwa sangat menarik, tidak ada cara alternatif yang dapat membuat demonstrasi begitu meyakinkan sehingga mampu mengakhiri [Perang Dunia II].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompton1956238–239_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompton1956238–239-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Rencana demonstrasi diperkenalkan lagi dalam <a href="/wiki/Laporan_Franck" title="Laporan Franck">Laporan Franck</a> yang diterbitkan oleh fisikawan <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="06-11">11 Juni</span> dan Scientific Advisory Panel menolak laporannya pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="06-16">16 Juni</span>. Panel penasihat mengatakan bahwa, "kami merasa demonstrasi teknis tidak dapat mengakhiri perang; kami tidak melihat alternatif yang layak selain penjatuhan bom secara langsung di target militer." Franck kemudian mengirimkan laporannya ke Washington, D.C. Interim Committee kemudian mengadakan rapat tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="06-21">21 Juni</span> untuk menilai kembali kesimpulan awalnya. Komite kemudian menegaskan bahwa tidak ada alternatif selain menjatuhkan bom di target militer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–260_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–260-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seperti Compton, banyak pejabat dan ilmuwan AS yang berpendapat bahwa demonstrasi akan menghilangkan nilai kejut serangan atom, dan Jepang akan membantah efek mematikan dari bom atom sehingga misi Sekutu tidak akan membuat Jepang menyerah. <a href="/wiki/Tahanan_perang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahanan perang">Tahanan perang</a> Sekutu bisa saja dipindahkan ke tempat demonstrasi dan tewas akibat ledakan bom. Mereka juga khawatir bahwa bomnya akan gagal karena bom yang dipakai di Trinity bersifat stasioner, tidak dijatuhkan dari langit. Selain itu, hanya dua bom yang siap pakai pada awal Agustus meskipun masih banyak bom lain yang sedang diproduksi. Pembuatan bom itu sendiri memakan biaya miliaran dolar, jadi demonstrasi satu bom saja sudah sangat mahal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman199586_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman199586-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Generals_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Generals-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selebaran">Selebaran</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Firebombing_leaflet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="B-29s dropping bombs. There are twelve circles with Japanese writing in them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Firebombing_leaflet.jpg/250px-Firebombing_leaflet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Firebombing_leaflet.jpg/375px-Firebombing_leaflet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Firebombing_leaflet.jpg/500px-Firebombing_leaflet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Selebaran seperti ini disebarkan di Jepang. Isinya nama 12 kota di Jepang yang menjadi target pengeboman bakar. Di balik selebaran terdapat tulisan "kami tidak dapat menjamin bahwa hanya kota-kota ini saja yang akan diserang ..."</figcaption></figure> <p>Selama beberapa bulan, AS telah menjatuhkan lebih dari 63 juta selebaran di seluruh Jepang yang berisi peringatan serangan udara kepada warga sipil. Banyak kota di Jepang yang mengalami kerusakan parah akibat pengeboman udara; sekitar 97% wilayah perkotaan luluh lantak. LeMay mengira bahwa selebaran akan meningkatkan dampak pengeboman secara psikologis dan mengurangi stigma internasional mengenai pengeboman kota. Meski sudah diberi peringatan, <a href="/wiki/Pembangkangan_Jepang_selama_periode_awal_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Pembangkangan Jepang selama periode awal Shōwa">penolakan perang oleh warga Jepang</a> tetap tidak efektif. Rakyat Jepang mempercayai isi selebaran tersebut, tetapi siapapun yang ketahuan menyimpannya akan ditangkap.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teks selebaran disiapkan oleh tahanan perang Jepang karena mereka lebih pantas "untuk memohon kepada sesama prajuritnya".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999153_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999153-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagai persiapan penjatuhan bom atom di Hiroshima, pemimpin militer AS memutuskan untuk menolak demonstrasi pengeboman dan selebaran peringatan karena bomnya belum tentu meledak dan memaksimalkan <a href="/wiki/Peperangan_psikologis" title="Peperangan psikologis">kejutan psikologis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiroshima tidak diberitahu bahwa bom baru dengan kemampuan menghancurkan yang lebih kuat akan dijatuhkan di sana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELifton199117_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton199117-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbagai sumber memberi informasi berbeda seputar selebaran terakhir yang dijatuhkan di Hiroshima sebelum pengeboman atom. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a> menulis bahwa selebaran terakhir disebar tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-27">27 Juli</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELifton199117_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton199117-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Theodore H. McNelly mencantumkan tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-03">3 Juli</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejarah USAAF menyebutkan bahwa sebelas kota tercantum dalam selebaran tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-27">27 Juli</span>, tetapi Hiroshima bukan salah satu kota tersebut, dan tidak ada penyebaran selebaran pada <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-30">30 Juli</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penyebaran selebaran dilaksanakan pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-01">1 Agustus</span> dan <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-04">4 Agustus</span>. Selebaran mungkin saja disebarkan di Hiroshima pada akhir Juli atau awal Agustus karena korban selamat menyebutkan adanya penyebaran selebaran beberapa hari sebelum bom atom dijatuhkan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELifton199117_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton199117-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salah satu selebaran mencantumkan dua belas kota yang ditargetkan oleh pengeboman bakar: <a href="/wiki/Otaru" title="Otaru">Otaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akita,_Akita" title="Akita, Akita">Akita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachinohe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachinohe">Hachinohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukushima,_Fukushima" title="Fukushima, Fukushima">Fukushima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urawa,_Saitama" title="Urawa, Saitama">Urawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takayama,_Gifu" title="Takayama, Gifu">Takayama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwakuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwakuni">Iwakuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tottori,_Tottori" title="Tottori, Tottori">Tottori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Imabari">Imabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawata">Yawata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyakonojo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyakonojo">Miyakonojo</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Saga,_Saga" title="Saga, Saga">Saga</a>. Hiroshima tidak masuk daftar tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungei1981215_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungei1981215-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1999103_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1999103-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller198643_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller198643-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deklarasi_Potsdam">Deklarasi Potsdam</h3></div> <p>Truman menunda penyelenggaraan konferensi tingkat tinggi Potsdam selama dua minggu agar bom bisa diuji coba sebelum perundingan dengan Stalin dimulai. <a href="/wiki/Uji_Coba_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Uji Coba Trinity">Uji Coba Trinity</a> tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-16">16 Juli</span> melebihi harapan semua orang. Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-26">26 Juli</span>, para pemimpin negara Sekutu menandatangani <a href="/wiki/Deklarasi_Potsdam" title="Deklarasi Potsdam">Deklarasi Potsdam</a> yang mencantumkan syarat penyerahan diri Jepang. Deklarasi ini dibuat sebagai <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> dan menyatakan bahwa tanpa penyerahan diri, Sekutu akan menyerang Jepang sehingga mengakibatkan "kemusnahan angkatan bersenjata Jepang secara total dan tak terhindarkan dan kehancuran tanah air Jepang yang juga tak terhindarkan". Bom atom tidak disebutkan dalam komunike tersebut. Tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-28">28 Juli</span>, koran-koran Jepang melaporkan bahwa deklarasi tersebut ditolak oleh pemerintah Jepang. Sore itu juga, <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Jepang" title="Perdana Menteri Jepang">Perdana Menteri</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Kantar%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzuki Kantarō">Suzuki Kantarō</a> menyatakan dalam konferensi pers bahwa Deklarasi Potsdam hanyalah tiruan (<i>yakinaoshi</i>) <a href="/wiki/Deklarasi_Kairo" title="Deklarasi Kairo">Deklarasi Kairo</a> dan pemerintah Jepang akan mengabaikannya (<i><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">mokusatsu</a></i>, "membunuh dengan mendiamkan").<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pernyataan tersebut ditafsirkan oleh media Jepang dan asing sebagai penolakan deklarasi secara terang-terangan. Kaisar Hirohito yang sedang menunggu respon Soviet atas ajakan perdamaian Jepang tidak mengambil tindakan untuk mengubah sikap pemerintah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix1996290_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix1996290-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jepang baru mau menyerah asalkan kekaisaran tidak dibubarkan; Jepang tidak diduduki; angkatan bersenjata Jepang dibubarkan secara sukarela; dan para penjahat perang diadili di pengadilan Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsada199639_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsada199639-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Quebec" title="Perjanjian Quebec">Perjanjian Quebec</a> tahun 1943 dengan Britania Raya, Amerika Serikat sepakat bahwa senjata nuklir tidak akan dijatuhkan di negara lain tanpa persetujuan bersama. Pada Juni 1945, kepala <a href="/wiki/British_Defence_Staff_%E2%80%93_US" title="British Defence Staff – US">British Joint Staff Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsekal_Lapangan_(Britania_Raya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsekal Lapangan (Britania Raya)">Marsekal Lapangan</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson,_1st_Baron_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson">Henry Maitland Wilson</a>, setuju bahwa penggunaan senjata nuklir di Jepang akan dicatat secara resmi sebagai keputusan <a href="/wiki/Combined_Policy_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Policy Committee">Combined Policy Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing1964372_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964372-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Potsdam, Truman menyetujui permintaan <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> bahwa Britania akan diwakili saat bom atom dijatuhkan. William Penney dan <a href="/wiki/Kapten_grup" title="Kapten grup">Kapten Kelompok</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cheshire" title="Leonard Cheshire">Leonard Cheshire</a> diutus ke Tinian, namun mereka mengetahui bahwa LeMay tidak akan mengizinkan mereka ikut terbang dalam misi pengeboman. Hal yang bisa mereka lakukan adalah mengirim sinyal jelas ke Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977326,_356,_370_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977326,_356,_370-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bom">Bom</h3></div> <p>Bom Little Boy, kecuali muatan uraniumnya, selesai dibuat pada awal Mei 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993262_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993262-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proyektil uranium-235 selesai dibuat tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="06-15">15 Juni</span>, dan targetnya dibuat tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-24">24 Juli</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Target dan bom pra-rakitan (bom yang separuh dirakit tanpa komponen fisi) diberangkatkan dari <a href="/wiki/Hunters_Point_Naval_Shipyard" title="Hunters Point Naval Shipyard">Hunters Point Naval Shipyard</a>, California, pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-16">16 Juli</span> menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Kapal_penjelajah" title="Kapal penjelajah">kapal penjelajah</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Indianapolis_(CA-35)" title="USS Indianapolis (CA-35)">USS Indianapolis</a> dan tiba di tempat tujuan tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-26">26 Juli</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201230_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201230-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isi target diterbangkan pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-30">30 Juli</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biji_(senjata_nuklir)" title="Biji (senjata nuklir)">Inti plutonium</a> pertama dan <a href="/wiki/Inisiator_neutron_termodulasi" title="Inisiator neutron termodulasi">inisiator urchin</a> <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">beriliumnya</a> dipindahkan menggunakan peti barang berbahan magnesium yang dirancang oleh <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morrison" title="Philip Morrison">Philip Morrison</a> di bawah pengawasan kurir Project Alberta, <a href="/wiki/Raemer_Schreiber" title="Raemer Schreiber">Raemer Schreiber</a>. Magnesium dipilih karena tidak <a href="/wiki/Reflektor_neutron" title="Reflektor neutron">merusak</a> inti plutonium.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inti bom diangkut menggunakan pesawat <a href="/wiki/C-54_Skymaster" title="C-54 Skymaster">C-54</a> milik <a href="/wiki/320th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron" title="320th Troop Carrier Squadron">320th Troop Carrier Squadron</a>, bagian 509th Composite Group, dari <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Army Air Field</a> pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-26">26 Juli</span> dan tiba North Field tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-28">28 Juli</span>. Tiga peledak pra-rakitan Fat Man berkekuatan tinggi (F31, F32, dan F33) diangkut di Kirtland pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-28">28 Juli</span> oleh tiga pesawat B-29 dari 393d Bombardment Squadron plus satu pesawat dari 216th Army Air Force Base Unit dan diberangkatkan ke North Field. Ketiga peledak tiba pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-02">2 Agustus</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiroshima_pada_Perang_Dunia_II">Hiroshima pada Perang Dunia II</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Silver aircraft with "Enola Gay" and "82" painted on the nose. Seven men stand in front of it. Four are wearing shorts, four are wearing T-shirts, and the only ones with hats have baseball caps. Tibbets is distinctively wearing correct uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg/250px-B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg/375px-B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg/500px-B-29_Enola_Gay_w_Crews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Pesawat <i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i> menjatuhkan bom atom "<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>" di Hiroshima. Foto ini menampilkan lima awak darat pesawat; komandan misi <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a> di tengah.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada hari pengeboman, Hiroshima merupakan kota penting dari segi industri maupun militer. Beberapa satuan militer berpangkalan di dekat Hiroshima, termasuk markas <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Umum_Kedua_(Jepang)" title="Angkatan Darat Umum Kedua (Jepang)">Angkatan Darat Umum Kedua</a> pimpinan <a href="/wiki/Gensui_(Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang)" title="Gensui (Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang)">Marsekal Lapangan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shunroku_Hata" title="Shunroku Hata">Shunroku Hata</a>. Angkatan Darat Umum Kedua memimpin pertahanan Jepang bagian selatan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200964–65,_163_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200964–65,_163-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan bermarkas di <a href="/wiki/Istana_Hiroshima" title="Istana Hiroshima">Istana Hiroshima</a>. Hata membawahkan kurang lebih 400.000 prajurit, sebagian besar di antaranya ditempatkan di Kyushu untuk mengantisipasi serbuan Sekutu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199541_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199541-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di kota ini juga terdapat markas <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_ke-59_(Jepang)" title="Angkatan Darat ke-59 (Jepang)">Angkatan Darat ke-59</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divisi_ke-5_(Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang)" title="Divisi ke-5 (Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang)">Divisi ke-5</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_terakhir_dari_Divisi_Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Kumpulan terakhir dari Divisi Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang">Divisi ke-224</a>, satuan mobil yang baru dibentuk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200970,_163_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200970,_163-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kota ini dilindungi oleh lima <a href="/wiki/Baterai_artileri" title="Baterai artileri">baterai artileri</a> <a href="/wiki/Pertahanan_udara" title="Pertahanan udara">senjata antipesawat</a> 7-cm dan 8-cm (2,8 dan 3,1 inci) dari Divisi Antipesawat ke-3, termasuk unit dari Resimen Antipesawat ke-121 dan 122 dan Batalyon Antipesawat Terpisah ke-22 dan 45. Secara keseluruhan, lebih dari 40.000 personel militer ditempatkan di Hiroshima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hiroshima adalah pangkalan suplai dan logistik militer Jepang berukuran kecil, namun arsenal militernya besar.<sup id="cite_ref-effects_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-effects-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kota ini juga merupakan pusat komunikasi, pelabuhan penting, dan tempat berkumpulnya tentara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985529_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985529-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiroshima adalah kota terbesar kedua di Jepang setelah Kyoto yang masih bertahan meski diserang berkali-kali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962316_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962316-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alasannya, Hiroshima tidak punya industri pesawat yang menjadi target utama XXI Bomber Command. Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-03">3 Juli</span>, Kepala Staf Gabungan menghapus Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, dan Kyoto dari jalur pesawat pengebom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pusat kota dipadati oleh bangunan <a href="/wiki/Beton_bertulang" title="Beton bertulang">beton berkerangka</a> dan bangunan berstruktur ringan. Wilayah di luar pusat kota dipadati oleh bengkel kecil berbahan kayu yang tersebar di antara rumah-rumah Jepang. Pabrik terletak di pinggiran kota. Rumah di Hiroshima terbuat dari kayu dengan atap tanah liat. Banyak pula bangunan industri yang berkerangka kayu. Seluruh wilayah perkotaan Hiroshima rentan terbakar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts197738_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts197738-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebelum pengeboman atom, populasi Hiroshima mencapai puncaknya sebanyak 381.000 jiwa, lalu perlahan turun karena <a href="/wiki/Evakuasi_warga_sipil_di_Jepang_selama_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Evakuasi warga sipil di Jepang selama Perang Dunia II">evakuasi sistematis</a> yang dilaksanakan pemerintah Jepang. Saat serangan terjadi, jumlah penduduk Hiroshima 340.000–350.000 jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-rerf-deaths_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rerf-deaths-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penduduk heran karena Hiroshima tidak menjadi target pengeboman bakar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodden200720_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodden200720-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejumlah pihak menduga bahwa kota ini hendak dijadikan markas pendudukan Amerika Serikat. Ada pula yang menduga bahwa kerabat mereka di Hawaii dan California meminta pemerintah AS untuk tidak mengebom Hiroshima.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2005262_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2005262-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pejabat pemerintah kota memerintahkan penghancuran beberapa bangunan untuk menciptakan <a href="/wiki/Pemecah_api" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemecah api">pemecah api</a> berukuran panjang pada tahun 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiévéWaley2003330_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiévéWaley2003330-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemecah api terus diperluas dan diperpanjang sampai pagi tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-08-06">6 Agustus 1945</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotter2008267_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotter2008267-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengeboman">Pengeboman</h3></div> <p>Hiroshima adalah target utama misi pengeboman nuklir pertama pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-06">6 Agustus</span>; Kokura dan Nagasaki menjadi target alternatif. Setelah diberi maklumat sesuai <a href="/wiki/Operations_Order_No._35" title="Operations Order No. 35">Operations Order No. 35</a>, pesawat B-29 <i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i> dari 393d Bombardment Squadron yang dipiloti Tibbets lepas landas dari North Field, Tinian, menuju Jepang dengan masa tempuh enam jam. <i>Enola Gay</i> (diambil dari nama ibu Tibbets) dikawal oleh dua pesawat B-29. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i>, di bawah pimpinan Mayor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Charles Sweeney</a>, mengangkut instrumen, sedangkan <i><a href="/wiki/Necessary_Evil_(pesawat)" title="Necessary Evil (pesawat)">Necessary Evil</a></i> yang saat itu belum diberi nama, di bawah pimpinan Kapten George Marquardt, bertugas sebagai perekam foto.<sup id="cite_ref-509timeline_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-509timeline-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hirgrnd1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mushroom cloud forming." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/1/13/Hirgrnd1.jpg/250px-Hirgrnd1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/1/13/Hirgrnd1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Foto darat yang direkam oleh Seizo Yamada kurang lebih 7 km (4,3 mi) di timur laut Hiroshima</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hiroshima_10km.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Another view of the mushroom cloud forming, from further away." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_10km.jpg/250px-Hiroshima_10km.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_10km.jpg/375px-Hiroshima_10km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_10km.jpg/500px-Hiroshima_10km.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Foto awan bom atom Hiroshima yang ditemukan di Sekolah Dasar Honkawa tahun 2013. Foto ini diyakini diambil ±30 menit setelah ledakan dari jarak 10 km (6,2 mi) di sebelah timur hiposentrum</figcaption></figure> <table style="margin:auto; float:none;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Misi Khusus 13, target utama Hiroshima, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-08-06">6 Agustus 1945</span><sup id="cite_ref-509timeline_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-509timeline-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: olive"> <td align="center"><span style="color:white;"><b>Pesawat</b></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="color:white;"><b>Pilot</b></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="color:white;"><b>Kode panggil</b></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="color:white;"><b>Tugas misi</b> </span></td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Straight_Flush_(B-29)" title="Straight Flush (B-29)">Straight Flush</a></i></td> <td>Mayor <a href="/wiki/Claude_Eatherly" title="Claude Eatherly">Claude R. Eatherly</a></td> <td>Dimples 85</td> <td>Pemantauan cuaca (Hiroshima) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jabit_III_(pesawat)" title="Jabit III (pesawat)">Jabit III</a></i></td> <td>Mayor John A. Wilson</td> <td>Dimples 71</td> <td>Pemantauan cuaca (Kokura) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Full_House_(pesawat)" title="Full House (pesawat)">Full House</a></i></td> <td>Mayor Ralph R. Taylor</td> <td>Dimples 83</td> <td>Pemantauan cuaca (Nagasaki) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a> </i></td> <td>Kolonel <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul W. Tibbets</a></td> <td>Dimples 82</td> <td>Pengiriman senjata </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></td> <td>Mayor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Charles W. Sweeney</a></td> <td>Dimples 89</td> <td>Instrumentasi pengukuran ledakan </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Necessary_Evil_(pesawat)" title="Necessary Evil (pesawat)">Necessary Evil</a></i></td> <td>Kapten George W. Marquardt</td> <td>Dimples 91</td> <td>Pengamatan dan fotografi ledakan </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Secret_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Top Secret (B-29)">Top Secret</a></i></td> <td>Kapten Charles F. McKnight</td> <td>Dimples 72</td> <td>Serangan cadangan—tidak menyelesaikan misi </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Setelah meninggalkan Tinian, pesawat terbang di atas Iwo Jima untuk menjemput pesawat Sweeney dan Marquardt pukul 05:55 di ketinggian 9.200 kaki (2.800 m),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012462_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012462-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan melanjutkan penerbangan ke Jepang. Pesawat tiba di target pengeboman dengan cuaca cerah di ketinggian 31.060 kaki (9.470 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012467_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012467-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parsons, pemimpin misi, mengaktifkan bom di udara untuk mengurangi risiko saat lepas landas. Ia pernah melihat langsung empat B-29 jatuh dan terbakar saat lepas landas dan khawatir ledakan nuklir akan terjadi bila B-29 yang mengangkut Little Boy jatuh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisTolzer195772_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisTolzer195772-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asistennya, <a href="/wiki/Letnan_Dua" title="Letnan Dua">Letnan Dua</a> <a href="/wiki/Morris_R._Jeppson" title="Morris R. Jeppson">Morris R. Jeppson</a>, mencabut pengaman bom 30 menit sebelum tiba di target pengeboman.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada malam tanggal 5–6 Agustus, radar peringatan awal Jepang melacak penerbangan sejumlah pesawat Amerika Serikat yang mengarah ke Jepang bagian selatan. Radar melacak 65 pesawat pengebom ke arah Saga, 102 ke <a href="/wiki/Maebashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maebashi">Maebashi</a>, 261 ke <a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishinomiya">Nishinomiya</a>, 111 ke <a href="/wiki/Ube,_Yamaguchi" title="Ube, Yamaguchi">Ube</a>, dan 66 ke Imabari. Sirene serangan udara dinyalakan dan siaran radio dihentikan di sejumlah kota, termasuk Hiroshima. Sirene kondusif dinyalakan di Hiroshima pukul 00:05.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977391–392_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977391–392-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar satu jam sebelum pengeboman, sirene serangan udara dinyalakan kembali ketika <i>Straight Flush</i> terbang di atas kota. Pesawat ini mengirimkan pesan singkat yang diterima <i>Enola Gay</i>. Pesan tersebut berisi: "Sebaran awan kurang dari 3/10 di semua ketinggian. Saran: bom utama."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977414_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977414-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirene kondusif dinyalakan lagi di Hiroshima pukul 07:09.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977415_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977415-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada pukul 08:09, Tibbets memulai misinya dan menyerahkan kendali pesawat ke perwira pengebomnya, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ferebee" title="Thomas Ferebee">Thomas Ferebee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19692566_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19692566-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bom dilepaskan pukul 08:15 (waktu Hiroshima) sesuai rencana. Little Boy yang mengangkut kurang lebih 64 kg (141 pon) uranium-235 memerlukan 44,4 detik untuk jatuh dari ketinggian jelajah 31.000 kaki (9.400 m) menuju ketinggian ledakan 1.900 kaki (580 m) di atas kota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik19854_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik19854-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Enola Gay</i> terbang sejauh 115 mi (185 km) sebelum diterjang gelombang kejut yang dihasilkan ledakan.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karena <a href="/wiki/Angin_silang" title="Angin silang">angin samping</a>, bom meleset dari <a href="/wiki/Titik_bidik" title="Titik bidik">titik acuannya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jembatan_Aioi" title="Jembatan Aioi">Jembatan Aioi</a>, sejauh kira-kira 800 ft (240 m) dan meledak pas di atas <a href="/wiki/Rumah_Sakit_Shima" title="Rumah Sakit Shima">Klinik Bedah Shima</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977423._427_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977423._427-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serangan_bom_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki&language=id&params=34.39468_N_132.45462_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°23′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">132°27′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.39468°N 132.45462°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.39468; 132.45462</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Ledakannya setara dengan 16 <a href="/wiki/Setara_dengan_TNT" title="Setara dengan TNT">kiloton TNT</a> (67 TJ), ± 2 kt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senjata ini <a href="/wiki/Desain_senjata_nuklir#Senjata_rakit_jenis_bedil" title="Desain senjata nuklir">dianggap sangat tidak efisien</a> karena hanya 1,7% material bom yang mengalami fisi.<sup id="cite_ref-cotmplitboy_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotmplitboy-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radius kehancuran total mencapai 1 mil (1,6 km), sedangkan radius kebakarannya mencapai 44 mil persegi (110 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orang-orang di darat melaporkan melihat <i>pika</i> atau kilau cahaya terang yang diikuti <i>don</i>, bunyi dentuman keras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999264–265_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999264–265-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar 70.000–80.000 orang, 20.000 di antaranya tentara, atau 30% penduduk Hiroshima tewas akibat ledakan dan kebakaran pascaledakan,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan 70.000 orang sisanya cedera.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peristiwa_di_darat">Peristiwa di darat</h3></div> <p>Sejumlah bangunan beton bertulang di Hiroshima dibangun dengan sangat kuat karena faktor gempa bumi di Jepang, dan kerangkanya tidak runtuh meski letaknya dekat dengan pusat ledakan. Karena bom meledak di udara, ledakan lebih terpusat ke bawah alih-alih ke samping sehingga menyelamatkan <i><a href="/wiki/Tugu_Perdamaian_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugu Perdamaian Hiroshima">Aula Pameran Industri Prefektur</a></i>, sekarang dikenal dengan nama kubah <i>Genbaku</i> (A-bomb). Gedung ini dirancang dan dibangun oleh arsitek Ceko, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Letzel" title="Jan Letzel">Jan Letzel</a>, dan terletak 150 m (490 ft) dari titik nol. Reruntuhan gedung diberi nama <i>Tugu Perdamaian Hiroshima</i> dan terdaftar sebagai <a href="/wiki/Situs_Warisan_Dunia" title="Situs Warisan Dunia">Situs Warisan Dunia</a> UNESCO pada tahun 1996 meski ditentang Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok. Kedua negara beralasan bahwa justru negara-negara Asia selain Jepanglah yang mengalami korban jiwa dan kehancuran properti terbesar dalam Perang Dunia II, dan penganugerahan penghargaan UNESCO kepada Jepang tidak memiliki dasar sejarah.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amerika Serikat memperkirakan bahwa 47 mil persegi (120 km<sup>2</sup>) wilayah kota Hiroshima hancur. Pejabat pemerintah Jepang memperkirakan bahwa 69% bangunan di Hiroshima rata dengan tanah dan 6–7% bangunan mengalami kerusakan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengeboman atom memicu kebakaran yang menyebar cepat lewat rumah-rumah berbahan kayu dan kertas. Seperti kota-kota lainnya di Jepang, pemecah api gagal mencegah kebakaran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011330_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011330-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18818779">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Pengeboman Hiroshima</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dampak pengeboman atom di Hiroshima"><img alt="A devastated area very similar to the one of Tokyo above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg/150px-Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg/225px-Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg/300px-Hiroshima_aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dampak pengeboman atom di Hiroshima</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perintah serangan pengeboman Hiroshima tanggal 5 Agustus 1945"><img alt="A typed page of instructions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg/125px-Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg/187px-Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg/250px-Agnew_StrikeOrderHiroshima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Operations_Order_No._35" title="Operations Order No. 35">Perintah serangan</a> pengeboman Hiroshima tanggal 5 Agustus 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Kubah Genbaku Hiroshima setelah pengeboman"><img alt="Kubah Genbaku Hiroshima setelah pengeboman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif/127px-Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif/190px-Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif/254px-Hiroshima_Dome_1945.gif 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tugu_Perdamaian_Hiroshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugu Perdamaian Hiroshima">Kubah Genbaku Hiroshima</a> setelah pengeboman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potongan baju yang dikenakan korban mengakibatkan luka bakar pada kulit"><img alt="A burned out domed building surrounded by rubble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg/150px-The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg/225px-The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg/300px-The_patient%27s_skin_is_burned_in_a_pattern_corresponding_to_the_dark_portions_of_a_kimono_-_NARA_-_519686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2955" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potongan baju yang dikenakan korban mengakibatkan luka bakar pada kulit</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Eizō Nomura adalah korban selamat yang diketahui paling dekat dengan ledakan bom. Ia saat itu berada di bawah tanah gedung beton bertulang (disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Taman_Monumen_Perdamaian_Hiroshima" title="Taman Monumen Perdamaian Hiroshima">Rest House</a></i> setelah perang) yang berjarak 170 meter (560 ft) dari <a href="/wiki/Titik_nol" title="Titik nol">titik nol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiposentrum" title="Hiposentrum">hiposentrum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia hidup sampai usia 80 tahunan.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akiko Takakura merupakan salah satu korban selamat yang paling dekat dengan hiposentrum ledakan. Ia saat itu berada di gedung Bank Hiroshima yang berjarak 300 meter (980 ft) dari titik nol.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lebih dari 90% dokter dan 93% perawat di Hiroshima tewas atau terluka. Sebagian besar dari mereka sedang berada di pusat kota, wilayah yang paling parah kerusakannya.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak rumah sakit hancur atau rusak parah. Hanya satu dokter, Terufumi Sasaki, yang masih bertugas di Red Cross Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011330_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011330-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski situasinya demikian, kepolisian dan relawan mendirikan pusat evakuasi di rumah sakit, sekolah, dan stasiun trem pada sore hari. Kamar mayat didirikan di perpustakaan Asano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011330–331_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011330–331-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar pasukan markas Angkatan Darat Umum Kedua Jepang sedang menjalani latihan fisik di lapangan Istana Hiroshima, sekitar 900 yard (820 m) dari hiposentrum. Serangan tersebut menewaskan 3.243 tentara di lapangan ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011325_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011325-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruang komunikasi Markas Distrik Militer Chugoku yang bertugas mengeluarkan dan menyalakan sirene serangan udara terletak di semi-bawah tanah istana. Yoshie Oka, siswi Sekolah Menengah Atas Perempuan Hijiyama yang ditugaskan sebagai petugas komunikasi di sana, mengirimkan pesan bahwa alarm telah dinyalakan di Hiroshima dan Yamaguchi ketika bom meledak. Ia memakai telepon khusus untuk memberitahu Markas <a href="/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima" title="Fukuyama, Hiroshima">Fukuyama</a> bahwa, "Hiroshima telah diserang oleh sebuah bom jenis baru. Hampir seluruh kota ini mengalami kehancuran total."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karena Wali Kota <a href="/wiki/Senkichi_Awaya" title="Senkichi Awaya">Senkichi Awaya</a> tewas saat sedang sarapan bersama putra dan cucunya di kediaman wali kota, Marsekal Lapangan <a href="/wiki/Shunroku_Hata" title="Shunroku Hata">Hata</a>, meski sedikit terluka, mengambil alih pemerintahan kota dan memimpin pengiriman bantuan. Banyak stafnya yang tewas atau cedera parah, termasuk seorang pangeran Korea dari Dinasti <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yi_Wu" title="Yi Wu">Yi Wu</a>, yang menjabat sebagai letnan kolonel Angkatan Darat Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staf senior Hata yang selamat adalah Kolonel Kumao Imoto; ia ditugaskan sebagai kepala staf Hata. Pelabuhan Ujina Hiroshima tidak mengalami kerusakan, dan tentara Jepang mengerahkan <a href="/wiki/Shinyo_(kapal_bunuh_diri)" title="Shinyo (kapal bunuh diri)">kapal bunuh diri</a> untuk mencegah serbuan Amerika Serikat, mengangkut korban cedera, dan membawa mereka ke rumah sakit militer di Ujina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truk dan kereta membawa persediaan bantuan dan mengungsikan korban selamat dari kota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011333_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011333-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dua belas penerbang Amerika Serikat dipenjara di Markas Kepolisian Militer Chugoku, 1.300 kaki (400 m) dari hiposentrum ledakan.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar dari mereka tewas seketika, walaupun ada dua penerbang yang kabarnya telah dieksekusi. Dua penerbang lainnya yang terluka parah ditinggalkan di pinggir Jembatan Aioi oleh <i><a href="/wiki/Kempei_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempei Tai">Kempei Tai</a></i>, lalu ditimpuk batu sampai tewas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977444–445_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977444–445-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laporan selanjutnya menunjukkan bahwa 8 tahanan perang AS yang dikabarkan tewas akibat ledakan bom justru kenyataannya ditahan di Istana Hiroshima dan telah dieksekusi sebagai bagian dari program eksperimen kedokteran sebelum pengeboman atom terjadi.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabar_pengeboman_di_Jepang">Kabar pengeboman di Jepang</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;"> <table style="background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; width:404px;" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hiroshima sebelum dibom."><img alt="Hiroshima sebelum dibom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg/200px-AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg/300px-AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg/400px-AtomicEffects-p7a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0; width: 2px"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hiroshima sebelum dibom."><img alt="Hiroshima sebelum dibom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg/200px-AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg/300px-AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg/400px-AtomicEffects-p7b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"><div class="thumbcaption">Hiroshima sebelum dibom.</div> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"> </td> <td style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"><div class="thumbcaption">Hiroshima setelah dibom.</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Operator kendali <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> di Tokyo melihat bahwa stasiun Hiroshima menghentikan siarannya. Ia mencoba menyambungkan lagi program NHK menggunakan kabel telepon lain, tetapi gagal.<sup id="cite_ref-No_High_Ground_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No_High_Ground-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar 20 menit kemudian, pusat telegraf kereta api Tokyo menyadari bahwa telegraf jalur utama berhenti tersambung di sebelah utara Hiroshima. Dari sejumlah stasiun kereta kecil yang berjarak 16 km (10 mi) dari kota, muncul berbagai laporan tak resmi dan sepotong-potong mengenai ledakan mengerikan di Hiroshima. Semua laporan tersebut dikirimkan ke markas <a href="/wiki/Kantor_Staf_Umum_Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Kantor Staf Umum Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang">Staf Umum Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berbagai pangkalan militer mencoba menghubungi Stasiun Kendali Angkatan Darat di Hiroshima berkali-kali. Sambungan sunyi dari kota ini membingungkan Staf Umum; mereka tahu bahwa tidak ada serangan musuh besar-besaran di sana dan tidak ada arsenal peledak besar di Hiroshima pada waktu itu. Seorang perwira muda ditugaskan untuk terbang ke Hiroshima, mendarat, mengamati kerusakan yang ada, dan pulang ke Tokyo membawa informasi utuh. Mereka merasa bahwa tidak ada kejadian serius di sana dan ledakan yang dilaporkan hanya kabar burung semata.<sup id="cite_ref-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perwira staf berangkat ke bandara dan terbang ke arah barat daya. Setelah terbang selama tiga jam, ia bersama pilotnya melihat awan asap yang sangat besar dari jarak 160 km (100 mi) dari Hiroshima. Seusai berputar-putar di atas kota untuk mengamati kerusakan, mereka mendarat di selatan kota. Ia mulai mengatur tindakan penyelamatan setelah melapor ke Tokyo. Dugaan awal Tokyo bahwa Hiroshima luluh lantak akibat bom jenis baru disampaikan lewat pengumuman Presiden Truman enam belas jam kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peristiwa_7–9_Agustus"><span id="Peristiwa_7.E2.80.939_Agustus"></span>Peristiwa 7–9 Agustus</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Agnew_Leaflet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brownish leaflet covered in Japanese writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Agnew_Leaflet.jpg/250px-Agnew_Leaflet.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Agnew_Leaflet.jpg/375px-Agnew_Leaflet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Agnew_Leaflet.jpg/500px-Agnew_Leaflet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Selebaran AB12<sup id="cite_ref-www.psywarrior.com_OWI60YrsLater2_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.psywarrior.com_OWI60YrsLater2-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berisikan informasi mengenai bom Hiroshima dan peringatan untuk warga sipil agar meminta Kaisar menyerah disebarkan di Jepang pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-09">9 Agustus</span><sup id="cite_ref-www.psywarrior.com_OWI60YrsLater2_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.psywarrior.com_OWI60YrsLater2-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oleh 509th Composite Group. Meski tidak dikenali oleh mereka, secarik selebaran AB11 masih disimpan di <a href="/wiki/Museum_Bom_Atom_Nagasaki" title="Museum Bom Atom Nagasaki">Museum Bom Atom Nagasaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21575556">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Trumann_hiroshima.ogg" title="Berkas:Trumann hiroshima.ogg">Truman mengumumkan pengeboman Hiroshima</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Truman_on_Hiroshima.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Truman_on_Hiroshima.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Truman_on_Hiroshima.oga/Truman_on_Hiroshima.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English (en)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español (es)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français (fr)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia (id)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil (pt-br)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt (vi)" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATruman_on_Hiroshima.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文(简体) (zh-hans)" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">President Truman mengumumkan pengeboman Hiroshima.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Bermasalah memainkan berkas ini? Lihat <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Media" title="Bantuan:Media">bantuan media</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Setelah pengeboman Hiroshima, Truman mengeluarkan pengumuman penggunaan senjata baru. Ia menyatakan, "Kami bersyukur atas takdir Tuhan" karena <a href="/wiki/Proyek_senjata_nuklir_Jerman" title="Proyek senjata nuklir Jerman">proyek bom atom Jerman</a> telah digagalkan, dan Amerika Serikat beserta sekutunya telah "menghabiskan dua miliar dolar dalam pertaruhan ilmu pengetahuan terbesar sepanjang sejarah—dan [kami] menang." Truman kemudian memperingatkan Jepang: "Bila mereka enggan menerima tuntutan kita, kebinasaan akan menghujani mereka dari udara, kebinasaan yang belum pernah terjadi di muka Bumi ini. Serangan udara ini akan diikuti serangan laut dan darat dengan besaran dan kemampuan yang belum pernah mereka lihat seumur hidup dengan keahlian tempur yang mereka ketahui dengan sangat baik."<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemerintah Jepang tidak bereaksi. Kaisar <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, pemerintah, dan dewan perang mempertimbangkan empat syarat penyerahan diri: <i><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">kokutai</a></i> (lembaga kekaisaran dan politis nasional) tidak dibubarkan; Markas Kekaisaran menjadi pihak yang melaksanakan perlucutan senjata dan demobilisasi; <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Jepang" title="Kepulauan Jepang">Kepulauan Utama Jepang</a>, Korea, atau <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Taiwan" title="Pulau Taiwan">Formosa</a> tidak diduduki; dan pemerintah Jepang menjadi pihak yang mengadili para penjahat perang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix1996512_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix1996512-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menteri Luar Negeri Soviet <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> memberitahu Tokyo bahwa Uni Soviet akan melakukan pelanggaran <a href="/wiki/Pakta_Kenetralan_Soviet%E2%80%93Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakta Kenetralan Soviet–Jepang">Pakta Kenetralan Soviet–Jepang</a> secara sepihak tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-05">5 Agustus</span>. Pukul dua belas malam lewat dua menit tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-09">9 Agustus</span> <a href="/wiki/Waktu_Standar_Jepang" title="Waktu Standar Jepang">waktu Tokyo</a>, infanteri, kendaraan lapis baja, dan angkatan udara Soviet dikerahkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Serangan_Strategis_Manchuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Operasi Serangan Strategis Manchuria">Operasi Serangan Strategis Manchuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavinskiĭ2004153–154_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavinskiĭ2004153–154-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empat jam kemudian, Tokyo menerima kabar pernyataan perang Uni Soviet. Perwira senior Angkatan Darat Jepang bersiap-siap memberlakukan <a href="/wiki/Darurat_militer" title="Darurat militer">darurat militer</a> di seluruh Jepang atas dukungan Menteri Perang <a href="/wiki/Korechika_Anami" title="Korechika Anami">Korechika Anami</a> untuk mencegah upaya perdamaian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999288–289_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999288–289-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-07">7 Agustus</span>, sehari setelah Hiroshima dihancurkan, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Nishina" title="Yoshio Nishina">Yoshio Nishina</a> dan fisikawan atom lainnya tiba di sana dan menilai kerusakan dengan hati-hati. Mereka kembali ke Tokyo dan memberitahu kabinet pemerintah bahwa Hiroshima dihancurkan oleh bom atom. Laksamana <a href="/wiki/Soemu_Toyoda" title="Soemu Toyoda">Soemu Toyoda</a>, Kepala Staf Umum Angkatan Laut, memperkirakan bahwa hanya satu atau dua bom yang disiapkan Amerika Serikat. Mereka memutuskan untuk siap-siap diserang lagi: "Kehancuran akan terus berdatangan, namun perang akan terus berjalan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2001401_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2001401-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magic_(kriptografi)" title="Magic (kriptografi)">Pemecah sandi Magic</a> dari Amerika Serikat merekam pesan kabinet tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purnell, Parsons, Tibbets, Spaatz, dan LeMay bertemu di Guam pada hari yang sama untuk membahas tindakan selanjutnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena tidak ada indikasi penyerahan diri Jepang,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mereka memutuskan untuk menjatuhkan satu bom lagi. Parsons mengatakan bahwa Project Alberta akan menyiapkannya pada <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-11">11 Agustus</span>, tetapi Tibbets menyerahkan laporan cuaca yang menunjukkan buruknya kondisi terbang pada tanggal itu akibat badai. Ia meminta agar bom bisa disiapkan pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-09">9 Agustus</span>. Parsons menyanggupi permintaan Tibbets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962342_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962342-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Saya menyadari tragisnya bom atom itu ... [Bom atom] adalah beban mengerikan yang diamanahkan kepada kita ... Kita bersyukur bahwa [bom atom] jatuh di tangan kita, bukan musuh kita; dan kita berharap agar Tuhan menuntun kita semua untuk menggunakannya di jalan yang diberkati-Nya dan ditakdirkan-Nya.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Presiden <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-08-09">9 Agustus 1945</span><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nagasaki_pada_Perang_Dunia_II">Nagasaki pada Perang Dunia II</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bocks-Car-enlisted-flight-crew.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal picture of ten men in uniform. Five are standing and five are kneeling. In contrast to the Enola Gay picture, all are in correct uniform. The five standing are wearing ties, and all but one of the ten wears a peaked cap or garrison cap." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bocks-Car-enlisted-flight-crew.png/250px-Bocks-Car-enlisted-flight-crew.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bocks-Car-enlisted-flight-crew.png/375px-Bocks-Car-enlisted-flight-crew.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bocks-Car-enlisted-flight-crew.png/500px-Bocks-Car-enlisted-flight-crew.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i> bersama awaknya yang menjatuhkan bom atom <a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> di Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> <p>Kota Nagasaki merupakan salah satu pelabuhan terbesar di Jepang selatan dan menjadi kota penting semasa perang karena memiliki banyak aktivitas industri, termasuk produksi artileri, kapal, perlengkapan militer, dan material perang lainnya. Empat perusahaan terbesar di kota ini adalah Galangan Kapal <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>, Galangan Kapal Listrik Mitsubishi, Pabrik Senjata Mitsubishi, dan Pabrik Baja dan Senjata Mitsubishi. Keempat perusahaan ini mempekerjakan sekitar 90% tenaga kerja di Nagasaki dan mencakup 90% industri di kota ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagasaki_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagasaki-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski tergolong kota industri yang penting, Nagasaki tidak diterjang bom bakar karena letak geografisnya membuat kota ini sulit dilacak oleh radar <a href="/wiki/AN/APQ-13" title="AN/APQ-13">AN/APQ-13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidak seperti kota target lainnya, Nagasaki tidak dikeluarkan dari jalur pesawat pengebom sesuai surat perintah Kepala Staf Gabungan tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="07-03">3 Juli</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962309_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962309-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dibom kecil-kecilan sebanyak lima kali. Dalam serangan tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-01">1 Agustus</span>, sejumlah bom konvensional berkekuatan tinggi dijatuhkan di kota ini. Beberapa bom menghantam galangan kapal dan dok di selatan kota, dan beberapa lainnya menghantam Pabrik Baja dan Senjata Mitsubishi.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagasaki_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagasaki-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada awal Agustus, kota ini dilindungi oleh Resimen Antipesawat ke-134 dari Divisi Antipesawat ke-4 Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang. Mereka dilengkapi empat baterai artileri senjata antipesawat 7 cm (2,8 in) dan dua <a href="/wiki/Lampu_sorot" title="Lampu sorot">lampu sorot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berbeda dengan Hiroshima, hampir semua bangunan di Nagasaki bergaya Jepang lama, terbuat dari kayu atau berkerangka kayu dengan dinding kayu (dengan atau tanpa plaster), dan beratapkan tanah liat. Banyak industri dan usaha kecil didirikan di bangunan kayu atau material lain yang tidak mampu menahan ledakan. Nagasaki dibiarkan berkembang tanpa penataan kota yang layak; permukiman didirikan di dekat pabrik dan permukiman lainnya sepadat mungkin di seluruh lembah industri Nagasaki. Pada hari pengeboman, sekitar 263.000 orang sedang berada di Nagasaki, termasuk 240.000 penduduk Jepang, 10.000 penduduk Korea, 2.500 pekerja Korea, 9.000 tentara Jepang, 600 pekerja Tiongkok, dan 400 tahanan perang Sekutu di perkemahan di sebelah utara Nagasaki.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977353–354_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977353–354-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengeboman_2">Pengeboman</h3></div> <p>Penentuan waktu pengeboman kedua menjadi tugas Tibbets. Serangan Kokura awalnya dijadwalkan pada <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-11">11 Agustus</span>, lalu digeser dua hari lebih awal untuk menghindari lima hari prakiraan cuaca buruk mulai <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-10">10 Agustus</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwin2003233–23_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwin2003233–23-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiga pra-rakitan bom telah diangkut ke Tinian (F-31, F-32, dan F-33). Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-08">8 Agustus</span>, latihan pengeboman dilakukan di lepas pantai Tinian oleh Sweeney menggunakan pesawat pengebom <i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i>. Rakitan F-33 dipakai untuk menguji komponennya, dan F-31 dipakai untuk misi tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-09">9 Agustus</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2005114_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005114-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:auto; float:none;" class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Misi Khusus 16, target kedua Nagasaki, <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-08-09">9 Agustus 1945</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200532_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200532-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: olive"> <td align="center"><span style="color:white;"><b>Pesawat</b></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="color:white;"><b>Pilot</b></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="color:white;"><b>Kode panggil</b></span></td> <td align="center"><span style="color:white;"><b>Tugas misi</b> </span></td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></td> <td>Kapten George W. Marquardt</td> <td>Dimples 82</td> <td>Pemantauan cuaca (Kokura) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Laggin%27_Dragon_(B-29)" title="Laggin' Dragon (B-29)">Laggin' Dragon</a></i></td> <td>Kapten Charles F. McKnight</td> <td>Dimples 95</td> <td>Pemantauan cuaca (Nagasaki) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></td> <td>Mayor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Charles W. Sweeney</a></td> <td>Dimples 77</td> <td>Pengiriman senjata </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></td> <td>Kapten <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Bock" title="Frederick C. Bock">Frederick C. Bock</a></td> <td>Dimples 89</td> <td>Instrumentasi pengukuran ledakan </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Stink_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stink (B-29)">Big Stink</a></i></td> <td>Mayor James I. Hopkins, Jr.</td> <td>Dimples 90</td> <td>Pengamatan dan fotografi ledakan </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Full_House_(pesawat)" title="Full House (pesawat)">Full House</a></i></td> <td>Mayor Ralph R. Taylor</td> <td>Dimples 83</td> <td>Serangan cadangan—tidak menyelesaikan misi </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pada pukul 03:49 tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-08-09">9 Agustus 1945</span>, <i>Bockscar</i>, diterbangkan oleh awak Sweeney, mengangkut Fat Man ke target utama (Kokura) dan target kedua (Nagasaki). Rencana misi serangan kedua hampir sama seperti misi Hiroshima: dua pesawat B-29 terbang satu jam sebelumnya untuk memantau cuaca dan dua B-29 terbang mengawal Sweeney untuk instrumentasi dan perekaman foto misi. Sweeney lepas landas membawa bom yang sudah diaktifkan dengan pengaman listrik.<sup id="cite_ref-SM16_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM16-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Agnew_StrikeOrderNagasaki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page of typed instructions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Agnew_StrikeOrderNagasaki.jpg/250px-Agnew_StrikeOrderNagasaki.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Agnew_StrikeOrderNagasaki.jpg/375px-Agnew_StrikeOrderNagasaki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Agnew_StrikeOrderNagasaki.jpg/500px-Agnew_StrikeOrderNagasaki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Perintah serangan pengeboman Nagasaki tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-08-08">8 Agustus 1945</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Semasa inspeksi pra-penerbangan <i>Bockscar</i>, teknisi penerbangan memberitahu Sweeney bahwa pompa bahan bakar yang tidak aktif membuat <i>Bockscar</i> tidak mungkin mengangkut 640 galon AS (2.400 l; 530 imp gal) bahan bakar di dalam tangki cadangan. Bahan bakar tersebut masih harus dibawa ke Jepang dan dikembalikan sehingga memakan bahan bakar lebih banyak. Mengganti pompa membutuhkan waktu berjam-jam; memindahkan Fat Man ke pesawat lain juga membutuhkan waktu yang lama dan berbahaya karena bomnya aktif. Tibbets dan Sweeney memutuskan untuk melanjutkan misi dengan pesawat <i>Bockscar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997204–205_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997204–205-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_Nagasaki_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_Nagasaki-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kali ini, Penney dan Cheshire diizinkan mengawal misi ini sebagai pemantau di pesawat ketiga, <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Stink_(B-29)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stink (B-29)">Big Stink</a></i>, yang diterbangkan oleh perwira operasi kelompok, Mayor James I. Hopkins, Jr. Pemantau di pesawat cuaca melaporkan bahwa cuaca di kedua kota target cerah. Saat pesawat Sweeney tiba di titik kumpul untuk persiapan terbang ke pesisir Jepang, <i>Big Stink</i> tidak ada.<sup id="cite_ref-SM16_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM16-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menurut Cheshire, Hopkins berada terbang 9.000 kaki (2.700 m) lebih tinggi daripada ketinggian seharusnya dan tidak terbang berputar di atas <a href="/wiki/Yakushima" title="Yakushima">Yakushima</a> seperti yang sudah disepakati bersama Sweeney dan Kapten <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Bock" title="Frederick C. Bock">Frederick C. Bock</a>; Bock menerbangkan pesawat pendukung B-29 <i>The Great Artiste</i>. Hopkins malah terbang dengan pola melengkung sejauh 40-mil (64 km).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997212_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997212-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski diperintahkan untuk tidak terbang memutar lebih dari lima belas menit, Sweeney terus menunggu <i>Big Stink</i> atas usulan Ashworth, operator senjata pesawat yang memimpin misi ini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953720_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953720-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Atomic_cloud_over_Nagasaki_from_Koyagi-jima.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Atomic_cloud_over_Nagasaki_from_Koyagi-jima.jpeg/250px-Atomic_cloud_over_Nagasaki_from_Koyagi-jima.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Atomic_cloud_over_Nagasaki_from_Koyagi-jima.jpeg/375px-Atomic_cloud_over_Nagasaki_from_Koyagi-jima.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Atomic_cloud_over_Nagasaki_from_Koyagi-jima.jpeg/500px-Atomic_cloud_over_Nagasaki_from_Koyagi-jima.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1829" /></a><figcaption>Awan atom di atas Nagasaki</figcaption></figure> <p>Setelah melewati batas waktu keberangkatan selama setengah jam, <i>Bockscar</i>, ditemani <i>The Great Artiste</i>, melanjutkan penerbangan ke Kokura dengan waktu tempuh tiga puluh menit. Penundaan di titik kumpul mengakibatkan terbentuknya awan di Kokura disertai asap bekas serangan pengeboman bakar oleh 224 B-29 di <a href="/wiki/Yahata,_Fukuoka" title="Yahata, Fukuoka">Yahata</a> sehari sebelumnya. Selain itu, Pabrik Baja Yawata sengaja membakar <a href="/wiki/Tar_batu_bara" title="Tar batu bara">tar batu bara</a> agar menghasilkan asap hitam.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awan dan asap menutupi 70% wilayah Kokura dan mengaburkan titik acuan bom. Tiga penerbangan pengeboman dilaksanakan selama 50 menit selanjutnya, membuang bahan bakar, dan memicu penyerangan armada pesawat oleh pasukan pertahanan Yawata, namun pesawat pengebom tidak dapat melihat target penjatuhan bom. Pada penerbangan pengeboman ketiga, tembakan senjata antipesawat Jepang semakin dekat, dan Letnan Kedua <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Beser" title="Jacob Beser">Jacob Beser</a> yang saat itu sedang mengawasi komunikasi Jepang melaporkan adanya aktivitas lewat pita radio pesawat tempur Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997179,_213–215_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997179,_213–215-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seusai melakukan tiga penerbangan pengeboman di atas kota dengan bahan bakar rendah akibat kegagalan pompa, mereka terbang ke target kedua, Nagasaki.<sup id="cite_ref-SM16_180-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM16-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhitungan konsumsi bahan bakar di tengah perjalanan menunjukkan bahwa <i>Bockscar</i> tidak akan mampu mencapai Iwo Jima dan harus terbang ke <a href="/wiki/Prefektur_Okinawa" title="Prefektur Okinawa">Okinawa</a>. Awalnya mereka memutuskan bahwa apabila Nagasaki tidak terlihat saat mereka tiba, awak pesawat akan menerbangkan bomnya ke Okinawa dan menjatuhkannya di laut bila perlu. Ashworth kemudian memutuskan untuk mengambil pendekatan radar apabila target tidak terlihat.<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzer_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzer-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sekitar pukul 07:50 waktu Jepang, sirene serangan udara dinyalakan di Nagasaki. Sirene kondusif dinyalakan pukul 08:30. Ketika hanya dua B-29 Superfortress terlihat pukul 10:53, Jepang berasumsi bahwa kedua pesawat tersebut sedang dalam misi pengintaian dan tidak menyalakan sirene lagi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChun200870_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChun200870-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The before image looks like a city. In the after image, everything has been obliterated and it is recognisable as the same area only by the rivers running through it, which form an island in the centre of the photographs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg/250px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg/375px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg/500px-Nagasaki_1945_-_Before_and_after_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Nagasaki sebelum dan sesudah dibom</figcaption></figure> <p>Beberapa menit kemudian pada pukul 11:00, <i>The Great Artiste</i> menjatuhkan instrumen yang dilengkapi tiga parasut. Instrumen-instrumen ini berisi surat tak bertanda tangan kepada Profesor Ryokichi Sagane, fisikawan <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Tokyo" title="Universitas Tokyo">Universitas Tokyo</a> yang belajar bersama tiga ilmuwan pencipta bom atom di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_California,_Berkeley" title="Universitas California, Berkeley">Universitas California, Berkeley</a>. Surat tersebut berisi permohonan kepada Sagane untuk memperingatkan masyarakat tentang bahaya <a href="/wiki/Senjata_pemusnah_massal" title="Senjata pemusnah massal">senjata pemusnah massal</a>. Pesan tersebut ditemukan oleh militer, tetapi baru diserahkan kepada Sagane satu bulan kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993295_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993295-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1949, salah satu penulis surat tersebut, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a>, bertemu Sagane dan menandatanganinya.<sup id="cite_ref-Stories_from_Riken_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stories_from_Riken-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pukul 11:01, jeda di antara awan di langit Nagasaki memungkinkan perwira pengebom <i>Bockscar</i>, Kapten <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Beahan" title="Kermit Beahan">Kermit Beahan</a>, melihat target bom sesuai rencana. Bom Fat Man yang mengandung inti <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> berbobot 64 kg (141 pon) dijatuhkan di lembah industri Nagasaki di <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25917590"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Serangan_bom_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki&language=id&params=32.77372_N_129.86325_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°46′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">129°51′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.77372°N 129.86325°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.77372; 129.86325</span></span></span></a></span></span>. Bom meledak 47 detik kemudian di ketinggian 1.650 ± 33 ft (503 ± 10 m) di atas lapangan tenis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200543,_46_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200543,_46-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> separuh jalan antara Pabrik Baja dan Senjata Mitsubishi di selatan dan Arsenal Nagasaki di utara. Ledakan terjadi hampir 3 km (1,9 mi) di sebelah barat laut target awal. Ledakan tersebut dibatasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Urakami" title="Urakami">Lembah Urakami</a>, dan sebagian besar kota dilindungi oleh lembah di sekitarnya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWainstock199692_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWainstock199692-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ledakan bom setara dengan 21 ± 2 kt (87,9 ± 8,4 TJ)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menghasilkan panas bersuhu 3.900 °C (7.050 °F) serta angin kencang berkecepatan 1.005 km/h (624 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Big Stink</i> melihat ledakan dari jarak seratus mil dan terbang ke arah Nagasaki untuk melihat lebih dekat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962346_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962346-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena penundaan misi dan kegagalan pompa bahan bakar, <i>Bockscar</i> tidak memiliki bahan bakar yang cukup untuk mendarat darurat di Iwo Jima, jadi Sweeney dan Bock terbang ke <a href="/wiki/Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa">Okinawa</a>. Setibanya di sana, Sweeney terbang memutar selama 20 menit untuk meminta izin pendaratan dari menara pengawas. Ia lalu menyadari bahwa radionya rusak. Dengan bahan bakar kritis, <i>Bockscar</i> berhasil mendarat di <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Terbang_Yontan" title="Lapangan Terbang Yontan">Lapangan Terbang Yontan</a>, Okinawa. Dengan bahan bakar untuk sekali upaya pendaratan, Sweeney dan Albury mendaratkan <i>Bockscar</i> dengan kecepatan 150 mil per jam (240 km/h) alih-alih kecepatan normal 120 mil per jam (190 km/h) dan menembakkan suar bahaya untuk memberitahu awak darat mengenai pendaratan mendadak. Saat <i>Bockscar</i> melakukan pendekatan ke landasan, mesin nomor dua mati karena kehabisan bahan bakar. Setelah mendarat keras, pesawat B-29 tersebut oleng ke kiri menuju barisan pesawat pengebom B-24 sebelum pilot berhasil mengendalikannya. Baling-baling terbalik B-29 tidak mampu memperlambat pesawat, dan karena kedua pedal rem sama-sama ditekan, <i>Bockscar</i> berbelok 90 derajat di ujung landasan agar tidak tergelincir keluar landasan. Ketika pesawat berhenti, mesin kedua sudah mati akibat kekosongan bahan bakar. Teknisi penerbangan lalu mengukur bahan bakar di tangki dan menunjukkan bahwa bahan bakar yang tersisa cukup untuk terbang kurang dari lima menit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997222–226_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997222–226-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah misi dilaksanakan, identifikasi pesawat mulai dipertanyakan. Saksi mata pertama, wartawan perang <a href="/wiki/William_L._Laurence" title="William L. Laurence">William L. Laurence</a> dari <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> yang ikut menumpang pesawat Bock, melaporkan bahwa Sweeney adalah pemimpin misi di <i>The Great Artiste</i>. Ia juga menulis bahwa nomor "Victor"-nya adalah 77, nomornya <i>Bockscar</i>, dan sejumlah personel berkomentar bahwa 77 adalah nomor baju pemain rugbi <a href="/wiki/Red_Grange" title="Red Grange">Red Grange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eyewitness_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laurence telah duluan mewawancarai Sweeney dan awaknya dan tahu bahwa mereka menyebut pesawatnya <i>The Great Artiste</i>. Kecuali <i>Enola Gay</i>, tak satupun B-29 milik 393d yang namanya dicat di hidung pesawat; informasi ini ditulis dalam kesaksian Laurence. Tak menyadari perubahan pesawat, Laurence menduga Victor 77 adalah <i>The Great Artiste</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2005222_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005222-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> padahal sebenarnya Victor 89.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2005184_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005184-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peristiwa_di_darat_2">Peristiwa di darat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sumiteru_Taniguchi_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A boy lying down. His back is bloody." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sumiteru_Taniguchi_back.jpg/250px-Sumiteru_Taniguchi_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sumiteru_Taniguchi_back.jpg/375px-Sumiteru_Taniguchi_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Sumiteru_Taniguchi_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Foto cedera punggung <a href="/wiki/Sumiteru_Taniguchi" title="Sumiteru Taniguchi">Sumiteru Taniguchi</a> yang diambil bulan Januari 1946 oleh fotografer Marinir AS</figcaption></figure> <p>Meski bom ini lebih kuat daripada bom di Hiroshima, dampaknya dibatasi oleh perbukitan di Lembah Urakami yang sempit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011367_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011367-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari 7.500 karyawan Jepang yang bekerja di Pabrik Munisi Mitsubishi, termasuk pelajar yang dimobilisasi dan pekerja reguler, 6.200 karyawan tewas. Kurang lebih 17.000–22.000 orang yang bekerja di pabrik perang lainnya di Nagasaki juga tewas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESklar198456–60_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESklar198456–60-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perkiraan korban tewas bervariasi mulai dari 22.000 sampai 75.000 jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodei1998ix_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESodei1998ix-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOE-NAGA_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOE-NAGA-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WNA_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WNA-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa hari dan bulan setelah ledakan, banyak orang yang meninggal akibat dampak bom. Karena terdapat pekerja asing tak resmi dan personel militer transit di sana, perbedaan perkiraan total korban tewas pada akhir 1945 sangat besar. Berbagai penelitian menyebutkan angka mulai dari 39.000 sampai 80.000 jiwa.<sup id="cite_ref-rerf-deaths_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rerf-deaths-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WNA_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WNA-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidak seperti jumlah korban militer yang tewas di Hiroshima, hanya 150 tentara yang tewas seketika di Nagasaki, termasuk 36 tentara dari Resimen AAA ke-134 dari Divisi AAA ke-4 Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlperovitzTree1996534_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlperovitzTree1996534-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedikitnya delapan <a href="/wiki/Tahanan_perang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahanan perang">tahanan perang</a> diketahui tewas akibat pengeboman ini dari total perkiraan 13 tahanan perang tewas, termasuk seorang warga Britania, Kopral Angkatan Udara Kerajaan <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Shaw" title="Ronald Shaw">Ronald Shaw</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tujuh tahanan perang Belanda.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seorang tahanan perang Amerika Serikat, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Kieyoomia" title="Joe Kieyoomia">Joe Kieyoomia</a>, sedang berada di Nagasaki saat pengeboman terjadi, namun selamat karena dilindungi oleh dinding penjara yang terbuat dari beton.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 24 tahanan perang Australia di Nagasaki selamat.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radius kehancuran total mencapai 1 mi (1,6 km). Kebakaran tersebar dari wilayah utara kota sampai 2 mi (3,2 km) di selatan pusat ledakan.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pd_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar 58% Pabrik Senjata Mitsubishi dan 78% Pabrik Baja Mitsubishi rusak. Pabrik Listrik Mitsubishi hanya mengalami 10% kerusakan struktural karena terletak di batas zona kehancuran utama. Arsenal Nagasaki luluh lantak akibat ledakan ini.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rencana_pengeboman_atom_selanjutnya">Rencana pengeboman atom selanjutnya</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nagasaki_temple_destroyed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pile of rubble surmounted by a statue of Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nagasaki_temple_destroyed.jpg/250px-Nagasaki_temple_destroyed.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nagasaki_temple_destroyed.jpg/375px-Nagasaki_temple_destroyed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nagasaki_temple_destroyed.jpg/500px-Nagasaki_temple_destroyed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2778" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption>Berita Jepang menyebut Nagasaki "layaknya kuburan tanpa nisan"</figcaption></figure> <p>Groves berharap ada pengeboman atom lagi pada <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-19">19 Agustus</span>, tiga lagi sepanjang bulan September, dan tiga lainnya bulan Oktober.<sup id="cite_ref-Generals_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Generals-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-10">10 Agustus</span>, ia mengirim memorandum ke Marshall bahwa "bom selanjutnya ... harus siap dijatuhkan pada hari cerah pertama setelah 17 atau 18 Agustus." Pada hari yang sama, Marshall mengomentari memo tersebut: "Bom tersebut tidak akan dijatuhkan di Jepang tanpa seizin Presiden."<sup id="cite_ref-Generals_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Generals-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truman diam-diam meminta pengeboman lanjutan pada 10 Agustus. Permintaan tersebut membatalkan perintah sebelumnya yang menyatakan bahwa kota-kota target akan diserang bom atom "setelah bomnya siap".<sup id="cite_ref-Eclipsed_by_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eclipsed_by_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di Departemen Perang ada pembahasan seputar penghematan bom yang diproduksi untuk Operasi Downfall. "Masalahnya sekarang [<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-13">13 Agustus</span>] adalah bila Jepang tidak menyerah, apakah kita perlu menjatuhkan [bom atom] terus-menerus tiap kali satu [bom] selesai dibuat dan dikirimkan ke sana atau menahan diri ... lalu menjatuhkan semuanya dalam waktu singkat. Bukan dalam satu hari, melainkan masa waktu yang singkat. [Kita] perlu mempertimbangkan pula target yang hendak diserang. Dengan kata lain, bukankah kita perlu berfokus pada target yang akan menjadi bantuan terbesar bagi serbuan [Sekutu] alih-alih industri, moral, psikologi, dan semacamnya? Lebih ke manfaat taktis daripada manfaat lain."<sup id="cite_ref-Generals_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Generals-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dua rakitan Fat Man sudah disiapkan dan dijadwalkan berangkat dari <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland Field</a> ke Tinian pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-11">11 Agustus</span> dan <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-14">14 Agustus</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993396–397_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993396–397-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Tibbets diminta LeMay kembali ke Albuquerque, New Mexico, untuk mengambilnya.<sup id="cite_ref-PaulTibbets_StudsTerkel_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulTibbets_StudsTerkel-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Los Alamos, para teknisi bekerja 24 jam tanpa henti untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Inti_iblis" title="Inti iblis">inti plutonium lainnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski dibentuk, inti tersebut masih perlu dipadatkan dan dilapisi sampai tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-16">16 Agustus</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bom baru siap dipakai tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-19">19 Agustus</span>. Namun demikian, karena tidak bisa menghubungi Marshall, Groves mengeluarkan perintah pada <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-13">13 Agustus</span> bahwa inti bom tidak akan dikirimkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Eclipsed_by_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eclipsed_by_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyerahan_diri_dan_pendudukan_Jepang">Penyerahan diri dan pendudukan Jepang</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Penyerahan_diri_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyerahan diri Jepang">Penyerahan diri Jepang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang" class="mw-disambig" title="Pendudukan Jepang">Pendudukan Jepang</a></div> <p>Sampai <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-09">9 Agustus</span>, dewan perang Jepang masih kukuh dengan empat syarat penyerahan dirinya. Pada hari itu pula, Hirohito memerintahkan <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichi_Kido" title="Kōichi Kido">Kōichi Kido</a> untuk "mengendalikan situasi dengan sigap ... karena Uni Soviet telah menyatakan perang melawan kita." Lalu, ia mengadakan pertemuan Kekaisaran dan meminta menteri <a href="/wiki/Shigenori_T%C5%8Dg%C5%8D" title="Shigenori Tōgō">Shigenori Tōgō</a> memberitahu Sekutu bahwa Jepang akan menerima ketentuan penyerahan diri Sekutu dengan satu syarat, ketentuan tersebut "tidak berisi tuntutan yang melawan keputusan prerogatif Yang Mulia sebagai penguasa berdaulat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKidoYoshitake19661223_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKidoYoshitake19661223-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-12">12 Agustus</span>, Kaisar memberitahu keluarganya seputar keputusan menyerah. Salah satu pamannya, <a href="/wiki/Pangeran_Yasuhiko_Asaka" title="Pangeran Yasuhiko Asaka">Pangeran Asaka</a>, kemudian bertanya apakah perang akan dilanjutkan bila <i>kokutai</i> tidak bisa dipertahankan. Hirohito menjawab, "Tentu saja."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFujiwara1991129_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFujiwara1991129-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karena Sekutu membiarkan prinsip perlindungan Takhta Kekaisaran, Hirohito merekam <a href="/wiki/Gyokuon-h%C5%8Ds%C5%8D" title="Gyokuon-hōsō">pengumuman penyerahan dirinya</a> pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-14">14 Agustus</span> dan baru disiarkan di seluruh Jepang keesokan harinya meski sempat ada <a href="/wiki/Insiden_Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Insiden Kyūjō">pemberontakan</a> kecil oleh kaum militeris yang menolak untuk menyerah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999316–319_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999316–319-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam pernyataannya, Hirohito menyinggung pengeboman atom: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Selain itu, saat ini musuh telah memiliki senjata baru dan mengerikan yang mampu melenyapkan nyawa orang-orang tak bersalah dan menimbulkan kerusakan tak ternilai. Bila kita terus melawan, bukan saja bangsa Jepang yang akan runtuh dan musnah, seluruh peradaban umat manusia juga akan musnah. Apabila hal demikian terjadi, bagaimana Kami menyelamatkan jutaan rakyat Kami, atau menyucikan diri Kami di hadapan para ruh Leluhur Kekaisaran Kami? Ini sebabnya Kami memerintahkan penerimaan syarat Deklarasi Bersama Negara-Negara Penguasa.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Dalam "Pengumuman Kepada Tentara dan Pelaut" yang dikirimkan tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-17">17 Agustus</span>, ia menekankan dampak serbuan Soviet atas keputusannya untuk menyerah dan tidak menyebutkan pengeboman apapun.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hirohito bertemu Jenderal MacArthur tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="09-27">27 September</span> dan mengatakan bahwa, "[p]erdamaian tidak tercipta sampai akhirnya pengeboman Hiroshima menciptakan situasi yang mungkin dramatis." Selain itu, pidato "Pengumuman Kepada Tentara dan Pelaut" yang ia sampaikan ke MacArthur bersifat pribadi, bukan politis, dan tidak pernah menyatakan bahwa campur tangan Soviet di Manchuria adalah alasan utama Jepang menyerah. Faktanya, sehari setelah pengeboman Nagasaki dan serbuan Soviet ke Manchuria, Hirohito memerintahkan para penasihatnya, terutama <a href="/wiki/Kepala_Sekretaris_Kabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepala Sekretaris Kabinet">Kepala Sekretaris Kabinet</a> <a href="/wiki/Hisatsune_Sakomizu" title="Hisatsune Sakomizu">Hisatsune Sakomizu</a>, Kawada Mizuho, dan <a href="/wiki/Masahiro_Yasuoka" title="Masahiro Yasuoka">Masahiro Yasuoka</a>, untuk menyusun pidato penyerahan diri. Dalam pidato Hirohito, beberapa hari sebelum disiarkan di radio tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-15">15 Agustus</span>, ia menyampaikan tiga alasan utama untuk menyerah: pertahanan Tokyo tidak akan selesai diperkuat sebelum serbuan Amerika Serikat ke Jepang, <a href="/wiki/Kuil_Ise" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuil Ise">Kuil Ise</a> akan diduduki Amerika Serikat, dan senjata atom yang dikerahkan Amerika Serikat akan memusnahkan seluruh ras Jepang. Meski intervensi Soviet terjadi, Hirohito tidak menyebutkan Soviet sebagai salah satu faktor utama penyerahan diri Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2007234–240_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2007234–240-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggambaran,_tanggapan_masyarakat,_dan_penyensoran"><span id="Penggambaran.2C_tanggapan_masyarakat.2C_dan_penyensoran"></span>Penggambaran, tanggapan masyarakat, dan penyensoran</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv/250px-seek%3D330-Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="1037" data-mwtitle="Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv/Hiroshima_Aftermath_1946_USAF_Film.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Kehidupan di antara reruntuhan Hiroshima bulan Maret dan April 1946. Film direkam oleh Letnan Daniel A. McGovern (sutradara) dan Harry Mimura (kamerawan) untuk proyek <a href="/wiki/Survei_Pengeboman_Strategis_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Pengeboman Strategis Amerika Serikat">United States Strategic Bombing Survey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Semasa perang, "ujaran anihilasionis dan eksterminasionalis" dibiarkan di seluruh lapisan masyarakat Amerika Serikat; menurut kedutaan besar Britania Raya di Washington, rakyat AS memandang rakyat Jepang sebagai "sekumpulan kutu tanpa nama".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordin2007231_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordin2007231-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karikatur yang menggambarkan orang Jepang bukan manusia, e.g. monyet, sudah biasa waktu itu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordin2007231_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordin2007231-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jajak pendapat tahun 1944 soal tindakan yang harus diambil terhadap Jepang menunjukkan bahwa 13% masyarakat AS mendukung "pembunuhan" semua pria, wanita, dan anak-anak Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagby1999135_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagby1999135-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeraru1950101_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeraru1950101-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah bom Hiroshima berhasil meledak, Robert Oppenheimer menyampaikan pidato di Los Alamos "sambil mendekapkan tangannya layaknya juara tinju".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonk2012450_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonk2012450-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vatikan tidak menanggapi dengan baik pengeboman tersebut; surat kabar <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> menyatakan bahwa Vatikan kecewa karena para penemu bom tidak menghancurkan senjata tersebut demi kemaslahatan umat manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-ap19450807_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap19450807-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun demikian, kabar pengeboman atom disambut meriah di AS; jajak pendapat di <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(majalah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune (majalah)">majalah <i>Fortune</i></a> pada akhir 1945 memperlihatkan bahwa sebagian kecil rakyat Amerika Serikat (22,7%) berharap bom atom dijatuhkan lagi di Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHixson2002239_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHixson2002239-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite19951–8_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite19951–8-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanggapan positif ini dibantu oleh citra yang diperlihatkan kepada masyarakat (terutama foto <a href="/wiki/Awan_jamur" title="Awan jamur">awan jamur</a> yang dahsyat) dan penyensoran foto yang menampilkan mayat dan korban selamat yang cacat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHixson2002239_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHixson2002239-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Burchett" title="Wilfred Burchett">Wilfred Burchett</a> adalah wartawan pertama yang mengunjungi Hiroshima setelah bom diledakkan. Ia tiba sendirian menggunakan kereta api dari Tokyo pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="09-02">2 September</span>, hari penyerahan diri resmi di atas kapal <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a>. Pesan <a href="/wiki/Kode_Morse" title="Kode Morse">kode Morse</a>-nya dicetak oleh harian <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i> di London tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-09-05">5 September 1945</span> dengan judul "The Atomic Plague". Ini merupakan laporan publik pertama yang menyebutkan dampak <a href="/wiki/Radiasi" title="Radiasi">radiasi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sisa_nuklir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisa nuklir">sisa nuklir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurchett200410–25_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchett200410–25-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laporan Burchett tidak populer di kalangan militer Amerika Serikat. Badan sensor AS membungkam berita yang dikirimkan <a href="/wiki/George_Weller" title="George Weller">George Weller</a> dari <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_News" title="Chicago Daily News">Chicago Daily News</a></i>, dan menuduh Burchett terkena propaganda Jepang. Laurence mengatakan bahwa laporan penyakit radiasi tersebut adalah upaya Jepang untuk menjatuhkan semangat Amerika Serikat. Ia juga mengabaikan kesaksiannya sendiri mengenai penyakit radiasi Hiroshima yang diterbitkan satu pekan kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv/250px-seek%3D356-Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="1267" data-mwtitle="Physical_damage,_blast_effect,_Hiroshima,_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08,_342-USAF-11071.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Physical_damage,_blast_effect,_Hiroshima,_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08,_342-USAF-11071.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv/Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv/Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv/Physical_damage%2C_blast_effect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_1946-03-13_~_1946-04-08%2C_342-USAF-11071.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Reruntuhan Hiroshima bulan Maret dan April 1946, direkam oleh Daniel A. McGovern dan Harry Mimura</figcaption></figure> <p>Seorang anggota <a href="/wiki/Survei_Pengeboman_Strategis_Amerika_Serikat" title="Survei Pengeboman Strategis Amerika Serikat">United States Strategic Bombing Survey</a>, Letnan Daniel McGovern, membawa awak film untuk mendokumentasikan hasil pengeboman pada awal 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Greg_Mitchell_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greg_Mitchell-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasil rekaman mereka dijadikan film dokumenter berdurasi tiga jam berjudul <i>The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki</i>. Dokumenter ini menyertakan foto-foto dari rumah sakit yang menampilkan dampak bom terhadap tubuh manusia. Film ini juga menampilkan bangunan dan mobil terbakar, dan barisan tengkorak dan tulang di tanah. Film ini "dirahasiakan" pemerintah selama 22 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore199573_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore199573-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waktu itu redaktur di Amerika Serikat sudah biasa menyensor foto orang mati dari film, majalah, dan surat kabar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinSelden199725–26_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinSelden199725–26-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film sepanjang 90.000 ft (27.000 m) yang direkam oleh tim kamerawan McGovern belum dirilis sepenuhnya pada tahun 2009. Menurut <a href="/wiki/Greg_Mitchell" title="Greg Mitchell">Greg Mitchell</a>, lewat film dokumenter <i><a href="/wiki/Original_Child_Bomb" title="Original Child Bomb">Original Child Bomb</a></i> (2014), sebagian kecil rekaman tersebut berhasil ditunjukkan kepada rakyat Amerika Serikat "secara telanjang dan nyata sesuai yang dikehendaki para pembuatnya".<sup id="cite_ref-Greg_Mitchell_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greg_Mitchell-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perusahaan film Nippon Eigasha mulai mengirimkan kamerawan ke Nagasaki dan Hiroshima bulan September 1945. Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-10-24">24 Oktober 1945</span>, seorang <a href="/wiki/Korps_Polisi_Militer_(Amerika_Serikat)" title="Korps Polisi Militer (Amerika Serikat)">polisi militer AS</a> menghentikan aktivitas perekaman oleh kamerawan Nippon Eigasha di Nagasaki. Seluruh film Nippon Eigasha disita oleh pemerintah Amerika Serikat. Film ini akhirnya dikembalikan atas permintaan pemerintah Jepang, dilepaskan ke publik, dan diselamatkan. Sejumlah film hitam-putih dirilis dan ditayangkan untuk pertama kalinya di Jepang dan Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1968 sampai 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Greg_Mitchell_232-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greg_Mitchell-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penayangan rekaman kota pascaserangan dan penelitian dampak bom atom terhadap manusia dilarang semasa <a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang" class="mw-disambig" title="Pendudukan Jepang">pendudukan Jepang</a>. Sebagian besar informasi tersebut disensor sampai <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Perdamaian_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Perdamaian San Francisco">Perjanjian Perdamaian San Francisco</a> yang mengalihkan kekuasaan pemerintahan ke pihak Jepang ditandatangani pada tahun 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIshikawaSwain19815_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshikawaSwain19815-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanya <a href="/wiki/Dampak_ledakan_nuklir" title="Dampak ledakan nuklir">informasi dampak senjata nuklir</a> paling sensitif dan rinci yang disensor pada waktu itu. Tidak ada sensor untuk kesaksian yang ditulis sesuai kenyataan. Misalnya, buku <i><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_(buku)" title="Hiroshima (buku)">Hiroshima</a></i> yang ditulis oleh pemenang <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Pulitzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiah Pulitzer">Hadiah Pulitzer</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> (awalnya diterbitkan dalam bentuk artikel di majalah <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1946-08-31">31 Agustus 1946</span>, kabarnya diedarkan dalam bahasa Inggris di Tokyo pada Januari 1947 dan diterjemahkan ke bahasa Jepang tahun 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp2000434–452_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2000434–452-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_Yorker_2010_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Yorker_2010-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buku ini menceritakan kisah enam korban selamat sebelum pengeboman sampai beberapa bulan setelah bom Little Boy dijatuhkan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korban_pascaserangan">Korban pascaserangan</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv/250px-seek%3D152-Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="543" data-mwtitle="Medical_aspect,_Hiroshima,_Japan,_1946-03-23,_342-USAF-11034.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Medical_aspect,_Hiroshima,_Japan,_1946-03-23,_342-USAF-11034.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv/Medical_aspect%2C_Hiroshima%2C_Japan%2C_1946-03-23%2C_342-USAF-11034.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Film yang direkam di Hiroshima bulan Maret 1946 menampilkan korban penderita luka bakar parah</figcaption></figure> <p>Pada musim semi 1948, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Bomb_Casualty_Commission" title="Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission">Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission</a> (ABCC) didirikan berdasarkan keputusan presiden Truman kepada <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Nasional_Amerika_Serikat" title="Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat">National Academy of Sciences</a> – <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains,_Teknik,_dan_Kedokteran_Nasional" title="Akademi Sains, Teknik, dan Kedokteran Nasional">National Research Council</a> dengan tujuan melakukan penyelidikan mengenai dampak radiasi terhadap penyintas di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salah satu penelitian pertama yang dilakukan ABCC adalah kehamilan di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki, dan di kota <a href="/wiki/Pengendalian_suatu_variabel" title="Pengendalian suatu variabel">kendali</a> <a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure</a> yang terletak 18 mi (29 km) di selatan Hiroshima, untuk mempelajari kondisi dan hasil kehamilan akibat paparan radiasi.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penelitian yang dipimpin Dr. <a href="/wiki/James_V._Neel" title="James V. Neel">James V. Neel</a> ini menemukan bahwa jumlah <a href="/wiki/Kecacatan_kelahiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecacatan kelahiran">kecacatan kelahiran</a> di kalangan anak-anak penyintas yang hamil saat pengeboman tidak terlalu tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National Academy of Sciences mempertanyakan prosedur Neel yang tidak menyaring populasi Kure atas dugaan paparan radiasi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2008143_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2008143-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di antara kecacatan kelahiran yang diamati peneliti, jumlah kasus malformasi otak di Nagasaki dan Hiroshima, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Mikroensefalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroensefalus">mikroensefalus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Anensefali" title="Anensefali">anensefali</a>, lebih banyak 2,75 kali lipat daripada jumlah kasus di Kure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormack200856_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormack200856-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1985, genetikawan manusia dari <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Johns_Hopkins" title="Universitas Johns Hopkins">Universitas Johns Hopkins</a> <a href="/wiki/James_F._Crow" title="James F. Crow">James F. Crow</a> mempelajari penelitian Neel dan membenarkan bahwa jumlah kecacatan kelahiran di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki tidak terlalu tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrimskyShorett2005118_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrimskyShorett2005118-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak anggota ABCC dan penggantinya, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Effects_Research_Foundation" title="Radiation Effects Research Foundation">Radiation Effects Research Foundation</a> (RERF), yang masih mencari potensi kecacatan kelahiran atau penyebab lain di kalangan penyintas beberapa puluh tahun kemudian, namun gagal menemukan bukti persebaran kecacatan di kalangan penyintas.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski penelitian Neel menemukan sedikitnya jumlah kecacatan kelahiran, sejarawan <a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a> menulis bahwa Hiroshima mengalami "peningkatan jumlah kelahiran mati, kecacatan kelahiran, dan kematian bayi" setelah pengeboman atom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowaski198727_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowaski198727-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neel juga meneliti masa hidup anak-anak yang selamat dari pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki. Ia melaporkan bahwa antara 90 sampai 95 persen anak-anak tersebut masih hidup 50 tahun kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_247-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sekitar 1.900 korban tewas akibat kanker dapat ditelusuri penyebabnya pada efek bom atom. Kajian <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologi" title="Epidemiologi">epidemiologi</a> oleh RERF menyatakan bahwa sejak tahun 1950 sampai 2000, 46% penderita leukemia yang meninggal dan 11% penderita kanker padat yang meninggal di kalangan <a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">penyintas bom</a> diakibatkan oleh radiasi bom. Persentase tersebut mewakili 200 penderita leukemia dan 1.700 penderita kanker padat.<sup id="cite_ref-rerf-cancers_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rerf-cancers-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hibakusha">Hibakusha</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">Hibakusha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Hibakujumoku" title="Hibakujumoku">Hibakujumoku</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NagasakiHypocentre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama monumen yang menandai hiposentrum atau titik nol ledakan bom atom di langit Nagasaki"><img alt="A rectangular column rises above a dark stone base with Japanese writing on it. It sits atop a grass mound with is surrounded by alternating circles of stone path and grass. The is a wall around the whole monument, and bushes beyond." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NagasakiHypocentre.jpg/1000px-NagasakiHypocentre.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NagasakiHypocentre.jpg/1500px-NagasakiHypocentre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NagasakiHypocentre.jpg/2000px-NagasakiHypocentre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NagasakiHypocentre.jpg" title="Berkas:NagasakiHypocentre.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama monumen yang menandai hiposentrum atau titik nol ledakan bom atom di langit Nagasaki</div></div></div> <p>Para penyintas (korban selamat) pengeboman atom disebut <i><a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">hibakusha</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Jepang-language text"><span lang="ja">被爆者</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ja is deprecated </span>, <small>pengucapan bahasa Jepang: </small><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPA untuk bahasa Jepang">[çiβa̠kɯ̥ᵝɕʲa̠]</a></span>)</span>, kata berbahasa Jepang yang secara harfiah berarti "orang terdampak ledakan". Per 31 Maret 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serangan_bom_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 183.519 <i>hibakusha</i> diakui oleh pemerintah Jepang; sebagian besar di antaranya menetap di Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemerintah Jepang mengakui bahwa 1% di antara mereka menderita penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh radiasi.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tugu peringatan di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki bertuliskan daftar nama para <i>hibakusha</i> yang diketahui meninggal setelah pengeboman. Nama <i>hibakusha</i> terus bertambah setiap tahunnya pada tanggal peringatan pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki. Pada Agustus 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serangan_bom_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, di tugu ini tercantum lebih dari 460.000 nama <i>hibakusha</i>; 297.684 di Hiroshima<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan 168.767 di Nagasaki.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hibakusha</i> bersama anak-anaknya merupakan (dan masih menjadi) korban diskriminasi di Jepang karena masyarakat tidak tahu akibat dari <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_radiasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyakit radiasi">penyakit radiasi</a>. Sebagian besar masyarakat Jepang percaya bahwa penyakit radiasi dapat diturunkan dan bahkan menular.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diskriminasi tetap terjadi walaupun sebenarnya tidak ada kenaikan jumlah kecacatan kelahiran atau malformasi kongenital di kalangan anak-anak yang dilahirkan oleh penyintas pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penelitian dampak psikologis jangka panjang terhadap para penyintas menemukan bahwa meski 17–20 tahun sudah berlalu sejak pengeboman, kemungkinan gejala <a href="/wiki/Kegelisahan" title="Kegelisahan">kegelisahan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Somatisasi" title="Somatisasi">somatisasi</a> di kalangan penyintas justru lebih tinggi daripada tahun-tahun sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyintas_ganda">Penyintas ganda</h3></div> <p>Pada tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2009-03-24">24 Maret 2009</span>, pemerintah Jepang secara resmi mengakui <a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Yamaguchi" title="Tsutomu Yamaguchi">Tsutomu Yamaguchi</a> sebagai <i>hibakusha</i> ganda. Ia diketahui sedang dalam perjalanan bisnis dan berada 3 km (1,9 mi) dari titik nol di Hiroshima saat Little Boy meledak. Ia mengalami luka bakar serius di sisi kirinya dan menginap di Hiroshima. Ia tiba di kota asalnya, Nagasaki, tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="08-08">8 Agustus</span>, sehari sebelum Fat Man dijatuhkan. Ia terpapar sisa radiasi saat sedang mencari kerabat keluarganya. Ia merupakan penyintas dua pengeboman atom pertama yang secara resmi diakui pemerintah Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamaguchi meninggal dunia tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2010-01-04">4 Januari 2010</span> pada usia 93 tahun setelah berjuang melawan kanker perut.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film dokumenter <i>Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</i> (2006) mendokumentasikan 165 <i>nijū hibakusha</i> (korban terdampak ledakan ganda) dan ditayangkan di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.<sup id="cite_ref-Twice_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twice-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyintas_Korea">Penyintas Korea</h3></div> <p>Semasa perang, Jepang membawa kurang lebih 670.000 penduduk Korea ke Jepang untuk dijadikan <a href="/wiki/Kejahatan_perang_Jepang#tenaga_kerja_paksa" title="Kejahatan perang Jepang">tenaga kerja paksa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007111_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007111-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sekitar 20.000 orang Korea tewas di Hiroshima dan 2.000 lainnya tewas di Nagasaki. Satu dari tujuh korban Hiroshima diperkirakan merupakan keturunan Korea. Selama sekian tahun, etnis Korea kesulitan mendapatkan pengakuan sebagai korban bom atom dan tidak mendapat tunjangan kesehatan. Sebagian besar kasus ini diselesaikan lewat tuntutan hukum.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:958px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pemandangan Taman Monumen Perdamaian Hiroshima yang indah. Kubah Genbaku dapat dilihat di tengah-atas gambar. Target asli bom atom adalah Jembatan Aioi berbentuk T, di sebelah kiri gambar."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg/950px-HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="950" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg/1425px-HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg/1900px-HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5225" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg" title="Berkas:HiroshimaPeaceMemorialPanorama-2.jpg"> </a></div>Pemandangan <a href="/wiki/Taman_Monumen_Perdamaian_Hiroshima" title="Taman Monumen Perdamaian Hiroshima">Taman Monumen Perdamaian Hiroshima</a> yang indah. <a href="/wiki/Monumen_Perdamaian_Hiroshima" title="Monumen Perdamaian Hiroshima">Kubah Genbaku</a> dapat dilihat di tengah-atas gambar. Target asli bom atom adalah <a href="/wiki/Jembatan_Aioi" title="Jembatan Aioi">Jembatan Aioi</a> berbentuk T, di sebelah kiri gambar.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perdebatan_seputar_pengeboman">Perdebatan seputar pengeboman</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perdebatan_mengenai_pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdebatan mengenai pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki">Perdebatan mengenai pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bom atom bukan saja senjata penghancur yang mengerikan; [bom atom juga] merupakan senjata psikologis.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Henry L. Stimson, 1947<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:A-Bomb_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shot along a river. There is a bridge in the distance, and a ruined domed building in the middle distance. People walk along the footpath that runs parallel to the river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A-Bomb_Dome.jpg/250px-A-Bomb_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A-Bomb_Dome.jpg/375px-A-Bomb_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/A-Bomb_Dome.jpg/500px-A-Bomb_Dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Warga Hiroshima berjalan melewati Tugu Perdamaian Hiroshima, gedung terdekat dari titik nol yang selamat dari ledakan bom atom</figcaption></figure> <p>Peran pengeboman dalam <a href="/wiki/Penyerahan_diri_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyerahan diri Jepang">penyerahan diri Jepang</a> dan pembenaran etis oleh Amerika Serikat telah menjadi topik perdebatan di kalangan ilmuwan dan masyarakat selama bertahun-tahun. J. Samuel Walker menulis dalam tinjauan historiografinya bulan April 2005, "kontroversi seputar penggunaan bom tampaknya masih akan terus berlanjut." Ia menulis bahwa, "permasalahan mendasar yang memecah belah para ilmuwan selama nyaris empat puluh tahun adalah perlu tidaknya penggunaan bom demi meraih kemenangan perang di Pasifik sesuai yang diinginkan Amerika Serikat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2005334_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2005334-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Para pendukung umumnya menegaskan bahwa kedua peristiwa pengeboman memicu penyerahan diri Jepang dan mencegah jatuhnya korban di kedua sisi pada masa Operasi Downfall. Salah satu kalimat terkenal, "Seratus juta orang [penduduk Kekaisaran Jepang] siap mati untuk Kaisar dan Bangsanya,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200223–24_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200223–24-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> berfungsi sebagai slogan pemersatu bangsa, namun kalimat tersebut sebenarnya merupakan pendamping frasa "<a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_ribu_tahun" title="Sepuluh ribu tahun">sepuluh ribu tahun</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741–44_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741–44-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam <i>Memoirs</i> yang ditulis Truman tahun 1955, "ia menyatakan bahwa bom atom mungkin telah menyelamatkan setengah juta prajurit Amerika Serikat—perkiraan jumlah korban serbuan Sekutu ke Jepang yang rencananya dilaksanakan bulan November. Stimson berbicara soal menyelamatkan satu juga prajurit AS, dan Churchil berbicara soal menyelamatkan satu juta prajurit AS dan setengah juta prajurit Britania."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeldenSelden1990xxx–xxxi_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeldenSelden1990xxx–xxxi-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para ilmuwan memaparkan sejumlah skenario alternatif yang dapat mengakhiri perang tanpa invasi, tetapi skenario tersebut malah akan menewaskan banyak warga Jepang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker199097–114_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199097–114-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para pendukung juga merujuk pada perintah Kementerian Perang Jepang tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1944-08-01">1 Agustus 1944</span> yang memerintahkan eksekusi tahanan perang Sekutu apabila perkemahan tahanan perang berubah menjadi zona tempur.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Para penentang pengeboman menyebutkan beberapa alasan: keyakinan bahwa bom atom pada dasarnya tidak bermoral, pengeboman dapat dikategorikan sebagai kejahatan perang, pengeboman atom tidak perlu dilakukan dari sudut pandang militer, pengeboman atom tergolong terorisme negara,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStohl1979[https://books.google.com/?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA279_279]_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStohl1979[https://books.google.com/?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA279_279]-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan pengeboman dipicu oleh rasisme dan dehumanisasi terhadap bangsa Jepang. Pandangan lainnya yang populer di kalangan kritikus pengeboman dipaparkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a> pada tahun 1965 dan menjadi pendapat tetap di buku-buku teks sejarah sekolah Jepang. Pandangan tersebut menjelaskan diplomasi atom: Amerika Serikat memakai senjata nuklir untuk mengintimidasi Uni Soviet pada tahap-tahap awal <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengeboman atom merupakan bagian dari kampanye pengeboman biasa (konvensional) yang sama parahnya. Pengeboman biasa dibarengi pemblokiran laut dan kejatuhan Jerman (yang mengakibatkan perpindahan pasukan) akan membuat Jepang menyerah pada akhirnya. Ketika Amerika Serikat menjatuhkan bom atom di Nagasaki tanggal <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="1945-08-09">9 Agustus 1945</span>, Uni Soviet melancarkan <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Soviet_ke_Manchuria_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Soviet ke Manchuria (1945)">serangan kejutan</a> yang melibatkan 1,6 juta tentara melawan Tentara Kwantung di Manchuria. Menurut sejarawan Jepang, <a href="/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Hasegawa" title="Tsuyoshi Hasegawa">Tsuyoshi Hasegawa</a>, "masuknya Soviet ke kancah perang memainkan peran yang lebih besar dalam penyerahan diri Jepang daripada pengeboman atom karena [serbuan Soviet] memupuskan harapan Jepang untuk mengakhiri perang lewat mediasi Moskwa".<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-missions-planes-crews">"Salinan arsip"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816120843/https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-missions-planes-crews">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Part III (note 24)"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/the-final-months-of-the-war-with-japan-signals-intelligence-u-s-invasion-planning-and-the-a-bomb-decision/csi9810001.html#rtoc7">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Final+Months+of+the+War+With+Japan.+Part+III+%28note+24%29&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fbooks-and-monographs%2Fthe-final-months-of-the-war-with-japan-signals-intelligence-u-s-invasion-planning-and-the-a-bomb-decision%2Fcsi9810001.html%23rtoc7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200748-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll200748_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, hlm. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrea1992202–225-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrea1992202–225_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrea1992">Drea 1992</a>, hlm. 202–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200998–99-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200998–99_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiangreco2009">Giangreco 2009</a>, hlm. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999340-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999340_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2009112_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiangreco2009">Giangreco 2009</a>, hlm. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer1985164–165-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffer1985164–165_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaffer1985">Schaffer 1985</a>, hlm. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate19534-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate19534_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate195322–24-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate195322–24_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953169–175-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953169–175_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 169–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate195329–31-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate195329–31_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953507–509-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953507–509_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 507–509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953514–521-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953514–521_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 514–521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953548–551-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953548–551_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 548–551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953536–545-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953536–545_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 536–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953558–560-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953558–560_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 558–560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953566-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953566_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandler200124–26-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandler200124–26_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandler2001">Sandler 2001</a>, hlm. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953574–576-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953574–576_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 574–576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deadliest-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deadliest_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2011/03/0309incendiary-bombs-kill-100000-tokyo/">"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bombings+Worse+than+Nagasaki+and+Hiroshima&rft.pub=The+Future+of+Freedom+Foundation&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft.au=Laurence+M.+Vance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fff.org%2Fcomment%2Fcom0908j.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Joseph Coleman (March 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103023353/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0310-08.htm">"1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror, Pain"</a>. CommonDreams.org. Associated Press. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec+Agreement&rft.pub=atomicarchive.com&rft.date=1943-08-19&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Frankin+D&rft.au=Churchill%2C+Winston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FDocs%2FManhattanProject%2FQuebec.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Edwards (halaman belum tersedia)">Edwards, Gordon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccnr.org/chronology.html">"Canada's Role in the Atomic Bomb Programs of the United States, Britain, France and India"</a>. Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213010316/http://www.ccnr.org/chronology.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal December 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Role+in+the+Atomic+Bomb+Programs+of+the+United+States%2C+Britain%2C+France+and+India&rft.pub=Canadian+Coalition+for+Nuclear+Responsibility&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccnr.org%2Fchronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198589-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198589_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, hlm. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198582-84-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198582-84_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, hlm. 82-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985522-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985522_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, hlm. 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985511–516-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985511–516_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, hlm. 511–516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunden199850–52-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunden199850–52_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrunden1998">Grunden 1998</a>, hlm. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-509offhist-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-509offhist_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224031059/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10517">"Factsheets: 509th Operational Group"</a>. Air Force Historical Studies Office. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10517">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Factsheets%3A+509th+Operational+Group&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Studies+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Ffactsheets%2Ffactsheet.asp%3Fid%3D10517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127130713/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080128-037.pdf">"History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to August 15, 1945"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Tinian: 509th CG (AFHRA archived). 1945. hlm. 8–9. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080128-037.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2012-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+509th+Composite+Group+%E2%80%93+313th+Bombardment+Wing+%E2%80%93+Twentieth+Air+Force+%E2%80%93+Activation+to+August+15%2C+1945&rft.place=Tinian&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=509th+CG+%28AFHRA+archived%29&rft.date=1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-080128-037.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbets1998163,_167–168-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibbets1998163,_167–168_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTibbets1998">Tibbets 1998</a>, hlm. 163, 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ready-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ready_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/9.pdf">"Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+3rd+Target+Committee+Meeting+28+May+1945&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB162%2F9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200525-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200525_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, hlm. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953706-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953706_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 706.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200514–15-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200514–15_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, hlm. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127130713/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-080128-037.pdf">"History of 509th Composite Group – 313th Bombardment Wing – Twentieth Air Force – Activation to 15 August 1945"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+509th+Composite+Group+%E2%80%93+313th+Bombardment+Wing+%E2%80%93+Twentieth+Air+Force+%E2%80%93+Activation+to+15+August+1945&rft.place=Tinian&rft.pages=17-22&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft.date=1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-080128-037.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005100-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2005100_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, hlm. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristman1998176-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristman1998176_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristman1998">Christman 1998</a>, hlm. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985528–529-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985528–529_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, hlm. 528–529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-targetcommittee-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-targetcommittee_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-targetcommittee_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-targetcommittee_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-targetcommittee_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dannen.com/decision/targets.html">"Atomic Bomb: Decision—Target Committee, May 10–11, 1945"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050808014201/http://www.dannen.com/decision/targets.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal August 8, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomic+Bomb%3A+Decision%E2%80%94Target+Committee%2C+May+10%E2%80%9311%2C+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dannen.com%2Fdecision%2Ftargets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReischauer1986101-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReischauer1986101_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReischauer1986">Reischauer 1986</a>, hlm. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kelly, Jason M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/18765610-01902004">"Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb?: Confusion in Postwar Historiography"</a>. <i>Journal of American-East Asian Relations</i>. <b>19</b>: 183–203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150416182100/http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/18765610-01902004">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American-East+Asian+Relations&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Henry+Stimson+Spare+Kyoto+from+the+Bomb%3F%3A+Confusion+in+Postwar+Historiography&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=183-203&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Jason+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooksandjournals.brillonline.com%2Fcontent%2F10.1163%2F18765610-01902004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985529-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985529_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985529_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, hlm. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa200667–68-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasegawa200667–68_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasegawa2006">Hasegawa 2006</a>, hlm. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2006149–150-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasegawa2006149–150_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasegawa2006">Hasegawa 2006</a>, hlm. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985530-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985530_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985530_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1985">Jones 1985</a>, hlm. 530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953712–713-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953712–713_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 712–713.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225024233/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/fulltext.php?fulltextid=15">"Pages from President Truman's diary, July 17, 18, and 25, 1945"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/fulltext.php?fulltextid=15">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pages+from+President+Truman%27s+diary%2C+July+17%2C+18%2C+and+25%2C+1945&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Ffulltext.php%3Ffulltextid%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–256-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–256_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECompton1956240-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompton1956240_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompton1956">Compton 1956</a>, hlm. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECompton1956238–239-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompton1956238–239_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCompton1956">Compton 1956</a>, hlm. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–260-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999255–260_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 255–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman199586-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman199586_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman1995">Newman 1995</a>, hlm. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Generals-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Generals_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Generals_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Generals_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Generals_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/72.pdf">"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II, A Collection of Primary Sources"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 162</i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. August 13, 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222022813/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/72.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive+Electronic+Briefing+Book+No.+162&rft.atitle=The+Atomic+Bomb+and+the+End+of+World+War+II%2C+A+Collection+of+Primary+Sources&rft.date=1945-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB162%2F72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Williams, Josette H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828122844/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no3/article07.html">"The Information War in the Pacific, 1945: Paths to Peace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol46no3/article07.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2017-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Information+War+in+the+Pacific%2C+1945%3A+Paths+to+Peace&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Josette+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fvol46no3%2Farticle07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953656_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1953">Craven & Cate 1953</a>, hlm. 656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999153-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999153_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNelly2000138_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNelly2000">McNelly 2000</a>, hlm. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELifton199117-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELifton199117_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELifton199117_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELifton199117_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLifton1991">Lifton 1991</a>, hlm. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012064011/http://www.gifu-np.co.jp/kikaku/2008/gifu63/g63_20080804.shtml"><bdi lang="ja">空襲予告ビラ、高山市民が保管 市内で展示</bdi></a> (dalam bahasa Japanese). 岐阜新聞社 (Gifu Shinbunsha (Open Library)). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gifu-np.co.jp/kikaku/2008/gifu63/g63_20080804.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%A9%BA%E8%A5%B2%E4%BA%88%E5%91%8A%E3%83%93%E3%83%A9%E3%80%81%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E3%81%8C%E4%BF%9D%E7%AE%A1%E3%80%80%E5%B8%82%E5%86%85%E3%81%A7%E5%B1%95%E7%A4%BA&rft.pub=%E5%B2%90%E9%98%9C%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%A4%BE+%28Gifu+Shinbunsha+%28Open+Library%29%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gifu-np.co.jp%2Fkikaku%2F2008%2Fgifu63%2Fg63_20080804.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|trans_title=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungei1981215-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungei1981215_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBungei1981">Bungei 1981</a>, hlm. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1999103-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley1999103_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradley1999">Bradley 1999</a>, hlm. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller198643-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller198643_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1986">Miller 1986</a>, hlm. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 233–234. Makna <i>mokusatsu</i> dapat berarti "mengabaikan" atau "menghina".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix1996290-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix1996290_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBix1996">Bix 1996</a>, hlm. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsada199639-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsada199639_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsada1996">Asada 1996</a>, hlm. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964372-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing1964372_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGowing1964">Gowing 1964</a>, hlm. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977326,_356,_370-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977326,_356,_370_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 326, 356, 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993262-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993262_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson <i>et al</i>. 1993</a>, hlm. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993265_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson <i>et al</i>. 1993</a>, hlm. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201230-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201230_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoster-Mullen2012">Coster-Mullen 2012</a>, hlm. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoster-Mullen201245_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoster-Mullen2012">Coster-Mullen 2012</a>, hlm. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200538–40_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, hlm. 38–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200964–65,_163-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200964–65,_163_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiangreco2009">Giangreco 2009</a>, hlm. 64–65, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199541-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199541_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsteinDillonWenger1995">Goldstein, Dillon & Wenger 1995</a>, hlm. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200970,_163-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco200970,_163_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiangreco2009">Giangreco 2009</a>, hlm. 70, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZalogaNoon201059_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZalogaNoon2010">Zaloga & Noon 2010</a>, hlm. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-effects-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-effects_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">United States Strategic Bombing Survey (June 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041011111052/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/redocuments/1946/460619-bombing-survey1.html">"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. nuclearfiles.org. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/redocuments/1946/460619-bombing-survey1.html">versi asli</a> tanggal October 11, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey%3A+The+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=nuclearfiles.org&rft.date=1946-06&rft.au=United+States+Strategic+Bombing+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearfiles.org%2Fredocuments%2F1946%2F460619-bombing-survey1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962316-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962316_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, hlm. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999263_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts197738-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts197738_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rerf-deaths-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rerf-deaths_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rerf-deaths_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rerf.or.jp/general/qa_e/qa1.html">"Frequently Asked Questions #1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radiation_Effects_Research_Foundation" title="Radiation Effects Research Foundation">Radiation Effects Research Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919143939/http://www.rerf.or.jp/general/qa_e/qa1.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal September 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+%231&rft.pub=Radiation+Effects+Research+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rerf.or.jp%2Fgeneral%2Fqa_e%2Fqa1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodden200720-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodden200720_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodden2007">Bodden 2007</a>, hlm. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2005262-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2005262_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2005">Preston 2005</a>, hlm. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiévéWaley2003330-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiévéWaley2003330_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiévéWaley2003">Fiévé & Waley 2003</a>, hlm. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotter2008267-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotter2008267_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotter2008">Rotter 2008</a>, hlm. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-509timeline-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-509timeline_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-509timeline_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220234108/http://www.mphpa.org/classic/CG/CG_09C.htm">"509th Timeline: Inception to Hiroshima"</a>. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/CG/CG_09C.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=509th+Timeline%3A+Inception+to+Hiroshima&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FCG%2FCG_09C.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094425/http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07L.htm">"Timeline #2 – the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission"</a>. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07L.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+%232+%E2%80%93+the+509th%3B+The+Hiroshima+Mission&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FHISTORY%2FH-07L.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012462-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012462_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDietzVan_Kirk2012">Dietz & Van Kirk 2012</a>, hlm. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012467-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDietzVan_Kirk2012467_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDietzVan_Kirk2012">Dietz & Van Kirk 2012</a>, hlm. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisTolzer195772-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisTolzer195772_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisTolzer1957">Lewis & Tolzer 1957</a>, hlm. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501233757/http://mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07L1.htm">"Timeline #2- the 509th; The Hiroshima Mission"</a>. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07L1.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+%232-+the+509th%3B+The+Hiroshima+Mission&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FHISTORY%2FH-07L1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977391–392-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977391–392_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 391–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977414-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977414_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977415-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977415_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19692566-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19692566_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1969">Allen 1969</a>, hlm. 2566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik19854-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik19854_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalik1985">Malik 1985</a>, hlm. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr_et_al200542–43_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr_et_al2005">Kerr et al 2005</a>, hlm. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalik1985">Malik 1985</a> describes how various values were recorded for the B-29's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima. The strike report said 30,200 ft, the official history said 31,600 ft, Commander Parson's log entry was 32,700 ft, and the navigator's log was 31,060 ft—the latter possibly an error transposing two digits. A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft. <br />Similarly, several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation. Published sources vary in the range of 1.800 hingga 2.000 ft (550 hingga 610 m) above the city. The device was set to explode at 1.885 ft (575 m), but this was approximate. <a href="#CITEREFMalik1985">Malik 1985</a> uses the figure of 1.903 ft (580 m) plus or minus 50 ft (15 m), determined after data review by <a href="#CITEREFHubbell_et_al1969">Hubbell et al 1969</a>. Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned. Kerr et al (2005) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m (1.968,5 ft), plus or minus 20 m (65,6 ft), gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima.htm">"The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima, Aug 6, 1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624065430/http://www.cfo.doe.gov/me70/manhattan/hiroshima.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal June 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Bombing+of+Hiroshima%2C+Aug+6%2C+1945&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfo.doe.gov%2Fme70%2Fmanhattan%2Fhiroshima.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977423._427-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977423._427_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 423. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cotmplitboy-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cotmplitboy_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417070729/https://www.atomicheritage.org/history">"The Bomb-"Little Boy<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. The Atomic Heritage Foundation. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/little_boy.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2021-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bomb-%22Little+Boy%22&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FHISTORY%2Flittle_boy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_DNATR805512F_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060624185903/http://www.dtra.mil/toolbox/directorates/td/programs/nuclear_personnel/docs/DNATR805512F.pdf">"Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, 1945–1946 (DNA 5512F)"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtra.mil/toolbox/directorates/td/programs/nuclear_personnel/docs/DNATR805512F.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal June 24, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiation+Dose+Reconstruction+U.S.+Occupation+Forces+in+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%2C+Japan%2C+1945%E2%80%931946+%28DNA+5512F%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtra.mil%2Ftoolbox%2Fdirectorates%2Ftd%2Fprograms%2Fnuclear_personnel%2Fdocs%2FDNATR805512F.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999264–265-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999264–265_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiroshimacommittee.org/Facts_NagasakiAndHiroshimaBombing.htm">"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing – Facts about the Atomic Bomb"</a>. Hiroshimacommittee.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602010751/http://www.hiroshimacommittee.org/Facts_NagasakiAndHiroshimaBombing.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+Bombing+%E2%80%93+Facts+about+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.pub=Hiroshimacommittee.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiroshimacommittee.org%2FFacts_NagasakiAndHiroshimaBombing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=11&documentid=65&documentdate=1946-06-19&studycollectionid=abomb&groupid="><i>2. Hiroshima.</i> "U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers."</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>. hlm. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey%3A+The+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%2C+June+19%2C+1946.+President%27s+Secretary%27s+File%2C+Truman+Papers.&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Findex.php%3Fpagenumber%3D11%26documentid%3D65%26documentdate%3D1946-06-19%26studycollectionid%3Dabomb%26groupid%3D%27%272.+Hiroshima.%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Januari 2022">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=42&documentid=65&documentdate=1946-06-19&studycollectionid=abomb&groupid="><i>Effort and Results.</i> "U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers."</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>. hlm. 37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey%3A+The+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%2C+June+19%2C+1946.+President%27s+Secretary%27s+File%2C+Truman+Papers.&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Findex.php%3Fpagenumber%3D42%26documentid%3D65%26documentdate%3D1946-06-19%26studycollectionid%3Dabomb%26groupid%3D%27%27Effort+and+Results.%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Januari 2022">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repco96x.htm#annex5">"Statements by China and the United States of America during the Inscription of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829222745/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repco96x.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal August 29, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statements+by+China+and+the+United+States+of+America+during+the+Inscription+of+the+Hiroshima+Peace+Memorial+%28Genbaku+Dome%29&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Frepco96x.htm%23annex5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=14&documentid=65&documentdate=1946-06-19&studycollectionid=abomb&groupid="><i>2. Hiroshima.</i> "U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers."</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. hlm. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey%3A+The+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%2C+June+19%2C+1946.+President%27s+Secretary%27s+File%2C+Truman+Papers.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Findex.php%3Fpagenumber%3D14%26documentid%3D65%26documentdate%3D1946-06-19%26studycollectionid%3Dabomb%26groupid%3D%27%272.+Hiroshima.%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Januari 2022">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011330-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011330_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011330_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHam2011">Ham 2011</a>, hlm. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419075520/http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/exhibit_e/exh0203_e/exh02033_e.html">"Special Exhibit 3"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Tugu_Perdamaian_Hiroshima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Tugu Perdamaian Hiroshima (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Tugu Perdamaian Hiroshima</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/virtual/VirtualMuseum_e/exhibit_e/exh0203_e/exh02033_e.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2018-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Exhibit+3&rft.pub=Museum+Tugu+Perdamaian+Hiroshima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp%2Fvirtual%2FVirtualMuseum_e%2Fexhibit_e%2Fexh0203_e%2Fexh02033_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kato, Toru (June 4, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.jp/cato1963/kinganE.html">"A Short-Sighted Parrot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GeoCities" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoCities">Geocities.jp</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309160606/http://www.geocities.jp/cato1963/kinganE.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal March 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short-Sighted+Parrot&rft.pub=Geocities.jp&rft.date=1999-06-04&rft.au=Kato%2C+Toru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.jp%2Fcato1963%2FkinganE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/~LLLtrs/PhotoGlryMain/pgc/Hiroshima01a.html">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Hiroshima – 1945 & 2007" by Lyle (Hiroshi) Saxon, Images Through Glass, Tokyo"</a>. NEC Biglobe. August 6, 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130218210912/http://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/~LLLtrs/PhotoGlryMain/pgc/Hiroshima01a.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Hiroshima+%E2%80%93+1945+%26+2007%22+by+Lyle+%28Hiroshi%29+Saxon%2C+Images+Through+Glass%2C+Tokyo&rft.pub=NEC+Biglobe&rft.date=1945-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww5d.biglobe.ne.jp%2F~LLLtrs%2FPhotoGlryMain%2Fpgc%2FHiroshima01a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/-elin_o_Hara-slavick/3196">"Hiroshima: A Visual Record"</a>. JapanFocus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428013140/http://japanfocus.org/-elin_o_Hara-slavick/3196">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiroshima%3A+A+Visual+Record&rft.pub=JapanFocus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-elin_o_Hara-slavick%2F3196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inicom.com/hibakusha/akiko.html">"Testimony of Akiko Takakura"</a>. Atomic Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416134051/http://www.inicom.com/hibakusha/akiko.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal April 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Akiko+Takakura&rft.pub=Atomic+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inicom.com%2Fhibakusha%2Fakiko.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=12&documentid=65&documentdate=1946-06-19&studycollectionid=abomb&groupid="><i>2. Hiroshima.</i> "U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers."</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>. hlm. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.+S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey%3A+The+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%2C+June+19%2C+1946.+President%27s+Secretary%27s+File%2C+Truman+Papers.&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Findex.php%3Fpagenumber%3D12%26documentid%3D65%26documentdate%3D1946-06-19%26studycollectionid%3Dabomb%26groupid%3D%27%272.+Hiroshima.%27%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Desember 2022">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011330–331-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011330–331_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHam2011">Ham 2011</a>, hlm. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011325-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011325_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHam2011">Ham 2011</a>, hlm. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/hibakusha/english/shimen/happened/happened-01.html">"Memories of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. The Asahi Shimbun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009064752/http://www.asahi.com/hibakusha/english/shimen/happened/happened-01.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memories+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fhibakusha%2Fenglish%2Fshimen%2Fhappened%2Fhappened-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977443–444_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 443–444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/68935692">"Heart of Hiroshima Wiped Out as by Giant Bulldozer"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Advocate_(Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Advocate (Australia) (halaman belum tersedia)">Advocate (Burnie, Tas. : 1890 – 1954)</a></i>. Burnie, Tasmania: National Library of Australia. August 9, 1945. hlm. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122162638/http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/68935692">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advocate+%28Burnie%2C+Tas.+%3A+1890+%E2%80%93+1954%29&rft.atitle=Heart+of+Hiroshima+Wiped+Out+as+by+Giant+Bulldozer&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1945-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fndp%2Fdel%2Farticle%2F68935692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011333-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011333_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHam2011">Ham 2011</a>, hlm. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allgov.com/news/us-and-the-world/americans-killed-by-atomic-bomb-to-be-honored-in-hiroshima?news=838959">"Americans Killed by Atomic Bomb to be Honored in Hiroshima"</a>. <i>Allgov.com</i>. June 4, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518194348/http://www.allgov.com/news/us-and-the-world/americans-killed-by-atomic-bomb-to-be-honored-in-hiroshima?news=838959">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2013-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allgov.com&rft.atitle=Americans+Killed+by+Atomic+Bomb+to+be+Honored+in+Hiroshima&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allgov.com%2Fnews%2Fus-and-the-world%2Famericans-killed-by-atomic-bomb-to-be-honored-in-hiroshima%3Fnews%3D838959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977444–445-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977444–445_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 444–445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=185912&dt=2694&dl=2009">"1978 US diplomatic cable analyzing a news report about the 8 POW killed in Hiroshima"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317100005/https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=185912&dt=2694&dl=2009">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1978+US+diplomatic+cable+analyzing+a+news+report+about+the+8+POW+killed+in+Hiroshima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faad.archives.gov%2Faad%2Fcreatepdf%3Frid%3D185912%26dt%3D2694%26dl%3D2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-No_High_Ground-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-No_High_Ground_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnebelBailey1960">Knebel & Bailey 1960</a>, hlm. 175–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Official_Report_on_the_Bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki_161-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abomb1.org/hiroshim/hiro_med.html">"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. The Manhattan Engineer District. June 29, 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128143513/http://www.abomb1.org/hiroshim/hiro_med.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=The+Manhattan+Engineer+District&rft.date=1946-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abomb1.org%2Fhiroshim%2Fhiro_med.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.psywarrior.com_OWI60YrsLater2-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.psywarrior.com_OWI60YrsLater2_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.psywarrior.com_OWI60YrsLater2_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psywarrior.com/OWI60YrsLater2.html">"OWI Pacific Psyop Six Decades ago"</a>. Herbert A. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OWI+Pacific+Psyop+Six+Decades+ago&rft.pub=Herbert+A.+Friedman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psywarrior.com%2FOWI60YrsLater2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310183742/http://www.city.nagasaki.lg.jp/peace/english/abm/download/leaflet_e.pdf">"Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.nagasaki.lg.jp/peace/english/abm/download/leaflet_e.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2014-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagasaki+Atomic+Bomb+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.nagasaki.lg.jp%2Fpeace%2Fenglish%2Fabm%2Fdownload%2Fleaflet_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190612215224/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=100">"Statement by the President Announcing the Use of the A-Bomb at Hiroshima"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>. August 6, 1945. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=100">versi asli</a> tanggal 2019-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+the+President+Announcing+the+Use+of+the+A-Bomb+at+Hiroshima&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.date=1945-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fpublicpapers%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix1996512-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix1996512_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBix1996">Bix 1996</a>, hlm. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavinskiĭ2004153–154-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavinskiĭ2004153–154_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlavinskiĭ2004">Slavinskiĭ 2004</a>, hlm. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999288–289-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999288–289_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2001401-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2001401_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyt2001">Hoyt 2001</a>, hlm. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrank1999283–284_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrank1999">Frank 1999</a>, hlm. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuss199064–65_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuss1990">Russ 1990</a>, hlm. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962342-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962342_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, hlm. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=104&st=&st1">Radio Report to the American People on the Potsdam Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122171735/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=104&st=&st1">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-11-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, Delivered from the White House at 10 p.m, August 9, 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagasaki-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagasaki_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagasaki_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105222419/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=15&documentid=65&documentdate=June%252019,%25201946&studycollectionid=abomb">"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. President's Secretary's File, Truman Papers."</a> Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. hlm. 15. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=15&documentid=65&documentdate=June%2019,%201946&studycollectionid=abomb">versi asli</a> tanggal 2018-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey%3A+The+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%2C+June+19%2C+1946.+President%27s+Secretary%27s+File%2C+Truman+Papers.&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Findex.php%3Fpagenumber%3D15%26documentid%3D65%26documentdate%3DJune%252019%2C%25201946%26studycollectionid%3Dabomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroves1962309-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroves1962309_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroves1962">Groves 1962</a>, hlm. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Johnston, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1945JAP2.html">"Nagasaki atomic bombing, 1945"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205023452/http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1945JAP2.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagasaki+atomic+bombing%2C+1945&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fnuclear%2Fradevents%2F1945JAP2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977353–354-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasMorgan-Witts1977353–354_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977">Thomas & Morgan-Witts 1977</a>, hlm. 353–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwin2003233–23-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherwin2003233–23_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSherwin2003">Sherwin 2003</a>, hlm. 233–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005114-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2005114_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, hlm. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200532-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200532_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, hlm. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SM16-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SM16_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM16_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM16_180-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211223406/http://www.mphpa.org/classic/HISTORY/H-07m1.htm">"Timeline #3- the 509th; The Nagasaki Mission"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steel+mill+worker+reveals+blocking+view+of+U.S.+aircraft+on+day+of+Nagasaki+atomic+bombing&rft.pub=Mainichi+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmainichi.jp%2Fenglish%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2Fnews%2F20140726p2a00m0na014000c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997179,_213–215-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997179,_213–215_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997">Sweeney, Antonucci & Antonucci 1997</a>, hlm. 179, 213–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitzer-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spitzer_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mphpa.org/classic/COLLECTIONS/CG-ASPI/01/Pages/CGP-ASPI-025.htm">"Spitzer Personal Diary Page 25 (CGP-ASPI-025)"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spitzer+Personal+Diary+Page+25+%28CGP-ASPI-025%29&rft.pub=The+Atomic+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mphpa.org%2Fclassic%2FCOLLECTIONS%2FCG-ASPI%2F01%2FPages%2FCGP-ASPI-025.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChun200870-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChun200870_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChun2008">Chun 2008</a>, hlm. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993295-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993295_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson <i>et al</i>. 1993</a>, hlm. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stories_from_Riken-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stories_from_Riken_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610165712/http://www.riken.jp/r-world/info/release/riken88/text/image/pdf/no09e.pdf">"Stories from Riken"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+Account+of+Atomic+Bomb+Over+Nagasaki&rft.pub=National+Science+Digital+Library&rft.aulast=Laurence&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FDocs%2FHiroshima%2FNagasaki.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005222-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2005222_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, hlm. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2005184-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2005184_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, hlm. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHam2011367-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHam2011367_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHam2011">Ham 2011</a>, hlm. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESklar198456–60-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESklar198456–60_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSklar1984">Sklar 1984</a>, hlm. 56–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESodei1998ix-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESodei1998ix_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSodei1998">Sodei 1998</a>, hlm. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOE-NAGA-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOE-NAGA_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rezelman, David; F.G. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Manhattan+Project%3A+An+Interactive+History&rft.atitle=The+atomic+bombing+of+Nagasaki&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rezelman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=F.G.+Gosling&rft.au=Terrence+R.+Fehner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfo.doe.gov%2Fme70%2Fmanhattan%2Fnagasaki.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,165148,00.html">"Nagasaki's Mayor Slams U.S. for Nuke Arsenal"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. Associated Press. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Nagasaki%27s+Mayor+Slams+U.S.+for+Nuke+Arsenal&rft.date=2005-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C165148%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WNA-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WNA_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WNA_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124002953/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Hiroshima,-Nagasaki,-and-Subsequent-Weapons-Testing/">"Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Subsequent Weapons Testing"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiroshima%2C+Nagasaki%2C+and+Subsequent+Weapons+Testing&rft.pub=World+Nuclear+Association&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finfo%2FSafety-and-Security%2FRadiation-and-Health%2FHiroshima%2C-Nagasaki%2C-and-Subsequent-Weapons-Testing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlperovitzTree1996534-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlperovitzTree1996534_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlperovitzTree1996">Alperovitz & Tree 1996</a>, hlm. 534.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/06/25/national/nagasaki-memorial-adds-british-pow-as-a-bomb-victim/#.Ulhj4j-bHyI">"Nagasaki memorial adds British POW as A-bomb victim"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. August 9, 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061001/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/06/25/national/nagasaki-memorial-adds-british-pow-as-a-bomb-victim/#.Ulhj4j-bHyI">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Nagasaki+memorial+adds+British+POW+as+A-bomb+victim&rft.date=1945-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2005%2F06%2F25%2Fnational%2Fnagasaki-memorial-adds-british-pow-as-a-bomb-victim%2F%23.Ulhj4j-bHyI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051220095835/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/print/news/nn08-2005/nn20050805a7.htm">"Two Dutch POWs join Nagasaki bomb victim list"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. August 9, 1945. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+from+Indian+Country&rft.atitle=How+Effective+Was+Navajo+Code%3F+One+Former+Captive+Knows&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepeoplespaths.net%2Farticles%2Fnavcode.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article972178">"POW's Remarkable Escapes in Nagasaki"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Argus_(Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Argus (Australia) (halaman belum tersedia)">The Argus</a></i>. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. September 19, 1945. hlm. 20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=POW%27s+Remarkable+Escapes+in+Nagasaki&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1945-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article972178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pd-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pd_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200508/10/eng20050810_201424.html">"Nagasaki marks tragic anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Nagasaki+marks+tragic+anniversary&rft.date=2005-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F200508%2F10%2Feng20050810_201424.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928015939/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?pagenumber=19&documentid=65&documentdate=June%2019%2C%201946&studycollectionid=abomb&groupid=.">"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, June 19, 1946. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rescript+ending+war+%E2%80%93+What+Hirohito+really+said+in+his+acceptance+speech&rft.pub=Yosha+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.jcom.home.ne.jp%2Fyosha%2Fyr%2Fempires%2FImperial_rescript_1945-08-14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiwandocuments.org/surrender07.htm">"Emperor Hirohito's Surrender Rescript to Japanese Troops"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=The+pure+horror+of+Hiroshima&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.aulast=Richie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fculture%2F2009%2F08%2F16%2Fbooks%2Fthe-pure-horror-of-hiroshima%2F%23.UdhVsfnVDTc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp2000434–452-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharp2000434–452_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharp2000">Sharp 2000</a>, hlm. 434–452.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_Yorker_2010-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_Yorker_2010_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Michaub, Jon (June 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/backissues/2010/06/eighty-five-from-the-archive-john-hersey.html">"Eighty-Five from the Archive: John Hersey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140220024430/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/backissues/2010/06/eighty-five-from-the-archive-john-hersey.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Eighty-Five+from+the+Archive%3A+John+Hersey&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft.aulast=Michaub&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fbackissues%2F2010%2F06%2Feighty-five-from-the-archive-john-hersey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Putnam, Frank W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/95/10/5426.full">"The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Academy of Sciences (halaman belum tersedia)">National Academy of Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171408/http://www.pnas.org/content/95/10/5426.full">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Relief+for+A-bomb+victims&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2007%2F08%2F15%2Feditorials%2Frelief-for-a-bomb-victims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Yamamoto, Arata (August 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hiroshima-marks-70th-anniversary-atom-bomb-prayers-tears-n404831">"Hiroshima Marks 70th Anniversary of Atom Bomb With Prayers and Tears"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150809014107/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/hiroshima-marks-70th-anniversary-atom-bomb-prayers-tears-n404831">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hiroshima+Marks+70th+Anniversary+of+Atom+Bomb+With+Prayers+and+Tears&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.aulast=Yamamoto&rft.aufirst=Arata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fhiroshima-marks-70th-anniversary-atom-bomb-prayers-tears-n404831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Johnston, Eric (August 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/09/national/nagasaki-mayor-atomic-bomb-survivors-caution-security-bills-70th-anniversary-bombing/#.VceGCJ1Viko">"Nagasaki bombing remembered, but doubts emerge over anti-war, anti-nuke policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150809093409/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/08/09/national/nagasaki-mayor-atomic-bomb-survivors-caution-security-bills-70th-anniversary-bombing/#.VceGCJ1Viko">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Nagasaki+bombing+remembered%2C+but+doubts+emerge+over+anti-war%2C+anti-nuke+policy&rft.date=2015-08-09&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2015%2F08%2F09%2Fnational%2Fnagasaki-mayor-atomic-bomb-survivors-caution-security-bills-70th-anniversary-bombing%2F%23.VceGCJ1Viko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810060050/http://www.nci.org/0new/hibakusha-jt5701.htm">"Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors"</a>. <i><span></span></i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Times">Japan Times</a><i><span></span></i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nci.org/0new/hibakusha-jt5701.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal August 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%27%27Japan+Times%27%27&rft.atitle=Prejudice+haunts+atomic+bomb+survivors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nci.org%2F0new%2Fhibakusha-jt5701.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rerf.jp/radefx/genetics_e/birthdef.html">"Birth defects among the children of atomic-bomb survivors (1948–1954)"</a>. Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF). Formerly known as the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520224831/http://www.rerf.jp/radefx/genetics_e/birthdef.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+defects+among+the+children+of+atomic-bomb+survivors+%281948%E2%80%931954%29&rft.pub=Radiation+Effects+Research+Foundation+%28RERF%29.+Formerly+known+as+the+Atomic+Bomb+Casualty+Commission+%28ABCC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rerf.jp%2Fradefx%2Fgenetics_e%2Fbirthdef.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Michiko Yamada; Shizue Izumi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00127-002-0572-5">"Psychiatric sequelae in atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki two decades after the explosions"</a>. <i>Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology</i>. Springer. <b>37</b> (9): 409–415. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00127-002-0572-5">10.1007/s00127-002-0572-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123010343/http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00127-002-0572-5">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychiatry+and+Psychiatric+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+sequelae+in+atomic+bomb+survivors+in+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+two+decades+after+the+explosions&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=409-415&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00127-002-0572-5&rft.au=Michiko+Yamada&rft.au=Shizue+Izumi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%252Fs00127-002-0572-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/story/679401/japan-confirms-first-double-a-bomb-survivor">"Japan Confirms First Double A-Bomb Survivor"</a>. <i>News.sky.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418185456/http://news.sky.com/story/679401/japan-confirms-first-double-a-bomb-survivor">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.sky.com&rft.atitle=Japan+Confirms+First+Double+A-Bomb+Survivor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2F679401%2Fjapan-confirms-first-double-a-bomb-survivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/06/japan.bomb.victim.dies/index.html">"Man who survived two atom bombs dies"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. January 8, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107042406/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/01/06/japan.bomb.victim.dies/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal January 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Man+who+survived+two+atom+bombs+dies&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F01%2F06%2Fjapan.bomb.victim.dies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twice-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Twice_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/06/08/twicesurvived.html">"Twice Bombed, Twice Survived: Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki"</a>. Columbia University. August 2, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403051426/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/06/08/twicesurvived.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal April 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twice+Bombed%2C+Twice+Survived%3A+Film+Explores+Untold+Stories+from+Hiroshima+%26+Nagasaki&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2006-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fnews%2F06%2F08%2Ftwicesurvived.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007111-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruhl2007111_261-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruhl2007">Gruhl 2007</a>, hlm. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Palmer, David (February 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanfocus.org/-David-Palmer/2670">"Korean Hibakusha, Japan's Supreme Court and the International Community: Can the U.S. and Japan Confront Forced Labor and Atomic Bombing?"</a>. <i>Asia-Pacific Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150054/http://japanfocus.org/-David-Palmer/2670">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Korean+Hibakusha%2C+Japan%27s+Supreme+Court+and+the+International+Community%3A+Can+the+U.S.+and+Japan+Confront+Forced+Labor+and+Atomic+Bombing%3F&rft.date=2008-02-20&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapanfocus.org%2F-David-Palmer%2F2670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,886289,00.html">"Least Abhorrent Choice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></i>. February 3, 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122231315/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,886289,00.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Least+Abhorrent+Choice&rft.date=1947-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C886289%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2005334-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2005334_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2005">Walker 2005</a>, hlm. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200223–24-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJowettAndrew200223–24_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJowettAndrew2002">Jowett & Andrew 2002</a>, hlm. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741–44-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksStanley200741–44_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooksStanley2007">Brooks & Stanley 2007</a>, hlm. 41–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeldenSelden1990xxx–xxxi-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeldenSelden1990xxx–xxxi_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeldenSelden1990">Selden & Selden 1990</a>, hlm. xxx–xxxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199097–114-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker199097–114_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1990">Walker 1990</a>, hlm. 97–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Kill_All_Prisoners_Order" class="extiw" title="s:Kill All Prisoners Order">s:Kill All Prisoners Order</a> (Introduced into the Tokyo War Crimes Trials in January 1947 as Document No. 2701 (Certified as Exhibit "O" in Doc. No. 2687)) — <cite class="citation web">Reynolds, Gary K. (December 17, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112221108/https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf">"U.S. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/crs/RL30606.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2016-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Prisoners+of+War+and+Civilian+American+Citizens+Captured+and+Interned+by+Japan+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Issue+of+Compensation+by+Japan&rft.series=Congressional+Research+Service+Report+for+Congress&rft.date=2002-12-17&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gary+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fman%2Fcrs%2FRL30606.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Salah satu salinan perintah umum tersebut ditemukan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Edwards_(Hong_Kong)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Edwards (Hong Kong) (halaman belum tersedia)">Jack Edwards</a> seusai perang di reruntuhan perkemahan tahanan perang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaseki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinkaseki (halaman belum tersedia)">Kinkaseki</a>.<a href="#CITEREFEdwardsWalter1991">Edwards & Walter 1991</a>, hlm. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStohl1979[https://books.google.com/?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA279_279]-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStohl1979[https://books.google.com/?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA279_279]_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStohl1979">Stohl 1979</a>, hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA279">279</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Orr, James J. (2008). "Review of <i>Hiroshima in History: The Myths of Revisionism</i> and <i>The End of the Pacific War</i>". <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (2,): 521–529. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6848">0095-6848</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/27756604">27756604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+Hiroshima+in+History%3A+The+Myths+of+Revisionism+and+The+End+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2%2C&rft.pages=521-529&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27756604&rft.issn=0095-6848&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/08/14/historians-soviet-offensive-key-japans-wwii-surrender-eclipsed-bombs/">"Historians: Soviet offensive, key to Japan's WWII surrender, was eclipsed by A-bombs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox news">Fox news</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122040045/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/08/14/historians-soviet-offensive-key-japans-wwii-surrender-eclipsed-bombs/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+news&rft.atitle=Historians%3A+Soviet+offensive%2C+key+to+Japan%27s+WWII+surrender%2C+was+eclipsed+by+A-bombs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2F08%2F14%2Fhistorians-soviet-offensive-key-japans-wwii-surrender-eclipsed-bombs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21093234">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="column-count: 3;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAllen1969" class="citation book">Allen, Louis (1969). "The Nuclear Raids". Dalam <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Hart, Basil Liddell</a>. <i>History of the Second World War</i>. Volume 6. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Purnell. hlm. 2566–2576.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nuclear+Raids&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2566-2576&rft.pub=Purnell&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAlperovitzTree1996" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Alperovitz, Gar</a>; Tree, Sanho (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisiontouseato0000alpe_n6z9"><i>The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb</i></a>. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-679-76285-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-679-76285-X">0-679-76285-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decision+to+Use+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-679-76285-X&rft.aulast=Alperovitz&rft.aufirst=Gar&rft.au=Tree%2C+Sanho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisiontouseato0000alpe_n6z9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAsada1996" class="citation book">Asada, Sadao (1996). "The Shock of the Atomic Bomb and Japan's Decision to Surrender: A Reconsideration". Dalam Hogan, Michael J. <i>Hiroshima in History and Memory</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-disambig" title="New York">New York</a>: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-56682-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-56682-7">0-521-56682-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shock+of+the+Atomic+Bomb+and+Japan%27s+Decision+to+Surrender%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+in+History+and+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56682-7&rft.aulast=Asada&rft.aufirst=Sadao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBagby1999" class="citation book">Bagby, Wesley Marvin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasinternat0000bagb"><i>America's International Relations Since World War I</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-512389-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-512389-1">0-19-512389-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38574200">38574200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+International+Relations+Since+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38574200&rft.isbn=0-19-512389-1&rft.aulast=Bagby&rft.aufirst=Wesley+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasinternat0000bagb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBix1996" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Bix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Bix (halaman belum tersedia)">Bix, Herbert</a> (1996). "Japan's Delayed Surrender: A Reinterpretation". Dalam Hogan, Michael J. <i>Hiroshima in History and Memory</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-56682-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-56682-7">0-521-56682-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Delayed+Surrender%3A+A+Reinterpretation&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+in+History+and+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56682-7&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBodden2007" class="citation book">Bodden, Valerie (2007). <i>The Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki</i>. Mankato, Minnesota: The Creative Company. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-58341-545-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-58341-545-9">1-58341-545-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bombing+of+Hiroshima+%26+Nagasaki&rft.place=Mankato%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=The+Creative+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-58341-545-9&rft.aulast=Bodden&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBradley1999" class="citation book">Bradley, F.J. (1999). <i>No Strategic Targets Left</i>. Paducah, Kentucky: Turner Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-912799-07-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-912799-07-2">0-912799-07-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Strategic+Targets+Left&rft.place=Paducah%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-912799-07-2&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=F.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBrooksStanley2007" class="citation book">Brooks, Risa; Stanley, Elizabeth A. (2007). <i>Creating Military Power: the Sources of Military Effectiveness</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8047-5399-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8047-5399-7">0-8047-5399-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Military+Power%3A+the+Sources+of+Military+Effectiveness&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-8047-5399-7&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Risa&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBungei1981" class="citation book">Bungei, Shunjū Senshi Kenkyūkai (1981). <i>The Day Man Lost: Hiroshima</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87011-471-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87011-471-9">0-87011-471-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+Man+Lost%3A+Hiroshima&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-87011-471-9&rft.aulast=Bungei&rft.aufirst=Shunj%C5%AB+Senshi+Kenky%C5%ABkai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBurchett2004" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Burchett" title="Wilfred Burchett">Burchett, Wilfred</a> (2004). "The Atomic Plague". Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pilger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pilger (halaman belum tersedia)">Pilger, John</a>. <i>Tell me No Lies</i>. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. hlm. 10–25. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-224-06288-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-224-06288-3">0-224-06288-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61395938">61395938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Atomic+Plague&rft.btitle=Tell+me+No+Lies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10-25&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61395938&rft.isbn=0-224-06288-3&rft.aulast=Burchett&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book">Campbell, Richard H. (2005). <i>The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the </i>Enola Gay<i> and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7864-2139-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7864-2139-8">0-7864-2139-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/58554961">58554961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silverplate+Bombers%3A+A+History+and+Registry+of+the+Enola+Gay+and+Other+B-29s+Configured+to+Carry+Atomic+Bombs&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58554961&rft.isbn=0-7864-2139-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation book">Carroll, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseofwarpentag0000carr"><i>House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-618-87201-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-618-87201-9">0-618-87201-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+of+War%3A+The+Pentagon+and+the+Disastrous+Rise+of+American+Power&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-618-87201-9&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseofwarpentag0000carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChristman1998" class="citation book">Christman, Albert B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/targethiroshimad0000chri"><i>Target Hiroshima: Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb</i></a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55750-120-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55750-120-3">1-55750-120-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38257982">38257982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Target+Hiroshima%3A+Deak+Parsons+and+the+Creation+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38257982&rft.isbn=1-55750-120-3&rft.aulast=Christman&rft.aufirst=Albert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftargethiroshimad0000chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChun2008" class="citation book">Chun, Clayton K. S. (2008). <i>Japan, 1945: From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki</i>. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84603-284-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84603-284-4">978-1-84603-284-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/191922849">191922849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%2C+1945%3A+From+Operation+Downfall+to+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191922849&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-284-4&rft.aulast=Chun&rft.aufirst=Clayton+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCompton1956" class="citation book">Compton, Arthur (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomicquestperso0000comp"><i>Atomic Quest</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/173307">173307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Quest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173307&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatomicquestperso0000comp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCoox1969" class="citation book">Coox, Alvin D. (1969). "Japan at the End of Her Tether". Dalam <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Hart, Basil Liddell</a>. <i>History of the Second World War</i>. Volume 6. London: Purnell. hlm. 2536–2544.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan+at+the+End+of+Her+Tether&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=2536-2544&rft.pub=Purnell&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Coox&rft.aufirst=Alvin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCoox1994" class="citation book">Coox, Alvin D. (1994). "Air War Against Japan". Dalam Cooling, B. Franklin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keUMn-pi5vkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Case Studies in the Achievement of Air Superiority</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-912799-63-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-912799-63-3">0-912799-63-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Air+War+Against+Japan&rft.btitle=Case+Studies+in+the+Achievement+of+Air+Superiority&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Center+for+Air+Force+History&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-912799-63-3&rft.aulast=Coox&rft.aufirst=Alvin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkeUMn-pi5vkC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCoster-Mullen2012" class="citation book">Coster-Mullen, John (2012). <i>Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man</i>. Waukesha, Wisconsin: J. Coster-Mullen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/298514167">298514167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atom+Bombs%3A+The+Top+Secret+Inside+Story+of+Little+Boy+and+Fat+Man&rft.place=Waukesha%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=J.+Coster-Mullen&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298514167&rft.aulast=Coster-Mullen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCravenCate1953" class="citation book">Craven, Wesley; Cate, James, ed. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/V/index.html"><i>The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki</i></a>. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/256469807">256469807</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020316193552/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/V/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2002-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific%3A+Matterhorn+to+Nagasaki&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=The+Army+Air+Forces+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F256469807&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAAF%2FV%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDietzVan_Kirk2012" class="citation book">Dietz, Suzanne Simon; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Van_Kirk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Van Kirk (halaman belum tersedia)">Van Kirk, Theodore Jerome</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mytruecoursedutc0000diet"><i>My true course: Dutch Van Kirk, Northumberland to Hiroshima</i></a>. Lawrenceville, Georgia: Red Gremlin Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-692-01676-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-692-01676-3">978-0-692-01676-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/797975707">797975707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+true+course%3A+Dutch+Van+Kirk%2C+Northumberland+to+Hiroshima&rft.place=Lawrenceville%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Red+Gremlin+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797975707&rft.isbn=978-0-692-01676-3&rft.aulast=Dietz&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Simon&rft.au=Van+Kirk%2C+Theodore+Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmytruecoursedutc0000diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDrea1992" class="citation book">Drea, Edward J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macarthursultrac0000drea"><i>MacArthur's ULTRA: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942–1945</i></a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7006-0504-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7006-0504-5">0-7006-0504-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/23651196">23651196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacArthur%27s+ULTRA%3A+Codebreaking+and+the+War+Against+Japan%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23651196&rft.isbn=0-7006-0504-5&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacarthursultrac0000drea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsWalter1991" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Edwards_(Hong_Kong)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Edwards (Hong Kong) (halaman belum tersedia)">Edwards, Jack</a>; Walter, Jimmy (1991). <i>Banzai you Bastards</i>. London: Souvenir Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-285-63027-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-285-63027-X">0-285-63027-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/24908835">24908835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banzai+you+Bastards&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Souvenir+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24908835&rft.isbn=0-285-63027-X&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Walter%2C+Jimmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1996" class="citation book">Edwards, Pail N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/closedworldcompu00edwa"><i>The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-262-55028-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-262-55028-8">0-262-55028-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/807140394">807140394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Closed+World%3A+Computers+and+the+Politics+of+Discourse+in+Cold+War+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807140394&rft.isbn=0-262-55028-8&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Pail+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclosedworldcompu00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFeraru1950" class="citation journal">Feraru, Arthur N. (May 17, 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_far-eastern-survey_1950-05-17_19_10/page/101">"Public Opinion Polls on Japan"</a>. <i>Far Eastern Survey</i>. Institute of Pacific Relations. <b>19</b> (10): 101–103. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.1950.19.10.01p0599l">10.1525/as.1950.19.10.01p0599l</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-8949">0362-8949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3023943">3023943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=Public+Opinion+Polls+on+Japan&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=101-103&rft.date=1950-05-17&rft.issn=0362-8949&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3023943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.1950.19.10.01p0599l&rft.aulast=Feraru&rft.aufirst=Arthur+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_far-eastern-survey_1950-05-17_19_10%2Fpage%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFiévéWaley2003" class="citation book">Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanesecapitals0000unse"><i>Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo</i></a>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7007-1409-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7007-1409-X">0-7007-1409-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Capitals+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Place%2C+Power+and+Memory+in+Kyoto%2C+Edo+and+Tokyo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7007-1409-X&rft.aulast=Fi%C3%A9v%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Waley%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanesecapitals0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Frank (halaman belum tersedia)">Frank, Richard B.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/downfallendofimp00fran"><i>Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-679-41424-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-679-41424-X">0-679-41424-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downfall%3A+The+End+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-679-41424-X&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdownfallendofimp00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFujiwara1991" class="citation book">Fujiwara, Akira (1991). <i>Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō "dokuhakuroku"</i>. Tōkyō: Ōtsuki Shoten. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/4-272-52022-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/4-272-52022-9">4-272-52022-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tettei+kensh%C5%8D+Sh%C5%8Dwa+Tenn%C5%8D+%22dokuhakuroku%22&rft.place=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D&rft.pub=%C5%8Ctsuki+Shoten&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=4-272-52022-9&rft.aulast=Fujiwara&rft.aufirst=Akira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGiangreco2009" class="citation book">Giangreco, D. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/helltopayoperati0000gian"><i>Hell to Pay: Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945–1947</i></a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-59114-316-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-59114-316-1">978-1-59114-316-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/643381863">643381863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+to+Pay%3A+Operation+Downfall+and+the+Invasion+of+Japan+1945%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643381863&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-316-1&rft.aulast=Giangreco&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhelltopayoperati0000gian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinDillonWenger1995" class="citation book">Goldstein, Donald; Dillon, Katherine V; Wenger, J Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rainofruinphotog00gold"><i>Rain of Ruin: a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-57488-033-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-57488-033-0">1-57488-033-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31969557">31969557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain+of+Ruin%3A+a+Photographic+History+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31969557&rft.isbn=1-57488-033-0&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V&rft.au=Wenger%2C+J++Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frainofruinphotog00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGordin2007" class="citation book">Gordin, Michael D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivedaysinaugust0000gord"><i>Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear War</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-691-12818-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-691-12818-9">0-691-12818-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/70630623">70630623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Days+in+August%3A+How+World+War+II+Became+a+Nuclear+War&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70630623&rft.isbn=0-691-12818-9&rft.aulast=Gordin&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffivedaysinaugust0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGowing1964" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gowing" title="Margaret Gowing">Gowing, Margaret</a> (1964). <i>Britain and Atomic Energy, 1935–1945</i>. London: Macmillan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3195209">3195209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Atomic+Energy%2C+1935%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3195209&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGroves1962" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Groves, Leslie</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nowitcanbetolds00grov"><i>Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-306-70738-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-306-70738-1">0-306-70738-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/537684">537684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+it+Can+be+Told%3A+The+Story+of+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F537684&rft.isbn=0-306-70738-1&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnowitcanbetolds00grov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGruhl2007" class="citation book">Gruhl, Werner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imperialjapanswo00unse"><i>Imperial Japan's World War II, 1931–1945</i></a>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7658-0352-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7658-0352-8">978-0-7658-0352-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/76871604">76871604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Japan%27s+World+War+II%2C+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76871604&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0352-8&rft.aulast=Gruhl&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimperialjapanswo00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrunden1998" class="citation journal">Grunden, Walter E. (1998). "Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb: Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth". <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 32–60. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684529808432475">10.1080/02684529808432475</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=Hungnam+and+the+Japanese+atomic+bomb%3A+Recent+Historiography+of+a+Postwar+Myth&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-60&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684529808432475&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft.aulast=Grunden&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHam2011" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Ham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Ham (halaman belum tersedia)">Ham, Paul</a> (2011). <i>Hiroshima Nagasaki</i>. Sydney: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7322-8845-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7322-8845-7">978-0-7322-8845-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/746754306">746754306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+Nagasaki&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F746754306&rft.isbn=978-0-7322-8845-7&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2007" class="citation book">Harvey, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanshogunge0000unse"><i>American Shogun: General MacArthur, Emperor Hirohito and the Drama of Modern Japan</i></a>. Woodstock, New York: The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-58567-891-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-58567-891-0">1-58567-891-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62134797">62134797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Shogun%3A+General+MacArthur%2C+Emperor+Hirohito+and+the+Drama+of+Modern+Japan&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+New+York&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62134797&rft.isbn=1-58567-891-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanshogunge0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHasegawa2006" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Hasegawa" title="Tsuyoshi Hasegawa">Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racingenemystali00hase"><i>Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-674-01693-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-674-01693-4">978-0-674-01693-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racing+the+Enemy%3A+Stalin%2C+Truman%2C+and+the+Surrender+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01693-4&rft.aulast=Hasegawa&rft.aufirst=Tsuyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracingenemystali00hase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHeinSelden1997" class="citation book">Hein, Laura; Selden, Mark, ed. (1997). <i>Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age</i>. New York: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-56324-967-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-56324-967-9">978-1-56324-967-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+with+the+Bomb%3A+American+and+Japanese+Cultural+Conflicts+in+the+Nuclear+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-967-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHixson2002" class="citation book">Hixson, Walter L. (2002). <i>The American Experience in World War II: The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-94035-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-94035-1">978-0-415-94035-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59464269">59464269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Experience+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Atomic+Bomb+in+History+and+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59464269&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94035-1&rft.aulast=Hixson&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993" class="citation book">Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). <i>Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-44132-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-44132-3">0-521-44132-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26764320">26764320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Assembly%3A+A+Technical+History+of+Los+Alamos+During+the+Oppenheimer+Years%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26764320&rft.isbn=0-521-44132-3&rft.aulast=Hoddeson&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Henriksen%2C+Paul+W.&rft.au=Meade%2C+Roger+A.&rft.au=Westfall%2C+Catherine+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoyt2001" class="citation book">Hoyt, Edwin P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanswargreatpa0000hoyt"><i>Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8154-1118-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8154-1118-9">0-8154-1118-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12722494">12722494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+War%3A+The+Great+Pacific+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12722494&rft.isbn=0-8154-1118-9&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanswargreatpa0000hoyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHubbell_et_al1969" class="citation book">Hubbell, Harry; Cheka, Joseph; Jones, Throyce (1969). <i>The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs. Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values</i>. Hiroshima: Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/404745043">404745043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epicenters+of+the+Atomic+Bombs.+Reevaluation+of+All+Available+Physical+Data+With+Recommended+Values&rft.place=Hiroshima&rft.pub=Atomic+Bomb+Casualty+Commission&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F404745043&rft.aulast=Hubbell&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Cheka%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Jones%2C+Throyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFIshikawaSwain1981" class="citation book">Ishikawa, Eisei; Swain, David L. (1981). <i>Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-465-02985-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-465-02985-3">978-0-465-02985-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/715904227">715904227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%3A+The+Physical%2C+Medical%2C+and+Social+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715904227&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02985-3&rft.aulast=Ishikawa&rft.aufirst=Eisei&rft.au=Swain%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2008" class="citation book">Johnston, Barbara Rose (2008). <i>The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War: The Rongelap Report</i>. Walnutt Creek: Left Coast Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-59874-346-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-59874-346-3">978-1-59874-346-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Consequential+Damages+of+Nuclear+War%3A+The+Rongelap+Report&rft.place=Walnutt+Creek&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59874-346-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book">Jones, Vincent (1985). <i>Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb</i>. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10913875">10913875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan%3A+The+Army+and+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10913875&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJowettAndrew2002" class="citation book">Jowett, Philip S.; Andrew, Stephen (2002). <i>The Japanese Army 1931–45: 2 1942–45</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84176-354-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84176-354-5">978-1-84176-354-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59395824">59395824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Army+1931%E2%80%9345%3A+2+1942%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59395824&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-354-5&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKerr1991" class="citation book">Kerr, E. Bartlett (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flamesovertokyou00kerr"><i>Flames Over Tokyo: the US Army Air Forces' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944–1945</i></a>. New York: Donald I. Fine Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55611-301-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55611-301-3">1-55611-301-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flames+Over+Tokyo%3A+the+US+Army+Air+Forces%27+Incendiary+Campaign+against+Japan+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Donald+I.+Fine+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-55611-301-3&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=E.+Bartlett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflamesovertokyou00kerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKerr_et_al2005" class="citation book">Kerr, George D.; Young, Robert W.; Cullings, Harry M.; Christy, Robert F. (2005). "Bomb Parameters". Dalam Young, Robert W.; Kerr, George D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810210007/http://www.rerf.or.jp/shared/ds02/pdf/chapter01/cha01-p42-61.pdf"><i>Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Dosimetry System 2002</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Hiroshima: The Radiation Effects Research Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/271477587">271477587</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rerf.or.jp/shared/ds02/pdf/chapter01/cha01-p42-61.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2015-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bomb+Parameters&rft.btitle=Reassessment+of+the+Atomic+Bomb+Radiation+Dosimetry+for+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+%E2%80%93+Dosimetry+System+2002&rft.place=Hiroshima&rft.pub=The+Radiation+Effects+Research+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F271477587&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft.au=Young%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Cullings%2C+Harry+M.&rft.au=Christy%2C+Robert+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rerf.or.jp%2Fshared%2Fds02%2Fpdf%2Fchapter01%2Fcha01-p42-61.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKidoYoshitake1966" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kido_K%C5%8Dichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kido Kōichi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kido, Kōichi</a>; Yoshitake, Oka (1966). <bdi lang="ja">木戶幸一日記</bdi> (dalam bahasa Japanese). Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/4-13-030012-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/4-13-030012-1">4-13-030012-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%A8%E6%88%B6%E5%B9%B8%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98&rft.place=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D&rft.pub=T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D+Daigaku+Shuppankai&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=4-13-030012-1&rft.aulast=Kido&rft.aufirst=K%C5%8Dichi&rft.au=Yoshitake%2C+Oka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|trans_title=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Bahasa_yang_tidak_diketahui" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKnebelBailey1960" class="citation book">Knebel, Fletcher; Bailey, Charles W. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nohighground0000kneb"><i>No High Ground</i></a>. New York: Harper and Row. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-313-24221-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-313-24221-6">0-313-24221-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+High+Ground&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-313-24221-6&rft.aulast=Knebel&rft.aufirst=Fletcher&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnohighground0000kneb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKrimskyShorett2005" class="citation book">Krimsky, Sheldon; Shorett, Peter (2005). <i>Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age: Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights</i>. Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7425-4341-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7425-4341-2">0-7425-4341-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rights+and+Liberties+in+the+Biotech+Age%3A+Why+We+Need+a+Genetic+Bill+of+Rights&rft.place=Lantham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7425-4341-2&rft.aulast=Krimsky&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft.au=Shorett%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewisTolzer1957" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lewis" title="Robert A. Lewis">Lewis, Robert A.</a>; Tolzer, Eliot (August 1957). "How We Dropped the A-Bomb". <i>Popular Science</i>: pp. 71–75, 209–210. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=How+We+Dropped+the+A-Bomb&rft.pages=pp.+71-75%2C+209-210&rft.date=1957-08&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Tolzer%2C+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLifton1991" class="citation book">Lifton, Robert Jay (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathinlifesurvi0000lift"><i>Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima</i></a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8078-4344-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8078-4344-X">0-8078-4344-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/490493399">490493399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+Life%3A+Survivors+of+Hiroshima&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F490493399&rft.isbn=0-8078-4344-X&rft.aulast=Lifton&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathinlifesurvi0000lift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLong1963" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Long" title="Gavin Long">Long, Gavin</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525001714/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67909"><i>The Final Campaigns</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Volume 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1297619">1297619</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67909">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2009-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Campaigns&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1297619&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fhistories%2Fsecond_world_war%2Fvolume.asp%3FlevelID%3D67909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcCormack2008" class="citation book">McCormack, Mary (2008). "Radiotherapy and Cancer". Dalam Sean Kehoe, Eric Jauniaux, Pierre Martin-Hirsch, Philip Savage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cancerreproducti0000sean"><i>Cancer and Reproductive Health</i></a>. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-904752-61-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-904752-61-5">978-1-904752-61-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radiotherapy+and+Cancer&rft.btitle=Cancer+and+Reproductive+Health&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+College+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynaecologists&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904752-61-5&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcancerreproducti0000sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_editors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list">link</a>) </span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcNelly2000" class="citation book">McNelly, Theodore H. (2000). "The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb". Dalam Jacob Neufeld. <i>Pearl Harbor to V-J Day: World War II in the Pacific</i>. New York: Diane Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4379-1286-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4379-1286-9">1-4379-1286-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Decision+to+Drop+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+to+V-J+Day%3A+World+War+II+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-4379-1286-9&rft.aulast=McNelly&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMalik1985" class="citation web">Malik, John (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/manhattan-project-history/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf">"The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Los Alamos National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124452/http://www.osti.gov/manhattan-project-history/publications/LANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yields+of+the+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+Explosions&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1985-09&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fmanhattan-project-history%2Fpublications%2FLANLHiroshimaNagasakiYields.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMiller1986" class="citation book">Miller, Richard Lee (1986). <i>Under the Cloud: The Decades of Nuclear Testing</i>. New York: Two-Sixty Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-02-921620-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-02-921620-6">0-02-921620-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Cloud%3A+The+Decades+of+Nuclear+Testing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Two-Sixty+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-02-921620-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMonk2012" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Monk (halaman belum tersedia)">Monk, Ray</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertoppenheime0000monk"><i>Robert Oppenheimer: A Life Inside the Center</i></a>. New York; Toronto: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-385-50407-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-385-50407-2">978-0-385-50407-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Oppenheimer%3A+A+Life+Inside+the+Center&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50407-2&rft.aulast=Monk&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertoppenheime0000monk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMoore1995" class="citation journal">Moore, Mike (July–August 1995). "Troublesome Imagery". <i>Bulletin of Atomic Scientists</i>. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science. <b>54</b> (4): 73–74. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Troublesome+Imagery&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=73-74&rft.date=1995-07%2F1995-08&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNewman1995" class="citation book">Newman, Robert P. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trumanhiroshimac0000newm"><i>Truman and the Hiroshima Cult</i></a>. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87013-403-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87013-403-5">0-87013-403-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32625518">32625518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman+and+the+Hiroshima+Cult&rft.place=East+Lansing%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32625518&rft.isbn=0-87013-403-5&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrumanhiroshimac0000newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPowaski1987" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Powaski, Ronald E.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marchtoarmageddo00powa"><i>March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-536454-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-536454-5">978-0-19-536454-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=March+to+Armageddon%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Nuclear+Arms+Race%2C+1939+to+the+Present&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536454-5&rft.aulast=Powaski&rft.aufirst=Ronald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarchtoarmageddo00powa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPreston2005" class="citation book">Preston, Diana (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforefalloutfro00pres"><i>Before The Fallout: From Marie Curie to Hiroshima</i></a>. New York: Walker & Co. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8027-1445-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8027-1445-5">0-8027-1445-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+The+Fallout%3A+From+Marie+Curie+to+Hiroshima&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Co&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8027-1445-5&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforefalloutfro00pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFReischauer1986" class="citation book">Reischauer, Edwin O. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mylifebetweenjap00reis"><i>My Life Between Japan And America</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-06-039054-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-06-039054-9">0-06-039054-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13114344">13114344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life+Between+Japan+And+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13114344&rft.isbn=0-06-039054-9&rft.aulast=Reischauer&rft.aufirst=Edwin+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmylifebetweenjap00reis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRotter2008" class="citation book">Rotter, Andrew J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiroshimaworldsb00rott_0"><i>Hiroshima: The World's Bomb</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-280437-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-280437-5">0-19-280437-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima%3A+The+World%27s+Bomb&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-19-280437-5&rft.aulast=Rotter&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiroshimaworldsb00rott_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRuss1990" class="citation book">Russ, Harlow W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/projectalbertapr0000russ"><i>Project Alberta: The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II</i></a>. Los Alamos, New Mexico: Exceptional Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-944482-01-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-944482-01-8">978-0-944482-01-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/24429257">24429257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Alberta%3A+The+Preparation+of+Atomic+Bombs+For+Use+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Los+Alamos%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Exceptional+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24429257&rft.isbn=978-0-944482-01-8&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Harlow+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprojectalbertapr0000russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSandler2001" class="citation book">Sandler, Stanley (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwariiinpaci0000unse"><i>World War II in the Pacific: an Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8153-1883-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8153-1883-9">0-8153-1883-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/44769066">44769066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+the+Pacific%3A+an+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44769066&rft.isbn=0-8153-1883-9&rft.aulast=Sandler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwariiinpaci0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer1985" class="citation book">Schaffer, Ronald (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wingsofjudgmenta0000scha"><i>Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-503629-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-503629-8">0-19-503629-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11785450">11785450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+of+Judgment%3A+American+Bombing+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11785450&rft.isbn=0-19-503629-8&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwingsofjudgmenta0000scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSeldenSelden1990" class="citation book">Selden, Kyoko Iriye; Selden, Mark (1990). <i>The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki</i>. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87332-773-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87332-773-X">0-87332-773-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/20057103">20057103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Bomb%3A+Voices+from+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20057103&rft.isbn=0-87332-773-X&rft.aulast=Selden&rft.aufirst=Kyoko+Iriye&rft.au=Selden%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSharp2000" class="citation journal">Sharp, Patrick B. "From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland: John Hersey's 'Hiroshima<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>". <i>Twentieth Century Literature</i>. <b>46</b> (2000): 434–452. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/827841">827841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth+Century+Literature&rft.atitle=From+Yellow+Peril+to+Japanese+Wasteland%3A+John+Hersey%27s+%27Hiroshima%27&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2000&rft.pages=434-452&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F827841&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Patrick+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSherwin2003" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Sherwin" title="Martin J. Sherwin">Sherwin, Martin J.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlddestroyedhi0000sher_b2h7"><i>A World Destroyed: Hiroshima and its Legacies</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8047-3957-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8047-3957-9">0-8047-3957-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/52714712">52714712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+Destroyed%3A+Hiroshima+and+its+Legacies&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52714712&rft.isbn=0-8047-3957-9&rft.aulast=Sherwin&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlddestroyedhi0000sher_b2h7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSklar1984" class="citation book">Sklar, Morty, ed. (1984). <i>Nuke-rebuke: Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons</i>. Iowa City, Iowa: The Spirit That Moves Us Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-930370-16-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-930370-16-3">0-930370-16-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/10072916">10072916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuke-rebuke%3A+Writers+%26+Artists+Against+Nuclear+Energy+%26+Weapons&rft.place=Iowa+City%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=The+Spirit+That+Moves+Us+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10072916&rft.isbn=0-930370-16-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSlavinskiĭ2004" class="citation book">Slavinskiĭ, Boris Nikolaevich (2004). <i>The Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact: A Diplomatic History, 1941–1945</i>. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese Studies Series. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-32292-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-32292-8">978-0-415-32292-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese-Soviet+Neutrality+Pact%3A+A+Diplomatic+History%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Nissan+Institute%2FRoutledge+Japanese+Studies+Series&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32292-8&rft.aulast=Slavinski%C4%AD&rft.aufirst=Boris+Nikolaevich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSodei1998" class="citation book">Sodei, Rinjiro (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wereweenemyameri0000sode"><i>Were We the Enemy? American Survivors of Hiroshima</i></a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8133-2960-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8133-2960-4">0-8133-2960-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Were+We+the+Enemy%3F+American+Survivors+of+Hiroshima&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8133-2960-4&rft.aulast=Sodei&rft.aufirst=Rinjiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwereweenemyameri0000sode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStohl1979" class="citation book">Stohl, Michael (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780824767648"><i>The Politics of Terrorism</i></a>. New York: M. Dekker. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8247-6764-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8247-6764-8">978-0-8247-6764-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4495087">4495087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.+Dekker&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4495087&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-6764-8&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780824767648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSweeneyAntonucciAntonucci1997" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sweeney" title="Charles Sweeney">Sweeney, Charles</a>; Antonucci, James A.; Antonucci, Marion K. (1997). <i>War's End: An Eyewitness Account of America's Last Atomic Mission</i>. New York: Quill Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-380-78874-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-380-78874-8">0-380-78874-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%27s+End%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account+of+America%27s+Last+Atomic+Mission&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Quill+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-380-78874-8&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Antonucci%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Antonucci%2C+Marion+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThomasMorgan-Witts1977" class="citation book">Thomas, Gordon; Morgan-Witts, Max (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ruinfromairatomi0000thom_o4p5"><i>Ruin from the Air</i></a>. London: Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-241-89726-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-241-89726-2">0-241-89726-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/252041787">252041787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruin+from+the+Air&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamilton&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252041787&rft.isbn=0-241-89726-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Morgan-Witts%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fruinfromairatomi0000thom_o4p5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTibbets1998" class="citation book">Tibbets, Paul W. (1998). <i>Return Of The Enola Gay</i>. New Hope, Pennsylvania: Enola Gay Remembered. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-9703666-0-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-9703666-0-4">0-9703666-0-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/69423383">69423383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+Of+The+Enola+Gay&rft.place=New+Hope%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Enola+Gay+Remembered&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69423383&rft.isbn=0-9703666-0-4&rft.aulast=Tibbets&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWainstock1996" class="citation book">Wainstock, Dennis D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisiontodropat0000wain"><i>The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-275-95475-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-275-95475-7">0-275-95475-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33243854">33243854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decision+to+Drop+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33243854&rft.isbn=0-275-95475-7&rft.aulast=Wainstock&rft.aufirst=Dennis+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisiontodropat0000wain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWalker1990" class="citation journal">Walker, J. Samuel (January 1990). "The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 97–114. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1990.tb00078.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1990.tb00078.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7709">1467-7709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+Decision+to+Use+the+Bomb%3A+A+Historiographical+Update&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-114&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1990.tb00078.x&rft.issn=1467-7709&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J.+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation journal">Walker, J. Samuel (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00476.x/pdf">"Recent Literature on Truman's Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground"</a>. <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 311–334. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00476.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00476.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7709">1467-7709</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823150440/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00476.x/pdf">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Recent+Literature+on+Truman%27s+Atomic+Bomb+Decision%3A+A+Search+for+Middle+Ground&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-334&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00476.x&rft.issn=1467-7709&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=J.+Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2005.00476.x%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWerrell1996" class="citation book">Werrell, Kenneth P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blanketsoffireus0000werr"><i>Blankets of Fire: U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-56098-665-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-56098-665-4">1-56098-665-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/32921746">32921746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blankets+of+Fire%3A+U.S.+Bombers+over+Japan+during+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32921746&rft.isbn=1-56098-665-4&rft.aulast=Werrell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblanketsoffireus0000werr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWhite1995" class="citation journal">White, Geoffrey. M. (July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3807/api021.pdf?sequence=1">"Memory Wars: The Politics of Remembering the Asia-Pacific War"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia-Pacific Issues</i> (21). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1522-0966">1522-0966</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210659/http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3807/api021.pdf?sequence=1">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Issues&rft.atitle=Memory+Wars%3A+The+Politics+of+Remembering+the+Asia-Pacific+War&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1995-07&rft.issn=1522-0966&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F3807%2Fapi021.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1960" class="citation book">Williams, M. H. (1960). <i>Chronology, 1941–1945</i>. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1358166">1358166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1358166&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFZalogaNoon2010" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Zaloga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Zaloga (halaman belum tersedia)">Zaloga, Steven J.</a>; Noon, Steve (2010). <i>Defense of Japan 1945</i>. Fortress. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-84603-687-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-84603-687-9">1-84603-687-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/503042143">503042143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defense+of+Japan+1945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Fortress&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503042143&rft.isbn=1-84603-687-9&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=Noon%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjutan">Bacaan lanjutan</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21093234"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Allen, Thomas; Polmar, Norman (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codenamedownfall00alle"><i>Code-Name Downfall</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-684-80406-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-684-80406-9">0-684-80406-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code-Name+Downfall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-684-80406-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Polmar%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcodenamedownfall00alle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1981). <i>Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-465-02985-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-465-02985-X">0-465-02985-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki%3A+The+Physical%2C+Medical%2C+and+Social+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-465-02985-X&rft.au=The+Committee+for+the+Compilation+of+Materials+on+Damage+Caused+by+the+Atomic+Bombs+in+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gosling, Francis George (1994). <i>The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb</i>. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy, History Division. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/637052193">637052193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manhattan+Project+%3A+Making+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy%2C+History+Division&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637052193&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=Francis+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hogan, Michael J. (1996). <i>Hiroshima in History and Memory</i>. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-56206-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-56206-6">0-521-56206-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+in+History+and+Memory&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56206-6&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kanabun (2012). Kyoko; Tam, Young, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage3.nifty.com/sasurai/Z_ENG.html"><i>A story of a girl who survived an atomic bomb</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00HJ6H2EK">B00HJ6H2EK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825021511/http://homepage3.nifty.com/sasurai/Z_ENG.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+story+of+a+girl+who+survived+an+atomic+bomb&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Kanabun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage3.nifty.com%2Fsasurai%2FZ_ENG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|trans_title=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Krauss, Robert; Krauss, Amelia (2005). <i>The 509th Remembered: A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves</i>. Buchanan, Michigan: 509th Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-923568-66-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-923568-66-2">0-923568-66-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59148135">59148135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+509th+Remembered%3A+A+History+of+the+509th+Composite+Group+as+Told+by+the+Veterans+Themselves&rft.place=Buchanan%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=509th+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59148135&rft.isbn=0-923568-66-2&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Krauss%2C+Amelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Merton, Thomas (1962). <i>Original Child Bomb: Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave</i>. New York: New Directions. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4527778">4527778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Child+Bomb%3A+Points+for+Meditation+to+be+Scratched+on+the+Walls+of+a+Cave&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+Directions&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4527778&rft.aulast=Merton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Murakami, Chikayasu (2007). <i>Hiroshima no shiroi sora (The White Sky in Hiroshima)</i>. Tokyo: Bungeisha. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/4-286-03708-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/4-286-03708-8">4-286-03708-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+no+shiroi+sora+%28The+White+Sky+in+Hiroshima%29&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Bungeisha&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=4-286-03708-8&rft.aulast=Murakami&rft.aufirst=Chikayasu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Ogura, Toyofumi (1948). <i>Letters from the End of the World: A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/4-7700-2776-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/4-7700-2776-1">4-7700-2776-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+from+the+End+of+the+World%3A+A+Firsthand+Account+of+the+Bombing+of+Hiroshima&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=4-7700-2776-1&rft.aulast=Ogura&rft.aufirst=Toyofumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sekimori, Gaynor (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hibakushasurvivo00seki"><i>Hibakusha: Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</i></a>. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/4-333-01204-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/4-333-01204-X">4-333-01204-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hibakusha%3A+Survivors+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kosei+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=4-333-01204-X&rft.aulast=Sekimori&rft.aufirst=Gaynor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhibakushasurvivo00seki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Thomas_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Thomas (author) (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas, Gordon</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Morgan-Witts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Morgan-Witts (halaman belum tersedia)">Morgan-Witts, Max</a> (1977). <i>Enola Gay: The Bombing of Hiroshima</i>. New York: Konecky & Konecky. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-56852-597-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-56852-597-4">1-56852-597-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enola+Gay%3A+The+Bombing+of+Hiroshima&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Konecky+%26+Konecky&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=1-56852-597-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Morgan-Witts%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Ward, Wilson (Spring 2007). "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima". <i>International Security</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 162. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fisec.2007.31.4.162">10.1162/isec.2007.31.4.162</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-4804">1531-4804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=The+Winning+Weapon%3F+Rethinking+Nuclear+Weapons+in+Light+of+Hiroshima&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=162&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec.2007.31.4.162&rft.issn=1531-4804&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_L._Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stafford L. Warren (halaman belum tersedia)">Warren, Stafford L.</a> (1966). "Manhattan Project". Dalam Ahnfeldt, Arnold Lorentz. <i>Radiology in World War II</i>. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/630225">630225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manhattan+Project&rft.btitle=Radiology+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Surgeon+General%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F630225&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Stafford+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anak_laki-laki_berdiri_di_dekat_krematorium" title="Anak laki-laki berdiri di dekat krematorium">Anak laki-laki berdiri di dekat krematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Tokyo" title="Pengeboman Tokyo">Pengeboman Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serangan_udara_di_Jepang" title="Serangan udara di Jepang">Serangan udara di Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Burchett" title="Wilfred Burchett">Wilfred Burchett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibakujumoku" title="Hibakujumoku">Hibakujumoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibakusha" title="Hibakusha">Hibakusha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsip">Arsip</h3></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005023340/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/index.php">"Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/index.php">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+on+the+Decision+to+Drop+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116052141/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=June%252019,%25201946&documentid=65&studycollectionid=abomb&pagenumber=1">"The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. <i>U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>. 1946. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/bomb/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=June%2019,%201946&documentid=65&studycollectionid=abomb&pagenumber=1">versi asli</a> tanggal 2018-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fbomb%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Findex.php%3Fdocumentdate%3DJune%252019%2C%25201946%26documentid%3D65%26studycollectionid%3Dabomb%26pagenumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?truman-defends-use-of-atomic-bomb-against-japan">"President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb, 1945:Original Letters"</a>. Shapell Manuscript Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Truman+Defends+Use+of+Atomic+Bomb%2C+1945%3AOriginal+Letters&rft.pub=Shapell+Manuscript+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shapell.org%2Fmanuscript.aspx%3Ftruman-defends-use-of-atomic-bomb-against-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Januari 2022">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-sdc.med.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/n50/start-E.html">"Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster"</a>. Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientific+Data+of+the+Nagasaki+Atomic+Bomb+Disaster&rft.pub=Atomic+Bomb+Disease+Institute%2C+Nagasaki+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-sdc.med.nagasaki-u.ac.jp%2Fn50%2Fstart-E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/correspondence/index.htm#decision">"Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb"</a>. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correspondence+Regarding+Decision+to+Drop+the+Bomb&rft.pub=Nuclear+Age+Peace+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearfiles.org%2Fmenu%2Flibrary%2Fcorrespondence%2Findex.htm%23decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/twocities/index.shtml">"Tale of Two Cities: The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. National Science Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tale+of+Two+Cities%3A+The+Story+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=National+Science+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FHistory%2Ftwocities%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/MED/index.shtml">"The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. Atomic Archive. 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=Atomic+Archive&rft.date=1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FDocs%2FMED%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB162/72.pdf">"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Security_Archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Security Archive (halaman belum tersedia)">National Security Archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Bomb+and+the+End+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB162%2F72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e.nagasaki.mapping.jp/p/nagasaki-archive.html">"Nagasaki Archive"</a>. Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagasaki+Archive&rft.pub=Google+Earth+mapping+of+Nagasaki+bombing+archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe.nagasaki.mapping.jp%2Fp%2Fnagasaki-archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiroshima.mapping.jp/">"Hiroshima Archive"</a>. Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hiroshima+Archive&rft.pub=Google+Earth+mapping+of+Hiroshima+bombing+archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhiroshima.mapping.jp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305202907/http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=use*atomic*bombs*japan&creator=&title=&media=all&genre=all&disc=all&level=all&sortby=relevance&results=10&period=15">"Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/adv_rst.aspx?keyword=use*atomic*bombs*japan&creator=&title=&media=all&genre=all&disc=all&level=all&sortby=relevance&results=10&period=15">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annotated+bibliography+for+atomic+bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.pub=Alsos+Digital+Library+for+Nuclear+Issues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falsos.wlu.edu%2Fadv_rst.aspx%3Fkeyword%3Duse%2Aatomic%2Abombs%2Ajapan%26creator%3D%26title%3D%26media%3Dall%26genre%3Dall%26disc%3Dall%26level%3Dall%26sortby%3Drelevance%26results%3D10%26period%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Film pendek <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.645748.r1">Children of Hiroshima (Reel 1 of 2) (1952)</a></i> tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> <small>[</small><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Template:Internet_Archive_short_film" title="Istimewa:Pranala balik/Template:Internet Archive short film"><small><i>selebihnya</i></small></a><small>]</small></li> <li>Film pendek <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.645748.r2">Children of Hiroshima (Reel 2 of 2) (1952)</a></i> tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> <small>[</small><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Template:Internet_Archive_short_film" title="Istimewa:Pranala balik/Template:Internet Archive short film"><small><i>selebihnya</i></small></a><small>]</small></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719094423/http://life.time.com/history/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-unpublished-photos/#1">"Photo gallery of aftermath pictures"</a>. Time-Life. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.time.com/history/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-unpublished-photos/#1">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photo+gallery+of+aftermath+pictures&rft.pub=Time-Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.time.com%2Fhistory%2Fhiroshima-and-nagasaki-unpublished-photos%2F%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASerangan+bom+atom+Hiroshima+dan+Nagasaki" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9v5sW6t0zI"><span class="plainlinks">Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki (silent)</span></a> di <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Speaker_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/40px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> Buku audio domain publik <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+&+Nagasaki&author=Engineers&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki</i></a> di <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peringatan">Peringatan</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/disarmament/education/Movies/an_unrecognized_loss/">An Unrecognized Loss – Message From Hiroshima (film)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiro-tsuitokinenkan.go.jp/english/index.php">Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peace-nagasaki.go.jp/english/index.html">Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017144519/http://www.peace-nagasaki.go.jp/english/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-10-17 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcf.city.hiroshima.jp/top_e.html">Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/8/10/hiroshima_and_nagasaki_a_look_back">Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later</a> – video by <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_Now!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy Now! (halaman belum tersedia)">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hiroshima-remembered.com/">Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered</a> 2005 website commemorating 60th anniversary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Perang_Dunia_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Perang_Dunia_II" title="Templat:Perang Dunia II"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perang_Dunia_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_negara_yang_terlibat_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Daftar negara yang terlibat dalam Perang Dunia II">Peserta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_Poros" title="Blok Poros">Blok Poros</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Blok_Sekutu_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Blok Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II">Blok Sekutu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_pertempuran_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Daftar pertempuran pada Perang Dunia II">Arena Pertempuran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Palagan_Eropa_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Palagan Eropa dalam Perang Dunia II">Eropa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Front_Barat_(Perang_Dunia_II)" title="Front Barat (Perang Dunia II)">Front Barat</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Front_Timur_(Perang_Dunia_II)" title="Front Timur (Perang Dunia II)">Front Timur</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik">Asia-Pasifik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palagan_Samudra_Pasifik_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Palagan Samudra Pasifik dalam Perang Dunia II">Laut Pasifik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Tiongkok-Jepang_Kedua" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua">Tiongkok Raya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Palagan_Asia_Tenggara_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Palagan Asia Tenggara dalam Perang Dunia II">Asia Tenggara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Palagan_Pasifik_Barat_Daya_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Palagan Pasifik Barat Daya dalam Perang Dunia II">Pasifik Barat Daya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palagan_Samudra_Hindia_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palagan Samudra Hindia dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Samudra Hindia</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Mediterania" title="Pertempuran Mediterania">Mediterania dan Timur Tengah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Afrika_Utara" title="Kampanye Afrika Utara">Afrika Utara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kampanye_Afrika_Timur_(Perang_Dunia_II)" title="Kampanye Afrika Timur (Perang Dunia II)">Afrika Timur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Kampanye_militer_Suriah-Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampanye militer Suriah-Lebanon">Syiria</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Perang_Inggris-Irak" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Inggris-Irak">Mesopotamia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Inggris-Soviet_ke_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Inggris-Soviet ke Iran">Persia</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Palagan_Amerika_(Perang_Dunia_II)" title="Palagan Amerika (Perang Dunia II)">Amerika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Atlantik" title="Pertempuran Atlantik">Samudra Antlatik</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Urutan waktu Perang Dunia II">Urutan waktu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_peristiwa_sebelum_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Urutan waktu peristiwa sebelum Perang Dunia II">Pra PD II</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_Perang_Dunia_II_(1939)" title="Urutan waktu Perang Dunia II (1939)">1939</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_Perang_Dunia_II_(1940)" title="Urutan waktu Perang Dunia II (1940)">1940</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_Perang_Dunia_II_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urutan waktu Perang Dunia II (1941)">1941</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_Perang_Dunia_II_(1942)" title="Urutan waktu Perang Dunia II (1942)">1942</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_Perang_Dunia_II_(1943)" title="Urutan waktu Perang Dunia II (1943)">1943</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_Perang_Dunia_II_(1944)" title="Urutan waktu Perang Dunia II (1944)">1944</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Urutan_waktu_Perang_Dunia_II_(1945)" title="Urutan waktu Perang Dunia II (1945)">1945</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengeboman_kota_Perang_Dunia_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Pengeboman_kota_PDII" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Pengeboman kota PDII"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Pengeboman_kota_PDII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Pengeboman kota PDII (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Pengeboman_kota_PDII&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pengeboman_kota_Perang_Dunia_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_strategis_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman strategis dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengeboman kota Perang Dunia II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_wilayah" title="Pengeboman wilayah">Pengeboman wilayah</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_udara_kota#Pengeboman_udara_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Pengeboman udara kota">Pengeboman udara kota</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_teror&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman teror (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengeboman teror</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergeltungswaffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vergeltungswaffe (halaman belum tersedia)">V-Weapons</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Aomori_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Aomori dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Aomori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Augsburg_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Augsburg dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Augsburg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baedeker_Raids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baedeker Raids (halaman belum tersedia)">Baedeker Raids</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast_Blitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belfast Blitz (halaman belum tersedia)">Belfast</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Belgrade_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Belgrade dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Belgrade</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Berlin_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Berlin dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Berlin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Braunschweig_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Braunschweig dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Braunschweig</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Breslau_(1945)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Breslau (1945) (halaman belum tersedia)">Breslau</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bristol_Blitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bristol Blitz (halaman belum tersedia)">Bristol</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Bukares_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Bukares dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Bukares</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Budapest#Sejarah" title="Budapest">Budapest</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Charnwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Charnwood (halaman belum tersedia)">Caen (Operasi Charnwood)</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz#Sejarah" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u#World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Chişinău</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Chongqing" title="Pengeboman Chongqing">Chongqing</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Cologne_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Cologne dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Cologne</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Gdansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Gdansk (halaman belum tersedia)">Danzig</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Darmstadt_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Darmstadt dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Darmstadt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Darwin_(Februari_1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman Darwin (Februari 1942)">Darwin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Dresden_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman Dresden dalam Perang Dunia II">Dresden</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Dublin_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Dublin dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Dublin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Duisburg_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Duisburg dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Duisburg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf#History" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Essen_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Essen dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Essen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Frampol" title="Pengeboman Frampol">Frampol</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Frankfurt_am_Main_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Frankfurt am Main dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Frankfurt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Frascati_8_September_1943&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Frascati 8 September 1943 (halaman belum tersedia)">Frascati</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fukui,_Fukui" title="Fukui, Fukui">Fukui</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka,_Fukuoka#Abad_ke-20" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuoka, Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima#Sejarah" title="Fukuyama, Hiroshima">Fukuyama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_udara_Gelsenkirchen_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman udara Gelsenkirchen dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Gelsenkirchen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glasgow_Blitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glasgow Blitz (halaman belum tersedia)">Glasgow</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gifu,_Gifu#World_War_II" title="Gifu, Gifu">Gifu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenock_Blitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenock Blitz (halaman belum tersedia)">Greenock</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou#Sejarah" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Italia_terhadap_Palestina_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Italia terhadap Palestina dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Haifa</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Hamburg_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Hamburg dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Hamburg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hamm#Sejarah" title="Hamm">Hamm</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Hanau_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Hanau dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Hanau</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Heilbronn_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Heilbronn dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Heilbronn</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Helsinki_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Helsinki dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Helsinki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Hildesheim_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Hildesheim dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Hildesheim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki">Hiroshima</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Innsbruck_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Innsbruck dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Innsbruck</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern#Sejarah" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Kassel_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Kassel dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Kassel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Kobe_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Kobe dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Kobe</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Konigsberg_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Konigsberg dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Königsberg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Kure_(Juli_1945)" title="Pengeboman Kure (Juli 1945)">Kure</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah London (halaman belum tersedia)">London</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_L%C3%BCbeck_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Lübeck dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Lübeck</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mainz#Mainz_pada_abad_ke-20" title="Mainz">Mainz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengepungan_Malta_(1940)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengepungan Malta (1940) (halaman belum tersedia)">Malta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Manila#Perang_Dunia_II" title="Manila">Manila</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Mannheim_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Mannheim dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Mannheim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Minsk_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Minsk dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Minsk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki#Sejarah" title="Mito, Ibaraki">Mito</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen#Republik_Weimar_/_Rezim_Nazi_dan_Perang_Dunia_II" title="München">München</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nagaoka,_Niigata#Urutan_waktu_kotamadya" title="Nagaoka, Niigata">Nagaoka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Naples_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Naples dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Naples</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg#Periode_Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmuta,_Fukuoka#Sejarah" title="Ōmuta, Fukuoka">Omuta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Osaka_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Osaka dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Osaka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Peenem%C3%BCnde_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Peenemünde dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Peenemünde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Pforzheim_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Pforzheim dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Pforzheim</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Tidal_Wave" title="Operasi Tidal Wave">Ploiesti</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plymouth_Blitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plymouth Blitz (halaman belum tersedia)">Plymouth</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Podgorica_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Podgorica dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Podgorica</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Praha_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Praha dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Praha</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Cartwheel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Cartwheel (halaman belum tersedia)">Rabaul</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Remscheid#Sejarah" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Roma_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Roma dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Rome</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Rothenburg_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Pengeboman Rothenburg dalam Perang Dunia II">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam_Blitz" title="Rotterdam Blitz">Rotterdam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#Perang_Dunia_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Salzburg#Abad_ke-20" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Schaffhausen_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Schaffhausen dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Schaffhausen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Schwäbisch Hall dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Schwäbisch Hall</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#Perang_Dunia_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sendai#Sejarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sendai">Sendai</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheffield_Blitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheffield Blitz (halaman belum tersedia)">Sheffield</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Sofia_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Sofia dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Sofia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southampton_Blitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southampton Blitz (halaman belum tersedia)">Southampton</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Stalingrad_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Stalingrad dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Stalingrad</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Szczecin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Szczecin (halaman belum tersedia)">Stettin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Stuttgart_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Stuttgart dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Stuttgart</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Swansea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Swansea (halaman belum tersedia)">Swansea</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serangan_di_Taipei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serangan di Taipei (halaman belum tersedia)">Taipei</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Tallinn_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Tallinn dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Tallinn</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Italia_terhadap_Palestina_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Italia terhadap Palestina dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Tel Aviv</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki#Era_modern" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloníki</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Tokyo_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Tokyo dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Tokyo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Toyama,_Toyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyama, Toyama">Toyama</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Treviso_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Treviso dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Treviso</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tsu,_Mie" title="Tsu, Mie">Tsu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ise,_Mie#Sejarah" title="Ise, Mie">Ujiyamada</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Ulm_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Ulm dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Ulm</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Vienna_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Vienna dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Vienna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Warsawa_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Pengeboman Warsawa dalam Perang Dunia II">Warsawa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Wesel_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Wesel dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Wesel</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Wielu%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Wieluń (halaman belum tersedia)">Wieluń</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Wuppertal_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Wuppertal dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Wuppertal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_W%C3%BCrzburg_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Würzburg dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Würzburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_Yangon_1941%E2%80%931942" title="Pengeboman Yangon 1941–1942">Yangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama#Sejarah" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Zadar_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Zadar dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Zara</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Works</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayton_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayton Project (halaman belum tersedia)">Dayton Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Engineer Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratorium_Nasional_Los_Alamos" title="Laboratorium Nasional Los Alamos">Laboratorium Nasional Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratorium_Montreal" title="Laboratorium Montreal">Laboratorium Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Camel (halaman belum tersedia)">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(uji_coba_nuklir)" title="Trinity (uji coba nuklir)">Trinity Test Site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendover_Air_Force_Base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendover Air Force Base (halaman belum tersedia)">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P-9_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-9 Project (halaman belum tersedia)">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The rising mushroom cloud from the Nagasaki "Fat Man" bomb, August 9, 1945"><img alt="The rising mushroom cloud from the Nagasaki "Fat Man" bomb, August 9, 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/150px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/225px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/300px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pengurus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" title="James Bryant Conant">James Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscilla_Duffield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscilla Duffield (halaman belum tersedia)">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(jenderal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Farrell (jenderal)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lansdale,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lansdale, Jr. (halaman belum tersedia)">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Marshall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. Marshall (halaman belum tersedia)">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Matthias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Matthias (halaman belum tersedia)">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_McKibbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy McKibbin (halaman belum tersedia)">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Nichols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Nichols (halaman belum tersedia)">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Spedding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Spedding (halaman belum tersedia)">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Allen_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Allen Thomas (halaman belum tersedia)">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bud_Uanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bud Uanna (halaman belum tersedia)">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stafford_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stafford Warren (halaman belum tersedia)">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roscoe_Charles_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson (halaman belum tersedia)">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ilmuwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Critchfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Critchfield (halaman belum tersedia)">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_K._Daghlian,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry K. Daghlian, Jr. (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Kistiakowsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Kistiakowsky (halaman belum tersedia)">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Koval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Koval (halaman belum tersedia)">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.">Norman Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Rossi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Rossi (halaman belum tersedia)">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_DeWolf_Smyth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth (halaman belum tersedia)">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leona_Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leona Woods (halaman belum tersedia)">Leona Woods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operasi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misi_Alsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Misi Alsos">Misi Alsos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki">Pengeboman Hiroshima dan Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operasi_Crossroads" title="Operasi Crossroads">Operasi Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Peppermint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operasi Peppermint (halaman belum tersedia)">Operasi Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senjata</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bom_labu" title="Bom labu">Bom labu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(bom_nuklir)" title="Thin Man (bom nuklir)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topik terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proses_Ames" title="Proses Ames">Proses Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Special_Weapons_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (halaman belum tersedia)">Armed Forces Special Weapons Project</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (halaman belum tersedia)">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumbangan_Britania_Raya_untuk_Proyek_Manhattan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumbangan Britania Raya untuk Proyek Manhattan (halaman belum tersedia)">Sumbangan Britania Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calutron (halaman belum tersedia)">Calutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inti_setan" class="mw-redirect" title="Inti setan">Inti setan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Einstein%E2%80%93Szil%C3%A1rd_letter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Einstein–Szilárd letter (halaman belum tersedia)">Einstein–Szilárd letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidang_dengar_pendapat_keamanan_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidang dengar pendapat keamanan Oppenheimer">Sidang dengar pendapat keamanan Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimen_RaLa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimen RaLa (halaman belum tersedia)">Eksperimen RaLa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_Uranium_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 Uranium Committee (halaman belum tersedia)">S-1 Uranium Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laporan_Smyth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laporan Smyth (halaman belum tersedia)">Laporan Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Proyek_Manhattan" title="Kategori:Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kekaisaran_Jepang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Templat:Kekaisaran Jepang"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kekaisaran Jepang"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kekaisaran_Jepang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Jepang">Kekaisaran Jepang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ikhtisar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertanian_di_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertanian di Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Agribudaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyensoran_di_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyensoran di Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyensoran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demografi_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demografi Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Demografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_ekonomi_Jepang#Jaman_pra-perang" title="Sejarah ekonomi Jepang">Sejarah ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugenik_di_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugenik di Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Eugenik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdagangan_luar_negeri_dan_pelayaran_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdagangan luar negeri dan pelayaran Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Perdagangan luar negeri dan pelayaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produksi_industri_Jepang_di_Era_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Produksi industri Jepang di Era Shōwa">Produksi industri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militerisme_Jepang" title="Militerisme Jepang">Militerisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasionalisme_Jepang" title="Nasionalisme Jepang">Nasionalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statisme_di_Jepang_pada_zaman_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Statisme di Jepang pada zaman Shōwa">Statisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekaisaran_Jepang_(politik_internal_1914%E2%80%931944)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekaisaran Jepang (politik internal 1914–1944) (halaman belum tersedia)">Politik internal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_negara" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinto negara">Shinto negara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazoku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazoku (halaman belum tersedia)">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaisar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaisar_Meiji" title="Kaisar Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:90%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisar_Taish%C5%8D" title="Kaisar Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:90%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:90%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Simbol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Jepang" title="Bendera Jepang">Bendera Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Matahari_Terbit" title="Bendera Matahari Terbit">Bendera Matahari Terbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Kekaisaran Jepang">Cap Kekaisaran Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambang_paulownia" title="Lambang paulownia">Cap Pemerintahan Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cap_Negara_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cap Negara Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Cap Negara Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cap_Penasihat_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cap Penasihat Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Cap Penasihat Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kebijakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Meiji" title="Konstitusi Meiji">Konstitusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piagam_Sumpah" title="Piagam Sumpah">Piagam Sumpah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubungan_luar_negeri_Meiji_Jepang" title="Hubungan luar negeri Meiji Jepang">Hubungan luar negeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reskrip_Kekaisaran_tentang_Pendidikan" title="Reskrip Kekaisaran tentang Pendidikan">Reskrip Kekaisaran tentang Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Asosiasi Bantuan Aturan Kekaisaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerakan_Mobilisasi_Spiritual_Nasional_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerakan Mobilisasi Spiritual Nasional (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Gerakan Mobilisasi Spiritual Nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_Pelestarian_Perdamaian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum Pelestarian Perdamaian (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum Pelestarian Perdamaian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partai_politik_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partai politik Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Partai politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahkamah_Agung_Kehakiman_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahkamah Agung Kehakiman Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahkamah Agung Kehakiman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu (halaman belum tersedia)">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konferensi_Asia_Timur_Raya" title="Konferensi Asia Timur Raya">Konferensi Asia Timur Raya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pemerintah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_administrasi_Pemerintah_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur administrasi Pemerintah Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Administrasi<br />(kementerian)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Rumah_Tangga_Kekaisaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kementerian Rumah Tangga Kekaisaran">Rumah Tangga Kekaisaran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Dalam_Negeri_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Dalam Negeri (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kementerian Dalam Negeri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Militer_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Militer (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Militer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Perang_Jepang" title="Kementerian Perang Jepang">Tentara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Angkatan_Laut_Jepang" title="Kementerian Angkatan Laut Jepang">Angkatan Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Perbendaharaan_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Perbendaharaan (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Perbendaharaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Urusan_Luar_Negeri_(Jepang)" title="Kementerian Urusan Luar Negeri (Jepang)">Luar Negeri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Pertanian_dan_Perdagangan_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Pertanian dan Perdagangan (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertanian dan Perdagangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Perdagangan_dan_Industri_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Perdagangan dan Industri (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Perdagangan dan Industri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Munisi_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Munisi (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Munisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Urusan_Kolonial_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Urusan Kolonial (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Urusan Kolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kementerian_Asia_Timur_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kementerian Asia Timur Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Asia Timur Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Pembangunan_Asia_Timur" title="Dewan Pembangunan Asia Timur">Dewan Pembangunan Asia Timur (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Struktur_administrasi_Pemerintah_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Struktur administrasi Pemerintah Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Badan Legislatif dan<br />deliberatif</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Penasihat_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Penasihat Jepang">Dewan Penasihat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_Nasional#Sejarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet Nasional">Diet Kekaisaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kizokuin" title="Kizokuin">Bangsawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat_(Jepang)" title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (Jepang)">Perwakilan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Kekaisaran Jepang">Angkatan Bersenjata</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Markas_Besar_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Markas Besar Kekaisaran Jepang">Markas Besar Kekaisaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantor_Staf_Umum_Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Kantor Staf Umum Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang">Kantor Staf Umum Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Umum_Angkatan_Laut_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Staf Umum Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang">Staf Umum Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reskrip_Kekaisaran_untuk_Prajurit_dan_Pelaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reskrip Kekaisaran untuk Prajurit dan Pelaut (halaman belum tersedia)">Reskrip Kekaisaran untuk Prajurit dan Pelaut</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kode_militer_Senjinkun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kode militer Senjinkun (halaman belum tersedia)">Kode militer <i>Senjinkun</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_senjata_nuklir_Jepang" title="Program senjata nuklir Jepang">Program senjata nuklir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejahatan_perang_Jepang" title="Kejahatan perang Jepang">Kejahatan perang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Penasihat_Militer_Jepang" title="Dewan Penasihat Militer Jepang">Dewan Penasihat Militer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wajib_militer_di_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wajib militer di Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Wajib militer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tentara_Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentara Kekaisaran Jepang">Tentara Kekaisaran Jepang</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantor_Staf_Umum_Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Kantor Staf Umum Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang">Staf Umum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Udara_Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang">Pasukan Udara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagian_Kereta_Api_dan_Pelayaran_Angkatan_Darat_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagian Kereta Api dan Pelayaran Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Kereta Api dan Pelayaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengawal_Kekaisaran_(Jepang)" title="Pengawal Kekaisaran (Jepang)">Pengawal Kekaisaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8Dha" title="Kōdōha">Fraksi Jalan Kekaisaran (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdadu_Jepang_yang_tetap_tinggal" title="Serdadu Jepang yang tetap tinggal">Serdadu Jepang yang tetap tinggal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentara_Taiwan_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentara Taiwan Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Tentara Taiwan Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Faksi Kontrol (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenpeitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenpeitai">Kenpeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang">Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Umum_Angkatan_Laut_Kekaisaran_Jepang" title="Staf Umum Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang">Staf Umum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layanan_Udara_Angkatan_Laut_Kekaisaran_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Layanan Udara Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jepang">Layanan Udara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marinir_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marinir Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Marinir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraksi_Armada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraksi Armada (halaman belum tersedia)">Fraksi Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraksi_Perjanjian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraksi Perjanjian (halaman belum tersedia)">Fraksi Perjanjian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sejarah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Meiji" title="Zaman Meiji">Zaman Meiji</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restorasi_Meiji" title="Restorasi Meiji">Restorasi Meiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberontakan_Beipu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberontakan Beipu (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemberontakan Beipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Boshin" title="Perang Boshin">Perang Boshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemberontakan_Satsuma" title="Pemberontakan Satsuma">Pemberontakan Satsuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Tiongkok-Jepang_Pertama" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Pertama">Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Pertama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervensi_Tiga_Negara" title="Intervensi Tiga Negara">Intervensi Tiga Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemberontakan_Boxer" title="Pemberontakan Boxer">Pemberontakan Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliansi_Britania-Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliansi Britania-Jepang">Aliansi Britania-Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Rusia-Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Rusia-Jepang">Perang Rusia-Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasi_Jepang_ke_Taiwan_(1874)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Jepang ke Taiwan (1874)">Invasi Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasi_Jepang_ke_Taiwan_(1895)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Jepang ke Taiwan (1895)">Invasi Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Taish%C5%8D" title="Zaman Taishō">Zaman Taishō</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jepang_selama_Perang_Dunia_I" title="Jepang selama Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intervensi_Jepang_di_Siberia" title="Intervensi Jepang di Siberia">Intervensi Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Pemilihan_Umum_(Jepang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Pemilihan Umum (Jepang) (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Pemilihan Umum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Angkatan_Laut_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Perjanjian Angkatan Laut Washington">Perjanjian Angkatan Laut Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masalah_Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masalah Manchuria–Mongolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Masalah Manchuria–Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demokrasi_Taisho" title="Demokrasi Taisho">Demokrasi Taisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insiden_Tapani" title="Insiden Tapani">Insiden Tapani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Truku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Truku (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Truku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proposal_Kesetaraan_Ras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proposal Kesetaraan Ras (halaman belum tersedia)">Proposal Kesetaraan Ras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Zaman Shōwa">Zaman Shōwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krisis_keuangan_Sh%C5%8Dwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisis keuangan Shōwa">Krisis keuangan Shōwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insiden_Jinan" title="Insiden Jinan">insiden Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Angkatan_Laut_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Angkatan Laut London (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Angkatan Laut London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insiden_Musha" title="Insiden Musha">Insiden Musha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasifikasi_Manchukuo" title="Pasifikasi Manchukuo">Pasifikasi Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insiden_28_Januari" title="Insiden 28 Januari">Insiden 28 Januari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakta_Anti-Komintern" title="Pakta Anti-Komintern">Pakta Anti-Komintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Tiongkok-Jepang_Kedua" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua">Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konflik_perbatasan_Soviet%E2%80%93Jepang" title="Konflik perbatasan Soviet–Jepang">Konflik perbatasan Soviet–Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembantaian_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembantaian Nanjing">Pemerkosaan Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakta_Tripartit" title="Pakta Tripartit">Pakta Tripartit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakta_Netralitas_Soviet%E2%80%93Jepang" title="Pakta Netralitas Soviet–Jepang">Pakta Netralitas Soviet–Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jepang_selama_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jepang selama Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Jepang selama Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Pasifik" title="Perang Pasifik">Perang Pasifik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serangan bom atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Soviet%E2%80%93Jepang_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Soviet–Jepang (1945)">Perang Soviet–Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyerahnya_Jepang" title="Menyerahnya Jepang">Menyerah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deklarasi_Potsdam" title="Deklarasi Potsdam">Deklarasi Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyokuon-h%C5%8Ds%C5%8D" title="Gyokuon-hōsō">Siaran penyerahan oleh Hirohito</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang" class="mw-disambig" title="Pendudukan Jepang">Pendudukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wilayah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Koloni</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prefektur_Karafuto" title="Prefektur Karafuto">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daratan_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daratan Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">naichi</a></i> setelah 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_di_bawah_kekuasaan_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea di bawah kekuasaan Jepang">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_Sewaan_Kwantung" title="Wilayah Sewaan Kwantung">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandat_Pasifik_Selatan" title="Mandat Pasifik Selatan">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_di_bawah_kekuasaan_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan di bawah kekuasaan Jepang">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Negara boneka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezim_Wang_Jingwei" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezim Wang Jingwei">Rezim Wang Jingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Filipina_Kedua" title="Republik Filipina Kedua">Republik Filipina Kedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Vietnam" title="Kekaisaran Vietnam">Kekaisaran Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negara_Burma" title="Negara Burma">Negara Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_wilayah_yang_diakuisisi_oleh_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar wilayah yang diakuisisi oleh Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Wilayah pendudukan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang_di_Borneo_Britania" title="Pendudukan Jepang di Borneo Britania">Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Burma_oleh_Jepang" title="Pendudukan Burma oleh Jepang">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang_di_Hindia_Belanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Jepang di Hindia Belanda">Hindia Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indochina_Prancis_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indochina Prancis dalam Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Indochina Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang_di_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Jepang di Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang_di_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Jepang di Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Filipina_oleh_Jepang" title="Pendudukan Filipina oleh Jepang">Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang_di_Singapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Jepang di Singapura">Singapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Thailand dalam Perang Dunia II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideologi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Kemakmuran_Bersama_Asia_Timur_Raya" title="Kawasan Kemakmuran Bersama Asia Timur Raya">Kawasan Kemakmuran Bersama Asia Timur Raya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topik terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fukoku kyōhei (halaman belum tersedia)">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemukim_Jepang_di_Manchuria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemukim Jepang di Manchuria (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemukim Jepang di Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kamp_interniran_yang_dikelola_Jepang_selama_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kamp interniran yang dikelola Jepang selama Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamp interniran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerja_sama_industri_Jerman%E2%80%93Jepang_sebelum_Perang_Dunia_II" title="Kerja sama industri Jerman–Jepang sebelum Perang Dunia II">Kerja sama industri Jerman sebelum Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinmin_no_Michi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinmin no Michi (halaman belum tersedia)">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shōwa Modan (halaman belum tersedia)">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemikiran_Sosialis_di_Kekaisaran_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemikiran Sosialis di Kekaisaran Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemikiran Sosialis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tentara_Kekaisaran_Jepang_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tentara Kekaisaran Jepang Taiwan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tentara Kekaisaran Jepang Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuil_Yasukuni" title="Kuil Yasukuni">Kuil Yasukuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengadilan_Militer_Internasional_untuk_Timur_Jauh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengadilan Militer Internasional untuk Timur Jauh">Pengadilan Militer Internasional untuk Timur Jauh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembangkangan_Jepang_selama_periode_awal_Sh%C5%8Dwa" title="Pembangkangan Jepang selama periode awal Shōwa">Perlawanan politik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amerika_Serikat_pada_Perang_Dunia_II" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Amerika_Serikat_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Produksi_pesawat_pada_Perang_Dunia_II_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produksi pesawat pada Perang Dunia II pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Produksi pesawat pada Perang Dunia II pada Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arizona pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Arizona pada Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevada_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevada pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Nevada pada Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Mexico_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Mexico pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">New Mexico pada Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greatest_Generation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greatest Generation (halaman belum tersedia)">Greatest Generation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Wanita</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots (halaman belum tersedia)">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Army_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's Army Corps (halaman belum tersedia)">Women's Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woman's Land Army of America (halaman belum tersedia)">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnis_minoritas_di_angkatan_bersenjata_Amerika_Serikat_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnis minoritas di angkatan bersenjata Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Minoritas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanik-Amerika_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanik-Amerika pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Hispanik-Amerika pada Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pribumi_Amerika_dan_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pribumi Amerika dan Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Pribumi Amerika dan Perang Dunia II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warga_Puerto_Rico_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warga Puerto Rico pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Warga Puerto Rico pada Perang Dunia II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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/></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_militer_Amerika_Serikat_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah militer Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Keterlibatan militer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Angkatan Darat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seragam_Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seragam Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Seragam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasukan_Udara_Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat">Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Korps_Marinir_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Korps Marinir Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Korps Marinir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Angkatan_Laut_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Angkatan Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medali_penghargaan_Amerika_Serikat_pada_Perang_Dunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medali penghargaan Amerika Serikat pada Perang Dunia (halaman belum tersedia)">Medali penghargaan</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_penerima_Medali_Kehormatan_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar penerima Medali Kehormatan Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Penerima Medali Kehormatan</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Peristiwa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pertempuran_Perang_Dunia_II_melibatkan_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pertempuran Perang Dunia II melibatkan Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar pertempuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serangan_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serangan Pearl Harbor">Serangan Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendaratan_Normandia" title="Pendaratan Normandia">Pendaratan Normandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki">Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Minoritas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_militer_Afrika-Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah militer Afrika-Amerika (halaman belum tersedia)">Afrika-Amerika</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuskegee_Airmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuskegee Airmen (halaman belum tersedia)">Tuskegee Airmen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_militer_Asia-Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah militer Asia-Amerika (halaman belum tersedia)">Asia-Amerika</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Prajurit_Jepang-Amerika_pada_Perang_Dunia_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prajurit Jepang-Amerika pada Perang Dunia II (halaman belum tersedia)">Jepang-Amerika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_militer_Yahudi-Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah militer Yahudi-Amerika (halaman belum tersedia)">Yahudi-Amerika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_kebijakan_luar_negeri_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Keterlibatan diplomasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Destroyers_for_Bases_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Destroyers for Bases Agreement (halaman belum tersedia)">Destroyers for Bases Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Hula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Hula (halaman belum tersedia)">Project Hula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harry_S._Truman" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Harry_S._Truman" title="Templat:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Harry S. Truman (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Harry_S._Truman&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harry_S._Truman" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat">Presiden Amerika Serikat</a> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat">ke-33</a> (1945–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wakil_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat">Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat</a> <a href="/wiki/Daftar_Wakil_Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Daftar Wakil Presiden Amerika Serikat">ke-34</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Senat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Senat Amerika Serikat">Senator A.S.</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_Senator_Amerika_Serikat_dari_Missouri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar Senator Amerika Serikat dari Missouri (halaman belum tersedia)">Missouri</a> (1935–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Masa kepresidenan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelantikan_pertama_Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelantikan pertama Harry S. Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelantikan 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelantikan_kedua_Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelantikan kedua Harry S. Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelantikan 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konferensi_Potsdam" title="Konferensi Potsdam">Konferensi Potsdam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Potsdam" title="Perjanjian Potsdam">Perjanjian Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deklarasi_Potsdam" title="Deklarasi Potsdam">Deklarasi untuk Jepang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengeboman_atom_Hiroshima_dan_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki">Pengeboman atom Hiroshima dan Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_Deal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fair Deal (halaman belum tersedia)">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Kesehatan_Jiwa_Nasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Kesehatan Jiwa Nasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Kesehatan Jiwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Mental_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Mental Health (halaman belum tersedia)">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Makan_Siang_Sekolah_Nasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Makan Siang Sekolah Nasional (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Makan Siang Sekolah Nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Lapangan_Pekerjaan_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Lapangan Pekerjaan 1946 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Lapangan Pekerjaan 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Penasihat_Ekonomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Penasihat Ekonomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Penasihat Ekonomi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktrin_Truman" title="Doktrin Truman">Doktrin Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rencana_Marshall" title="Rencana Marshall">Rencana Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perintah_Eksekutif_9835&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perintah Eksekutif 9835 (halaman belum tersedia)">Loyalty Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undang-Undang_Keamanan_Nasional_1947" title="Undang-Undang Keamanan Nasional 1947">Undang-Undang Keamanan Nasional 1947</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepala_Staf_Gabungan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepala Staf Gabungan">Kepala Staf Gabungan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Keamanan_Nasional_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Keamanan Nasional Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Keamanan Nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departemen_Angkatan_Udara_Amerika_Serikat" title="Departemen Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat">Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency#Sejarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Key_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Key West (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Key West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station#Sejarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Joint Long Range Proving Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberontakan_Para_Laksamana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberontakan Para Laksamana (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemberontakan Para Laksamana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panitia_Hak_Asasi_Manusia_Kepresidenan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panitia Hak Asasi Manusia Kepresidenan (halaman belum tersedia)">Panitia Hak Asasi Manusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perintah_Eksekutif_9981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perintah Eksekutif 9981 (halaman belum tersedia)">Integrasi Angkatan Bersenjata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undang-Undang_Perumahan_1949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undang-Undang Perumahan 1949 (halaman belum tersedia)">Undang-Undang Perumahan 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Atlantik_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Atlantik Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Atlantik Utara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upaya_pembunuhan_Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upaya pembunuhan Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Upaya pembunuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Korea" title="Perang Korea">Perang Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resolusi_82_Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Resolusi 82 Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Resolusi 82,</a> <a href="/wiki/Resolusi_83_Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Resolusi 83 Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">83 Dewan Keamanan PBB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberhentian_Jenderal_Douglas_MacArthur_oleh_Presiden_Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberhentian Jenderal Douglas MacArthur oleh Presiden Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemberhentian Jenderal MacArthur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Office of Defense Mobilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">Science Advisory Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogok_baja_1952&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mogok baja 1952 (halaman belum tersedia)">Mogok baja 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendum_konstitusional_Puerto_Rico_1952&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendum konstitusional Puerto Rico 1952 (halaman belum tersedia)">Referendum konstitusional Puerto Rico 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidato_State_of_the_Union_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidato State of the Union 1946 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pidato State of the Union (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidato_State_of_the_Union_1950&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidato State of the Union 1950 (halaman belum tersedia)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidato_State_of_the_Union_1952&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidato State of the Union 1952 (halaman belum tersedia)">1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_hakim_federal_yang_dipilih_Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar hakim federal yang dipilih Harry S. Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Hakim pilihan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calon_Mahkamah_Agung_Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calon Mahkamah Agung Harry S. Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahkamah Agung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Pemerintahan_dan_kabinet" title="Harry S. Truman">Kabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkon_Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkon Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Balkon Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buck_passing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buck passing (halaman belum tersedia)">"The buck stops here"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kehidupan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman#Kehidupan_awal_dan_karier" title="Harry S. Truman">Kehidupan awal dan karier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum (halaman belum tersedia)">Perpustakaan Kepresidenan, Museum, dan kuburan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S_Truman_Office_and_Courtroom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S Truman Office and Courtroom (halaman belum tersedia)">Missouri Office and Courtroom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truman_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truman Committee (halaman belum tersedia)">Truman Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencalonan_wakil_presiden_Demokrat_1944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencalonan wakil presiden Demokrat 1944 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pencalonan wakil presiden Demokrat 1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buku</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pustaka_Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pustaka Harry S. Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar pustaka</a></li> <li><i>Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions</i></li> <li><i>Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Years of Trial and Hope</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rumah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S_Truman_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site (halaman belum tersedia)">Tempat kelahiran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Farm_Home&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Farm Home (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S. Truman Farm Home</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_National_Historic_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman National Historic Site (halaman belum tersedia)">Rumah Harry S. Truman dan National Historic Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Historic_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Historic District (halaman belum tersedia)">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blair_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blair House (halaman belum tersedia)">Blair House</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Little_White_House&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Little White House (halaman belum tersedia)">Truman Little White House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_pemilihan_umum_Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah pemilihan umum Harry S. Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_Senat_Amerika_Serikat_di_Missouri_1934&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat di Missouri 1934 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat di Missouri 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_Senat_Amerika_Serikat_di_Missouri_1940&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan umum Senat Amerika Serikat di Missouri 1940 (halaman belum tersedia)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Nasional_Demokrat_1944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 1944 (halaman belum tersedia)">Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konvensi_Nasional_Demokrat_1948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konvensi Nasional Demokrat 1948 (halaman belum tersedia)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemilihan_umum_presiden_Amerika_Serikat_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 1944">Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemilihan_umum_presiden_Amerika_Serikat_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 1948">1948</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">Dewey Defeats Truman</a>"</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Just_Wild_About_Harry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I'm Just Wild About Harry (halaman belum tersedia)">campaign song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_pendahuluan_presiden_Partai_Demokrat_1952&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan pendahuluan presiden Partai Demokrat 1952 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilihan pendahuluan presiden Partai Demokrat 1952</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Warisan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truman_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truman Day (halaman belum tersedia)">Truman Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S_Truman_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S Truman Building (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S Truman Building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truman_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truman Reservoir (halaman belum tersedia)">Truman Dam and Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry S. Truman Scholarship (halaman belum tersedia)">Harry S. Truman Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truman_Sports_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truman Sports Complex (halaman belum tersedia)">Truman Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Preisden_A.S._di_prangko_A.S.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preisden A.S. di prangko A.S. (halaman belum tersedia)">Prangko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!"><i>Give 'em Hell, Harry</i></a> (lakon dan film 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_(film_1995)" title="Truman (film 1995)"><i>Truman</i></a> (film 1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keluarga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Wallace Truman</a> (istri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Truman">Margaret Truman</a> (putri)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Anderson_Truman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Anderson Truman (halaman belum tersedia)">John Anderson Truman</a> (bapak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellen_Young_Truman" title="Martha Ellen Young Truman">Martha Ellen Young Truman</a> (ibu)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Daniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Daniel (halaman belum tersedia)">Clifton Daniel</a> <small>(putra ipar)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Truman_Daniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Truman Daniel (halaman belum tersedia)">Clifton Truman Daniel</a> <small>(cucu)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">← Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. 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