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class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Astrofisika" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Astrofisika" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Astrofisika" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Astrofisika" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Afstand_na_’n_ander_hemelliggaam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afstand_na_’n_ander_hemelliggaam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Afstand na ’n ander hemelliggaam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Afstand_na_’n_ander_hemelliggaam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Afstand na ’n ander hemelliggaam subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Afstand_na_’n_ander_hemelliggaam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direkte_metode_vir_kort_afstande_dmv_driehoeksmeetkunde[1]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direkte_metode_vir_kort_afstande_dmv_driehoeksmeetkunde[1]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Direkte metode vir kort afstande dmv driehoeksmeetkunde<sup><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direkte_metode_vir_kort_afstande_dmv_driehoeksmeetkunde[1]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helderheid_vir_langer_afstande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helderheid_vir_langer_afstande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Helderheid vir langer afstande</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helderheid_vir_langer_afstande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rooiverskuiwing_vir_langer_afstande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rooiverskuiwing_vir_langer_afstande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rooiverskuiwing vir langer afstande</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rooiverskuiwing_vir_langer_afstande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrofisika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 101 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيزياء فلكية – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزياء فلكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83" title="فيزيا الفلك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيزيا الفلك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতিৰ্পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জ্যোতিৰ্পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрафізіка – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астрафізіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতিঃপদার্থবিজ্ঞান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্যোতিঃপদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%95ng-%C3%B9ng_%C5%ACk-l%C4%AB-h%C5%8Fk" title="Tiĕng-ùng Ŭk-lī-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiĕng-ùng Ŭk-lī-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ستێرفیزیک – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ستێرفیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofyzika" title="Astrofyzika – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astrofyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroffiseg" title="Astroffiseg – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Astroffiseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysik" title="Astrofysik – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astrofysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astrophysik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik%C3%AA_Asm%C3%AAni" title="Fizikê Asmêni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fizikê Asmêni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αστροφυσική – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστροφυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofiziko" title="Astrofiziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astrofiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Astrofüüsika – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astrofüüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اخترفیزیک – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخترفیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysiikka" title="Astrofysiikka – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astrofysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysique" title="Astrophysique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astrophysique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9altfhisic" title="Réaltfhisic – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réaltfhisic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אסטרופיזיקה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרופיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलभौतिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोलभौतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asztrofizika" title="Asztrofizika – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asztrofizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Աստղաֆիզիկա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղաֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysica" title="Astrophysica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astrophysica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofiziko" title="Astrofiziko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astrofiziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjarne%C3%B0lisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stjarneðlisfræði – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjarneðlisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天体物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ასტროფიზიკა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტროფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="천체물리학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천체물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AArfiz%C3%AEk" title="Stêrfizîk – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stêrfizîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysica" title="Astrophysica – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astrophysica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astrophysik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofixica" title="Astrofixica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Astrofixica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഖഗോള ഭൗതികം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖഗോള ഭൗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Астрофизик – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Астрофизик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलभौतिकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खगोलभौतिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizik" title="Astrofizik – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Astrofizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နက္ခတ္တရူပဗေဒ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နက္ခတ္တရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysica" title="Astrofysica – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astrofysica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysikk" title="Astrofysikk – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astrofysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysikk" title="Astrofysikk – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astrofysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisike" title="Astrofisike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Astrofisike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizyka" title="Astrofizyka – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astrofizyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="تارہ فزکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارہ فزکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="د ستورو فزيک – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ستورو فزيک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizic%C4%83" title="Astrofizică – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astrofizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ACsica" title="Astrofìsica – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astrofìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasngama_tasnaggurt" title="Tasngama tasnaggurt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasngama tasnaggurt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාරකා භෞතික විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාරකා භෞතික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofyzika" title="Astrofyzika – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astrofyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Astrophysik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysik" title="Astrofysik – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astrofysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானியற்பியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானியற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ахтарфизик – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ахтарфизик" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิสิกส์ดาราศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิสิกส์ดาราศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropisika" title="Astropisika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Astropisika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizik" title="Astrofizik – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astrofizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофізика – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астрофізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکی طبیعیات – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلکی طبیعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_thi%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n" title="Vật lý thiên văn – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật lý thiên văn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropisika" title="Astropisika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astropisika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天体物理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ასტროფიზიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასტროფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天体物理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="天體物理學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天體物理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37547#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Astrofisika" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Astrofisika"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Astrofisika" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Astrofisika" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&oldid=2624832" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Astrofisika&id=2624832&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAstrofisika"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAstrofisika"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Astrofisika"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Astrofisika&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrophysics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37547" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:NGC_4414_(NASA-med).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/280px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/420px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/560px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_4414&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 4414 (bladsy bestaan nie)">NGC 4414</a>, ’n tipiese <a href="/wiki/Spiraalsterrestelsel" title="Spiraalsterrestelsel">spiraalsterrestelsel</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Sterrebeeld" title="Sterrebeeld">sterrebeeld</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_se_Hare" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice se Hare">Berenice se Hare</a>, is ongeveer 56 000 <a href="/wiki/Ligjaar" title="Ligjaar">ligjare</a> in deursnee en ongeveer 60 miljoen ligjare van die <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">aarde</a> af.</figcaption></figure> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; clear: right; color: black; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 22em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%; padding:0em; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; width:18em; border-spacing:2px 0px;" cellpadding="0px"><tbody><tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.4em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PrirodneNauke.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/100px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/150px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/200px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;">Deel van 'n reeks oor <b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskap" title="Wetenskap">Wetenskap</a></b></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Formele_wetenskap" title="Formele wetenskap">Formele wetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">Wiskunde</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wiskundige_logika" title="Wiskundige logika">Wiskundige logika</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiskundige_statistiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiskundige statistiek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wiskundige statistiek</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Rekenaarwetenskap" title="Rekenaarwetenskap">Rekenaarwetenskap</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Fisiese_wetenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisiese wetenskap">Fisiese wetenskappe</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a></b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Toegepaste_fisika" title="Toegepaste fisika">Toegepaste fisika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Atoomfisika" title="Atoomfisika">Atoomfisika</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekenaarfisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekenaarfisika (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rekenaarfisika</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste 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title="Selbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Selbiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bewaringsbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bewaringsbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bewaringsbiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kriobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontwikkelingsbiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontwikkelingsbiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ontwikkelingsbiologie</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie">Ekologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etnobiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etnobiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Etnobiologie</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusion%C3%AAre_biologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusionêre biologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Evolusionêre 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title="Verpleging">Verpleging</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Farmasie" title="Farmasie">Farmasie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Maatskaplike_werk" title="Maatskaplike werk">Maatskaplike werk</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Veearts" title="Veearts">Veeartsenykunde</a> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="padding:0em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto; border:none;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:90%; height:auto;">Verwante onderwerpe</div> <div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size: 90%; height:auto;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Interdissiplinariteit" title="Interdissiplinariteit">Interdissiplinariteit</a></b><br /> <a 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metode">Wetenskaplike metode</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geskiedenis_van_wetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geskiedenis van wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geskiedenis van wetenskap</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Wetenskapsfilosofie" title="Wetenskapsfilosofie">Wetenskapsfilosofie</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetenskapsbeleid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetenskapsbeleid (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetenskapsbeleid</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randwetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randwetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)">Randwetenskap</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Pseudowetenskap" title="Pseudowetenskap">Pseudowetenskap</a></b> </p> </div></div> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding-top: 0.6em; padding:2px; margin:0px; line-height:normal; font-size:100%; height:auto;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Wetenskap" title="Sjabloon:Wetenskap"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Wetenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Wetenskap (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Wetenskap&action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Astrofisika</b> is die deel van <a href="/wiki/Sterrekunde" title="Sterrekunde">sterrekunde</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> wat die fisiese <a href="/wiki/Heelal" title="Heelal">heelal</a> bestudeer. Dit handel oor eienskappe, soos <a href="/wiki/Ligsterkte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligsterkte">ligsterkte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digtheid" title="Digtheid">digtheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie">chemiese samestelling</a>, van <a href="/wiki/Hemelliggaam" title="Hemelliggaam">hemelliggame</a> soos <a href="/wiki/Ster" title="Ster">sterre</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel">sterrestelsels</a>. Die studie van <a href="/wiki/Fisiese_kosmologie" title="Fisiese kosmologie">kosmologie</a> is die teoretiese sy van astrofisika op die grootste moontlike skaal, waar die <a href="/wiki/Relatiwiteitsteorie" title="Relatiwiteitsteorie">algemene relatiwiteitsteorie</a> van <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> ’n belangrike rol speel. </p><p>Omdat astrofisika ’n baie groot veld dek, word verskeie velde betrek soos <a href="/wiki/Meganika" title="Meganika">meganika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetisme" title="Elektromagnetisme">elektromagnetisme</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistiese_meganika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistiese meganika (bladsy bestaan nie)">statistiese meganika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwantummeganika" title="Kwantummeganika">kwantummeganika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relatiwiteitsteorie" title="Relatiwiteitsteorie">relatiwiteit</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kernfisika" title="Kernfisika">kern-</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deeltjiefisika" title="Deeltjiefisika">deeltjie-</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomiese_en_molekul%C3%AAre_fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomiese en molekulêre fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)">atomiese, optiese en molekulêre fisika</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afstand_na_’n_ander_hemelliggaam"><span id="Afstand_na_.E2.80.99n_ander_hemelliggaam"></span>Afstand na ’n ander hemelliggaam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Afstand na ’n ander hemelliggaam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Afstand na ’n ander hemelliggaam"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direkte_metode_vir_kort_afstande_dmv_driehoeksmeetkunde[1]"><span id="Direkte_metode_vir_kort_afstande_dmv_driehoeksmeetkunde.5B1.5D"></span>Direkte metode vir kort afstande dmv driehoeksmeetkunde<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Direkte metode vir kort afstande dmv driehoeksmeetkunde[1]" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Direkte metode vir kort afstande dmv driehoeksmeetkunde[1]"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Meet_afstand_na_hemelliggaam_kort_afstande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/aa/Meet_afstand_na_hemelliggaam_kort_afstande.jpg/450px-Meet_afstand_na_hemelliggaam_kort_afstande.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/aa/Meet_afstand_na_hemelliggaam_kort_afstande.jpg/675px-Meet_afstand_na_hemelliggaam_kort_afstande.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/a/aa/Meet_afstand_na_hemelliggaam_kort_afstande.jpg/900px-Meet_afstand_na_hemelliggaam_kort_afstande.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Swaartekrag hou die planete in hul wentelbane om die son.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die direkte berekening van afstande in die ruimte deur middel van <a href="/wiki/Driehoeksmeting" title="Driehoeksmeting">driehoeksmeting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parallaks" title="Parallaks">parallaksmetode</a>) is beperk tot 1 000 ligjare omdat die deursnee van die <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">aarde</a> se wentelbaan om die <a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a> die grootste afstand is wat as basis vir die driehoeksmeting gebruik kan word (die afstand van die aarde na die son is ~150 miljoen km, wat maar 8,3 ligminute is). Hiervolgens kan aan enigiets wat verder as 1 000 ligjare is op die beste ’n afstand van groter as 1 000 ligjaar vanaf die aarde toegeken word. Dit beteken ons kan met driehoeksmeting nie eens die grootte van die <a href="/wiki/Melkweg" title="Melkweg">Melkweg</a> bepaal nie, want die deursnee daarvan word geraam op ongeveer 100 000 ligjare. </p><p>Die hoek (α in figuur aan die regterkant) wat ’n hemelligaam met die aarde se oppervlak maak, word gemeet wanneer die aarde, son en die betrokke hemelligaam ongeveer ’n hoek van 90° maak. Na ses maande, wanneer die aarde aan die ander kant van die son is, word die hoek weer gemeet. Nou word driehoeksmeting (trigonometrie) gebruik om die afstand soos volg uit te werk met tangens: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \alpha \ ={\frac {r}{x}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad x={\frac {r}{\tan \alpha \ }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mrow> <mi>tan</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \alpha \ ={\frac {r}{x}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad x={\frac {r}{\tan \alpha \ }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec8733ea93debca63c2dafc3890b5fdeca47bb24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:35.063ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \alpha \ ={\frac {r}{x}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad x={\frac {r}{\tan \alpha \ }}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Wanneer die hoek α 1 <a href="/wiki/Boogsekonde" title="Boogsekonde">boogsekonde</a> (1/3600°) is, dan is die afstand 1 <a href="/wiki/Parsek" title="Parsek">parsek</a>, wat gelyk is aan 3,26 ligjare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helderheid_vir_langer_afstande">Helderheid vir langer afstande</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Helderheid vir langer afstande" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Helderheid vir langer afstande"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar is geen direkte metode om langer afstande te bepaal nie en daarom word na die <a href="/wiki/Helderheid" title="Helderheid">helderheid</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Liggewendheid" title="Liggewendheid">liggewendheid</a>) van hemelliggame gekyk. Sterrekundiges meet die afstand na ’n sterrestelsel op dieselfde manier as waarop ons die afstand na ’n aankomende motor skat deur die helderheid van sy hoofligte waar te neem. Ons weet uit ervaring hoeveel lig ’n motor se hoofligte uitstraal, dus kan ons bepaal hoe ver die motor is. Op soortgelyke wyse kan ons bepaal hoe ver 'n hemelliggaam van ons is deur die volgende drie stappe: </p><p><b>Stap 1:</b> Bepaal die afstand <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4740381c16ea98c4132510daa642e93c1e42c049" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.263ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d_{0}}"></span> en die ligintensiteit <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/893d08e90ea73781dc133414d661529d0651ca80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{0}}"></span> vir 'n voorwerp wat naby genoeg is om die afstand deur direkte metodes te bepaal (byvoorbeeld die son of ander sterre in ons sterrestelsel soos Alpha Centauri wat 4.37 ligjaar van die son is). </p><p><b>Stap 2:</b> Vervang <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4740381c16ea98c4132510daa642e93c1e42c049" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.263ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d_{0}}"></span> en <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/893d08e90ea73781dc133414d661529d0651ca80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.077ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{0}}"></span>, soos gemeet in stap 1 hierbo in die omgekeerde kwadraatswet<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> om die afstand (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span>) van 'n voorwerp uit te druk in terme van sy ligintensiteit (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span>): </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}={\frac {d^{2}}{d_{0}^{2}}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad d=d_{0}{\sqrt {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msubsup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mi>d</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>I</mi> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}={\frac {d^{2}}{d_{0}^{2}}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad d=d_{0}{\sqrt {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6187222a9b0cb966478e0667464d137cb2e4e23" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:33.84ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}={\frac {d^{2}}{d_{0}^{2}}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad d=d_{0}{\sqrt {\frac {I}{I_{0}}}}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><b>Stap 3:</b> Meet die ligintensiteit van die verafgeleë ster (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span>) en vervang dit in die formule hierbo om die afstand (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span>) te kry. </p><p>As ’n sterrestelsel te ver is om individuele sterre te onderskei, kan sterrekundiges <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovas</a> gebruik op dieselfde wyse. Dit is omdat die liguitset van supernovas ’n bekende feit is (veral <a href="/wiki/Supernova#Tipe_Ia" title="Supernova">tipe Ia supernovas</a> is baie gewild om te gebruik). Supernovas kan gebruik word om die afstand na sterrestelsels tot so ver as 10 miljard (1×10<sup>10</sup>) ligjare te meet.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rooiverskuiwing_vir_langer_afstande">Rooiverskuiwing vir langer afstande</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Rooiverskuiwing vir langer afstande" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Rooiverskuiwing vir langer afstande"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> het uitgevind dat die mate van <a href="/wiki/Rooiverskuiwing" title="Rooiverskuiwing">rooiverskuiwing</a> in die algemeen al hoe groter word namate die hemelliggame al hoe dowwer word.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy het in 1929 ’n verslag daaroor gepubliseer. </p><p>In fisika gebeur rooiverskuiwing wanneer lig of ander elektromagnetiese straling van ’n voorwerp wat wegbeweeg van die waarnemer, vergroot in golflengte, of verskuif na die rooi kant van die <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetiese_spektrum" title="Elektromagnetiese spektrum">ligspektrum</a> (rooi lig het langer golflengtes). Net so sal blouverskuiwing plaasvind wanneer voorwerpe wat lig uitstraal na die waarnemer toe beweeg (blou lig het korter golflengtes). Dit is presies hoe die <a href="/wiki/Doppler-effek" title="Doppler-effek">Doppler-effek</a> werk: wanneer ’n motor na ’n waarnemer beweeg, verkort die klankgolwe en word ’n hoër toonhoogte gehoor. Wanneer die motor weer wegbeweeg, word die golflengtes langer en word ’n laer toonhoogte gehoor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofisika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hemantmore.org.in/foundation/science/physics/distance-between/8410/">Distances of heavenly bodies from the earth</a><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/inverse_square_law_formula/82/">Inverse Square Law Formula</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525032425/http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/inverse_square_law_formula/82/">Geargiveer</a> 25 Mei 2018 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyk ook <a href="/wiki/Parallaks" title="Parallaks">Parallaks</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHubble1929" class="citation journal cs1">Hubble, Edwin (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630010328/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/168">"A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 168–173. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929PNAS...15..168H">1929PNAS...15..168H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.15.3.168">10.1073/pnas.15.3.168</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC522427">522427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16577160">16577160</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/168">die oorspronklike</a> op 30 Junie 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">24 Desember</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+relation+between+distance+and+radial+velocity+among+extra-galactic+nebulae&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=168-173&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC522427%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16577160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.15.3.168&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929PNAS...15..168H&rft.aulast=Hubble&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F15%2F3%2F168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAstrofisika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525286">XX525286</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119776010">cb119776010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119776010">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003326-0">4003326-0</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85009032">sh85009032</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572869">00572869</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118641&CON_LNG=ENG">ph118641</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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