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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/news","name":"News"},"position":1},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china","name":"China"},"position":2},{"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy","name":"Diplomacy"},"position":3}]}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3288482/hanoi-quietly-building-asean-alliances-south-china-sea-code-conduct","@type":"WebPage"}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":["NewsArticle","ReportageNewsArticle"],"alternativeHeadline":"Is Hanoi quietly building Asean alliances on South China Sea code of conduct?","articleBody":"Vietnam and Malaysia have upgraded diplomatic ties and pledged to deepen their cooperation on the South China Sea dispute ahead of a second Donald Trump administration in the US and rising maritime tensions between Beijing and Manila.\nThe elevation in ties to a comprehensive strategic partnership – announced last week during Vietnamese Communist Party chief To Lam’s visit to Malaysia – is a step towards easing tensions over the competing territorial claims in the waterway, according to observers.\nThe move also signals an accelerating realignment of power in Southeast Asia, which could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in the overarching maritime dispute with China, the analysts said.\nThe agreement makes Malaysia the first Asean member state to become a top-tier diplomatic partner with Vietnam, a status it shares with China.\nIn a joint statement, Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi pledged to continue working together to “maintain peace, security, stability, safety, and freedom of navigation” in the South China Sea, as well as “peaceful resolution of disputes without resorting to threats or use of force”.\nThey also “reaffirmed the importance for all parties concerned to exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities and to refrain from undertaking activities that could escalate tension which in turn could affect peace and stability in the South China Sea”.\nAt a joint press conference with Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, Lam reiterated the call for restraint by “all relevant parties” while committing to the early adoption of a “substantive and effective” South China Sea code of conduct (COC).\nAccording to the official Vietnam News Agency, Lam specified that the code should be in line with international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).\nNegotiations for a COC started in the 1990s, but remain unresolved. Despite the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and China agreeing last year to conclude talks by 2026, they remain divided – including on whether it should be legally binding.\n\n\nAside from differences with China, a lack of unity among the Asean member states – including over competing claims with each other – has also contributed to the slow pace of progress.\nThe diplomatic upgrade between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi followed a report by Reuters in October that Malaysia had lodged a rare protest over Vietnam’s alleged expansion of a South China Sea reef in the Spratly Islands that is claimed by both countries.\nThe Malaysian and Vietnamese claims, alongside those of the Philippines and Brunei, also overlap with China’s expansive assertions of territorial rights over much of the waterway.\nZhang Mingliang, an expert on regional affairs at Jinan University in Guangzhou, southern China, said Lam’s visit and the upgrade of ties highlighted Vietnam’s backing for Malaysia’s turn in 2025 as rotating chair of Asean.\n“Both sides see Malaysia’s Asean chairmanship next year as an opportunity to push the maritime issue in the direction desired by both countries, that is, a legally binding COC as soon as possible,” he said.\nAccording to Zhang, the timing – just ahead of Trump’s return to the White House in January – also underlines the worries in Southeast Asia about the possibility of declining US support for the region.\n“Asean nations are particularly sensitive to possible US policy changes and it would be only natural for them to take precautions against uncertainty. Securing a binding South China Sea code of conduct with China is probably the best option at the moment.”\nNguyen Khac Giang, a visiting fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute’s Vietnam Studies Programme in Singapore, said the elevation of ties sent a “strong signal of shared priorities” from both members of the 10-strong Association of Southeast Asian Nations.\n“Despite their own overlapping claims, Hanoi and Kuala Lumpur recognise that a fragmented Asean only benefits those who wish to dominate the South China Sea,” he said.\n\n\n\n\nAccording to Giang, the move to lift Malaysia to the top-tier of Vietnam’s partnerships – an eight-strong group that also includes the US, Russia, India, Japan and France – fits well into Hanoi’s broader diplomatic strategy.\nIndonesia and Singapore could follow Malaysia’s lead, with reports that the two countries are in discussions to upgrade their ties with Vietnam to the highest level next year.\n“By forging stronger bonds with Indonesia, Malaysia, with the Philippines potentially next, Hanoi is quietly weaving a network of partnerships that could help Southeast Asian nations better coordinate their approach to maritime disputes,” Giang said.\nWhile the diplomatic upgrade underscores a growing coordination between claimant states, it may not have an immediate impact on the South China Sea dynamics, but could build momentum for a more cohesive regional response, according to Giang.\n“The Philippines might view this as encouragement to deepen its own partnerships, while Malaysia’s coming Asean chairmanship in 2025 presents a critical opportunity to shape a more unified … stance on the South China Sea,” he said.\n“Vietnam’s early engagement with Kuala Lumpur is clearly aimed at encouraging a more proactive role from the host.”\n\n\nA China-based Southeast Asia specialist, who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the subject’s sensitivity, was also of the view that the elevation of Vietnam-Malaysia ties was at least partly aimed at Beijing.\n“Both countries are among those that have encountered constant pressure from China over the past decade in the disputed waters they each claim in the South China Sea,” the academic said.\n“In a sense, Malaysia – which is under increasing pressure in the disputed waters from China – is in a rather similar position to Vietnam. That’s why they’ve edged closer, trying to reinvigorate efforts within Asean to push for the binding code of conduct with China.”\nAccording to the mainland-based specialist, Lam has appeared to be more assertive on the South China Sea issue than his predecessor Nguyen Phu Trong, who died in July at the age of 80.\n“For instance, Vietnam and Malaysia have shown unprecedented intentions to cooperate on maritime issues since Lam came to power [in August].”\nThe academic also noted Lam’s mid-November visit to Bach Long Vi island in the Gulf of Tonkin, observing that his pointed remarks on the island’s strategic importance to Vietnam’s national security and sovereignty were obviously aimed at Beijing.\nIt was the first visit to the island – controlled by China until 1957 when Beijing transferred it to Hanoi – by a Vietnamese leader since 2014, when a diplomatic crisis over a Chinese deepwater oil rig in the contested waters sent their ties to a low point.\nIn his remarks, Lam described the island as “a key maritime gateway … providing logistics services for military activities at sea” and added that it should become “a fortress for defending Vietnam’s maritime sovereignty”.\n\n\n\n\nLucio Blanco Pitlo III, research fellow at the Asia-Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation, a Manila-based think tank, described Malaysia and Vietnam as “pragmatic and flexible actors”, despite their different approaches and thresholds.\n“Both jointly submitted an extended continental shelf claim [to the United Nations in 2009] and pursued joint offshore petroleum development in the resource-rich sea,” he noted.\nAccording to Pitlo, much of their offshore oil and gas blocks are in choppy waters where China’s claims are becoming more felt – through Beijing’s growing enforcement capacity and frequent disruption of regular marine security and economic activities.\n“Both countries see China’s increasing omnipresence in the disputed sea and airspace and the challenge these present to their interests,” Pitlo said.\n“But relative distance and burgeoning economic ties may explain Malaysia’s higher bar in pushing back against China. It can tolerate the passage and presence of Chinese ships, so long as they do not interfere with the country’s petroleum fields or projects.”\nPitlo noted that Malaysia and Vietnam had opposed China’s claims and actions and registered their displeasure through diplomatic channels.\n“However, they may also have apprehensions about Manila inviting greater US and allied military footprints, which may raise the possibility of accidents in the hotspot,” he said.\nUnlike the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam seem to have “more confidence in dealing with their big northern neighbour”, according to Pitlo, who pointed out that both Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi have channels for dialogue with China about the sea.\n\n\nNgeow Chow Bing, director of the Institute of China Studies at the University of Malaya, said the upgraded partnership between Vietnam and Malaysia was not necessarily meant as a strategic statement towards China or the Philippines.\nInstead, the wording of the joint statement – such as “peaceful settlement” and “self-restraint” – were standard phrases that are common among the Asean nations, he said.\n“So these are not particularly aimed at the current tensions or towards China or the Philippines … The upgrade … is bilateral in nature and does not indicate any form of united front against China on the South China Sea.”\nAccording to Ngeow, the recent dispute between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi was not a factor in the timing of the upgrade’s announcement because “incidents like this, on their own, are no obstacles for improved diplomatic relations”.\nCarl Thayer, emeritus professor at the University of New South Wales in Australia, agreed, noting that both countries had signalled that priority would be given to “self-restraint towards each other in the South China Sea and negotiations to address outstanding issues”.\nThayer added that the Vietnam-Malaysia statement merely repeated their support for the standard Asean position on the maritime dispute with regard to China.\nWhile both countries stood to benefit from better trade and investment, deepened defence and security cooperation, as well as greater Asean-wide coordination, Vietnam’s support would also enhance Malaysia’s position as Asean’s 2025 chair, he said.\nHowever, the upgrade could presage a realignment within a deeply divided Asean, with Vietnam emerging as “the hub of a network” that includes Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, according to Thayer.\n“This new realignment could influence the Philippines to put greater trust in Asean, [rather] than relying primarily on its alliance with the US. China would find it more difficult to play its ‘divide and conquer’ strategy,” he said.\n“A united front of claimant states against China is unlikely until Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines resolve their own overlapping claims,” Thayer added.\n","articleSection":"Diplomacy","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Shi Jiangtao","sameAs":"https://www.scmp.com/author/shi-jiangtao"},"dateCreated":"2024-11-28T14:56:23+08:00","dateModified":"2024-11-29T10:00:13+08:00","datePublished":"2024-11-29T10:00:13+08:00","description":" and ","genre":"News","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","cssSelector":".piano-metering__paywall-container","isAccessibleForFree":"False"},"headline":"Is Hanoi quietly building Asean alliances on a South China Sea code of 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data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">South China Sea</a></div><div class=" er6t7fe20 css-1xdhyk6 e1047c925" data-qa="ArticleSections-SectionContainer"><a target="_self" class="e1047c923 css-1b6i0hn e1llv60l0" href="/news/china?module=breadcrumb&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span>China</span><span data-qa="ArticleSections-render-SectionTagsSpacer" class="css-176a798 e1047c920"></span></a><a target="_self" class="e1047c923 css-1b6i0hn e1llv60l0" href="/news/china/diplomacy?module=breadcrumb&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span>Diplomacy</span></a></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Headline" class="css-hdf8vf ea45u6l21"><h1 class="er6t7fe5 css-1u8qly9 e298i0d3" data-qa="ContentHeadline-ContainerWithTag"><span data-qa="ContentHeadline-Headline" class="css-0 e298i0d2">Is Hanoi quietly building Asean alliances on a South China Sea code of conduct?</span></h1></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-SubHeadline" 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operator="out"></feComposite><feColorMatrix type="matrix" values="0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0"></feColorMatrix><feBlend mode="normal" in2="BackgroundImageFix" result="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319"></feBlend><feBlend mode="normal" in="SourceGraphic" in2="effect1_dropShadow_971_51319" result="shape"></feBlend></filter></defs></svg></figure></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-ContentContainer" class="css-wvfhp ea45u6l28"><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Author" class="css-plhgzi ea45u6l15"><div data-qa="AuthorNames-AuthorNamesContainer" class=" er6t7fe31 css-1fl3ncg eybiz6w3"><a target="_self" class="e163ld431 css-uvyeg2 e1llv60l0" href="/author/shi-jiangtao" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor">Shi Jiangtao</a></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PublishDateTime" class="css-mbzp8v ea45u6l14"><div class=" er6t7fe27 css-1qbx4v2 efakuk42" data-qa="Article20Date-Container"><time dateTime="2024-11-29T02:00:13.000Z" data-qa="Article20Date-PublishedDate" class="css-0 efakuk41">Published: 10:00am, 29 Nov 2024</time></div></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Correction" class="css-1ou8zht ea45u6l11"></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-Content" class="css-1u2o0u6 ea45u6l10"><section class="er6t7fe37 css-19sk4h4 e1pqt1t0" data-qa="ContentBody-ContentBodyContainer"><div class="js-reading-0-percent-completion-tracker css-19icq8a ekyy9du0" data-qa="useTrackViewedPercentageRender-trackViewedPercentageRenders-TrackPercentageBlock"></div><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0"><a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/vietnam?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Vietnam</span></a> and <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/malaysia?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Malaysia</span></a> have upgraded diplomatic ties and pledged to deepen their cooperation on the <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/south-china-sea?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">South China Sea</span></a> dispute ahead of a second Donald Trump administration in the US and rising maritime tensions between Beijing and Manila.</div><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-y2bwcc e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">The elevation in ties to a comprehensive strategic partnership – announced last week during Vietnamese Communist Party chief To Lam’s visit to Malaysia – is a step towards easing tensions over the competing territorial claims in the waterway, according to observers.</p><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">The move also signals an accelerating realignment of power in Southeast Asia, which could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in the overarching maritime dispute with China, the analysts said.</p><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">The agreement makes Malaysia the first <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-asean-relations?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">Asean</span></a> member state to become a top-tier diplomatic partner with Vietnam, a status it shares with China.</div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">In a joint statement, Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi pledged to continue working together to “maintain peace, security, stability, safety, and freedom of navigation” in the South China Sea, as well as “peaceful resolution of disputes without resorting to threats or use of force”.</p><div data-qa="InlineAdSlot-Container" class=" css-zl1inp e11v3ui14"><div class="e11v3ui10 e11v3ui13 css-gy323d e1flwkbl0" data-qa="AdSlot-Container"><div data-qa="AdSlot-Label" class="css-1t8iakn e1flwkbl3">Advertisement</div><div data-qa="AdSlot-AdSlotContainer" class="css-0 e1flwkbl2"></div></div></div><p datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1c6uqr6 ec74h0k1">They also “reaffirmed the importance for all parties concerned to exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities and to refrain from undertaking activities that could escalate tension which in turn could affect peace and stability in the South China Sea”.</p><div datatype="p" data-qa="Component-Component" class="e8zc9q40 css-1xdhyk6 ec74h0k0">At a joint press conference with Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, Lam reiterated the call for restraint by “all relevant parties” while committing to the early adoption of a “substantive and effective” South China Sea <a target="_self" class="e1yy41x40 ef9u0v01 css-1ankfgb e1llv60l0" href="https://www.scmp.com/opinion/article/3283294/code-conduct-best-way-forward-rows-south-china-sea?module=inline&pgtype=article" data-qa="BaseLink-renderAnchor-StyledAnchor"><span data-qa="Component-Text" class="css-0 ef9u0v00">code of conduct</span></a> (COC).</div></section></div><div data-qa="GenericArticle-PaywallContainer" class="css-1kfpym9 ea45u6l1"><div class="er6t7fe22 piano-metering__paywall-container css-1e938sv e1x97qwg1" data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-Container"><div data-qa="ArticlePaywallContainer-LoadingContainer" 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...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: 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style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_4isNar\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ...contentUpdatedDateContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentPublishedDateContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n ...videoDurationOverlayVideo\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksPaywallPromiseContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ...atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4\n ...atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase\n ...atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase\n}\n\nfragment hooksTrackPageViewArticle on Article {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n headline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n copyrighted\n entityUuid\n socialHeadline\n sponsor\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksUseNotificationsSection on Section {\n ...notificationSection\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment imageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n ...checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent\n}\n\nfragment infographicArticleArticle on Article {\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...landingBannerInfographicArticle\n}\n\nfragment inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment inlineWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment issuesNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n }\n ...issuesDropdownNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment itemLiveArticleContentArticle on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment landingBannerInfographicArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n headline\n topics {\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n title\n url\n }\n coverHero: image(filter: {type: HERO}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment liveArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n entityUuid\n flag\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n ...contentLiveArticleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n}\n\nfragment liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n liveArticle(filter: {entityUuid: $entityUuid}) {\n customTimezone\n liveContents {\n entityId\n publishedDate\n title\n body {\n text\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...entityLink\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3JkJ9S\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...headerMorningStudioArticle\n}\n\nfragment morningStudioArticleFooterContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityUuid\n topics {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment newsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...headerNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment newsletterWidgetLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment notificationSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryDialogContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment photoGalleryWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...photoGalleryDialogContent\n}\n\nfragment pianoIntegrationArticle on Article {\n __typename\n contentLock\n createdDate\n entityId\n entityUuid\n headline\n publishedDate\n sponsor\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n ...helpersIsArchiveWallArticle\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...useShareContentUnlockedArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n ...articleDateContent\n ...authorNamesArticle\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTitleArticle on Article {\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...plusArticleTypeTitleContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusArticleTypeTitleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment plusAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n areaOfExpertise\n}\n\nfragment plusColumnsArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleTitleArticle\n ...blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment plusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n ...blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent\n ...factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent\n ...plusArticleTitleArticle\n}\n\nfragment popupArticle20ShareMenuContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment postMagazineArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...genericArticleContent\n}\n\nfragment scmpYoutubeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment seriesArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...seriesPrimaryContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...seriesBannerContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment seriesBannerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksSeriesArticleSectionTagArticle\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2niEwz\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment seriesPrimaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3wWJWe\n}\n\nfragment shareArticle20Content on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...popupArticle20ShareMenuContent\n}\n\nfragment sponsorTagSponsor on Sponsor {\n name\n type\n images {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment styleArticleAuthorBlockArticle on Article {\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n sponsor {\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n authors {\n ...authorNameAuthor\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment styleArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...styleArticleAuthorBlockArticle\n}\n\nfragment 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}\n}\n\nfragment articleLinkingDataContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleListArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...articleDividerArticle\n ...articleFooterArticle\n ...articlePaginationCheckerArticle\n ...articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4\n ...articleRecommendationArticle\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n ...articleRenderArticle_3o8td4\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent\n ...contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n images {\n url\n style(filter: {style: \"237x147\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreOnThisListStyleArticle on Article {\n styleMoreOnThisArticles: moreOnThisArticles {\n ...entityLink\n ...magazinesStyleArticleMoreOnThisContentItemContent\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesArticle on Article {\n moreOnThisArticles {\n entityId\n ...articleMoreStoriesItemArticle\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleMoreStoriesItemArticle on Article {\n ...entityLink\n headline\n socialHeadline\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n url\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationCheckerArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment articlePaginationNavigationHistoryArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...hooksTrackCurrentItemBase_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksPaywallPromiseContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePaywallContainerArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle on Article {\n printHeadline\n}\n\nfragment articleReactionArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sections {\n value {\n name\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleReadingTimeContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n readingTime\n}\n\nfragment articleRecommendationArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n moreOnThisArticles {\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n entityId\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleRenderArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleActionWidgetArticle\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticleContent\n ...articleAuthorBlockArticle\n ...articleAuthorDetailsContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...articleBeforeYouGoTopicsContent\n ...articleBeforeYouGoWidget\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleCorrectionsWidgetArticle\n ...articleDateContent\n ...articleFurtherReadingWidgetArticle\n ...articleImageGalleryContent\n ...articleLeadingArticle\n ...articleMoreOnThisListArticle\n ...articlePaywallContainerArticle\n ...articlePrintHeadlineMessageArticle\n ...articleReactionArticle\n ...articleReadingTimeContent\n ...articleSectionsContent\n ...articleSeriesArticle\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n ...articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...articleTopicContent\n ...articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle\n ...articleTopicsContent\n ...articleTopicWidgetArticle\n ...articleVocabBoxArticle\n ...authorAvatarsArticle\n ...authorNamesArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentLiveTagContent\n ...contentReadMoreButtonContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n ...contentSubHeadlineContent\n ...contentSummaryContent\n ...genericArticleContent\n ...postMagazineArticleContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksPostiesArticleArticle_3o8td4\n ...infographicArticleArticle\n ...liveArticleArticle\n ...morningStudioArticleContent\n ...newsletterArticleArticle\n ...pianoIntegrationArticle\n ...plusColumnsArticleContent\n ...plusGenericArticleContent\n ...seriesArticleArticle\n ...styleArticleContent\n ...contentActionBarContent\n}\n\nfragment articleSchemaContent_mN6kk on Query {\n article(filter: {entityId: $entityId}) {\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n authorLocations\n contentLock\n createdDate\n headline\n publishedDate\n socialHeadline\n sponsorType\n updatedDate\n urlAlias\n authors {\n location\n name\n types\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n text\n }\n corrections {\n correction {\n text\n }\n timestamp\n }\n images {\n isSlideshow\n height\n width\n url\n }\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n ...liveBlogPostingLiveArticles_2w8PNF\n}\n\nfragment articleSectionsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n sections {\n value {\n ...helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection\n ...entityLink\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeoArticle_3o8td4 on Article {\n ...hooksArticleSeoArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n entityId\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n summary {\n text\n }\n subHeadline {\n text\n }\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n text\n }\n keywords\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n entityId\n id\n }\n urlAlias\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n images {\n style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesArticle on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ...inlineArticleSeriesInlineArticle\n ...carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSeriesCarouselContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n ... on Article {\n seriesContainer {\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_3n3tyT\n}\n\nfragment articleShareWidgetArticle on Article {\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSpeechPlayerPortalArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...articleSpeechInlineWidgetArticle\n}\n\nfragment articleSponsorContent on Article {\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n description {\n json\n }\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleTitleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicFollowWidgetArticle on Article {\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n disableFollow\n entityId\n name\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicWidgetArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sponsorType\n firstTopic {\n ...entityLink\n ...followButtonBase\n name\n disableFollow\n contents(first: 4, orderBy: {field: PUBLISHED_DATE, direction: DESC}) {\n edges {\n node {\n __typename\n entityId\n ...articleWidgetContent\n id\n }\n }\n }\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleTopicsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n ...topicLinkTopic\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment articleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment articleWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...entityLink\n ...hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentArticleAtomBase_3o8td4 on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n ...articleSeoArticle_3o8td4\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n ...headerContentBookmarkArticle\n ...headerContentCommentTrigger\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersUseSharingUrl\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n ...hooksTrackPageViewArticle\n ...hooksContentInterestArticle\n ...hooksUseCurrentArticleIdsArticle\n ...hooksUseNotificationReadStatusArticle\n ...onboardingNewsletterSubscriptionArticle\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentNotificationSectionAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n ...hooksUseNotificationsSection\n id\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentStyleCardCarouselWidgetSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment atomsCurrentTakeoverAdSectionsAtomBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n entityId\n entityUuid\n name\n types\n image(filter: {type: AUTHOR_IMAGE}) {\n style(filter: {style: \"300x300\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorAvatarsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorBioAuthor on Author {\n bio\n}\n\nfragment authorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...styleAuthorCardAuthor\n ...defaultAuthorCardAuthor\n ...plusAuthorCardAuthor\n}\n\nfragment authorNameAuthor on Author {\n ...entityLink\n name\n entityUuid\n}\n\nfragment authorNamesArticle on Article {\n authorLocations\n authors {\n entityId\n location\n ...authorNameAuthor\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorRoleAuthor on Author {\n role {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment authorSocialLinksAuthor on Author {\n socialLinks {\n class\n title\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment beforeYouGoActionWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...shareArticle20Content\n ...articleShareWidgetArticle\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment blockquoteQuotePlusGenericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentShareWidgetContent\n}\n\nfragment breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle on Article {\n entityId\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment carouselArticleSeriesCarouselArticle on Article {\n entityId\n seriesContainer {\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n urlAlias\n series {\n __typename\n ... on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n ...articleSeriesCarouselContent\n }\n ... on Node {\n __isNode: __typename\n id\n }\n }\n ...entityLink\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment checkersCheckContentContainsStarlingImageContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentActionBarContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n createdDate\n updatedDate\n publishedDate\n ...articleCommentArticle\n ... on Article {\n hasVideoContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentBodyContent_3o8td4 on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n body(customContents: $customContents, type: $bodyType) {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_1OCN1a on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size768x768: style(filter: {style: \"768x768\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_4isNar on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n landscape250x99: style(filter: {style: \"landscape_250_99\"}) {\n url\n }\n size540x360: style(filter: {style: \"540x360\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverImageContent_D9JlW on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n images {\n url\n title\n type\n size80x80: style(filter: {style: \"80x80\"}) {\n url\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentCoverVideoContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n headline\n socialHeadline\n ...contentHeadlineTagContent\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveArticleArticle on Article {\n ...itemLiveArticleContentArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentLiveTagContent on Article {\n ...helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n entityId\n relatedLinks\n}\n\nfragment contentNewsletterWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ... on Article {\n relatedNewsletters {\n ...helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentPublishedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n publishedDate\n}\n\nfragment contentReadMoreButtonContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...appButtonContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSchemaRenderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...blockquoteQuoteContent\n ...imageContent\n ...inlineWidgetContent\n ...photoGalleryWidgetContent\n ...scmpYoutubeContent\n}\n\nfragment contentShareWidgetContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n socialHeadline\n headline\n}\n\nfragment contentSponsorTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSubHeadlineContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n subHeadline {\n json\n }\n summary {\n json\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment contentSummaryContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n __typename\n summary {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment contentUpdatedDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment contextsArticleListContextProviderArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment contextsContentReadMoreContextProviderContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n}\n\nfragment copyLinkArticle20CopyLinkContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n urlAlias\n shortUrl\n headline\n socialHeadline\n}\n\nfragment defaultArticleDateContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...hooksArticleDateUtilsContent\n}\n\nfragment defaultAuthorCardAuthor on Author {\n ...authorAvatarAuthor\n ...authorBioAuthor\n ...authorNameAuthor\n ...authorRoleAuthor\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n ...followButtonBase\n}\n\nfragment entityFollowButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n ... on Section {\n entityId\n name\n }\n ... on Author {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n ... on Topic {\n entityId\n name\n disableFollow\n }\n}\n\nfragment entityLink on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n __typename\n entityId\n entityUuid\n urlAlias\n urlRedirect {\n toUrl\n id\n }\n application {\n entityId\n id\n }\n ... on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n parentSection\n }\n ...helpersAppBarVariantBase\n ...helpersApplicationBase\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment factSheetLinkPlusGenericArticleContent on Article {\n entityId\n factSheets {\n url\n name\n }\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment followButtonBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...entityFollowButtonBase\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n entityId\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentNewsletterWidgetContent\n ...globalCheckerContent\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n ...shareArticle20Content\n}\n\nfragment genericArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericArticle on Article {\n entityId\n ...buttonArticleSpeechInlineWidgetGenericButtonArticle\n ...hooksShowGenericInlineWidgetByArticleArticle\n ...toolTipArticleSpeechWidgetToolTipArticle\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleContent_3o8td4 on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n name\n urlAlias\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n name\n id\n }\n publishedDate\n additionalInfoBoxes {\n ...articleAdditionalInfoBoxArticle\n }\n ...genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle\n ...blockquoteQuoteGenericPostiesArticleContent\n ...articleBaseAdvertisingInfoArticle\n ...contentBodyContent_3o8td4\n}\n\nfragment genericPostiesArticleVocabBoxArticle on Article {\n glossary {\n term\n translation\n description {\n json\n }\n }\n ...contentSchemaRenderContent\n}\n\nfragment globalCheckerContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...articlePaywallCheckerContent\n}\n\nfragment headerContentBookmarkArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment headerContentCommentTrigger on Article {\n ...articleCommentsTriggerArticle\n}\n\nfragment headerMorningStudioArticle on Article {\n ...articleSponsorContent\n ...subheaderMorningStudioSubheaderContent\n headline\n coverDesktop: image(filter: {type: COVER}) {\n url\n }\n coverMobile: image(filter: {type: COVER_MOBILE}) {\n url\n }\n}\n\nfragment headerNewsletterArticleArticle on Article {\n headline\n ...issuesNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...breadcrumbNewsletterArticleArticle\n ...widgetNewsletterArticleArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersAppBarVariantBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsLiveArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersSectionContent\n ...helpersStyleSectionContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersApplicationBase on BaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias {\n __isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias: __typename\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesPage\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusPage\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckArticleRenderTypeArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckCanShowInPlusPlatformArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckArticleIsInSectionsArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n ...helpersGetArticleTypeArticle\n ...helpersUseContentSponsorContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckHasLiveTagArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIfNewsSectionInFirstIndexSection on Section {\n name\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsLiveArticle on Article {\n flattenTypeIds\n liveArticle {\n status\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityUuid\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPlusPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsPostiesPage on Page {\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment helpersCheckIsStyleArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersGetArticleTypeArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArchiveWallArticle on Article {\n ...helpersIsVelocityWallArticle\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsArticleVideoAsHeroArticle on Article {\n multimediaEmbed {\n json\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersIsVelocityWallArticle on Article {\n paywallTypes {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersMassageToNewsletterItemNewsletter on Newsletter {\n entityId\n name\n alternativeName\n description {\n text\n }\n summary {\n text\n }\n homepageDescription {\n text\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle on Article {\n authors {\n types\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle on Article {\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersStyleSectionContent on Section {\n fullSectionPath {\n entityId\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseContentSponsorContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n topics {\n entityId\n sponsor {\n ...sponsorTagSponsor\n name\n type\n id\n }\n id\n }\n ... on Article {\n sponsorType\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsMainTopicContent\n}\n\nfragment helpersUseSharingUrl on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleAcknowledgementGateOverlayArticle on Article {\n entityId\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleDateUtilsContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n createdDate\n publishedDate\n updatedDate\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleReactionUtilsArticle on Article {\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n entityId\n id\n }\n entityId\n sponsorType\n}\n\nfragment hooksArticleSeoArticle on Article {\n ...helpersCheckIsPostiesArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPostMagazineArticle\n ...helpersCheckIsPlusArticle\n ...hooksContentHeadlineTagContent\n entityId\n headline\n socialHeadline\n types {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n authors {\n entityId\n id\n }\n topics {\n sponsor {\n entityId\n id\n }\n id\n }\n sections {\n value {\n entityId\n id\n }\n }\n images {\n generic_og: style(filter: {style: \"og_image_scmp_generic\"}) {\n url\n }\n styles(filter: {styles: [\"og_image_posties_article\", \"og_postmag\", \"og_image_scmp_analysis\", \"og_image_scmp_explainer\", \"og_image_scmp_editorial\", \"og_image_scmp_fact_check\", \"og_image_scmp_debate\", \"og_image_scmp_live\", \"og_image_scmp_obituary\", \"og_image_scmp_opinion\", \"og_image_scmp_review\", \"og_image_scmp_series\", \"og_image_scmp_generic\"]}) {\n url\n style\n }\n type\n }\n disableOffPlatformContent\n published\n sponsorType\n urlAlias\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHeadlineTagContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ... on Article {\n types {\n value {\n name\n entityId\n description {\n text\n }\n id\n }\n }\n ...helpersCheckIsStyleArticle\n }\n flag\n sections {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n ...hooksContentHelperContent\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentHelperContent on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...helpersSanitizeArticleTypeEntityIdsArticle\n ...helpersSanitizeAuthorTypesArticle\n ...helpersSanitizedAuthorEntityIdsArticle\n flag\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentInterestArticle on Article {\n entityId\n sentiment\n urlAlias\n types {\n value {\n name\n id\n }\n }\n topics {\n name\n id\n }\n}\n\nfragment hooksContentItemProvidersContent_2aLOLQ on Content {\n __isContent: __typename\n ...contentCoverImageContent_3ndUvy\n ...contentHeadlineContent\n ...contentSponsorTagContent\n ... on Video {\n __typename\n }\n}\n\nfragment 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Despite the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and China agreeing last year to conclude talks by 2026, they remain divided – including on whether it should be legally binding.\n\n\nAside from differences with China, a lack of unity among the Asean member states – including over competing claims with each other – has also contributed to the slow pace of progress.\nThe diplomatic upgrade between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi followed a report by Reuters in October that Malaysia had lodged a rare protest over Vietnam’s alleged expansion of a South China Sea reef in the Spratly Islands that is claimed by both countries.\nThe Malaysian and Vietnamese claims, alongside those of the Philippines and Brunei, also overlap with China’s expansive assertions of territorial rights over much of the waterway.\nZhang Mingliang, an expert on regional affairs at Jinan University in Guangzhou, southern China, said Lam’s visit and the upgrade of ties highlighted Vietnam’s backing for Malaysia’s turn in 2025 as rotating chair of Asean.\n“Both sides see Malaysia’s Asean chairmanship next year as an opportunity to push the maritime issue in the direction desired by both countries, that is, a legally binding COC as soon as possible,” he said.\nAccording to Zhang, the timing – just ahead of Trump’s return to the White House in January – also underlines the worries in Southeast Asia about the possibility of declining US support for the region.\n“Asean nations are particularly sensitive to possible US policy changes and it would be only natural for them to take precautions against uncertainty. Securing a binding South China Sea code of conduct with China is probably the best option at the moment.”\nNguyen Khac Giang, a visiting fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute’s Vietnam Studies Programme in Singapore, said the elevation of ties sent a “strong signal of shared priorities” from both members of the 10-strong Association of Southeast Asian Nations.\n“Despite their own overlapping claims, Hanoi and Kuala Lumpur recognise that a fragmented Asean only benefits those who wish to dominate the South China Sea,” he said.\n\n\n\n\nAccording to Giang, the move to lift Malaysia to the top-tier of Vietnam’s partnerships – an eight-strong group that also includes the US, Russia, India, Japan and France – fits well into Hanoi’s broader diplomatic strategy.\nIndonesia and Singapore could follow Malaysia’s lead, with reports that the two countries are in discussions to upgrade their ties with Vietnam to the highest level next year.\n“By forging stronger bonds with Indonesia, Malaysia, with the Philippines potentially next, Hanoi is quietly weaving a network of partnerships that could help Southeast Asian nations better coordinate their approach to maritime disputes,” Giang said.\nWhile the diplomatic upgrade underscores a growing coordination between claimant states, it may not have an immediate impact on the South China Sea dynamics, but could build momentum for a more cohesive regional response, according to Giang.\n“The Philippines might view this as encouragement to deepen its own partnerships, while Malaysia’s coming Asean chairmanship in 2025 presents a critical opportunity to shape a more unified … stance on the South China Sea,” he said.\n“Vietnam’s early engagement with Kuala Lumpur is clearly aimed at encouraging a more proactive role from the host.”\n\n\nA China-based Southeast Asia specialist, who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the subject’s sensitivity, was also of the view that the elevation of Vietnam-Malaysia ties was at least partly aimed at Beijing.\n“Both countries are among those that have encountered constant pressure from China over the past decade in the disputed waters they each claim in the South China Sea,” the academic said.\n“In a sense, Malaysia – which is under increasing pressure in the disputed waters from China – is in a rather similar position to Vietnam. That’s why they’ve edged closer, trying to reinvigorate efforts within Asean to push for the binding code of conduct with China.”\nAccording to the mainland-based specialist, Lam has appeared to be more assertive on the South China Sea issue than his predecessor Nguyen Phu Trong, who died in July at the age of 80.\n“For instance, Vietnam and Malaysia have shown unprecedented intentions to cooperate on maritime issues since Lam came to power [in August].”\nThe academic also noted Lam’s mid-November visit to Bach Long Vi island in the Gulf of Tonkin, observing that his pointed remarks on the island’s strategic importance to Vietnam’s national security and sovereignty were obviously aimed at Beijing.\nIt was the first visit to the island – controlled by China until 1957 when Beijing transferred it to Hanoi – by a Vietnamese leader since 2014, when a diplomatic crisis over a Chinese deepwater oil rig in the contested waters sent their ties to a low point.\nIn his remarks, Lam described the island as “a key maritime gateway … providing logistics services for military activities at sea” and added that it should become “a fortress for defending Vietnam’s maritime sovereignty”.\n\n\n\n\nLucio Blanco Pitlo III, research fellow at the Asia-Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation, a Manila-based think tank, described Malaysia and Vietnam as “pragmatic and flexible actors”, despite their different approaches and thresholds.\n“Both jointly submitted an extended continental shelf claim [to the United Nations in 2009] and pursued joint offshore petroleum development in the resource-rich sea,” he noted.\nAccording to Pitlo, much of their offshore oil and gas blocks are in choppy waters where China’s claims are becoming more felt – through Beijing’s growing enforcement capacity and frequent disruption of regular marine security and economic activities.\n“Both countries see China’s increasing omnipresence in the disputed sea and airspace and the challenge these present to their interests,” Pitlo said.\n“But relative distance and burgeoning economic ties may explain Malaysia’s higher bar in pushing back against China. It can tolerate the passage and presence of Chinese ships, so long as they do not interfere with the country’s petroleum fields or projects.”\nPitlo noted that Malaysia and Vietnam had opposed China’s claims and actions and registered their displeasure through diplomatic channels.\n“However, they may also have apprehensions about Manila inviting greater US and allied military footprints, which may raise the possibility of accidents in the hotspot,” he said.\nUnlike the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam seem to have “more confidence in dealing with their big northern neighbour”, according to Pitlo, who pointed out that both Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi have channels for dialogue with China about the sea.\n\n\nNgeow Chow Bing, director of the Institute of China Studies at the University of Malaya, said the upgraded partnership between Vietnam and Malaysia was not necessarily meant as a strategic statement towards China or the Philippines.\nInstead, the wording of the joint statement – such as “peaceful settlement” and “self-restraint” – were standard phrases that are common among the Asean nations, he said.\n“So these are not particularly aimed at the current tensions or towards China or the Philippines … The upgrade … is bilateral in nature and does not indicate any form of united front against China on the South China Sea.”\nAccording to Ngeow, the recent dispute between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi was not a factor in the timing of the upgrade’s announcement because “incidents like this, on their own, are no obstacles for improved diplomatic relations”.\nCarl Thayer, emeritus professor at the University of New South Wales in Australia, agreed, noting that both countries had signalled that priority would be given to “self-restraint towards each other in the South China Sea and negotiations to address outstanding issues”.\nThayer added that the Vietnam-Malaysia statement merely repeated their support for the standard Asean position on the maritime dispute with regard to China.\nWhile both countries stood to benefit from better trade and investment, deepened defence and security cooperation, as well as greater Asean-wide coordination, Vietnam’s support would also enhance Malaysia’s position as Asean’s 2025 chair, he said.\nHowever, the upgrade could presage a realignment within a deeply divided Asean, with Vietnam emerging as “the hub of a network” that includes Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, according to Thayer.\n“This new realignment could influence the Philippines to put greater trust in Asean, [rather] than relying primarily on its alliance with the US. China would find it more difficult to play its ‘divide and conquer’ strategy,” he said.\n“A united front of claimant states against China is unlikely until Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines resolve their own overlapping claims,” Thayer added.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/vietnam","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"bc44aff6-67d5-4953-8140-0ed25095d409","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Vietnam"}]},{"type":"text","data":" and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/malaysia","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"11478fe5-adc5-45f1-8f05-f686cd7f9999","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Malaysia"}]},{"type":"text","data":" have upgraded diplomatic ties and pledged to deepen their cooperation on the "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/south-china-sea","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"641dadfd-b182-45ce-a2eb-0becb5191f7d","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"South China Sea"}]},{"type":"text","data":" dispute ahead of a second Donald Trump administration in the US and rising maritime tensions between Beijing and Manila."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The elevation in ties to a comprehensive strategic partnership – announced last week during Vietnamese Communist Party chief To Lam’s visit to Malaysia – is a step towards easing tensions over the competing territorial claims in the waterway, according to observers."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The move also signals an accelerating realignment of power in Southeast Asia, which could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in the overarching maritime dispute with China, the analysts said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The agreement makes Malaysia the first "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-asean-relations","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"41938eb2-e92b-4aac-b694-9b846f00becf","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Asean"}]},{"type":"text","data":" member state to become a top-tier diplomatic partner with Vietnam, a status it shares with China."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In a joint statement, Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi pledged to continue working together to “maintain peace, security, stability, safety, and freedom of navigation” in the South China Sea, as well as “peaceful resolution of disputes without resorting to threats or use of force”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"They also “reaffirmed the importance for all parties concerned to exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities and to refrain from undertaking activities that could escalate tension which in turn could affect peace and stability in the South China Sea”."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"At a joint press conference with Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, Lam reiterated the call for restraint by “all relevant parties” while committing to the early adoption of a “substantive and effective” South China Sea "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/article/3283294/code-conduct-best-way-forward-rows-south-china-sea","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c5f09c54-c181-48a1-8f62-7974a2863db9","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"code of conduct"}]},{"type":"text","data":" (COC)."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to the official Vietnam News Agency, Lam specified that the code should be in line with international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Negotiations for a COC started in the 1990s, but remain unresolved. Despite the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and China agreeing last year to conclude talks by 2026, they remain divided – including on whether it should be legally binding."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/tfZw2O18NHA?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"China and Asean renew agreement to develop code of conduct for South China Sea","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/07/14/clean_0.jpg?itok=PeyVzi5C","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/07/14/clean_0.jpg?itok=bdK19q-p","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/07/14/clean_0.jpg","data-duration":"02:43","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3227724","data-youtube-id":"tfZw2O18NHA"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Aside from differences with China, a lack of unity among the Asean member states – including over competing claims with each other – has also contributed to the slow pace of progress."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The diplomatic upgrade between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi followed a report by Reuters in October that Malaysia had lodged a rare protest over Vietnam’s alleged expansion of a South China Sea reef in the Spratly Islands that is claimed by both countries."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Malaysian and Vietnamese claims, alongside those of the Philippines and Brunei, also overlap with China’s expansive assertions of territorial rights over much of the waterway."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zhang Mingliang, an expert on regional affairs at Jinan University in Guangzhou, southern China, said Lam’s visit and the upgrade of ties highlighted Vietnam’s backing for Malaysia’s turn in 2025 as rotating chair of Asean."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Both sides see Malaysia’s Asean chairmanship next year as an opportunity to push the maritime issue in the direction desired by both countries, that is, a legally binding COC as soon as possible,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Zhang, the timing – just ahead of Trump’s return to the White House in January – also underlines the worries in Southeast Asia about the possibility of declining US support for the region."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Asean nations are particularly sensitive to possible US policy changes and it would be only natural for them to take precautions against uncertainty. Securing a binding South China Sea code of conduct with China is probably the best option at the moment.”"}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Nguyen Khac Giang, a visiting fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute’s Vietnam Studies Programme in Singapore, said the elevation of ties sent a “strong signal of shared priorities” from both members of the 10-strong Association of Southeast Asian Nations."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Despite their own overlapping claims, Hanoi and Kuala Lumpur recognise that a fragmented Asean only benefits those who wish to dominate the South China Sea,” he said."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-multimedia-embed"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"width":"","height":"535","src":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/embeds/2024/world/south-china-sea-area/","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","data":"\n"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Giang, the move to lift Malaysia to the top-tier of Vietnam’s partnerships – an eight-strong group that also includes the US, Russia, India, Japan and France – fits well into Hanoi’s broader diplomatic strategy."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Indonesia and Singapore could follow Malaysia’s lead, with reports that the two countries are in discussions to upgrade their ties with Vietnam to the highest level next year."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“By forging stronger bonds with Indonesia, Malaysia, with the Philippines potentially next, Hanoi is quietly weaving a network of partnerships that could help Southeast Asian nations better coordinate their approach to maritime disputes,” Giang said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While the diplomatic upgrade underscores a growing coordination between claimant states, it may not have an immediate impact on the South China Sea dynamics, but could build momentum for a more cohesive regional response, according to Giang."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The Philippines might view this as encouragement to deepen its own partnerships, while Malaysia’s coming Asean chairmanship in 2025 presents a critical opportunity to shape a more unified … stance on the South China Sea,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Vietnam’s early engagement with Kuala Lumpur is clearly aimed at encouraging a more proactive role from the host.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/TzManq3vaFc?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"Why the South China Sea dispute remains one of the region’s most pressing issues","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/27/270923-Clean-.jpg?itok=2Sf2CZqC","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/27/270923-Clean-.jpg?itok=DHnaezV1","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/27/270923-Clean-.jpg","data-duration":"05:22","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3236007","data-youtube-id":"TzManq3vaFc"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A China-based Southeast Asia specialist, who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the subject’s sensitivity, was also of the view that the elevation of Vietnam-Malaysia ties was at least partly aimed at Beijing."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Both countries are among those that have encountered constant pressure from China over the past decade in the disputed waters they each claim in the South China Sea,” the academic said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“In a sense, Malaysia – which is under increasing pressure in the disputed waters from China – is in a rather similar position to Vietnam. That’s why they’ve edged closer, trying to reinvigorate efforts within Asean to push for the binding code of conduct with China.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to the mainland-based specialist, Lam has appeared to be more assertive on the South China Sea issue than his predecessor Nguyen Phu Trong, who died in July at the age of 80."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“For instance, Vietnam and Malaysia have shown unprecedented intentions to cooperate on maritime issues since Lam came to power [in August].”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The academic also noted Lam’s mid-November visit to Bach Long Vi island in the Gulf of Tonkin, observing that his pointed remarks on the island’s strategic importance to Vietnam’s national security and sovereignty were obviously aimed at Beijing."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"It was the first visit to the island – controlled by China until 1957 when Beijing transferred it to Hanoi – by a Vietnamese leader since 2014, when a diplomatic crisis over a Chinese deepwater oil rig in the contested waters sent their ties to a low point."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In his remarks, Lam described the island as “a key maritime gateway … providing logistics services for military activities at sea” and added that it should become “a fortress for defending Vietnam’s maritime sovereignty”."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-multimedia-embed"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"width":"","height":"635","src":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/embeds/2024/china/scs_hotspots/","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","data":"\n"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Lucio Blanco Pitlo III, research fellow at the Asia-Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation, a Manila-based think tank, described Malaysia and Vietnam as “pragmatic and flexible actors”, despite their different approaches and thresholds."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Both jointly submitted an extended continental shelf claim [to the United Nations in 2009] and pursued joint offshore petroleum development in the resource-rich sea,” he noted."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Pitlo, much of their offshore oil and gas blocks are in choppy waters where China’s claims are becoming more felt – through Beijing’s growing enforcement capacity and frequent disruption of regular marine security and economic activities."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Both countries see China’s increasing omnipresence in the disputed sea and airspace and the challenge these present to their interests,” Pitlo said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“But relative distance and burgeoning economic ties may explain Malaysia’s higher bar in pushing back against China. It can tolerate the passage and presence of Chinese ships, so long as they do not interfere with the country’s petroleum fields or projects.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Pitlo noted that Malaysia and Vietnam had opposed China’s claims and actions and registered their displeasure through diplomatic channels."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“However, they may also have apprehensions about Manila inviting greater US and allied military footprints, which may raise the possibility of accidents in the hotspot,” he said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Unlike the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam seem to have “more confidence in dealing with their big northern neighbour”, according to Pitlo, who pointed out that both Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi have channels for dialogue with China about the sea."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/LRSI7kNoog0?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"China, Philippines differ over deal to stop clashes at fiercely disputed shoal","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/07/23/thumb_1.jpg?itok=c7Tyen7w","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/07/23/thumb_1.jpg?itok=IKOen7v2","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/07/23/thumb_1.jpg","data-duration":"02:49","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3271567","data-youtube-id":"LRSI7kNoog0"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Ngeow Chow Bing, director of the Institute of China Studies at the University of Malaya, said the upgraded partnership between Vietnam and Malaysia was not necessarily meant as a strategic statement towards China or the Philippines."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Instead, the wording of the joint statement – such as “peaceful settlement” and “self-restraint” – were standard phrases that are common among the Asean nations, he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“So these are not particularly aimed at the current tensions or towards China or the Philippines … The upgrade … is bilateral in nature and does not indicate any form of united front against China on the South China Sea.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Ngeow, the recent dispute between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi was not a factor in the timing of the upgrade’s announcement because “incidents like this, on their own, are no obstacles for improved diplomatic relations”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Carl Thayer, emeritus professor at the University of New South Wales in Australia, agreed, noting that both countries had signalled that priority would be given to “self-restraint towards each other in the South China Sea and negotiations to address outstanding issues”."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"90"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Thayer added that the Vietnam-Malaysia statement merely repeated their support for the standard Asean position on the maritime dispute with regard to China."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While both countries stood to benefit from better trade and investment, deepened defence and security cooperation, as well as greater Asean-wide coordination, Vietnam’s support would also enhance Malaysia’s position as Asean’s 2025 chair, he said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"However, the upgrade could presage a realignment within a deeply divided Asean, with Vietnam emerging as “the hub of a network” that includes Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, according to Thayer."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“This new realignment could influence the Philippines to put greater trust in Asean, [rather] than relying primarily on its alliance with the US. 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He's interested in political, social and environmental development in China.","socialLinks":[{"class":"email","title":null,"url":"mailto:jiangtao.shi@scmp.com"}],"role":{"text":"Reporter, China\n"},"areaOfExpertise":["China news"]}],"headline":"Is Hanoi quietly building Asean alliances on a South China Sea code of conduct?","socialHeadline":"Is Hanoi quietly building Asean alliances on South China Sea code of conduct?","images":[{"generic_og":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_generic/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=D-Xo4u5p\u0026v=1732776984"},"styles":[{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_posties_article/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=2IysoqxH\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_posties_article"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_postmag/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=GJSv8Jou\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_postmag"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_analysis/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=zejfHxVp\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_analysis"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_explainer/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=tZc5jKM9\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_explainer"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_editorial/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=ZXCQcr9Z\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_editorial"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_fact_check/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=aT_cDr6E\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_fact_check"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_debate/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=djGZeY3k\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_debate"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_live/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=SyN372dw\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_live"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_obituary/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=ayOJ7pU0\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_obituary"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_opinion/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=twBIKBpB\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_opinion"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_review/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=1d8KGT5S\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_review"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_series/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=dMbmDEY6\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_series"},{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/og_image_scmp_generic/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=D-Xo4u5p\u0026v=1732776984","style":"og_image_scmp_generic"}],"type":"leading","style":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=Ij2_f4CI\u0026v=1732776984"},"title":"Vietnam’s Communist Party chief To Lam and Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim during a welcoming ceremony in Kuala Lumpur on November 21. Photo: Reuters","url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg","isSlideshow":true,"sizeLandscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=lCkzHdC7\u0026v=1732776984"},"size1280x720":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=ncXZ-JiU\u0026v=1732776984"},"size1200x800":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1200x800/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=i9IaFmVa\u0026v=1732776984"},"size1020x680":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/1020x680/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=LD5K6mgj\u0026v=1732776984"},"size768x768":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=Ij2_f4CI\u0026v=1732776984"},"landscape250x99":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_250_99/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=lCkzHdC7\u0026v=1732776984"},"size540x360":{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/540x360/public/d8/images/canvas/2024/11/28/4c2499d7-019f-43a0-9725-1fd473f3aa02_62c7e503.jpg?itok=9FXDfv1V\u0026v=1732776984"},"height":2730,"width":4095}],"disableOffPlatformContent":[],"published":true,"sponsorType":null,"publishedDate":1732845613000,"updatedDate":1732845613000,"summary":{"text":"Diplomatic upgrade with Kuala Lumpur could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in their dispute with Beijing, analysts say.\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Diplomatic upgrade with Kuala Lumpur could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in their dispute with Beijing, analysts say."}]}]},"subHeadline":{"text":"Diplomatic upgrade with Kuala Lumpur could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in their dispute with Beijing, analysts say\n","json":[{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Diplomatic upgrade with Kuala Lumpur could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in their dispute with Beijing, analysts say"}]}]},"body":{"text":"Vietnam and Malaysia have upgraded diplomatic ties and pledged to deepen their cooperation on the South China Sea dispute ahead of a second Donald Trump administration in the US and rising maritime tensions between Beijing and Manila.\nThe elevation in ties to a comprehensive strategic partnership – announced last week during Vietnamese Communist Party chief To Lam’s visit to Malaysia – is a step towards easing tensions over the competing territorial claims in the waterway, according to observers.\nThe move also signals an accelerating realignment of power in Southeast Asia, which could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in the overarching maritime dispute with China, the analysts said.\nThe agreement makes Malaysia the first Asean member state to become a top-tier diplomatic partner with Vietnam, a status it shares with China.\nIn a joint statement, Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi pledged to continue working together to “maintain peace, security, stability, safety, and freedom of navigation” in the South China Sea, as well as “peaceful resolution of disputes without resorting to threats or use of force”.\nThey also “reaffirmed the importance for all parties concerned to exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities and to refrain from undertaking activities that could escalate tension which in turn could affect peace and stability in the South China Sea”.\nAt a joint press conference with Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, Lam reiterated the call for restraint by “all relevant parties” while committing to the early adoption of a “substantive and effective” South China Sea code of conduct (COC).\nAccording to the official Vietnam News Agency, Lam specified that the code should be in line with international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).\nNegotiations for a COC started in the 1990s, but remain unresolved. Despite the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and China agreeing last year to conclude talks by 2026, they remain divided – including on whether it should be legally binding.\n\n\nAside from differences with China, a lack of unity among the Asean member states – including over competing claims with each other – has also contributed to the slow pace of progress.\nThe diplomatic upgrade between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi followed a report by Reuters in October that Malaysia had lodged a rare protest over Vietnam’s alleged expansion of a South China Sea reef in the Spratly Islands that is claimed by both countries.\nThe Malaysian and Vietnamese claims, alongside those of the Philippines and Brunei, also overlap with China’s expansive assertions of territorial rights over much of the waterway.\nZhang Mingliang, an expert on regional affairs at Jinan University in Guangzhou, southern China, said Lam’s visit and the upgrade of ties highlighted Vietnam’s backing for Malaysia’s turn in 2025 as rotating chair of Asean.\n“Both sides see Malaysia’s Asean chairmanship next year as an opportunity to push the maritime issue in the direction desired by both countries, that is, a legally binding COC as soon as possible,” he said.\nAccording to Zhang, the timing – just ahead of Trump’s return to the White House in January – also underlines the worries in Southeast Asia about the possibility of declining US support for the region.\n“Asean nations are particularly sensitive to possible US policy changes and it would be only natural for them to take precautions against uncertainty. Securing a binding South China Sea code of conduct with China is probably the best option at the moment.”\nNguyen Khac Giang, a visiting fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute’s Vietnam Studies Programme in Singapore, said the elevation of ties sent a “strong signal of shared priorities” from both members of the 10-strong Association of Southeast Asian Nations.\n“Despite their own overlapping claims, Hanoi and Kuala Lumpur recognise that a fragmented Asean only benefits those who wish to dominate the South China Sea,” he said.\n\n\n\n\nAccording to Giang, the move to lift Malaysia to the top-tier of Vietnam’s partnerships – an eight-strong group that also includes the US, Russia, India, Japan and France – fits well into Hanoi’s broader diplomatic strategy.\nIndonesia and Singapore could follow Malaysia’s lead, with reports that the two countries are in discussions to upgrade their ties with Vietnam to the highest level next year.\n“By forging stronger bonds with Indonesia, Malaysia, with the Philippines potentially next, Hanoi is quietly weaving a network of partnerships that could help Southeast Asian nations better coordinate their approach to maritime disputes,” Giang said.\nWhile the diplomatic upgrade underscores a growing coordination between claimant states, it may not have an immediate impact on the South China Sea dynamics, but could build momentum for a more cohesive regional response, according to Giang.\n“The Philippines might view this as encouragement to deepen its own partnerships, while Malaysia’s coming Asean chairmanship in 2025 presents a critical opportunity to shape a more unified … stance on the South China Sea,” he said.\n“Vietnam’s early engagement with Kuala Lumpur is clearly aimed at encouraging a more proactive role from the host.”\n\n\nA China-based Southeast Asia specialist, who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the subject’s sensitivity, was also of the view that the elevation of Vietnam-Malaysia ties was at least partly aimed at Beijing.\n“Both countries are among those that have encountered constant pressure from China over the past decade in the disputed waters they each claim in the South China Sea,” the academic said.\n“In a sense, Malaysia – which is under increasing pressure in the disputed waters from China – is in a rather similar position to Vietnam. That’s why they’ve edged closer, trying to reinvigorate efforts within Asean to push for the binding code of conduct with China.”\nAccording to the mainland-based specialist, Lam has appeared to be more assertive on the South China Sea issue than his predecessor Nguyen Phu Trong, who died in July at the age of 80.\n“For instance, Vietnam and Malaysia have shown unprecedented intentions to cooperate on maritime issues since Lam came to power [in August].”\nThe academic also noted Lam’s mid-November visit to Bach Long Vi island in the Gulf of Tonkin, observing that his pointed remarks on the island’s strategic importance to Vietnam’s national security and sovereignty were obviously aimed at Beijing.\nIt was the first visit to the island – controlled by China until 1957 when Beijing transferred it to Hanoi – by a Vietnamese leader since 2014, when a diplomatic crisis over a Chinese deepwater oil rig in the contested waters sent their ties to a low point.\nIn his remarks, Lam described the island as “a key maritime gateway … providing logistics services for military activities at sea” and added that it should become “a fortress for defending Vietnam’s maritime sovereignty”.\n\n\n\n\nLucio Blanco Pitlo III, research fellow at the Asia-Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation, a Manila-based think tank, described Malaysia and Vietnam as “pragmatic and flexible actors”, despite their different approaches and thresholds.\n“Both jointly submitted an extended continental shelf claim [to the United Nations in 2009] and pursued joint offshore petroleum development in the resource-rich sea,” he noted.\nAccording to Pitlo, much of their offshore oil and gas blocks are in choppy waters where China’s claims are becoming more felt – through Beijing’s growing enforcement capacity and frequent disruption of regular marine security and economic activities.\n“Both countries see China’s increasing omnipresence in the disputed sea and airspace and the challenge these present to their interests,” Pitlo said.\n“But relative distance and burgeoning economic ties may explain Malaysia’s higher bar in pushing back against China. It can tolerate the passage and presence of Chinese ships, so long as they do not interfere with the country’s petroleum fields or projects.”\nPitlo noted that Malaysia and Vietnam had opposed China’s claims and actions and registered their displeasure through diplomatic channels.\n“However, they may also have apprehensions about Manila inviting greater US and allied military footprints, which may raise the possibility of accidents in the hotspot,” he said.\nUnlike the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam seem to have “more confidence in dealing with their big northern neighbour”, according to Pitlo, who pointed out that both Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi have channels for dialogue with China about the sea.\n\n\nNgeow Chow Bing, director of the Institute of China Studies at the University of Malaya, said the upgraded partnership between Vietnam and Malaysia was not necessarily meant as a strategic statement towards China or the Philippines.\nInstead, the wording of the joint statement – such as “peaceful settlement” and “self-restraint” – were standard phrases that are common among the Asean nations, he said.\n“So these are not particularly aimed at the current tensions or towards China or the Philippines … The upgrade … is bilateral in nature and does not indicate any form of united front against China on the South China Sea.”\nAccording to Ngeow, the recent dispute between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi was not a factor in the timing of the upgrade’s announcement because “incidents like this, on their own, are no obstacles for improved diplomatic relations”.\nCarl Thayer, emeritus professor at the University of New South Wales in Australia, agreed, noting that both countries had signalled that priority would be given to “self-restraint towards each other in the South China Sea and negotiations to address outstanding issues”.\nThayer added that the Vietnam-Malaysia statement merely repeated their support for the standard Asean position on the maritime dispute with regard to China.\nWhile both countries stood to benefit from better trade and investment, deepened defence and security cooperation, as well as greater Asean-wide coordination, Vietnam’s support would also enhance Malaysia’s position as Asean’s 2025 chair, he said.\nHowever, the upgrade could presage a realignment within a deeply divided Asean, with Vietnam emerging as “the hub of a network” that includes Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, according to Thayer.\n“This new realignment could influence the Philippines to put greater trust in Asean, [rather] than relying primarily on its alliance with the US. China would find it more difficult to play its ‘divide and conquer’ strategy,” he said.\n“A united front of claimant states against China is unlikely until Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines resolve their own overlapping claims,” Thayer added.\n","json":[{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/vietnam","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"bc44aff6-67d5-4953-8140-0ed25095d409","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Vietnam"}]},{"type":"text","data":" and "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/malaysia","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"11478fe5-adc5-45f1-8f05-f686cd7f9999","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Malaysia"}]},{"type":"text","data":" have upgraded diplomatic ties and pledged to deepen their cooperation on the "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/south-china-sea","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"641dadfd-b182-45ce-a2eb-0becb5191f7d","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"South China Sea"}]},{"type":"text","data":" dispute ahead of a second Donald Trump administration in the US and rising maritime tensions between Beijing and Manila."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"0"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The elevation in ties to a comprehensive strategic partnership – announced last week during Vietnamese Communist Party chief To Lam’s visit to Malaysia – is a step towards easing tensions over the competing territorial claims in the waterway, according to observers."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The move also signals an accelerating realignment of power in Southeast Asia, which could lead to a more united front from claimant countries in the overarching maritime dispute with China, the analysts said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"1"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The agreement makes Malaysia the first "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/topics/china-asean-relations","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"41938eb2-e92b-4aac-b694-9b846f00becf","data-entity-type":"taxonomy_term","data-entity-bundle":"topics"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"Asean"}]},{"type":"text","data":" member state to become a top-tier diplomatic partner with Vietnam, a status it shares with China."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In a joint statement, Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi pledged to continue working together to “maintain peace, security, stability, safety, and freedom of navigation” in the South China Sea, as well as “peaceful resolution of disputes without resorting to threats or use of force”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"2"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"They also “reaffirmed the importance for all parties concerned to exercise self-restraint in the conduct of activities and to refrain from undertaking activities that could escalate tension which in turn could affect peace and stability in the South China Sea”."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"At a joint press conference with Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim, Lam reiterated the call for restraint by “all relevant parties” while committing to the early adoption of a “substantive and effective” South China Sea "},{"type":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.scmp.com/opinion/article/3283294/code-conduct-best-way-forward-rows-south-china-sea","title":"","target":"_self","data-entity-uuid":"c5f09c54-c181-48a1-8f62-7974a2863db9","data-entity-type":"node","data-entity-bundle":"article"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"code of conduct"}]},{"type":"text","data":" (COC)."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to the official Vietnam News Agency, Lam specified that the code should be in line with international law, including the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Negotiations for a COC started in the 1990s, but remain unresolved. Despite the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and China agreeing last year to conclude talks by 2026, they remain divided – including on whether it should be legally binding."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/tfZw2O18NHA?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"China and Asean renew agreement to develop code of conduct for South China Sea","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/07/14/clean_0.jpg?itok=PeyVzi5C","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/07/14/clean_0.jpg?itok=bdK19q-p","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/07/14/clean_0.jpg","data-duration":"02:43","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3227724","data-youtube-id":"tfZw2O18NHA"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"20"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Aside from differences with China, a lack of unity among the Asean member states – including over competing claims with each other – has also contributed to the slow pace of progress."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"4"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The diplomatic upgrade between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi followed a report by Reuters in October that Malaysia had lodged a rare protest over Vietnam’s alleged expansion of a South China Sea reef in the Spratly Islands that is claimed by both countries."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The Malaysian and Vietnamese claims, alongside those of the Philippines and Brunei, also overlap with China’s expansive assertions of territorial rights over much of the waterway."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Zhang Mingliang, an expert on regional affairs at Jinan University in Guangzhou, southern China, said Lam’s visit and the upgrade of ties highlighted Vietnam’s backing for Malaysia’s turn in 2025 as rotating chair of Asean."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"5"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Both sides see Malaysia’s Asean chairmanship next year as an opportunity to push the maritime issue in the direction desired by both countries, that is, a legally binding COC as soon as possible,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Zhang, the timing – just ahead of Trump’s return to the White House in January – also underlines the worries in Southeast Asia about the possibility of declining US support for the region."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Asean nations are particularly sensitive to possible US policy changes and it would be only natural for them to take precautions against uncertainty. Securing a binding South China Sea code of conduct with China is probably the best option at the moment.”"}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6","infiniteAdsAfterNumber":"3"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Nguyen Khac Giang, a visiting fellow at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute’s Vietnam Studies Programme in Singapore, said the elevation of ties sent a “strong signal of shared priorities” from both members of the 10-strong Association of Southeast Asian Nations."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Despite their own overlapping claims, Hanoi and Kuala Lumpur recognise that a fragmented Asean only benefits those who wish to dominate the South China Sea,” he said."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-multimedia-embed"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"width":"","height":"535","src":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/embeds/2024/world/south-china-sea-area/","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","data":"\n"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Giang, the move to lift Malaysia to the top-tier of Vietnam’s partnerships – an eight-strong group that also includes the US, Russia, India, Japan and France – fits well into Hanoi’s broader diplomatic strategy."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Indonesia and Singapore could follow Malaysia’s lead, with reports that the two countries are in discussions to upgrade their ties with Vietnam to the highest level next year."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“By forging stronger bonds with Indonesia, Malaysia, with the Philippines potentially next, Hanoi is quietly weaving a network of partnerships that could help Southeast Asian nations better coordinate their approach to maritime disputes,” Giang said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While the diplomatic upgrade underscores a growing coordination between claimant states, it may not have an immediate impact on the South China Sea dynamics, but could build momentum for a more cohesive regional response, according to Giang."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“The Philippines might view this as encouragement to deepen its own partnerships, while Malaysia’s coming Asean chairmanship in 2025 presents a critical opportunity to shape a more unified … stance on the South China Sea,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Vietnam’s early engagement with Kuala Lumpur is clearly aimed at encouraging a more proactive role from the host.”"}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/TzManq3vaFc?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"Why the South China Sea dispute remains one of the region’s most pressing issues","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/27/270923-Clean-.jpg?itok=2Sf2CZqC","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/27/270923-Clean-.jpg?itok=DHnaezV1","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2023/09/27/270923-Clean-.jpg","data-duration":"05:22","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3236007","data-youtube-id":"TzManq3vaFc"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"A China-based Southeast Asia specialist, who spoke on condition of anonymity because of the subject’s sensitivity, was also of the view that the elevation of Vietnam-Malaysia ties was at least partly aimed at Beijing."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"50"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Both countries are among those that have encountered constant pressure from China over the past decade in the disputed waters they each claim in the South China Sea,” the academic said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“In a sense, Malaysia – which is under increasing pressure in the disputed waters from China – is in a rather similar position to Vietnam. That’s why they’ve edged closer, trying to reinvigorate efforts within Asean to push for the binding code of conduct with China.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to the mainland-based specialist, Lam has appeared to be more assertive on the South China Sea issue than his predecessor Nguyen Phu Trong, who died in July at the age of 80."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“For instance, Vietnam and Malaysia have shown unprecedented intentions to cooperate on maritime issues since Lam came to power [in August].”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"The academic also noted Lam’s mid-November visit to Bach Long Vi island in the Gulf of Tonkin, observing that his pointed remarks on the island’s strategic importance to Vietnam’s national security and sovereignty were obviously aimed at Beijing."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"It was the first visit to the island – controlled by China until 1957 when Beijing transferred it to Hanoi – by a Vietnamese leader since 2014, when a diplomatic crisis over a Chinese deepwater oil rig in the contested waters sent their ties to a low point."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"In his remarks, Lam described the island as “a key maritime gateway … providing logistics services for military activities at sea” and added that it should become “a fortress for defending Vietnam’s maritime sovereignty”."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"scmp-multimedia-embed"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"type":"iframe","attribs":{"width":"","height":"635","src":"https://multimedia.scmp.com/embeds/2024/china/scs_hotspots/","scrolling":"no","frameborder":"0"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"text","data":"\n"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Lucio Blanco Pitlo III, research fellow at the Asia-Pacific Pathways to Progress Foundation, a Manila-based think tank, described Malaysia and Vietnam as “pragmatic and flexible actors”, despite their different approaches and thresholds."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Both jointly submitted an extended continental shelf claim [to the United Nations in 2009] and pursued joint offshore petroleum development in the resource-rich sea,” he noted."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Pitlo, much of their offshore oil and gas blocks are in choppy waters where China’s claims are becoming more felt – through Beijing’s growing enforcement capacity and frequent disruption of regular marine security and economic activities."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“Both countries see China’s increasing omnipresence in the disputed sea and airspace and the challenge these present to their interests,” Pitlo said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“But relative distance and burgeoning economic ties may explain Malaysia’s higher bar in pushing back against China. It can tolerate the passage and presence of Chinese ships, so long as they do not interfere with the country’s petroleum fields or projects.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Pitlo noted that Malaysia and Vietnam had opposed China’s claims and actions and registered their displeasure through diplomatic channels."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“However, they may also have apprehensions about Manila inviting greater US and allied military footprints, which may raise the possibility of accidents in the hotspot,” he said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Unlike the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam seem to have “more confidence in dealing with their big northern neighbour”, according to Pitlo, who pointed out that both Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi have channels for dialogue with China about the sea."}]},{"type":"div","attribs":{"class":"methode-html-wrapper oembed-wrapper"},"children":[{"type":"text","data":"\n"},{"subtype":"youtube","type":"iframe","attribs":{"allowfullscreen":"true","allowscriptaccess":"always","allow":"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture","class":"c1","frameborder":"0","width":"560","height":"315","scrolling":"no","src":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/LRSI7kNoog0?wmode=transparent\u0026jqoemcache=UdCOW\u0026enablejsapi=1\u0026playsinline=1","title":"China, Philippines differ over deal to stop clashes at fiercely disputed shoal","data-poster-sm":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/768x768/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/07/23/thumb_1.jpg?itok=c7Tyen7w","data-poster-lg":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/styles/wide_landscape/public/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/07/23/thumb_1.jpg?itok=IKOen7v2","data-poster":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/video/thumbnail/2024/07/23/thumb_1.jpg","data-duration":"02:49","data-video-source":"SCMP","data-nid":"3271567","data-youtube-id":"LRSI7kNoog0"},"children":[]}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Ngeow Chow Bing, director of the Institute of China Studies at the University of Malaya, said the upgraded partnership between Vietnam and Malaysia was not necessarily meant as a strategic statement towards China or the Philippines."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Instead, the wording of the joint statement – such as “peaceful settlement” and “self-restraint” – were standard phrases that are common among the Asean nations, he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“So these are not particularly aimed at the current tensions or towards China or the Philippines … The upgrade … is bilateral in nature and does not indicate any form of united front against China on the South China Sea.”"}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"According to Ngeow, the recent dispute between Kuala Lumpur and Hanoi was not a factor in the timing of the upgrade’s announcement because “incidents like this, on their own, are no obstacles for improved diplomatic relations”."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Carl Thayer, emeritus professor at the University of New South Wales in Australia, agreed, noting that both countries had signalled that priority would be given to “self-restraint towards each other in the South China Sea and negotiations to address outstanding issues”."}]},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"90"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"Thayer added that the Vietnam-Malaysia statement merely repeated their support for the standard Asean position on the maritime dispute with regard to China."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"While both countries stood to benefit from better trade and investment, deepened defence and security cooperation, as well as greater Asean-wide coordination, Vietnam’s support would also enhance Malaysia’s position as Asean’s 2025 chair, he said."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"However, the upgrade could presage a realignment within a deeply divided Asean, with Vietnam emerging as “the hub of a network” that includes Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, according to Thayer."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“This new realignment could influence the Philippines to put greater trust in Asean, [rather] than relying primarily on its alliance with the US. China would find it more difficult to play its ‘divide and conquer’ strategy,” he said."}]},{"type":"p","children":[{"type":"text","data":"“A united front of claimant states against China is unlikely until Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines resolve their own overlapping claims,” Thayer added."}]},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"6"}},{"type":"inline-ad-slot","attribs":{"tag":"7"}},{"type":"track-viewed-percentage","attribs":{"percentage":"100"}}]},"keywords":["Anwar Ibrahim, Malaysia, South China Sea, Philippines, Lam, Vietnam, Beijing, Zhang Mingliang, Hanoi, China, Spratly Islands, UNCLOS, Asean, Kuala Lumpur, Bach Long Vi, Gulf of Tonkin"],"shortUrl":"https://sc.mp/9fd8o","commentCount":18,"copyrighted":true,"sponsor":null,"relatedNewsletters":[],"createdDate":1732776983000,"authorLocations":["Hong Kong"],"corrections":[],"displaySlideShow":true,"multimediaEmbed":{"json":[]},"printHeadline":null,"readingTime":6,"seriesContainer":null,"firstTopic":{"__isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias":"Topic","__typename":"Topic","entityId":"19371","entityUuid":"641dadfd-b182-45ce-a2eb-0becb5191f7d","urlAlias":"/topics/south-china-sea","urlRedirect":null,"application":null,"name":"South China Sea","disableFollow":false,"contents":{"edges":[{"node":{"__typename":"Article","entityId":"3289243","__isContent":"Article","urlAlias":"/news/china/diplomacy/article/3289243/south-china-sea-chinese-coastguard-blocks-philippine-vessels-near-scarborough-shoal","sponsorType":null,"__isBaseWithApplicationAndUrlAlias":"Article","entityUuid":"c5be0404-fe72-416a-935b-44042d97e527","urlRedirect":null,"application":{"entityId":"325477","id":"QXBwbGljYXRpb246MjY5NWIyYzktOTZlZi00ZmU0LTk2ZjgtYmEyMGQwYTAyMGIz"},"flattenTypeIds":[],"liveArticle":null,"sections":[{"value":[{"entityId":"91","id":"U2VjdGlvbjo4NmUxYzUxOS05NDhlLTQ0NjAtYWRjMy0xZGZhZmVmYTYwZGE=","name":"News"},{"entityId":"4","id":"U2VjdGlvbjowODkyNWNmZS0wMWNlLTQ5MzItYjllMi1iZTViMjU1ZWZlNjM=","name":"China"},{"entityId":"318199","id":"U2VjdGlvbjo0NjhjMmU1Ni1kMDk3LTQ4YzAtYTcxZS1iZWVmNjg2YzAyMzc=","name":"Diplomacy"}]}],"paywallTypes":[{"entityUuid":"a847a765-95e0-444a-a4df-76b85c9d089b","id":"UGF5d2FsbFR5cGU6YTg0N2E3NjUtOTVlMC00NDRhLWE0ZGYtNzZiODVjOWQwODli"}],"images":[{"url":"https://cdn.i-scmp.com/sites/default/files/d8/images/canvas/2024/12/04/c41464aa-0165-42bd-b0d4-ab889619ffa5_2035e127.jpg","title":"A Chinese coastguard ship blocks Philippine vessels near the Scarborough Shoal on Wednesday. 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