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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dante related</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dante_related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beckett_related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beckett_related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Beckett related</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beckett_related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Belacqua</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the "His Dark Materials" character, see <a href="/wiki/Lyra_Belacqua" title="Lyra Belacqua">Lyra Belacqua</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodleian,_Purgatory,_Belacqua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Virgil, Dante, Belacqua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bodleian%2C_Purgatory%2C_Belacqua.jpg/220px-Bodleian%2C_Purgatory%2C_Belacqua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bodleian%2C_Purgatory%2C_Belacqua.jpg/330px-Bodleian%2C_Purgatory%2C_Belacqua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bodleian%2C_Purgatory%2C_Belacqua.jpg/440px-Bodleian%2C_Purgatory%2C_Belacqua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Virgil and Dante meet Belacqua, Holkham manuscript at the Bodleian</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Belacqua</b> is a minor character in <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i>, Canto IV. He is considered the epitome of indolence and laziness, but he is nonetheless saved from the punishment of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> and often viewed as a comic element in the poem for his wit. The relevance of Belacqua is also driven by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>'s strong interest in this character. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belacqua_in_the_Divine_Comedy">Belacqua in the <i>Divine Comedy</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belacqua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Belacqua in the Divine Comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belacqua is found by Dante and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ante-Purgatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Purgatory">Ante-Purgatory</a> as he sits in a fetal position under a large rock with other souls. They are condemned to wait in <a href="/wiki/Ante-Purgatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Purgatory">Ante-Purgatory</a> as long as they waited in life to repent and turn to God. Dante recognizes Belacqua, his friend, by "his lazy movements and curt speech," which causes Dante to smile, offering a comedic moment during Dante's arduous climb up the mountain of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two then proceed to have a witty exchange. </p><p>Belacqua's introduction eases the friction between Virgil and Dante, the former of whom just before firmly dismisses Dante's desire for rest.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encounter with Belacqua also slows down the action in the canto, as Dante pauses his ascent to move horizontally towards his friend.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In life, Belacqua suffered from the vice of <a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">sloth</a>, yet Dante shows notable compassion for him in this poem of morality.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Belacqua's late "sighs of penance" demonstrate his <a href="/wiki/Sloth_(deadly_sin)" title="Sloth (deadly sin)">sloth</a> even in his path towards salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is argued that Belacqua surrenders to God's will in his refusal to ascend the mountain since he will not be accepted until he completes his time in Ante-Purgatory. In this respect, he does not indulge in sloth but undergoes a <a href="/wiki/Contrapasso" title="Contrapasso">contrapasso</a> for his inattention to God for the majority of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virgil, however, seems unamused by Belacqua and urges Dante to move on, perhaps implying his disapproval of Belacqua's salvation, particularly since Virgil himself is damned.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interpretation of Belacqua's representation in the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> has evolved over the years, as earlier commentators interpreted his salvation as a sign of God's generosity, while modern readers more often appreciate his wit and the irony of his presence.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>The name "Belacqua" was identified by early commentators as the nickname of Duccio di Bonavia, a Florentine musician, a maker of musical instruments, and a friend of Dante who had a reputation for extreme laziness. Records state that he was alive in 1299 and dead in 1302. Since Dante's visit to <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a> is set in 1300, it is assumed that Duccio must have died by that date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beckett's_Belacqua"><span id="Beckett.27s_Belacqua"></span>Beckett's Belacqua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belacqua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beckett's Belacqua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samuel Beckett, whose favorite reading was Dante, closely identified with Belacqua and his indolence. </p><p>Beckett introduced ‘Belacqua Shuah’ as the main character in his first novel <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_Fair_to_Middling_Women" title="Dream of Fair to Middling Women">Dream of Fair to Middling Women</a></i>. Unpublishable at the time, Beckett tried again with <i><a href="/wiki/More_Pricks_Than_Kicks" title="More Pricks Than Kicks">More Pricks Than Kicks</a></i>, a collection of ten interrelated short stories on the life and death of Belacqua, and this was published, although a very poor seller. Beckett makes the Dante connection explicit in the first story, ‘Dante and the Lobster’: Belacqua is studying Dante. An eleventh story, ‘<a href="/wiki/Echo%27s_Bones" title="Echo's Bones">Echo's Bones</a>’ was unpublishable at the time. It tells of the indolent afterlife of Belacqua, trying to sit in a fetal position as much as possible and being interrupted by visitors. </p><p>In later fiction, Beckett would sometimes refer to Dante's Belacqua. The title character of <i><a href="/wiki/Murphy_(novel)" title="Murphy (novel)">Murphy</a></i> has a Belacqua fantasy. The narrator of <i><a href="/wiki/How_It_Is" title="How It Is">How It Is</a></i> describes one of his sleeping postures in terms of Belacqua. <i><a href="/wiki/Company_(short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (short story)">Company</a>'</i>s narrator refers to the ‘old lutist cause of Dante's first quarter-smile’ and wonders if the old lutist has made it to Paradise by now. At the beginning of <i><a href="/wiki/Molloy_(novel)" title="Molloy (novel)">Molloy</a></i>, the narrator, who is doing nothing but watching passers, likens himself to Belacqua or <a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a> as he crouches to avoid being detected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belacqua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dante_related">Dante related</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belacqua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dante related"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_D._Economon2011" class="citation book cs1">George D. Economon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CY-sAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">"Belacqua"</a>. In Richard Lansing (ed.). <i>The Dante Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136849725" title="Special:BookSources/9781136849725"><bdi>9781136849725</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belacqua&rft.btitle=The+Dante+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781136849725&rft.au=George+D.+Economon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCY-sAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Hayward_Keniston1912" class="citation journal cs1">Ralph Hayward Keniston (1912). "The Dante Tradition in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". <i>Annual Reports of the Dante Society</i> (31): 45. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40178473">40178473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Reports+of+the+Dante+Society&rft.atitle=The+Dante+Tradition+in+the+Fourteenth+and+Fifteenth+Centuries&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40178473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Ralph+Hayward+Keniston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Salsano1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernando Salsano (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/belacqua_(Enciclopedia-Dantesca)/">"Belacqua"</a>. In Bosco, Umberto; Petrocchi, Giorgio (eds.). <i>Enciclopedia Dantesca</i> (in Italian). Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belacqua&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Dantesca&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Fernando+Salsano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fbelacqua_%28Enciclopedia-Dantesca%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_S._Singleton1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Charles S. Singleton (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Ao5ygx-6YoC&pg=PA88"><i>The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri</i></a>. Vol. II part 2. Princeton University Press. pp. 88–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691019109" title="Special:BookSources/9780691019109"><bdi>9780691019109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Comedy+of+Dante+Alighieri&rft.pages=88-91&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780691019109&rft.au=Charles+S.+Singleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Ao5ygx-6YoC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget_Toynbee1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paget_Toynbee" title="Paget Toynbee">Paget Toynbee</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/adictionaryprop01toyngoog#page/n90/mode/1up">"Belacqua"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante</i>. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belacqua&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Proper+Names+and+Notable+Matters+in+the+Works+of+Dante&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Oxford+at+the+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Paget+Toynbee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fadictionaryprop01toyngoog%23page%2Fn90%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beckett_related">Beckett related</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belacqua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Beckett related"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Campbell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Julie Campbell (2001). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Echo's Bones" and Beckett's Disembodied Voices". <i>Samuel Beckett Today/Aujourd'hui</i>. <b>11</b>: 454–60. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25781397">25781397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Samuel+Beckett+Today%2FAujourd%27hui&rft.atitle=%22Echo%27s+Bones%22+and+Beckett%27s+Disembodied+Voices&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=454-60&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25781397%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Julie+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Caselli2000" class="citation journal cs1">Daniela Caselli (2000). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Florentia Edition in the Ignoble Salani Collection": A Textual Comparison". <i>Journal of Beckett Studies</i>. New Series. <b>9</b> (2): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjobs.2000.9.2.2">10.3366/jobs.2000.9.2.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Beckett+Studies&rft.atitle=%22The+Florentia+Edition+in+the+Ignoble+Salani+Collection%22%3A+A+Textual+Comparison&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjobs.2000.9.2.2&rft.au=Daniela+Caselli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Caselli2006" class="citation book cs1">Daniela Caselli (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer?product=9780719071560"><i>Beckett's Dantes: Intertextuality in the fiction and criticism</i></a>. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beckett%27s+Dantes%3A+Intertextuality+in+the+fiction+and+criticism&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Daniela+Caselli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Findexer%3Fproduct%3D9780719071560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniela_Caselli2013" class="citation book cs1">Daniela Caselli (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etMoo8DUc4QC&pg=PA241">"Italian Literature"</a>. In Anthony Uhlmann (ed.). <i>Samuel Beckett in Context</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107017030" title="Special:BookSources/9781107017030"><bdi>9781107017030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italian+Literature&rft.btitle=Samuel+Beckett+in+Context&rft.pages=241-252&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107017030&rft.au=Daniela+Caselli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetMoo8DUc4QC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_Mannweiler2010" class="citation book cs1">Caroline Mannweiler (2010). "Becketts Belacqua: Lob und Tadel einer Anti-Haltung". In Klaus Ley (ed.). <i>Dante Alighieri und sein Werk in Literatur, Musik und Kunst bis zur Postmoderne</i>. Tübingen: Francke. pp. 151–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Becketts+Belacqua%3A+Lob+und+Tadel+einer+Anti-Haltung&rft.btitle=Dante+Alighieri+und+sein+Werk+in+Literatur%2C+Musik+und+Kunst+bis+zur+Postmoderne&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=151-68&rft.pub=Francke&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Caroline+Mannweiler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_A._Strauss1959" class="citation journal cs1">Walter A. Strauss (Summer 1959). "Dante's Belacqua and Beckett's Tramps". <i>Comparative Literature</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 250–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1768359">10.2307/1768359</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1768359">1768359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Literature&rft.atitle=Dante%27s+Belacqua+and+Beckett%27s+Tramps&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=250-261&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1768359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1768359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Walter+A.+Strauss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belacqua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDante.2020" class="citation book cs1">Dante., Alighieri (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1206454945"><i>Purgatorio</i></a>. Mondadori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-70967-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-70967-1"><bdi>978-88-04-70967-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1206454945">1206454945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purgatorio&rft.pub=Mondadori&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1206454945&rft.isbn=978-88-04-70967-1&rft.aulast=Dante.&rft.aufirst=Alighieri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1206454945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pn7mj"><i>Lectura Dantis: Purgatorio, A Canto-by-Canto Commentary</i></a> (1 ed.). University of California Press. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25055-0"><bdi>978-0-520-25055-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pn7mj.6">10.1525/j.ctt1pn7mj.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectura+Dantis%3A+Purgatorio%2C+A+Canto-by-Canto+Commentary&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1pn7mj.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25055-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1pn7mj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDante_Alighieri2004" class="citation book cs1">Dante Alighieri (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54011754"><i>Purgatorio</i></a>. Jean Hollander, Robert Hollander (1st Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49700-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49700-8"><bdi>0-385-49700-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54011754">54011754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purgatorio&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Anchor+books&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54011754&rft.isbn=0-385-49700-8&rft.au=Dante+Alighieri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54011754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelacqua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dante&#039;s_Divine_Comedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Divine_Comedy_navbox" title="Template:Divine Comedy navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Divine_Comedy_navbox" title="Template talk:Divine Comedy navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Divine_Comedy_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Divine Comedy navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dante&#039;s_Divine_Comedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters<br />and locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonturo_Dati" title="Bonturo Dati">Bonturo Dati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunetto_Latini" title="Brunetto Latini">Brunetto Latini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcante_de%27_Cavalcanti" title="Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti">Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capaneus" title="Capaneus">Capaneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron" title="Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciacco" title="Ciacco">Ciacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciampolo" title="Ciampolo">Ciampolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocytus" title="Cocytus">Cocytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dis_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Dis (Divine Comedy)">Dis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farinata_degli_Uberti" title="Farinata degli Uberti">Farinata degli Uberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Argenti" title="Filippo Argenti">Filippo Argenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini" title="Francesca da Rimini">Francesca da Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geryon_(Divine_Comedy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geryon (Divine Comedy)">Geryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi_de%27_Cavalcanti" title="Gianni Schicchi de' Cavalcanti">Gianni Schicchi de' Cavalcanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_refusal" title="Great refusal">Great refusal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gualdrada_Berti" title="Gualdrada Berti">Gualdrada Berti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Guerra" title="Guido Guerra">Guido Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_I_da_Montefeltro" title="Guido I da Montefeltro">Guido I da Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacopo_Rusticucci" title="Iacopo Rusticucci">Iacopo Rusticucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malebolge" title="Malebolge">Malebolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nessus_(mythology)" title="Nessus (mythology)">Nessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Malatesta" title="Paolo Malatesta">Paolo Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegethon" title="Phlegethon">Phlegethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegyas" title="Phlegyas">Phlegyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_della_Vigna" title="Pietro della Vigna">Pietro della Vigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Pope Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggieri_degli_Ubaldini" title="Ruggieri degli Ubaldini">Ruggieri degli Ubaldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Satan" title="Dante's Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Ugolino della Gherardesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanni_Fucci" title="Vanni Fucci">Vanni Fucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circles of Hell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_circle_of_hell" title="First circle of hell">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_circle_of_hell" title="Second circle of hell">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_circle_of_hell" title="Third circle of hell">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth circle of hell">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth circle of hell">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth circle of hell">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh circle of hell">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malebolge" title="Malebolge">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_circle_of_hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth circle of hell">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malebranche_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Malebranche (Divine Comedy)">Malebranche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alichino_(devil)" title="Alichino (devil)">Alichino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbariccia" title="Barbariccia">Barbariccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagnazzo" title="Cagnazzo">Cagnazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcabrina" title="Calcabrina">Calcabrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciriatto" title="Ciriatto">Ciriatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draghignazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Draghignazzo">Draghignazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfarello" class="mw-redirect" title="Farfarello">Farfarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacoda" title="Malacoda">Malacoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicante" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubicante">Rubicante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarmiglione" title="Scarmiglione">Scarmiglione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagia_Fieschi" title="Alagia Fieschi">Alagia Fieschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Daniel" title="Arnaut Daniel">Arnaut Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice Portinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_d%27Este_(1268%E2%80%931334)" title="Beatrice d'Este (1268–1334)">Beatrice d'Este</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belacqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonagiunta_Orbicciani" title="Bonagiunta Orbicciani">Bonagiunta Orbicciani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonconte_I_da_Montefeltro" title="Bonconte I da Montefeltro">Bonconte I da Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casella_(Divine_Comedy)" title="Casella (Divine Comedy)">Casella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malaspina_the_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad Malaspina the Young">Conrad Malaspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunoe" title="Eunoe">Eunoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forese_Donati" title="Forese Donati">Forese Donati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_da_Camino" title="Gaia da Camino">Gaia da Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherardo_III_da_Camino" title="Gherardo III da Camino">Gherardo III da Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_da_Montefeltro" title="Giovanna da Montefeltro">Giovanna da Montefeltro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Guinizelli" title="Guido Guinizelli">Guido Guinizelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_del_Cassero" title="Jacopo del Cassero">Jacopo del Cassero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Gallura" title="Joanna of Gallura">Giovanna Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Lombardo" title="Marco Lombardo">Marco Lombardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelda" title="Matelda">Matelda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nella_Donati" title="Nella Donati">Nella Donati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Visconti" title="Nino Visconti">Nino Visconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oderisi_da_Gubbio" title="Oderisi da Gubbio">Oderisi da Gubbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omberto_Aldobrandeschi" title="Omberto Aldobrandeschi">Omberto Aldobrandeschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pia_de%27_Tolomei" title="Pia de' Tolomei">Pia de' Tolomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Pope Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapia_Salvani" title="Sapia Salvani">Sapia Salvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sordello" title="Sordello">Sordello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)"><i>Paradiso</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacciaguida" title="Cacciaguida">Cacciaguida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_of_Anjou" title="Charles Martel of Anjou">Charles Martel of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance I of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_II_of_Sicily" title="Constance II of Sicily">Constance II of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunizza_da_Romano" title="Cunizza da Romano">Cunizza da Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empyrean" title="Empyrean">Empyrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folquet_de_Marselha" title="Folquet de Marselha">Folquet de Marselha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Eagle">Imperial Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccarda_Donati" title="Piccarda Donati">Piccarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripheus" title="Ripheus">Ripheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrapasso" title="Contrapasso">Contrapasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_rima" title="Terza rima">Terza rima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_refusal" title="Great refusal">Great refusal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Pape_Sat%C3%A0n,_pape_Sat%C3%A0n_aleppe" title="Pape Satàn, pape Satàn aleppe">Pape Satàn, pape Satàn aleppe</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raph%C3%A8l_mai_am%C3%A8cche_zab%C3%AC_almi" title="Raphèl mai amècche zabì almi">Raphèl mai amècche zabì almi</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_Barolo" title="Palacio Barolo">Palacio Barolo</a> (Palanti, 1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Danteum" title="Danteum">Danteum</a></i> (Terragni, 1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Inferno" title="L'Inferno">L'Inferno</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1924_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1924 film)"><i>Dante's Inferno</i></a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1935_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1935 film)"><i>Dante's Inferno</i></a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dante_Quartet" title="The Dante Quartet">The Dante Quartet</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_TV_Dante" title="A TV Dante">A TV Dante</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deep_and_Dreamless_Sleep" title="The Deep and Dreamless Sleep">The Deep and Dreamless Sleep</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(2007_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (2007 film)"><i>Dante's Inferno</i></a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno:_An_Animated_Epic" title="Dante's Inferno: An Animated Epic">Dante's Inferno: An Animated Epic</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_commedia_di_Amos_Poe" title="La commedia di Amos Poe">La commedia di Amos Poe</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Hell_Animated" title="Dante's Hell Animated">Dante's Hell Animated</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Botticelli_Inferno" title="Botticelli Inferno">Botticelli Inferno</a></i> (2016 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon_Lord_Dante" title="Demon Lord Dante">Demon Lord Dante</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jimbo%27s_Inferno" title="Jimbo's Inferno">Jimbo's Inferno</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno:_A_Graphic_Novel_Adaptation" title="Dante's Inferno: A Graphic Novel Adaptation">Dante's Inferno</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gert%27s_Inferno" title="Gert's Inferno">Gert's Inferno</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illustrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy_Illustrated_by_Botticelli" title="Divine Comedy Illustrated by Botticelli">Divine Comedy Illustrated by Botticelli</a></i> (1485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraud" title="Jean Giraud">Jean Giraud</a> (<i>Paradiso</i>, 1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Rimini" title="The Story of Rimini">The Story of Rimini</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a></i> (1830–1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earth_Inferno" title="Earth Inferno">Earth Inferno</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cantos" title="The Cantos">The Cantos</a></i> (1917–1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/As_I_Was_Going_Down_Sackville_Street" title="As I Was Going Down Sackville Street">As I Was Going Down Sackville Street</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Dante%27s_Hell" title="The System of Dante's Hell">The System of Dante's Hell</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Niven_and_Pournelle_novel)" title="Inferno (Niven and Pournelle novel)">Inferno</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dante_Club" title="The Dante Club">The Dante Club</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Brown_novel)" title="Inferno (Brown novel)">Inferno</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music (classical)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Sonata" title="Dante Sonata"><i>Après une Lecture de Dante: Fantasia quasi Sonata</i></a> (Liszt, 1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_Symphony" title="Dante Symphony">Dante Symphony</a></i> (Liszt, 1857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Tchaikovsky)">Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (Tchaikovsky, 1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Rachmaninoff)">Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (Rachmaninoff, 1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Zandonai)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Zandonai)">Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (Zandonai, 1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi" title="Gianni Schicchi">Gianni Schicchi</a></i> (Puccini, 1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy_(Smith)" title="The Divine Comedy (Smith)">The Divine Comedy</a></i> (Smith, 1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(opera)" title="Inferno (opera)">Inferno</a></i> (Ronchetti, 2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music (modern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Metamorfosi_album)" title="Inferno (Metamorfosi album)">Inferno</a></i> (1973 album)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(song)" title="Dante's Inferno (song)">"Dante's Inferno"</a> (1995 song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_XXI" title="Dante XXI">Dante XXI</a></i> (2006 album)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Place_Where_the_Sun_Is_Silent" title="A Place Where the Sun Is Silent">A Place Where the Sun Is Silent</a></i> (2011 album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante" title="The Barque of Dante">The Barque of Dante</a></i> (Delacroix, 1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wood_of_the_Self-Murderers:_The_Harpies_and_the_Suicides" title="The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides">The Wood of the Self-Murderers: The Harpies and the Suicides</a></i> (Blake, 1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_and_Paolo_Malatesta_Appraised_by_Dante_and_Virgil" title="Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil">Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta Appraised by Dante and Virgil</a></i> (Scheffer, 1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante_in_Hell" title="Dante in Hell">Dante in Hell</a></i> (Flandrin, 1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Barque_of_Dante_(Manet)" title="The Barque of Dante (Manet)">The Barque of Dante</a></i> (Manet, 1850s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pia_de%27_Tolomei_(Rossetti_painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pia de' Tolomei (Rossetti painting)">Pia de' Tolomei</a></i> (Rossetti, 1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paolo_and_Francesca_da_Rimini" title="Paolo and Francesca da Rimini">Paolo and Francesca da Rimini</a></i> (Rossetti, 1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_barca_de_Aqueronte" title="La barca de Aqueronte">La barca de Aqueronte</a></i> (Hidalgo, 1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Laguna_Estigia" title="La Laguna Estigia">La Laguna Estigia</a></i> (Hidalgo, 1887)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell" title="The Gates of Hell">The Gates of Hell</a></i> (Rodin, 1917) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(Rodin_sculpture)" title="The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)">The Kiss</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thinker" title="The Thinker">The Thinker</a></i> (1904)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Majy%C5%AB%C5%8D" title="Majyūō">King of Demons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil_May_Cry" title="Devil May Cry">Devil May Cry series</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(video_game)" title="Dante's Inferno (video game)">Dante's Inferno</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_(video_game)" title="The Lost (video game)">The Lost</a></i> (cancelled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_references_in_the_Divine_Comedy" title="List of cultural references in the Divine Comedy">Cultural references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_translations_of_the_Divine_Comedy" title="List of English translations of the Divine Comedy">English translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy_in_popular_culture" title="Divine Comedy in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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