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data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="center split" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <input type="checkbox" id="show-toc" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="split-side" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <nav class="sidebar" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <ul class="root" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G46485" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 1 Thai </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G32737" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Thai: U+0E00–U+0E7F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G10988" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 2 Lao </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G11148" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Lao: U+0E80–U+0EFF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G24999" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 3 Myanmar </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G14008" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Myanmar: U+1000–U+109F</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G64560" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>2 Myanmar Extended-A: U+AA60–U+AA7F</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G64564" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>3 Khamti Shan</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G64596" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>4 Aiton and Phake</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G71231" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>5 Myanmar Extended-B: U+A9E0–U+A9FF</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G746445" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>6 Myanmar Extended-C: U+116D0–U+116FF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G64642" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 4 Khmer </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G14015" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Khmer: U+1780–U+17FF</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G37574" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>2 Principles of the Khmer Script</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G39010" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>3 Khmer Symbols: U+19E0–U+19FF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G32903" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 5 Tai Le </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G32904" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Tai Le: U+1950–U+197F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G65706" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 6 New Tai Lue </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G65703" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 New Tai Lue: U+1980–U+19DF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G53337" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 7 Tai Tham </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G69829" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Tai Tham: U+1A20–U+1AAF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G59747" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 8 Tai Viet </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G63563" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Tai Viet: U+AA80–U+AADF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G61902" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 9 Kayah Li </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G61184" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Kayah Li: U+A900–U+A92F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G55659" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 10 Cham </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G55750" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Cham: U+AA00–U+AA5F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G68320" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 11 Pahawh Hmong </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G69176" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Pahawh Hmong: U+16B00–U+16B8F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G81876" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 12 Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G81880" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong: U+1E100–U+1E14F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G68308" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 13 Pau Cin Hau </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G69260" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Pau Cin Hau: U+11AC0–U+11AFF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G73728" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 14 Hanifi Rohingya </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G80248" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Hanifi Rohingya: U+10D00–U+10D3F</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <hr data-astro-cid-og2xway5><ul class="root" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> Figures <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G40542" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Common Ligatures in Khmer</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G40597" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>2 Common Multiple Forms in Khmer</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G43876" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>3 Examples of Syllabic Order in Khmer</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G50989" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>4 Ligation in Muul Style in Khmer</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G70810" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>5 Pahawh Hmong Syllable Structure</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> Tables <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G54466" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Glyph Positions in Thai Syllables</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G55239" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>2 Glyph Positions in Lao Syllables</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G83057" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>3 Additional Characters for Pali and Sanskrit</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G69466" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>4 Modern Burmese Syllabic Structure</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G65093" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>5 Khamti Shan Tone Marks</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G43591" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>6 Independent Khmer Vowel Characters</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G71385" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>7 Two Registers of Khmer Consonants</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G53398" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>8 Khmer Subscript Consonant Signs</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G41290" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>9 Khmer Composite Dependent Vowel Signs with Nikahit</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G40023" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>10 Khmer Subscript Independent Vowel Signs</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G36783" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>11 Tai Le Tone Marks</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G72322" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>12 Myanmar Digits in Tai Le</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G71941" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>13 New Tai Lue Vowel Placement</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G53239" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>14 New Tai Lue Registers and Tones</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G63064" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>15 Tai Viet Symbols and Punctuation</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G65525" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>16 Cham Syllabic Structure</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="split-main" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="margin-wrapper" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <hgroup class="svelte-gmxeh4"><a href="#G44608" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Chapter 16 <h1 data-number="16" class="svelte-gmxeh4">Southeast Asia-I</h1> Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam </hgroup> This chapter documents the scripts of mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula. Most scripts of Southeast Asia described in this chapter are written from left to right; many use no interword spacing but use spaces or marks between phrases. They are mostly abugidas, but with various idiosyncrasies that distinguish them from the scripts of South Asia. Thai and Lao are the official scripts of Thailand and Laos, respectively, and are closely related. These scripts are unusual for Brahmi-derived scripts in the Unicode Standard, because for various implementation reasons they depart from logical order in the representation of consonant-vowel sequences. Vowels that occur to the left side of their consonant are represented in visual order before the consonant in a string, even though they are pronounced afterward. Myanmar is the official script of Myanmar, and is used to write the Burmese language, as well as many minority languages of Myanmar and Northern Thailand. It has a mixed encoding model, making use of both a virama and a killer character, and having explicitly encoded medial consonants. The Khmer script is used for the Khmer and related languages in the Kingdom of Cambodia. The term “Tai” refers to a family of languages spoken in Southeast Asia, including Thai, Lao, and Shan. This term is also part of the name of a number of scripts encoded in the Unicode Standard. The Tai Le script is used to write the language of the same name, which is spoken in south central Yunnan (China). The New Tai Lue script, also known as Xishuangbanna Dai, is unrelated to the Tai Le script, but is also used in south Yunnan. New Tai Lue is a simplified form of the more traditional Tai Tham script, which is also known as Lanna. The Tai Tham script is used for the Northern Thai, Tai Lue, and Khün languages. The Tai Viet script is used for the Tai Dam, Tai Dón, and Thai Song languages of northwestern Vietnam, northern Laos, and central Thailand. Unlike the other Tai scripts, the Tai Viet script makes use of a visual order model, similar to that for the Thai and Lao scripts. Kayah Li is a relatively recently invented script, used to write the Kayah Li languages of Myanmar and Thailand. Although influenced by the Myanmar script, Kayah Li is basically an alphabet in structure. Cham is a Brahmi-derived script used by the Austronesian language Cham, spoken in the southern part of Vietnam and in Cambodia. It does not use a virama. Instead, the encoding makes use of medial consonant signs and explicitly encoded final consonants. Pahawh Hmong is an alphabetic script devised for writing the Hmong language in the latter half of the 20th century. Its development includes several revisions. The script is used by Hmong communities in several countries, including the United States and Australia. Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong is a writing system created in the 1980s to write the White Hmong and Green Hmong languages. It is also called the Ntawv Txawjvaag or Chervang script, and was devised for use in the United Christians Liberty Evangelical church in the United States. The script is written from left to right, and is reported to be used in Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, France and Australia. The Pau Cin Hau alphabet is a liturgical script of the Laipian religious tradition, which emerged in the Chin Hills region of present-day Chin State, Myanmar at the turn of the 20th century. Hanifi Rohingya is an alphabetic script used to write the Rohingya language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken by one million people primarily in Myanmar and Bangladesh. The script was developed in the 1980s and shows Arabic influence in its general appearance and structure. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G46485" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.1 Thai </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G32737" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.1.1 Thai: U+0E00–U+0E7F </h3> The Thai script is used to write Thai and other Southeast Asian languages, such as Kuy, Lanna Tai, and Pali. It is a member of the Indic family of scripts descended from Brahmi. Thai modifies the original Brahmi letter shapes and extends the number of letters to accommodate features of the Thai language, including tone marks derived from superscript digits. At the same time, the Thai script lacks the conjunct consonant mechanism and independent vowel letters found in most other Brahmi-derived scripts. As in all scripts of this family, the predominant writing direction is from left to right. <a href="#G32740" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Standards. Thai layout in the Unicode Standard is based on the Thai Industrial Standard 620-2529, and its updated version 620-2533. <a href="#G46838" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Encoding Principles. In common with most Brahmi-derived scripts, each Thai consonant letter represents a syllable possessing an inherent vowel sound. For Thai, that inherent vowel is /o/ in the medial position and /a/ in the final position. The consonants are divided into classes that historically represented distinct sounds, but in modern Thai indicate tonal differences. The inherent vowel and tone of a syllable are then modified by addition of vowel signs and tone marks attached to the base consonant letter. Some of the vowel signs and all of the tone marks are rendered in the script as diacritics attached above or below the base consonant. These combining signs and marks are encoded after the modified consonant in the memory representation. Most of the Thai vowel signs are rendered by full letter-sized inline glyphs placed either before (that is, to the left of), after (to the right of), or around (on both sides of) the glyph for the base consonant letter. In the Thai encoding, the letter-sized glyphs that are placed before (left of) the base consonant letter, in full or partial representation of a vowel sign, are, in fact, encoded as separate characters that are typed and stored before the base consonant character. This encoding for left-side Thai vowel sign glyphs (and similarly in Lao and in Tai Viet) differs from the conventions for all other Indic scripts, which uniformly encode all vowels after the base consonant. The difference is necessitated by the encoding practice commonly employed with Thai character data as represented by the Thai Industrial Standard. The glyph positions for Thai syllables are summarized in <a href="#G54466" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-1</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G54466" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-1. Glyph Positions in Thai Syllables</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1bcrmba"><th>Syllable</th> <th>Glyphs</th> <th>Code Point Sequence</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-jdqrrd">ka</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1036 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M403,477Q403,399 337,356Q281,320 197,320Q39,320 39,418Q39,454 62,478Q85,502 121,502Q153,502 177.5,482.5Q202,463 202,431Q202,389 183,373Q205,370 219,370Q266,370 298,398Q330,426 330,471Q330,480 329,490L402,490Q403,484 403,477ZM403,190Q403,111 337,68Q281,31 197,31Q39,31 39,130Q39,166 62,189.5Q85,213 121,213Q153,213 177.5,193.5Q202,174 202,143Q202,100 183,85Q205,82 219,82Q266,82 298,110Q330,138 330,183Q330,192 329,201L402,201Q403,196 403,190ZM157,425Q157,460 122,460Q87,460 87,422Q87,386 122,386Q157,386 157,425ZM157,134Q157,171 122,171Q87,171 87,133Q87,97 122,97Q157,97 157,134Z" /></g></svg>กะ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-133ytxe">0E01 0E30</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1r5x3uz">ka:</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1077 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M416,0L337,0L337,372Q337,421 288,447Q247,470 195,470Q87,470 15,385Q8,378 -1,364L-1,448Q69,527 202,527Q280,527 341,493Q416,453 416,381L416,0Z" /></g></svg>กา</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lylw84">0E01 0E32</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-15qjor5">ki</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 594 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M-98,627L-98,627Q-211,651 -315,651Q-421,651 -519,630Q-519,705 -459,749Q-405,789 -329,789Q-189,789 -112,658Q-98,634 -98,627ZM-190,682Q-232,740 -323,740Q-397,740 -440,684Q-384,691 -318,691Q-245,691 -190,682Z" /></g></svg>กิ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1rfvsba">0E01 0E34</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-ehlyvn">ki:</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 594 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M-83,627Q-191,651 -299,651Q-408,651 -503,630Q-503,664 -481,703Q-433,789 -312,789Q-229,789 -177,741L-177,836L-100,836L-100,671L-83,627ZM-173,682Q-212,740 -308,740Q-381,740 -424,684Q-380,692 -291,692Q-222,692 -173,682Z" /></g></svg>กี</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-s9zesb">0E01 0E35</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-b0qzut">ku</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 594 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M-102,-321L-179,-321L-179,-230Q-192,-232 -201,-232Q-233,-232 -253.5,-209Q-274,-186 -274,-153Q-274,-67 -188,-67Q-150,-67 -126,-90.5Q-102,-114 -102,-152L-102,-321ZM-155,-151Q-155,-114 -191,-114Q-227,-114 -227,-146Q-227,-190 -191,-190Q-155,-190 -155,-151Z" /></g></svg>กุ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-6ux5t6">0E01 0E38</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1isxbyf">ku:</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 594 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M-105,-268Q-105,-281 -117.5,-291.5Q-130,-302 -143,-302L-281,-302Q-309,-302 -317,-278Q-322,-265 -322,-231Q-328,-232 -338,-232Q-419,-232 -419,-141Q-419,-107 -392.5,-83.5Q-366,-60 -332,-60Q-246,-60 -246,-166Q-246,-176 -247,-194Q-247,-211 -247,-218Q-247,-246 -238,-251L-232,-251L-193,-251Q-189,-251 -181,-244Q-179,-239 -179,-62L-105,-62L-105,-268ZM-298,-147Q-298,-108 -335,-108Q-349,-108 -359.5,-117.5Q-370,-127 -370,-141Q-370,-186 -333,-186Q-298,-186 -298,-147Z" /></g></svg>กู</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-tqk78f">0E01 0E39</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1kyboii">ku’</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 594 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M-93,627Q-217,651 -310,651Q-413,651 -515,630Q-515,698 -454,744Q-398,788 -330,788Q-288,788 -268,782L-268,789Q-270,819 -243,838Q-219,855 -187,855Q-149,855 -123.5,833Q-98,811 -98,774Q-98,756 -112,736Q-126,716 -143,716Q-127,703 -111,675Q-93,644 -93,627ZM-149,780Q-149,816 -185,816Q-221,816 -221,782Q-221,744 -185,744Q-149,744 -149,780ZM-184,682Q-227,740 -319,740Q-361,740 -386,728Q-411,716 -435,684Q-397,692 -308,692Q-222,692 -184,682Z" /></g></svg>กึ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1nf7qjc">0E01 0E36</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1wlajuw">ku’:</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 594 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M-88,627Q-200,651 -309,651Q-400,651 -512,630Q-512,698 -458,746Q-406,791 -337,791Q-323,791 -310,789L-310,836L-233,836L-233,777Q-198,761 -171,741L-171,836L-97,836L-97,650L-88,627ZM-181,682Q-223,740 -316,740Q-392,740 -433,684Q-391,692 -306,692Q-224,692 -181,682Z" /></g></svg>กื</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1megxp1">0E01 0E37</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-z2lw5x">ke</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1284 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M237,82Q237,45 209.5,22Q182,-1 145,-1Q107,-1 80.5,26Q54,53 54,90L54,526L133,526L133,183Q138,184 143,184Q188,184 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/></g></svg>เกะ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-ag4ps1">0E40 0E01 0E30</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-7to6af">ke:</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 842 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M237,82Q237,45 209.5,22Q182,-1 145,-1Q107,-1 80.5,26Q54,53 54,90L54,526L133,526L133,183Q138,184 143,184Q188,184 212.5,156Q237,128 237,82ZM186,93Q186,131 148,131Q110,131 110,93Q110,52 148,52Q186,52 186,93Z" /><path transform="translate(248)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /></g></svg>เก</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-8d6thl">0E40 0E01</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-v1zt42">kae</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1521 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M474,93Q474,51 449,25Q424,-1 382,-1Q343,-1 317.5,25.5Q292,52 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202,143Q202,100 183,85Q205,82 219,82Q266,82 298,110Q330,138 330,183Q330,192 329,201L402,201Q403,196 403,190ZM157,425Q157,460 122,460Q87,460 87,422Q87,386 122,386Q157,386 157,425ZM157,134Q157,171 122,171Q87,171 87,133Q87,97 122,97Q157,97 157,134Z" /></g></svg>แกะ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-un1xre">0E41 0E01 0E30</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-ctvqq8">kae:</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1079 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M474,93Q474,51 449,25Q424,-1 382,-1Q343,-1 317.5,25.5Q292,52 292,90L292,526L370,526L370,183Q376,184 383,184Q423,184 448.5,158.5Q474,133 474,93ZM225,82Q225,46 197.5,22.5Q170,-1 133,-1Q95,-1 69,26Q43,53 43,90L43,526L122,526L122,183Q127,184 131,184Q177,184 201,156Q225,128 225,82ZM424,93Q424,131 386,131Q347,131 347,93Q347,52 386,52Q424,52 424,93ZM174,93Q174,131 137,131Q99,131 99,93Q99,52 137,52Q174,52 174,93Z" /><path transform="translate(485)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /></g></svg>แก</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-s1ds36">0E41 0E01</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-fp2d9b">ko</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1494 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M499,820Q487,802 440,802Q406,802 342,820Q278,838 245,838Q178,838 147,786Q192,786 250,765Q320,740 329,705Q331,693 331,679L331,183Q337,184 341,184Q383,184 409.5,159Q436,134 436,93Q436,51 410,25Q384,-1 342,-1Q305,-1 279,26Q253,53 253,90L253,670Q253,698 236,713Q198,745 54,745Q93,885 240,885Q270,885 328,871.5Q386,858 416,858Q456,858 490,885L499,820ZM385,93Q385,131 348,131Q309,131 309,93Q309,52 348,52Q385,52 385,93Z" /><path transform="translate(458)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 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class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M237,82Q237,45 209.5,22Q182,-1 145,-1Q107,-1 80.5,26Q54,53 54,90L54,526L133,526L133,183Q138,184 143,184Q188,184 212.5,156Q237,128 237,82ZM186,93Q186,131 148,131Q110,131 110,93Q110,52 148,52Q186,52 186,93Z" /><path transform="translate(248)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(842)" d="M496,363L496,106Q496,57 466.5,28.5Q437,0 388,0L81,0L81,60L119,60L119,267Q119,305 145,331Q171,357 210,357Q247,357 274.5,335Q302,313 302,276Q302,186 227,177Q206,174 198,177L198,60L358,60Q381,60 399,71.5Q417,83 417,105L417,361Q417,413 378,442Q344,468 290,468Q172,468 96,370L96,450Q126,488 182,508Q231,527 285,527Q372,527 429,489Q496,445 496,363ZM250,264Q250,305 213,305Q175,305 175,264Q175,226 213,226Q250,226 250,264Z" /></g></svg>เกอ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-4ofxsg">0E40 0E01 0E2D</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-14twat2">kia</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1436 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M237,82Q237,45 209.5,22Q182,-1 145,-1Q107,-1 80.5,26Q54,53 54,90L54,526L133,526L133,183Q138,184 143,184Q188,184 212.5,156Q237,128 237,82ZM186,93Q186,131 148,131Q110,131 110,93Q110,52 148,52Q186,52 186,93Z" /><path transform="translate(248)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(842)" d="M-83,627Q-191,651 -299,651Q-408,651 -503,630Q-503,664 -481,703Q-433,789 -312,789Q-229,789 -177,741L-177,836L-100,836L-100,671L-83,627ZM-173,682Q-212,740 -308,740Q-381,740 -424,684Q-380,692 -291,692Q-222,692 -173,682Z" /><path transform="translate(842)" d="M496,526L496,100Q496,54 464,27Q432,0 385,0L119,-1L119,162Q119,197 140,221.5Q161,246 195,253Q132,285 113,312.5Q94,340 94,409Q94,458 127,492.5Q160,527 209,527Q246,527 273.5,504Q301,481 301,444Q301,400 278,373.5Q255,347 213,347Q191,347 172,360Q172,308 222,293Q245,287 312,287L312,230Q250,230 232,222Q198,209 198,157L198,60L359,60Q418,60 418,124L418,526L496,526ZM250,432Q250,473 212,473Q172,473 172,435Q172,394 212,394Q250,394 250,432Z" /></g></svg>เกีย</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1b3x42f">0E40 0E01 0E35 0E22</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-gbytuj">ku’a</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1436 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M237,82Q237,45 209.5,22Q182,-1 145,-1Q107,-1 80.5,26Q54,53 54,90L54,526L133,526L133,183Q138,184 143,184Q188,184 212.5,156Q237,128 237,82ZM186,93Q186,131 148,131Q110,131 110,93Q110,52 148,52Q186,52 186,93Z" /><path transform="translate(248)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 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<tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1slmv1u">kua</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1086 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M42,736Q-23,639 -182,639Q-249,639 -294,662Q-352,692 -352,753Q-352,788 -327.5,812Q-303,836 -268,836Q-174,836 -174,748Q-174,703 -206,691Q-167,690 -148,690Q-90,690 -33,735Q20,777 42,833L42,736ZM-225,757Q-225,794 -263,794Q-303,794 -303,754Q-303,715 -265,715Q-225,715 -225,757Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M417,90Q417,51 392,25Q367,-1 328,-1Q292,-1 265,22Q235,47 235,82Q235,125 258,154Q281,183 323,183Q331,183 338,180L338,372Q338,421 289,447Q248,470 196,470Q88,470 16,385Q9,378 0,364L0,448Q70,527 203,527Q281,527 342,493Q417,453 417,381L417,90ZM362,93Q362,131 324,131Q286,131 286,93Q286,52 324,52Q362,52 362,93Z" /></g></svg>กัว</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-jrsu87">0E01 0E31 0E27</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-uzx3vk">kaw</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1325 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M237,82Q237,45 209.5,22Q182,-1 145,-1Q107,-1 80.5,26Q54,53 54,90L54,526L133,526L133,183Q138,184 143,184Q188,184 212.5,156Q237,128 237,82ZM186,93Q186,131 148,131Q110,131 110,93Q110,52 148,52Q186,52 186,93Z" /><path transform="translate(248)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(842)" d="M416,0L337,0L337,372Q337,421 288,447Q247,470 195,470Q87,470 15,385Q8,378 -1,364L-1,448Q69,527 202,527Q280,527 341,493Q416,453 416,381L416,0Z" /></g></svg>เกา</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-12ruycf">0E40 0E01 0E32</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-x0gfw1">koe:y</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1436 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M237,82Q237,45 209.5,22Q182,-1 145,-1Q107,-1 80.5,26Q54,53 54,90L54,526L133,526L133,183Q138,184 143,184Q188,184 212.5,156Q237,128 237,82ZM186,93Q186,131 148,131Q110,131 110,93Q110,52 148,52Q186,52 186,93Z" /><path transform="translate(248)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(842)" d="M496,526L496,100Q496,54 464,27Q432,0 385,0L119,-1L119,162Q119,197 140,221.5Q161,246 195,253Q132,285 113,312.5Q94,340 94,409Q94,458 127,492.5Q160,527 209,527Q246,527 273.5,504Q301,481 301,444Q301,400 278,373.5Q255,347 213,347Q191,347 172,360Q172,308 222,293Q245,287 312,287L312,230Q250,230 232,222Q198,209 198,157L198,60L359,60Q418,60 418,124L418,526L496,526ZM250,432Q250,473 212,473Q172,473 172,435Q172,394 212,394Q250,394 250,432Z" /></g></svg>เกย</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-194he56">0E40 0E01 0E22</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-mndyiu">kay</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1103 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M484,82Q484,47 455.5,23Q427,-1 391,-1Q352,-1 327,24.5Q302,50 302,90L302,794L219,668L141,668L92,810Q80,845 36,844L89,894Q134,891 151,835L189,717L277,858Q295,887 324,887Q381,887 381,820L381,180Q390,182 399,182Q441,182 462.5,153.5Q484,125 484,82ZM433,93Q433,131 397,131Q357,131 357,93Q357,52 397,52Q433,52 433,93Z" /><path transform="translate(509)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /></g></svg>ไก</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-67ho4d">0E44 0E01</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-mndyiu">kay</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1093 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M477,82Q477,48 452.5,23.5Q428,-1 393,-1Q351,-1 322.5,24Q294,49 294,90L294,605Q294,630 318.5,673Q343,716 343,742Q343,786 309,811Q279,833 234,833Q164,833 139,795Q226,795 226,710Q226,673 200.5,651.5Q175,630 137,630Q93,630 71,664Q51,692 51,738Q51,816 113,855Q165,888 248,888Q314,888 362,854Q416,817 416,753Q416,720 394.5,667.5Q373,615 373,605L373,183Q379,184 385,184Q429,184 453,155Q477,126 477,82ZM178,713Q178,753 142,753Q105,753 105,714Q105,674 142,674Q178,674 178,713ZM426,93Q426,131 390,131Q350,131 350,93Q350,52 390,52Q426,52 426,93Z" /><path transform="translate(499)" d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /></g></svg>ใก</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-enhjb8">0E43 0E01</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-bizn7e">kam</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1090 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M-22,752Q-22,710 -48,683.5Q-74,657 -116,657Q-159,657 -185.5,684Q-212,711 -212,754Q-212,795 -186,821Q-160,847 -119,847Q-77,847 -49.5,820.5Q-22,794 -22,752ZM416,0L337,0L337,372Q337,421 288,447Q247,470 195,470Q87,470 15,385Q8,378 -1,364L-1,448Q69,527 202,527Q280,527 341,493Q416,453 416,381L416,0ZM-72,752Q-72,796 -116,796Q-135,796 -147.5,784Q-160,772 -160,753Q-160,707 -116,707Q-72,707 -72,752Z" /></g></svg>กำ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1kxw58x">0E01 0E33</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1mz40c5">kri</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1188 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M506,0L428,0L428,370Q428,467 307,467Q232,467 180,421Q237,399 281,360Q241,343 225.5,322.5Q210,302 210,260L210,0L130,0L130,273Q130,304 143,323Q152,337 179,359Q165,366 137,380Q121,385 89,397L89,433Q181,526 305,526Q506,526 506,376L506,0Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M491,-203L413,-203L413,370Q413,468 292,468Q223,468 166,423Q222,397 267,360Q228,340 214,324Q195,302 195,263L195,181Q202,184 210,184Q253,184 276,153Q297,126 297,82Q297,46 270,22.5Q243,-1 206,-1Q167,-1 141.5,25Q116,51 116,90L116,273Q116,304 129,322Q137,335 165,357Q153,366 115,380Q77,394 74,397L74,435Q181,527 292,527Q491,527 491,376L491,-203ZM248,93Q248,131 210,131Q171,131 171,93Q171,52 210,52Q248,52 248,93Z" /></g></svg>กฤ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-w6o8hd">0E01 0E24</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <a href="#G46287" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Rendering of Thai Combining Marks. The canonical combining classes assigned to tone marks (ccc = 107) and to other combining characters displayed above (ccc = 0) do not fully account for their typographic interaction. For the purpose of rendering, the Thai combining marks above (U+0E31, U+0E34..U+0E37, U+0E47..U+0E4E) should be displayed outward from the base character they modify, in the order in which they appear in the text. In particular, a sequence containing <U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK, U+0E4D THAI CHARACTER NIKHAHIT> should be displayed with the nikhahit above the mai ek, and a sequence containing <U+0E4D THAI CHARACTER NIKHAHIT, U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK> should be displayed with the mai ek above the nikhahit. This does not preclude input processors from helping the user by pointing out or correcting typing mistakes, perhaps taking into account the language. For example, because the string <mai ek, nikhahit> is not useful for the Thai language and is likely a typing mistake, an input processor could reject it or correct it to <nikhahit, mai ek>. When the character U+0E33 THAI CHARACTER SARA AM follows one or more tone marks (U+0E48..U+0E4B), the nikhahit that is part of the sara am should be displayed below those tone marks. In particular, a sequence containing <U+0E48 THAI CHARACTER MAI EK, U+0E33 THAI CHARACTER SARA AM> should be displayed with the mai ek above the nikhahit. <a href="#G46289" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Thai Punctuation. Thai uses a variety of punctuation marks particular to this script. U+0E4F THAI CHARACTER FONGMAN is the Thai bullet, which is used to mark items in lists or appears at the beginning of a verse, sentence, paragraph, or other textual segment. U+0E46 THAI CHARACTER MAIYAMOK is used to mark repetition of preceding letters. U+0E2F THAI CHARACTER PAIYANNOI is used to indicate elision or abbreviation of letters; it is itself viewed as a kind of letter, however, and is used with considerable frequency because of its appearance in such words as the Thai name for Bangkok. Paiyannoi is also used in combination (U+0E2F U+0E25 U+0E2F) to create a construct called paiyanyai, which means “et cetera, and so forth.” The Thai paiyanyai is comparable to its analogue in the Khmer script: U+17D8 KHMER SIGN BEYYAL. U+0E5A THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU is used to mark the end of a long segment of text. It can be combined with a following U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A to mark a larger segment of text; typically this usage can be seen at the end of a verse in poetry. U+0E5B THAI CHARACTER KHOMUT marks the end of a chapter or document, where it always follows the angkhankhu + sara a combination. The Thai angkhankhu and its combination with sara a to mark breaks in text have analogues in many other Brahmi-derived scripts. For example, they are closely related to U+17D4 KHMER SIGN KHAN and U+17D5 KHMER SIGN BARIYOOSAN, which are themselves ultimately related to the danda and double danda of Devanagari. <a href="#G62785" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Spacing. Thai words are not separated by spaces. Instead, text is laid out with spaces introduced at text segments where Western typography would typically make use of commas or periods. However, Latin-based punctuation such as comma, period, and colon are also used in text, particularly in conjunction with Latin letters or in formatting numbers, addresses, and so forth. If explicit word break or line break opportunities are desired—for example, for the use of automatic line layout algorithms—the character U+200B ZERO WIDTH SPACE should be used to place invisible marks for such breaks. The ZERO WIDTH SPACE is ignored when justification or letter spacing is applied to the text. See <a href="/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-23/#G28064" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 23-2</a>. <a href="#G32749" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Thai Transcription of Pali and Sanskrit. The Thai script is frequently used to write Pali and Sanskrit. When so used, consonant clusters are represented by the explicit use of U+0E3A THAI CHARACTER PHINTHU (virama) to mark the removal of the inherent vowel. There is no conjoining behavior, unlike in other Indic scripts. U+0E4D THAI CHARACTER NIKHAHIT is the Pali nigghahita and Sanskrit anusvara. U+0E30 THAI CHARACTER SARA A is the Sanskrit visarga. U+0E24 THAI CHARACTER RU and U+0E26 THAI CHARACTER LU are vocalic /r/ and /l/, with U+0E45 THAI CHARACTER LAKKHANGYAO used to indicate their lengthening. <a href="#G70090" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Patani Malay. The Patani Malay orthography makes use of additional diacritics. A line below a consonant indicates that its sound differs from Thai. The line below is represented using U+0331 COMBINING MACRON BELOW. Nasalization is indicated by U+0303 COMBINING TILDE. Glottalization is marked with the character U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE. The character U+02D7 MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN indicates an elision between two vowel sequences. In Thai script, use of marks from the Combining Diacritical Marks block, such as U+0331 COMBINING MACRON BELOW and U+0303 COMBINING TILDE, imposes additional constraints for rendering systems. This is because the canonical ordering of these marks with respect to Thai vowels and tone marks may put them in an order that requires rearrangement during rendering. In particular, when used as a consonant diacritic, U+0331 COMBINING MACRON BELOW can occur with vowel signs U+0E38 THAI CHARACTER SARA U or U+0E39 THAI CHARACTER SARA UU. These vowel signs have a fixed-position canonical combining class of 103. A character sequence would normally be entered in the order consonant + macron below + vowel sign. However, in normalized text, these combining marks would be re-ordered, resulting in a sequence consonant + vowel sign + macron below. Thai rendering implementations must ensure that the vowel signs SARA U and SARA UU are less-closely bound to the consonant letter than consonant diacritics. In other words, SARA U and SARA UU must appear below COMBINING MACRON BELOW in normalized text, and not vice versa. Likewise, Thai tone marks U+0E48..U+0E4B have a fixed-position canonical combining class of 107. If a combining mark such as U+0303 COMBINING TILDE is used as a vowel sign, then it can potentially occur with the tone marks. Characters would likely be entered in the order consonant + tilde + tone, but in normalized text these would be reordered as consonant + tone + tilde. Thai rendering implementations must ensure that the tone marks display above the combining tilde. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G10988" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.2 Lao </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G11148" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.2.1 Lao: U+0E80–U+0EFF </h3> The Lao language and script are closely related to Thai. The Unicode Standard encodes the characters of the Lao script in roughly the same relative order as the Thai characters. <a href="#G35981" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Encoding Principles. Lao contains fewer letters than Thai because by 1960 it was simplified to be fairly phonemic, whereas Thai maintains many etymological spellings that are homonyms. Unlike in Thai, Lao consonant letters are conceived of as simply representing the consonant sound, rather than a syllable with an inherent vowel. The vowel [a] is always represented explicitly with U+0EB0 LAO VOWEL SIGN A. <a href="#G46844" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation. Regular word spacing is not used in Lao; spaces separate phrases or sentences instead. <a href="#G46845" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Glyph Placement. The glyph placements for Lao syllables are summarized in <a href="#G55239" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-2</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G55239" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-2. Glyph Positions in Lao Syllables</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1bcrmba"><th>Syllable</th> <th>Glyphs</th> <th>Code Point Sequence</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-jdqrrd">ka</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 959 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M482,3L448,1L448,374Q448,502 338,502Q290,502 246,473Q198,440 198,394L198,111Q198,77 187,46Q173,4 145,4Q100,4 80,15Q52,30 52,71Q52,113 70.5,129.5Q89,146 131,146Q150,146 162,130L162,402Q147,398 136,398Q102,398 80,419.5Q58,441 58,476Q58,504 77.5,522.5Q97,541 126,541Q153,541 171,523Q189,505 207,485Q255,534 342,534Q482,534 482,385L482,3ZM176,462Q176,479 162.5,491.5Q149,504 132,504Q118,504 104.5,492.5Q91,481 91,467Q91,450 105,439.5Q119,429 136,429Q151,429 163.5,438.5Q176,448 176,462ZM159,66Q159,114 119,114Q105,114 93,104Q81,94 81,80Q81,36 116,36Q129,36 144,45Q159,54 159,66Z" /><path transform="translate(534)" d="M379,438Q379,400 358,375Q337,350 300,350L131,350Q100,350 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data-svelte-h="svelte-15qjor5">ki</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 534 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M482,3L448,1L448,374Q448,502 338,502Q290,502 246,473Q198,440 198,394L198,111Q198,77 187,46Q173,4 145,4Q100,4 80,15Q52,30 52,71Q52,113 70.5,129.5Q89,146 131,146Q150,146 162,130L162,402Q147,398 136,398Q102,398 80,419.5Q58,441 58,476Q58,504 77.5,522.5Q97,541 126,541Q153,541 171,523Q189,505 207,485Q255,534 342,534Q482,534 482,385L482,3ZM176,462Q176,479 162.5,491.5Q149,504 132,504Q118,504 104.5,492.5Q91,481 91,467Q91,450 105,439.5Q119,429 136,429Q151,429 163.5,438.5Q176,448 176,462ZM159,66Q159,114 119,114Q105,114 93,104Q81,94 81,80Q81,36 116,36Q129,36 144,45Q159,54 159,66Z" /><path transform="translate(534)" d="M-7,717Q-7,649 -64,612Q-113,580 -185,580L-185,615Q-116,622 -89,636Q-44,659 -44,717Q-44,786 -104,811Q-142,827 -223,827Q-295,827 -343,807Q-409,779 -409,717Q-409,618 -258,618L-258,580Q-334,580 -384,611Q-444,648 -444,719Q-444,858 -219,858Q-123,858 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<td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1021 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M482,3L448,1L448,374Q448,502 338,502Q290,502 246,473Q198,440 198,394L198,111Q198,77 187,46Q173,4 145,4Q100,4 80,15Q52,30 52,71Q52,113 70.5,129.5Q89,146 131,146Q150,146 162,130L162,402Q147,398 136,398Q102,398 80,419.5Q58,441 58,476Q58,504 77.5,522.5Q97,541 126,541Q153,541 171,523Q189,505 207,485Q255,534 342,534Q482,534 482,385L482,3ZM176,462Q176,479 162.5,491.5Q149,504 132,504Q118,504 104.5,492.5Q91,481 91,467Q91,450 105,439.5Q119,429 136,429Q151,429 163.5,438.5Q176,448 176,462ZM159,66Q159,114 119,114Q105,114 93,104Q81,94 81,80Q81,36 116,36Q129,36 144,45Q159,54 159,66Z" /><path transform="translate(534)" d="M97,725Q97,687 67.5,662Q38,637 -1,637Q-35,637 -68,665Q-101,693 -101,726Q-101,764 -67,787Q-36,809 3,809Q97,809 97,725ZM436,32Q436,-3 420,-3Q415,-3 409,-2L404,1Q399,12 399,20Q403,306 403,309Q403,501 219,501Q102,501 82,431Q107,438 158,439Q189,441 206,415Q220,393 220,361Q220,290 139,290Q71,290 45,351Q31,383 31,411Q31,443 57,475Q109,539 220,539Q436,539 436,319L436,32ZM58,719Q58,741 40,757Q22,773 1,773Q-19,773 -38.5,757Q-58,741 -58,722Q-58,702 -39,689.5Q-20,677 1,677Q19,677 38.5,689.5Q58,702 58,719ZM181,365Q181,379 167.5,391.5Q154,404 139,404Q93,404 93,365Q93,326 125,326Q181,326 181,365Z" /></g></svg>ກຳ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-bv6cu">0E81 0EB3</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <a href="#G10990" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Additional Letters. A few additional letters in Lao have no match in Thai: U+0EBB LAO VOWEL SIGN MAI KON U+0EBC LAO SEMIVOWEL SIGN LO U+0EBD LAO SEMIVOWEL SIGN NYO The preceding two semivowel signs are the last remnants of the system of subscript medials, which in Myanmar retains additional distinctions. Myanmar and Khmer include a full set of subscript consonant forms used for conjuncts. Thai no longer uses any of these forms; Lao has just the two. <a href="#G46498" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Rendering of Lao Combining Marks. The canonical combining classes assigned to tone marks (ccc = 122) and to other combining characters displayed above (ccc = 0) do not fully account for their typographic interaction. For the purpose of rendering, the Lao combining marks above (U+0EB1, U+0EB4..U+0EB7, U+0EBB, U+0EC8..U+0ECD) should be displayed outward from the base character they modify, in the order in which they appear in the text. In particular, a sequence containing <U+0EC8 LAO TONE MAI EK, U+0ECD LAO NIGGAHITA> should be displayed with the niggahita above the mai ek, and a sequence containing <U+0ECD LAO NIGGAHITA, U+0EC8 LAO TONE MAI EK> should be displayed with the mai ek above the niggahita. This does not preclude input processors from helping the user by pointing out or correcting typing mistakes, perhaps taking into account the language. For example, because the string <mai ek, niggahita> is not useful for the Lao language and is likely a typing mistake, an input processor could reject it or correct it to <niggahita, mai ek>. When the character U+0EB3 LAO VOWEL SIGN AM follows one or more tone marks (U+0EC8..U+0ECB), the niggahita that is part of the sara am should be displayed below those tone marks. In particular, a sequence containing <U+0EC8 LAO TONE MAI EK, U+0EB3 LAO VOWEL SIGN AM> should be displayed with the mai ek above the niggahita. <a href="#G46581" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Spacing. Lao words are not separated by spaces. Use of spaces and Latin-based punctuation is very similar to that of Thai. For more information, as well as the use of U+200B ZERO WIDTH SPACE for explicit word break or line break opportunities, see Thai <a href="#G62785" class="svelte-elgdv8">Spacing</a>. <a href="#G46582" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Lao Aspirated Nasals. The Unicode character encoding includes two ligatures for Lao: U+0EDC LAO HO NO and U+0EDD LAO HO MO. They correspond to sequences of [h] plus [n] or [h] plus [m] without ligating. Their function in Lao is to provide versions of the [n] and [m] consonants with a different inherent tonal implication. <a href="#G82936" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Transcription of Pali and Sanskrit. Traditionally the Lao script is not used to write Pali and Sanskrit. The Lao consonant repertoire originally contained only the letters needed by the modern Lao language. An extended writing system was designed in the 1930s by Maha Sila Viravong to transcribe consonant clusters and additional consonants of Pali. The additional characters required by the extension are listed in <a href="#G83057" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-3</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G83057" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-3. Additional Characters for Pali and Sanskrit</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table data-svelte-h="svelte-vcfzsy"><tr><th>Characters</th> <th>Note</th></tr> <tr><td>0EBA</td> <td>Virama</td></tr> <tr><td>0E86, 0E89, 0E8C, 0E8E..0E93, 0E98, 0EA0, 0EAC</td> <td>Consonant letters</td></tr> <tr><td>0EA8..0EA9</td> <td>Sanskrit-specific consonant letters</td></tr></table></div> </figure> U+0EBA LAO SIGN PALI VIRAMA marks the removal of the inherent vowel of a consonant letter, and does not indicate conjoining or stacking behavior. U+0EA8 LAO LETTER SANSKRIT SHA and U+0EA9 LAO LETTER SANSKRIT SSA are used only in Sanskrit. Implementations should not assume transliteration mappings or a cognate relationship between all Lao and Thai characters based on their relative locations in the blocks. For example, Pali nya, a cognate of U+0E0D THAI CHARACTER YO YING, is encoded at U+0E8E instead of the corresponding location U+0E8D because the latter is already occupied by Lao nyo, a phonetically related non-cognate of Thai yo ying. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G24999" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.3 Myanmar </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G14008" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.3.1 Myanmar: U+1000–U+109F </h3> The Myanmar script is used to write Burmese, the majority language of Myanmar (formerly called Burma). Variations and extensions of the script are used to write other languages of the region, such as Mon, Karen, Kayah, Shan, and Palaung, as well as Pali and Sanskrit. The Myanmar script was formerly known as the Burmese script, but the term “Myanmar” is now preferred. The Myanmar writing system derives from a Brahmi-related script borrowed from South India in about the eighth century to write the Mon language. The first inscription in the Myanmar script dates from the eleventh century and uses an alphabet almost identical to that of the Mon inscriptions. Aside from rounding of the originally square characters, this script has remained largely unchanged to the present. It is said that the rounder forms were developed to permit writing on palm leaves without tearing the writing surface of the leaf. The Myanmar script shares structural features with other Brahmi-based scripts such as Khmer: consonant symbols include an inherent “a” vowel; various signs are attached to a consonant to indicate a different vowel; medial consonants are attached to the consonant; and the overall writing direction is from left to right. <a href="#G56193" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Standards. There is not yet an official national standard for the encoding of Myanmar/Burmese. The current encoding was prepared with the consultation of experts from the Myanmar Information Technology Standardization Committee (MITSC) in Yangon (Rangoon). The MITSC, formed by the government in 1997, consists of experts from the Myanmar Computer Scientists’ Association, Myanmar Language Commission, and Myanmar Historical Commission. <a href="#G56194" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Encoding Principles. As with Indic scripts, the Myanmar encoding represents only the basic underlying characters; multiple glyphs and rendering transformations are required to assemble the final visual form for each syllable. Characters and combinations that may appear visually identical in some fonts, such as U+101D <svg viewBox="0 -1000 450 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M404,181Q404,99 340,46Q285,0 224,0Q145,0 90.5,51Q36,102 36,181Q36,262 89.5,315.5Q143,369 224,369Q298,369 351,312.5Q404,256 404,181ZM359,181Q359,237 319.5,280Q280,323 224,323Q161,323 121.5,284Q82,245 82,182Q82,122 123,84Q164,46 224,46Q277,46 318,87Q359,128 359,181Z" /></g></svg>ဝ MYANMAR LETTER WA and U+1040 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 450 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M404,181Q404,99 340,46Q285,0 224,0Q145,0 90.5,51Q36,102 36,181Q36,262 89.5,315.5Q143,369 224,369Q298,369 351,312.5Q404,256 404,181ZM359,181Q359,237 319.5,280Q280,323 224,323Q161,323 121.5,284Q82,245 82,182Q82,122 123,84Q164,46 224,46Q277,46 318,87Q359,128 359,181Z" /></g></svg>ဝ MYANMAR DIGIT ZERO, are distinguished by their underlying encoding. <a href="#G56195" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Composite Characters. As is the case in many other scripts, some Myanmar letters or signs may be analyzed as composites of two or more other characters and are not encoded separately. The following are three examples of Myanmar letters represented by combining character sequences: <blockquote>U+1000 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>က ka + U+1031 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 904 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M370,114Q370,111 368,105Q323,0 196,0Q134,0 82,44Q18,98 18,190Q18,266 73.5,317Q129,368 205,368Q257,368 303,339Q349,310 369,263L328,243Q312,279 277.5,302Q243,325 204,325Q143,325 103,287.5Q63,250 63,190Q63,158 80,118Q121,149 155.5,160Q190,171 242,171Q298,171 364,129Q370,123 370,114ZM312,106Q273,127 241,127Q204,127 184,122Q148,113 109,83Q139,47 197,47Q274,47 312,106ZM844,330Q854,313 836,302Q818,292 808,310Q797,328 815,338Q833,348 844,330ZM765,388Q755,370 737,381Q719,391 729,409Q740,427 758,417Q775,406 765,388ZM661,427Q661,407 640,407Q619,407 619,427Q619,448 640,448Q661,448 661,427ZM875,213Q875,192 854,192Q834,192 834,213Q834,234 854,234Q875,234 875,213ZM551,409Q561,391 543,381Q525,370 515,388Q504,406 522,417Q540,427 551,409ZM844,95Q833,77 815,88Q797,98 808,116Q818,134 836,124Q854,113 844,95ZM765,37Q775,20 758,9Q740,-1 729,17Q719,35 737,45Q755,55 765,37ZM472,310Q462,292 444,302Q426,313 436,330Q447,348 465,338Q482,328 472,310ZM661,-2Q661,-22 640,-22Q619,-22 619,-2Q619,19 640,19Q661,19 661,-2ZM446,213Q446,192 425,192Q405,192 405,213Q405,234 425,234Q446,234 446,213ZM472,116Q482,98 465,88Q447,77 436,95Q426,113 444,124Q462,134 472,116ZM551,17Q540,-1 522,9Q504,20 515,37Q525,55 543,45Q561,35 551,17Z" /></g></svg> ေ vowel sign e + U+102C <svg viewBox="0 -1000 914 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M876,190Q876,106 823,53Q770,0 686,0Q662,0 624,16L639,55Q660,44 689,44Q750,44 791.5,85.5Q833,127 833,188Q833,247 790,284.5Q747,322 687,322Q595,322 559,231L519,245Q537,298 584.5,333.5Q632,369 687,369Q764,369 820,317.5Q876,266 876,190ZM450,330Q460,313 442,302Q424,292 414,310Q404,328 422,338Q439,348 450,330ZM371,388Q361,370 343,381Q325,391 335,409Q346,427 364,417Q382,406 371,388ZM267,427Q267,407 246,407Q225,407 225,427Q225,448 246,448Q267,448 267,427ZM481,213Q481,192 461,192Q440,192 440,213Q440,234 461,234Q481,234 481,213ZM157,409Q167,391 149,381Q131,370 121,388Q111,406 129,417Q146,427 157,409ZM450,95Q439,77 422,88Q404,98 414,116Q424,134 442,124Q460,113 450,95ZM371,37Q382,20 364,9Q346,-1 335,17Q325,35 343,45Q361,55 371,37ZM78,310Q68,292 50,302Q32,313 42,330Q53,348 71,338Q89,328 78,310ZM267,-2Q267,-22 246,-22Q225,-22 225,-2Q225,19 246,19Q267,19 267,-2ZM52,213Q52,192 32,192Q11,192 11,213Q11,234 32,234Q52,234 52,213ZM78,116Q89,98 71,88Q53,77 42,95Q32,113 50,124Q68,134 78,116ZM157,17Q146,-1 129,9Q111,20 121,37Q131,55 149,45Q167,35 157,17Z" /></g></svg> ာ vowel sign aa → <svg viewBox="0 -1000 1489 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1461,190Q1461,106 1408,53Q1355,0 1271,0Q1248,0 1209,16L1224,55Q1245,44 1274,44Q1335,44 1376.5,85.5Q1418,127 1418,188Q1418,247 1375,284.5Q1332,322 1272,322Q1181,322 1144,231L1104,245Q1122,298 1169.5,333.5Q1217,369 1272,369Q1349,369 1405,317.5Q1461,266 1461,190ZM1081,190Q1081,115 1027,57Q968,-6 901,-1L858,2L858,46L880,47Q956,50 995.5,90.5Q1035,131 1035,190Q1035,242 994.5,282Q954,322 901,322Q817,322 772,250Q784,221 784,190Q784,67 656,2L644,46Q688,80 701,95Q736,136 736,190Q736,243 696.5,282.5Q657,322 604,322Q550,322 505.5,283Q461,244 461,190Q461,89 555,45L542,2Q413,59 413,190Q413,253 458,305Q513,368 604,368Q691,368 747,293Q806,368 901,368Q976,368 1028.5,316.5Q1081,265 1081,190ZM371,114Q371,111 369,105Q324,0 197,0Q135,0 83,44Q19,98 19,190Q19,266 74.5,317Q130,368 206,368Q259,368 304.5,339Q350,310 370,263L329,243Q314,279 279,302Q244,325 205,325Q144,325 104,287.5Q64,250 64,190Q64,158 81,118Q122,149 156.5,160Q191,171 243,171Q299,171 365,129Q371,123 371,114ZM313,106Q274,127 242,127Q205,127 185,122Q149,113 110,83Q140,47 198,47Q275,47 313,106Z" /></g></svg>ကော /kàw/ U+1000 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>က ka + U+1031 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 904 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M370,114Q370,111 368,105Q323,0 196,0Q134,0 82,44Q18,98 18,190Q18,266 73.5,317Q129,368 205,368Q257,368 303,339Q349,310 369,263L328,243Q312,279 277.5,302Q243,325 204,325Q143,325 103,287.5Q63,250 63,190Q63,158 80,118Q121,149 155.5,160Q190,171 242,171Q298,171 364,129Q370,123 370,114ZM312,106Q273,127 241,127Q204,127 184,122Q148,113 109,83Q139,47 197,47Q274,47 312,106ZM844,330Q854,313 836,302Q818,292 808,310Q797,328 815,338Q833,348 844,330ZM765,388Q755,370 737,381Q719,391 729,409Q740,427 758,417Q775,406 765,388ZM661,427Q661,407 640,407Q619,407 619,427Q619,448 640,448Q661,448 661,427ZM875,213Q875,192 854,192Q834,192 834,213Q834,234 854,234Q875,234 875,213ZM551,409Q561,391 543,381Q525,370 515,388Q504,406 522,417Q540,427 551,409ZM844,95Q833,77 815,88Q797,98 808,116Q818,134 836,124Q854,113 844,95ZM765,37Q775,20 758,9Q740,-1 729,17Q719,35 737,45Q755,55 765,37ZM472,310Q462,292 444,302Q426,313 436,330Q447,348 465,338Q482,328 472,310ZM661,-2Q661,-22 640,-22Q619,-22 619,-2Q619,19 640,19Q661,19 661,-2ZM446,213Q446,192 425,192Q405,192 405,213Q405,234 425,234Q446,234 446,213ZM472,116Q482,98 465,88Q447,77 436,95Q426,113 444,124Q462,134 472,116ZM551,17Q540,-1 522,9Q504,20 515,37Q525,55 543,45Q561,35 551,17Z" /></g></svg> ေ vowel sign e + U+102C <svg viewBox="0 -1000 914 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M876,190Q876,106 823,53Q770,0 686,0Q662,0 624,16L639,55Q660,44 689,44Q750,44 791.5,85.5Q833,127 833,188Q833,247 790,284.5Q747,322 687,322Q595,322 559,231L519,245Q537,298 584.5,333.5Q632,369 687,369Q764,369 820,317.5Q876,266 876,190ZM450,330Q460,313 442,302Q424,292 414,310Q404,328 422,338Q439,348 450,330ZM371,388Q361,370 343,381Q325,391 335,409Q346,427 364,417Q382,406 371,388ZM267,427Q267,407 246,407Q225,407 225,427Q225,448 246,448Q267,448 267,427ZM481,213Q481,192 461,192Q440,192 440,213Q440,234 461,234Q481,234 481,213ZM157,409Q167,391 149,381Q131,370 121,388Q111,406 129,417Q146,427 157,409ZM450,95Q439,77 422,88Q404,98 414,116Q424,134 442,124Q460,113 450,95ZM371,37Q382,20 364,9Q346,-1 335,17Q325,35 343,45Q361,55 371,37ZM78,310Q68,292 50,302Q32,313 42,330Q53,348 71,338Q89,328 78,310ZM267,-2Q267,-22 246,-22Q225,-22 225,-2Q225,19 246,19Q267,19 267,-2ZM52,213Q52,192 32,192Q11,192 11,213Q11,234 32,234Q52,234 52,213ZM78,116Q89,98 71,88Q53,77 42,95Q32,113 50,124Q68,134 78,116ZM157,17Q146,-1 129,9Q111,20 121,37Q131,55 149,45Q167,35 157,17Z" /></g></svg> ာ vowel sign aa + U+103A <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M439,563Q439,552 433,537L412,529Q400,530 386,550Q383,581 352.5,603Q322,625 290,625Q249,625 220,596Q191,567 191,526Q191,485 219.5,456Q248,427 289,427Q294,427 303,428Q312,429 317,429Q342,429 342,404Q342,394 320,376Q293,372 290,372Q230,372 183,419Q136,466 136,526Q136,588 182,634Q228,680 290,680Q390,680 439,563ZM491,199Q502,181 484,171Q466,160 455,178Q445,196 463,207Q481,217 491,199ZM413,257Q402,239 384,249Q366,260 377,277Q387,295 405,285Q423,275 413,257ZM308,296Q308,275 288,275Q267,275 267,296Q267,317 288,317Q308,317 308,296ZM523,81Q523,61 502,61Q481,61 481,81Q481,102 502,102Q523,102 523,81ZM198,277Q209,260 191,249Q173,239 162,257Q152,275 170,285Q188,295 198,277ZM491,-36Q481,-54 463,-44Q445,-33 455,-16Q466,2 484,-8Q502,-18 491,-36ZM413,-94Q423,-112 405,-122Q387,-133 377,-115Q366,-97 384,-86Q402,-76 413,-94ZM120,178Q109,160 91,171Q73,181 84,199Q94,217 112,207Q130,196 120,178ZM308,-133Q308,-154 288,-154Q267,-154 267,-133Q267,-112 288,-112Q308,-112 308,-133ZM94,81Q94,61 73,61Q52,61 52,81Q52,102 73,102Q94,102 94,81ZM120,-16Q130,-33 112,-44Q94,-54 84,-36Q73,-18 91,-8Q109,2 120,-16ZM198,-115Q188,-133 170,-122Q152,-112 162,-94Q173,-76 191,-86Q209,-97 198,-115Z" /></g></svg> ် asat → <svg viewBox="0 -1000 1514 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1430,611L1389,589Q1354,646 1297,646Q1259,646 1229,617Q1199,588 1199,549Q1199,509 1229,479Q1259,449 1299,449Q1313,449 1330,455L1347,415Q1344,414 1324,408Q1309,404 1299,404Q1237,404 1195.5,445.5Q1154,487 1154,549Q1154,608 1197,651Q1240,694 1299,694Q1371,694 1430,611ZM1468,190Q1468,106 1415,53Q1362,0 1278,0Q1255,0 1216,16L1231,55Q1252,44 1281,44Q1342,44 1383.5,85.5Q1425,127 1425,188Q1425,247 1382,284.5Q1339,322 1279,322Q1188,322 1151,231L1111,245Q1129,298 1176.5,333.5Q1224,369 1279,369Q1356,369 1412,317.5Q1468,266 1468,190ZM1081,190Q1081,115 1027,57Q968,-6 901,-1L858,2L858,46L880,47Q956,50 995.5,90.5Q1035,131 1035,190Q1035,242 994.5,282Q954,322 901,322Q817,322 772,250Q784,221 784,190Q784,67 656,2L644,46Q688,80 701,95Q736,136 736,190Q736,243 696.5,282.5Q657,322 604,322Q550,322 505.5,283Q461,244 461,190Q461,89 555,45L542,2Q413,59 413,190Q413,253 458,305Q513,368 604,368Q691,368 747,293Q806,368 901,368Q976,368 1028.5,316.5Q1081,265 1081,190ZM371,114Q371,111 369,105Q324,0 197,0Q135,0 83,44Q19,98 19,190Q19,266 74.5,317Q130,368 206,368Q259,368 304.5,339Q350,310 370,263L329,243Q314,279 279,302Q244,325 205,325Q144,325 104,287.5Q64,250 64,190Q64,158 81,118Q122,149 156.5,160Q191,171 243,171Q299,171 365,129Q371,123 371,114ZM313,106Q274,127 242,127Q205,127 185,122Q149,113 110,83Q140,47 198,47Q275,47 313,106Z" /></g></svg>ကော် /kaw/ U+1000 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>က ka + U+102D <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M434,547Q434,488 391,445Q348,402 289,402Q230,402 187,445Q144,488 144,547Q144,608 185.5,650Q227,692 289,692Q348,692 391,649.5Q434,607 434,547ZM386,547Q386,588 357.5,616Q329,644 289,644Q247,644 219,616.5Q191,589 191,547Q191,508 220,478.5Q249,449 289,449Q330,449 358,477.5Q386,506 386,547ZM491,223Q502,205 484,195Q466,184 455,202Q445,220 463,231Q481,241 491,223ZM413,281Q402,263 384,273Q366,284 377,302Q387,319 405,309Q423,299 413,281ZM308,320Q308,299 288,299Q267,299 267,320Q267,341 288,341Q308,341 308,320ZM523,105Q523,85 502,85Q481,85 481,105Q481,126 502,126Q523,126 523,105ZM198,302Q209,284 191,273Q173,263 162,281Q152,299 170,309Q188,319 198,302ZM491,-12Q481,-30 463,-20Q445,-9 455,9Q466,26 484,16Q502,6 491,-12ZM413,-70Q423,-88 405,-98Q387,-109 377,-91Q366,-73 384,-62Q402,-52 413,-70ZM120,202Q109,184 91,195Q73,205 84,223Q94,241 112,231Q130,220 120,202ZM308,-109Q308,-130 288,-130Q267,-130 267,-109Q267,-88 288,-88Q308,-88 308,-109ZM94,105Q94,85 73,85Q52,85 52,105Q52,126 73,126Q94,126 94,105ZM120,9Q130,-9 112,-20Q94,-30 84,-12Q73,6 91,16Q109,26 120,9ZM198,-91Q188,-109 170,-98Q152,-88 162,-70Q173,-52 191,-62Q209,-73 198,-91Z" /></g></svg> ိ vowel sign i + U+102F <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M424,-298L271,-298L271,-56L317,-56L317,-251L424,-251L424,-298ZM491,330Q502,313 484,302Q466,292 455,310Q445,328 463,338Q481,348 491,330ZM413,388Q402,370 384,381Q366,391 377,409Q387,427 405,417Q423,406 413,388ZM308,427Q308,407 288,407Q267,407 267,427Q267,448 288,448Q308,448 308,427ZM523,213Q523,192 502,192Q481,192 481,213Q481,234 502,234Q523,234 523,213ZM198,409Q209,391 191,381Q173,370 162,388Q152,406 170,417Q188,427 198,409ZM491,95Q481,77 463,88Q445,98 455,116Q466,134 484,124Q502,113 491,95ZM413,37Q423,20 405,9Q387,-1 377,17Q366,35 384,45Q402,55 413,37ZM120,310Q109,292 91,302Q73,313 84,330Q94,348 112,338Q130,328 120,310ZM308,-2Q308,-22 288,-22Q267,-22 267,-2Q267,19 288,19Q308,19 308,-2ZM94,213Q94,192 73,192Q52,192 52,213Q52,234 73,234Q94,234 94,213ZM120,116Q130,98 112,88Q94,77 84,95Q73,113 91,124Q109,134 120,116ZM198,17Q188,-1 170,9Q152,20 162,37Q173,55 191,45Q209,35 198,17Z" /></g></svg> ု vowel sign u → <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M668,547Q668,488 625,445Q582,402 523,402Q464,402 421,445Q378,488 378,547Q378,608 420,650Q462,692 523,692Q583,692 625.5,649.5Q668,607 668,547ZM701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190ZM669,-298L516,-298L516,-56L562,-56L562,-251L669,-251L669,-298ZM620,547Q620,588 592,616Q564,644 523,644Q481,644 453,616.5Q425,589 425,547Q425,508 454.5,478.5Q484,449 523,449Q564,449 592,477.5Q620,506 620,547Z" /></g></svg>ကို /ko/</blockquote> <a href="#G56202" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Encoding Subranges. The basic consonants, medials, independent vowels, and dependent vowel signs required for writing the Myanmar language are encoded at the beginning of the Myanmar block. Those are followed by script-specific digits, punctuation, and various signs. The last part of the block contains extensions for consonants, medials, vowels, and tone marks needed to represent historic text and various other languages. These extensions support Pali and Sanskrit, as well as letters and tone marks for Mon, Karen, Kayah, and Shan. The extensions include two tone marks for Khamti Shan and two vowel signs for Aiton and Phake, but the majority of the additional characters needed to support those languages are found in the Myanmar Extended-A block. <a href="#G56203" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Conjuncts. As in other Indic-derived scripts, conjunction of two consonant letters is indicated by the insertion of a virama U+1039 <svg viewBox="0 -1024 1040 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M990,696L990,603L955,603L955,660L895,660L895,696L990,696ZM989,378L989,266L953,266L953,378L989,378ZM991,209L991,98L954,98L954,209L991,209ZM990,546L990,434L954,434L954,546L990,546ZM50,266L50,378L87,378L87,266L50,266ZM49,435L49,546L86,546L86,435L49,435ZM49,98L49,210L86,210L86,98L49,98ZM50,697L142,697L142,662L85,662L85,602L50,602L50,697ZM368,696L480,696L480,660L368,660L368,696ZM726,698L838,698L838,661L726,661L726,698ZM200,697L312,697L312,661L200,661L200,697ZM548,696L660,696L660,660L548,660L548,696ZM989,-226L897,-226L897,-191L954,-191L954,-131L989,-131L989,-226ZM481,-225L369,-225L369,-189L481,-189L481,-225ZM313,-227L201,-227L201,-190L313,-190L313,-227ZM839,-226L727,-226L727,-190L839,-190L839,-226ZM50,-224L50,-132L86,-132L86,-189L146,-189L146,-224L50,-224ZM661,-225L549,-225L549,-189L661,-189L661,-225ZM991,41L991,-70L954,-70L954,41L991,41ZM49,-71L49,41L86,41L86,-71L49,-71ZM617,-72L534,-72L534,-153L498,-153L498,-72L416,-72L416,-34L498,-34L498,49L534,49L534,-34L617,-34L617,-72ZM701,281Q722,281 722,301Q722,321 701,321Q681,321 681,301Q681,281 701,281ZM707,373Q707,393 687,393Q667,393 667,373Q667,352 686,352Q707,352 707,373ZM667,433Q667,454 647,454Q626,454 626,434Q626,414 647,414Q667,414 667,433ZM606,474Q606,495 586,495Q565,495 565,474Q565,454 586,454Q606,454 606,474ZM534,489Q534,509 514,509Q494,509 494,489Q494,468 514,468Q534,468 534,489ZM442,495Q422,495 422,474Q422,454 442,454Q463,454 463,474Q463,495 442,495ZM381,454Q361,454 361,434Q361,414 381,414Q402,414 402,434Q402,454 381,454ZM340,393Q320,393 320,373Q320,352 341,352Q361,352 361,373Q361,393 340,393ZM326,321Q306,321 306,301Q306,281 326,281Q347,281 347,301Q347,321 326,321ZM320,229Q320,209 341,209Q361,209 361,229Q361,250 341,250Q320,250 320,229ZM361,168Q361,148 381,148Q401,148 401,168Q401,189 381,189Q361,189 361,168ZM422,128Q422,108 442,108Q462,108 462,128Q462,149 442,149Q422,149 422,128ZM494,114Q494,93 514,93Q534,93 534,114Q534,134 514,134Q494,134 494,114ZM586,108Q606,108 606,128Q606,149 586,149Q565,149 565,129Q565,108 586,108ZM646,148Q667,148 667,168Q667,189 647,189Q626,189 626,168Q626,148 646,148ZM687,209Q707,209 707,229Q707,250 687,250Q667,250 667,229Q667,209 687,209Z" /></g></svg>္ MYANMAR SIGN VIRAMA between them. It causes the second consonant to be displayed in a smaller form below the first; the virama is not visibly rendered. <a href="#G56204" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Kinzi. The conjunct form of U+1004 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 450 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M392,249L352,236Q311,322 213,322Q160,322 121.5,282Q83,242 83,189Q83,133 118,91Q156,46 211,46Q263,46 298,70Q322,86 348,126L387,108Q324,0 211,0Q135,0 84,58Q35,113 35,190Q35,265 86.5,316.5Q138,368 213,368Q343,368 392,249Z" /></g></svg>င MYANMAR LETTER NGA is rendered as a superscript sign called kinzi. That superscript sign is not encoded as a separate mark, but instead is simply the rendering form of the nga in a conjunct context. The nga is represented in logical order first in the sequence, before the consonant which actually bears the visible kinzi superscript sign in final rendered form. For example, kinzi applied to U+1000 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>က MYANMAR LETTER KA would be written via the following sequence: <blockquote>U+1004 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 450 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M392,249L352,236Q311,322 213,322Q160,322 121.5,282Q83,242 83,189Q83,133 118,91Q156,46 211,46Q263,46 298,70Q322,86 348,126L387,108Q324,0 211,0Q135,0 84,58Q35,113 35,190Q35,265 86.5,316.5Q138,368 213,368Q343,368 392,249Z" /></g></svg>င nga + U+103A <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M439,563Q439,552 433,537L412,529Q400,530 386,550Q383,581 352.5,603Q322,625 290,625Q249,625 220,596Q191,567 191,526Q191,485 219.5,456Q248,427 289,427Q294,427 303,428Q312,429 317,429Q342,429 342,404Q342,394 320,376Q293,372 290,372Q230,372 183,419Q136,466 136,526Q136,588 182,634Q228,680 290,680Q390,680 439,563ZM491,199Q502,181 484,171Q466,160 455,178Q445,196 463,207Q481,217 491,199ZM413,257Q402,239 384,249Q366,260 377,277Q387,295 405,285Q423,275 413,257ZM308,296Q308,275 288,275Q267,275 267,296Q267,317 288,317Q308,317 308,296ZM523,81Q523,61 502,61Q481,61 481,81Q481,102 502,102Q523,102 523,81ZM198,277Q209,260 191,249Q173,239 162,257Q152,275 170,285Q188,295 198,277ZM491,-36Q481,-54 463,-44Q445,-33 455,-16Q466,2 484,-8Q502,-18 491,-36ZM413,-94Q423,-112 405,-122Q387,-133 377,-115Q366,-97 384,-86Q402,-76 413,-94ZM120,178Q109,160 91,171Q73,181 84,199Q94,217 112,207Q130,196 120,178ZM308,-133Q308,-154 288,-154Q267,-154 267,-133Q267,-112 288,-112Q308,-112 308,-133ZM94,81Q94,61 73,61Q52,61 52,81Q52,102 73,102Q94,102 94,81ZM120,-16Q130,-33 112,-44Q94,-54 84,-36Q73,-18 91,-8Q109,2 120,-16ZM198,-115Q188,-133 170,-122Q152,-112 162,-94Q173,-76 191,-86Q209,-97 198,-115Z" /></g></svg> ် asat + U+1039 <svg viewBox="0 -1024 1040 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M990,696L990,603L955,603L955,660L895,660L895,696L990,696ZM989,378L989,266L953,266L953,378L989,378ZM991,209L991,98L954,98L954,209L991,209ZM990,546L990,434L954,434L954,546L990,546ZM50,266L50,378L87,378L87,266L50,266ZM49,435L49,546L86,546L86,435L49,435ZM49,98L49,210L86,210L86,98L49,98ZM50,697L142,697L142,662L85,662L85,602L50,602L50,697ZM368,696L480,696L480,660L368,660L368,696ZM726,698L838,698L838,661L726,661L726,698ZM200,697L312,697L312,661L200,661L200,697ZM548,696L660,696L660,660L548,660L548,696ZM989,-226L897,-226L897,-191L954,-191L954,-131L989,-131L989,-226ZM481,-225L369,-225L369,-189L481,-189L481,-225ZM313,-227L201,-227L201,-190L313,-190L313,-227ZM839,-226L727,-226L727,-190L839,-190L839,-226ZM50,-224L50,-132L86,-132L86,-189L146,-189L146,-224L50,-224ZM661,-225L549,-225L549,-189L661,-189L661,-225ZM991,41L991,-70L954,-70L954,41L991,41ZM49,-71L49,41L86,41L86,-71L49,-71ZM617,-72L534,-72L534,-153L498,-153L498,-72L416,-72L416,-34L498,-34L498,49L534,49L534,-34L617,-34L617,-72ZM701,281Q722,281 722,301Q722,321 701,321Q681,321 681,301Q681,281 701,281ZM707,373Q707,393 687,393Q667,393 667,373Q667,352 686,352Q707,352 707,373ZM667,433Q667,454 647,454Q626,454 626,434Q626,414 647,414Q667,414 667,433ZM606,474Q606,495 586,495Q565,495 565,474Q565,454 586,454Q606,454 606,474ZM534,489Q534,509 514,509Q494,509 494,489Q494,468 514,468Q534,468 534,489ZM442,495Q422,495 422,474Q422,454 442,454Q463,454 463,474Q463,495 442,495ZM381,454Q361,454 361,434Q361,414 381,414Q402,414 402,434Q402,454 381,454ZM340,393Q320,393 320,373Q320,352 341,352Q361,352 361,373Q361,393 340,393ZM326,321Q306,321 306,301Q306,281 326,281Q347,281 347,301Q347,321 326,321ZM320,229Q320,209 341,209Q361,209 361,229Q361,250 341,250Q320,250 320,229ZM361,168Q361,148 381,148Q401,148 401,168Q401,189 381,189Q361,189 361,168ZM422,128Q422,108 442,108Q462,108 462,128Q462,149 442,149Q422,149 422,128ZM494,114Q494,93 514,93Q534,93 534,114Q534,134 514,134Q494,134 494,114ZM586,108Q606,108 606,128Q606,149 586,149Q565,149 565,129Q565,108 586,108ZM646,148Q667,148 667,168Q667,189 647,189Q626,189 626,168Q626,148 646,148ZM687,209Q707,209 707,229Q707,250 687,250Q667,250 667,229Q667,209 687,209Z" /></g></svg>္ virama + U+1000 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>က ka → <svg viewBox="0 -1000 732 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M623,437Q607,425 590,414Q568,403 531,403Q419,403 419,483Q419,513 440,538Q420,564 420,598Q420,640 455,668Q487,693 531,693Q557,693 579,682Q588,677 613,659L587,627Q553,647 532,647Q464,647 464,598Q464,568 502,558Q520,554 564,554L566,517L525,517Q462,517 462,483Q462,446 533,446Q564,446 593,475L623,437ZM701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>င်္က ka</blockquote> Note that this sequence includes both U+103A asat and U+1039 virama between the nga and the ka. Use of the virama alone would ordinarily indicate stacking of the consonants, with a small ka appearing under the nga. Use of the asat killer in addition to the virama gives a sequence that can be distinguished from normal stacking: the sequence <U+1004, U+103A, U+1039> always maps unambiguously to a visible kinzi superscript sign on the following consonant. <a href="#G56207" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Medial Consonants. The Myanmar script traditionally distinguishes a set of “medial” consonants: forms of ya, ra, wa, and ha that are considered to be modifiers of the syllable’s vowel. Graphically, these medial consonants are sometimes written as subscripts, but sometimes, as in the case of ra, they surround the base consonant instead. In the Myanmar encoding, the medial consonants are encoded separately. For example, the word <svg viewBox="0 -1000 1222 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1208,190Q1208,115 1154,57Q1096,-6 1028,-1L985,2L985,46L1007,47Q1083,50 1122.5,90.5Q1162,131 1162,190Q1162,242 1121.5,282Q1081,322 1028,322Q944,322 899,250Q911,221 911,190Q911,67 783,2L771,46Q815,80 828,95Q863,136 863,190Q863,243 823.5,282.5Q784,322 731,322Q677,322 632.5,283Q588,244 588,190Q588,89 682,45L669,2Q540,59 540,190Q540,253 585,305Q640,368 731,368Q818,368 874,293Q934,368 1028,368Q1103,368 1155.5,316.5Q1208,265 1208,190ZM1196,-178Q1196,-228 1160,-272Q1116,-325 1047,-325Q1028,-325 963,-301L554,-298Q515,-295 483,-266Q448,-234 448,-200L448,566Q448,608 480,640.5Q512,673 554,673L1092,672Q1134,672 1164,641Q1194,610 1194,567L1192,545L1146,546Q1146,619 1069,619L576,619Q497,619 497,550L497,-178Q497,-213 524,-233.5Q551,-254 587,-254L921,-254Q903,-216 903,-178Q903,-116 944.5,-71Q986,-26 1047,-26Q1107,-26 1151.5,-72Q1196,-118 1196,-178ZM1146,-181Q1146,-138 1118,-109Q1090,-80 1047,-80Q1001,-80 974.5,-107.5Q948,-135 948,-181Q948,-220 977.5,-249Q1007,-278 1047,-278Q1087,-278 1116.5,-249.5Q1146,-221 1146,-181ZM370,114Q370,111 368,105Q323,0 196,0Q134,0 82,44Q18,98 18,190Q18,266 73.5,317Q129,368 205,368Q257,368 303,339Q349,310 369,263L328,243Q312,279 277.5,302Q243,325 204,325Q143,325 103,287.5Q63,250 63,190Q63,158 80,118Q121,149 155.5,160Q190,171 242,171Q298,171 364,129Q370,123 370,114ZM312,106Q273,127 241,127Q204,127 184,122Q148,113 109,83Q139,47 197,47Q274,47 312,106Z" /></g></svg>ကြွေ [kjwei] (“to drop off”) would be written via the following sequence: <blockquote>U+1000 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>က ka + U+103C <svg viewBox="0 -1000 605 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M543,320Q543,299 522,299Q502,299 502,320Q502,341 522,341Q543,341 543,320ZM465,399Q465,378 444,378Q423,378 423,399Q423,419 444,419Q465,419 465,399ZM357,427Q357,407 337,407Q316,407 316,427Q316,448 337,448Q357,448 357,427ZM572,213Q572,192 551,192Q530,192 530,213Q530,234 551,234Q572,234 572,213ZM250,399Q250,378 229,378Q209,378 209,399Q209,419 229,419Q250,419 250,399ZM543,106Q543,85 522,85Q502,85 502,106Q502,126 522,126Q543,126 543,106ZM465,27Q465,6 444,6Q423,6 423,27Q423,48 444,48Q465,48 465,27ZM172,320Q172,299 151,299Q130,299 130,320Q130,341 151,341Q172,341 172,320ZM524,-199Q524,-234 491,-267.5Q458,-301 423,-301L137,-301Q102,-301 67.5,-267.5Q33,-234 33,-199L33,570Q33,605 64.5,638Q96,671 131,671Q131,671 201,670L203,628Q134,628 115,620Q78,606 78,548L78,-177Q78,-214 106,-233Q131,-250 169,-250L412,-250Q439,-250 459.5,-228.5Q480,-207 480,-180L480,26Q494,44 524,77L524,-199ZM357,-2Q357,-22 337,-22Q316,-22 316,-2Q316,19 337,19Q357,19 357,-2ZM143,213Q143,192 122,192Q101,192 101,213Q101,234 122,234Q143,234 143,213ZM172,106Q172,85 151,85Q130,85 130,106Q130,126 151,126Q172,126 172,106ZM250,27Q250,6 229,6Q209,6 209,27Q209,48 229,48Q250,48 250,27Z" /></g></svg> ြ medial ra + U+103D <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M494,320Q494,299 473,299Q453,299 453,320Q453,341 473,341Q494,341 494,320ZM415,399Q415,378 395,378Q374,378 374,399Q374,419 395,419Q415,419 415,399ZM308,427Q308,407 288,407Q267,407 267,427Q267,448 288,448Q308,448 308,427ZM523,213Q523,192 502,192Q481,192 481,213Q481,234 502,234Q523,234 523,213ZM201,399Q201,378 180,378Q160,378 160,399Q160,419 180,419Q201,419 201,399ZM494,106Q494,85 473,85Q453,85 453,106Q453,126 473,126Q494,126 494,106ZM415,27Q415,6 395,6Q374,6 374,27Q374,48 395,48Q415,48 415,27ZM122,320Q122,299 102,299Q81,299 81,320Q81,341 102,341Q122,341 122,320ZM308,-2Q308,-22 288,-22Q267,-22 267,-2Q267,19 288,19Q308,19 308,-2ZM94,213Q94,192 73,192Q52,192 52,213Q52,234 73,234Q94,234 94,213ZM122,106Q122,85 102,85Q81,85 81,106Q81,126 102,126Q122,126 122,106ZM201,27Q201,6 180,6Q160,6 160,27Q160,48 180,48Q201,48 201,27ZM434,-178Q434,-238 389.5,-281.5Q345,-325 285,-325Q223,-325 182,-283Q141,-241 141,-178Q141,-116 182.5,-71Q224,-26 285,-26Q345,-26 389.5,-72Q434,-118 434,-178ZM384,-181Q384,-138 356,-109Q328,-80 285,-80Q239,-80 212.5,-107.5Q186,-135 186,-181Q186,-221 215.5,-249.5Q245,-278 285,-278Q325,-278 354.5,-249.5Q384,-221 384,-181Z" /></g></svg> ွ medial wa + U+1031 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 904 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M370,114Q370,111 368,105Q323,0 196,0Q134,0 82,44Q18,98 18,190Q18,266 73.5,317Q129,368 205,368Q257,368 303,339Q349,310 369,263L328,243Q312,279 277.5,302Q243,325 204,325Q143,325 103,287.5Q63,250 63,190Q63,158 80,118Q121,149 155.5,160Q190,171 242,171Q298,171 364,129Q370,123 370,114ZM312,106Q273,127 241,127Q204,127 184,122Q148,113 109,83Q139,47 197,47Q274,47 312,106ZM844,330Q854,313 836,302Q818,292 808,310Q797,328 815,338Q833,348 844,330ZM765,388Q755,370 737,381Q719,391 729,409Q740,427 758,417Q775,406 765,388ZM661,427Q661,407 640,407Q619,407 619,427Q619,448 640,448Q661,448 661,427ZM875,213Q875,192 854,192Q834,192 834,213Q834,234 854,234Q875,234 875,213ZM551,409Q561,391 543,381Q525,370 515,388Q504,406 522,417Q540,427 551,409ZM844,95Q833,77 815,88Q797,98 808,116Q818,134 836,124Q854,113 844,95ZM765,37Q775,20 758,9Q740,-1 729,17Q719,35 737,45Q755,55 765,37ZM472,310Q462,292 444,302Q426,313 436,330Q447,348 465,338Q482,328 472,310ZM661,-2Q661,-22 640,-22Q619,-22 619,-2Q619,19 640,19Q661,19 661,-2ZM446,213Q446,192 425,192Q405,192 405,213Q405,234 425,234Q446,234 446,213ZM472,116Q482,98 465,88Q447,77 436,95Q426,113 444,124Q462,134 472,116ZM551,17Q540,-1 522,9Q504,20 515,37Q525,55 543,45Q561,35 551,17Z" /></g></svg> ေ vowel sign e → <svg viewBox="0 -1000 1222 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1208,190Q1208,115 1154,57Q1096,-6 1028,-1L985,2L985,46L1007,47Q1083,50 1122.5,90.5Q1162,131 1162,190Q1162,242 1121.5,282Q1081,322 1028,322Q944,322 899,250Q911,221 911,190Q911,67 783,2L771,46Q815,80 828,95Q863,136 863,190Q863,243 823.5,282.5Q784,322 731,322Q677,322 632.5,283Q588,244 588,190Q588,89 682,45L669,2Q540,59 540,190Q540,253 585,305Q640,368 731,368Q818,368 874,293Q934,368 1028,368Q1103,368 1155.5,316.5Q1208,265 1208,190ZM1196,-178Q1196,-228 1160,-272Q1116,-325 1047,-325Q1028,-325 963,-301L554,-298Q515,-295 483,-266Q448,-234 448,-200L448,566Q448,608 480,640.5Q512,673 554,673L1092,672Q1134,672 1164,641Q1194,610 1194,567L1192,545L1146,546Q1146,619 1069,619L576,619Q497,619 497,550L497,-178Q497,-213 524,-233.5Q551,-254 587,-254L921,-254Q903,-216 903,-178Q903,-116 944.5,-71Q986,-26 1047,-26Q1107,-26 1151.5,-72Q1196,-118 1196,-178ZM1146,-181Q1146,-138 1118,-109Q1090,-80 1047,-80Q1001,-80 974.5,-107.5Q948,-135 948,-181Q948,-220 977.5,-249Q1007,-278 1047,-278Q1087,-278 1116.5,-249.5Q1146,-221 1146,-181ZM370,114Q370,111 368,105Q323,0 196,0Q134,0 82,44Q18,98 18,190Q18,266 73.5,317Q129,368 205,368Q257,368 303,339Q349,310 369,263L328,243Q312,279 277.5,302Q243,325 204,325Q143,325 103,287.5Q63,250 63,190Q63,158 80,118Q121,149 155.5,160Q190,171 242,171Q298,171 364,129Q370,123 370,114ZM312,106Q273,127 241,127Q204,127 184,122Q148,113 109,83Q139,47 197,47Q274,47 312,106Z" /></g></svg>ကြွေ /kjwei/</blockquote> In Pali and Sanskrit texts written in the Myanmar script, as well as in older orthographies of Burmese, the consonants ya, ra, wa, and ha are sometimes rendered in subjoined form. In those cases, U+1039 <svg viewBox="0 -1024 1040 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M990,696L990,603L955,603L955,660L895,660L895,696L990,696ZM989,378L989,266L953,266L953,378L989,378ZM991,209L991,98L954,98L954,209L991,209ZM990,546L990,434L954,434L954,546L990,546ZM50,266L50,378L87,378L87,266L50,266ZM49,435L49,546L86,546L86,435L49,435ZM49,98L49,210L86,210L86,98L49,98ZM50,697L142,697L142,662L85,662L85,602L50,602L50,697ZM368,696L480,696L480,660L368,660L368,696ZM726,698L838,698L838,661L726,661L726,698ZM200,697L312,697L312,661L200,661L200,697ZM548,696L660,696L660,660L548,660L548,696ZM989,-226L897,-226L897,-191L954,-191L954,-131L989,-131L989,-226ZM481,-225L369,-225L369,-189L481,-189L481,-225ZM313,-227L201,-227L201,-190L313,-190L313,-227ZM839,-226L727,-226L727,-190L839,-190L839,-226ZM50,-224L50,-132L86,-132L86,-189L146,-189L146,-224L50,-224ZM661,-225L549,-225L549,-189L661,-189L661,-225ZM991,41L991,-70L954,-70L954,41L991,41ZM49,-71L49,41L86,41L86,-71L49,-71ZM617,-72L534,-72L534,-153L498,-153L498,-72L416,-72L416,-34L498,-34L498,49L534,49L534,-34L617,-34L617,-72ZM701,281Q722,281 722,301Q722,321 701,321Q681,321 681,301Q681,281 701,281ZM707,373Q707,393 687,393Q667,393 667,373Q667,352 686,352Q707,352 707,373ZM667,433Q667,454 647,454Q626,454 626,434Q626,414 647,414Q667,414 667,433ZM606,474Q606,495 586,495Q565,495 565,474Q565,454 586,454Q606,454 606,474ZM534,489Q534,509 514,509Q494,509 494,489Q494,468 514,468Q534,468 534,489ZM442,495Q422,495 422,474Q422,454 442,454Q463,454 463,474Q463,495 442,495ZM381,454Q361,454 361,434Q361,414 381,414Q402,414 402,434Q402,454 381,454ZM340,393Q320,393 320,373Q320,352 341,352Q361,352 361,373Q361,393 340,393ZM326,321Q306,321 306,301Q306,281 326,281Q347,281 347,301Q347,321 326,321ZM320,229Q320,209 341,209Q361,209 361,229Q361,250 341,250Q320,250 320,229ZM361,168Q361,148 381,148Q401,148 401,168Q401,189 381,189Q361,189 361,168ZM422,128Q422,108 442,108Q462,108 462,128Q462,149 442,149Q422,149 422,128ZM494,114Q494,93 514,93Q534,93 534,114Q534,134 514,134Q494,134 494,114ZM586,108Q606,108 606,128Q606,149 586,149Q565,149 565,129Q565,108 586,108ZM646,148Q667,148 667,168Q667,189 647,189Q626,189 626,168Q626,148 646,148ZM687,209Q707,209 707,229Q707,250 687,250Q667,250 667,229Q667,209 687,209Z" /></g></svg>္ MYANMAR SIGN VIRAMA and the regular form of the consonant are used. <a href="#G56210" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Asat. The asat, or killer, is a visibly displayed sign. In some cases it indicates that the inherent vowel sound of a consonant letter is suppressed. In other cases it combines with other characters to form a vowel letter. Regardless of its function, this visible sign is always represented by the character U+103A <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M439,563Q439,552 433,537L412,529Q400,530 386,550Q383,581 352.5,603Q322,625 290,625Q249,625 220,596Q191,567 191,526Q191,485 219.5,456Q248,427 289,427Q294,427 303,428Q312,429 317,429Q342,429 342,404Q342,394 320,376Q293,372 290,372Q230,372 183,419Q136,466 136,526Q136,588 182,634Q228,680 290,680Q390,680 439,563ZM491,199Q502,181 484,171Q466,160 455,178Q445,196 463,207Q481,217 491,199ZM413,257Q402,239 384,249Q366,260 377,277Q387,295 405,285Q423,275 413,257ZM308,296Q308,275 288,275Q267,275 267,296Q267,317 288,317Q308,317 308,296ZM523,81Q523,61 502,61Q481,61 481,81Q481,102 502,102Q523,102 523,81ZM198,277Q209,260 191,249Q173,239 162,257Q152,275 170,285Q188,295 198,277ZM491,-36Q481,-54 463,-44Q445,-33 455,-16Q466,2 484,-8Q502,-18 491,-36ZM413,-94Q423,-112 405,-122Q387,-133 377,-115Q366,-97 384,-86Q402,-76 413,-94ZM120,178Q109,160 91,171Q73,181 84,199Q94,217 112,207Q130,196 120,178ZM308,-133Q308,-154 288,-154Q267,-154 267,-133Q267,-112 288,-112Q308,-112 308,-133ZM94,81Q94,61 73,61Q52,61 52,81Q52,102 73,102Q94,102 94,81ZM120,-16Q130,-33 112,-44Q94,-54 84,-36Q73,-18 91,-8Q109,2 120,-16ZM198,-115Q188,-133 170,-122Q152,-112 162,-94Q173,-76 191,-86Q209,-97 198,-115Z" /></g></svg> ် MYANMAR SIGN ASAT. <a href="#G56211" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Contractions. In a few Myanmar words, the repetition of a consonant sound is written with a single occurrence of the letter for the consonant sound together with an asat sign. This asat sign occurs immediately after the double-acting consonant in the coded representation: <blockquote>U+101A <svg viewBox="0 -1024 831 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M792,203Q792,116 728,57Q665,0 578,0Q483,0 414,87Q344,1 251,1Q166,1 102,59Q37,119 37,203Q37,278 74,330Q104,370 176,416L190,368Q88,318 88,200Q88,139 140,96Q189,56 251,56Q308,56 356,98Q405,142 406,198Q406,320 298,368L312,414Q376,389 416,330.5Q456,272 456,203Q456,184 442,137Q500,51 578,51Q645,51 692,94Q739,137 738,204Q738,280 686,326Q637,369 560,368L560,414Q572,415 586,416Q670,416 731,351Q792,286 792,203Z" /></g></svg>ယ ya + U+1031 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 904 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M370,114Q370,111 368,105Q323,0 196,0Q134,0 82,44Q18,98 18,190Q18,266 73.5,317Q129,368 205,368Q257,368 303,339Q349,310 369,263L328,243Q312,279 277.5,302Q243,325 204,325Q143,325 103,287.5Q63,250 63,190Q63,158 80,118Q121,149 155.5,160Q190,171 242,171Q298,171 364,129Q370,123 370,114ZM312,106Q273,127 241,127Q204,127 184,122Q148,113 109,83Q139,47 197,47Q274,47 312,106ZM844,330Q854,313 836,302Q818,292 808,310Q797,328 815,338Q833,348 844,330ZM765,388Q755,370 737,381Q719,391 729,409Q740,427 758,417Q775,406 765,388ZM661,427Q661,407 640,407Q619,407 619,427Q619,448 640,448Q661,448 661,427ZM875,213Q875,192 854,192Q834,192 834,213Q834,234 854,234Q875,234 875,213ZM551,409Q561,391 543,381Q525,370 515,388Q504,406 522,417Q540,427 551,409ZM844,95Q833,77 815,88Q797,98 808,116Q818,134 836,124Q854,113 844,95ZM765,37Q775,20 758,9Q740,-1 729,17Q719,35 737,45Q755,55 765,37ZM472,310Q462,292 444,302Q426,313 436,330Q447,348 465,338Q482,328 472,310ZM661,-2Q661,-22 640,-22Q619,-22 619,-2Q619,19 640,19Q661,19 661,-2ZM446,213Q446,192 425,192Q405,192 405,213Q405,234 425,234Q446,234 446,213ZM472,116Q482,98 465,88Q447,77 436,95Q426,113 444,124Q462,134 472,116ZM551,17Q540,-1 522,9Q504,20 515,37Q525,55 543,45Q561,35 551,17Z" /></g></svg> ေ vowel sign e + U+102C <svg viewBox="0 -1000 914 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M876,190Q876,106 823,53Q770,0 686,0Q662,0 624,16L639,55Q660,44 689,44Q750,44 791.5,85.5Q833,127 833,188Q833,247 790,284.5Q747,322 687,322Q595,322 559,231L519,245Q537,298 584.5,333.5Q632,369 687,369Q764,369 820,317.5Q876,266 876,190ZM450,330Q460,313 442,302Q424,292 414,310Q404,328 422,338Q439,348 450,330ZM371,388Q361,370 343,381Q325,391 335,409Q346,427 364,417Q382,406 371,388ZM267,427Q267,407 246,407Q225,407 225,427Q225,448 246,448Q267,448 267,427ZM481,213Q481,192 461,192Q440,192 440,213Q440,234 461,234Q481,234 481,213ZM157,409Q167,391 149,381Q131,370 121,388Q111,406 129,417Q146,427 157,409ZM450,95Q439,77 422,88Q404,98 414,116Q424,134 442,124Q460,113 450,95ZM371,37Q382,20 364,9Q346,-1 335,17Q325,35 343,45Q361,55 371,37ZM78,310Q68,292 50,302Q32,313 42,330Q53,348 71,338Q89,328 78,310ZM267,-2Q267,-22 246,-22Q225,-22 225,-2Q225,19 246,19Q267,19 267,-2ZM52,213Q52,192 32,192Q11,192 11,213Q11,234 32,234Q52,234 52,213ZM78,116Q89,98 71,88Q53,77 42,95Q32,113 50,124Q68,134 78,116ZM157,17Q146,-1 129,9Q111,20 121,37Q131,55 149,45Q167,35 157,17Z" /></g></svg> ာ vowel sign aa + U+1000 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>က ka + U+103A <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M439,563Q439,552 433,537L412,529Q400,530 386,550Q383,581 352.5,603Q322,625 290,625Q249,625 220,596Q191,567 191,526Q191,485 219.5,456Q248,427 289,427Q294,427 303,428Q312,429 317,429Q342,429 342,404Q342,394 320,376Q293,372 290,372Q230,372 183,419Q136,466 136,526Q136,588 182,634Q228,680 290,680Q390,680 439,563ZM491,199Q502,181 484,171Q466,160 455,178Q445,196 463,207Q481,217 491,199ZM413,257Q402,239 384,249Q366,260 377,277Q387,295 405,285Q423,275 413,257ZM308,296Q308,275 288,275Q267,275 267,296Q267,317 288,317Q308,317 308,296ZM523,81Q523,61 502,61Q481,61 481,81Q481,102 502,102Q523,102 523,81ZM198,277Q209,260 191,249Q173,239 162,257Q152,275 170,285Q188,295 198,277ZM491,-36Q481,-54 463,-44Q445,-33 455,-16Q466,2 484,-8Q502,-18 491,-36ZM413,-94Q423,-112 405,-122Q387,-133 377,-115Q366,-97 384,-86Q402,-76 413,-94ZM120,178Q109,160 91,171Q73,181 84,199Q94,217 112,207Q130,196 120,178ZM308,-133Q308,-154 288,-154Q267,-154 267,-133Q267,-112 288,-112Q308,-112 308,-133ZM94,81Q94,61 73,61Q52,61 52,81Q52,102 73,102Q94,102 94,81ZM120,-16Q130,-33 112,-44Q94,-54 84,-36Q73,-18 91,-8Q109,2 120,-16ZM198,-115Q188,-133 170,-122Q152,-112 162,-94Q173,-76 191,-86Q209,-97 198,-115Z" /></g></svg> ် asat + U+103B <svg viewBox="0 -1000 673 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M495,320Q495,299 475,299Q454,299 454,320Q454,341 475,341Q495,341 495,320ZM417,399Q417,378 396,378Q375,378 375,399Q375,419 396,419Q417,419 417,399ZM310,427Q310,407 289,407Q268,407 268,427Q268,448 289,448Q310,448 310,427ZM524,213Q524,192 503,192Q483,192 483,213Q483,234 503,234Q524,234 524,213ZM202,399Q202,378 182,378Q161,378 161,399Q161,419 182,419Q202,419 202,399ZM495,106Q495,85 475,85Q454,85 454,106Q454,126 475,126Q495,126 495,106ZM619,-278L574,-301L440,-189L440,-54L486,-54L486,-165L573,-236L574,370L618,370L619,-278ZM417,27Q417,6 396,6Q375,6 375,27Q375,48 396,48Q417,48 417,27ZM124,320Q124,299 103,299Q82,299 82,320Q82,341 103,341Q124,341 124,320ZM310,-2Q310,-22 289,-22Q268,-22 268,-2Q268,19 289,19Q310,19 310,-2ZM95,213Q95,192 74,192Q54,192 54,213Q54,234 74,234Q95,234 95,213ZM124,106Q124,85 103,85Q82,85 82,106Q82,126 103,126Q124,126 124,106ZM202,27Q202,6 182,6Q161,6 161,27Q161,48 182,48Q202,48 202,27Z" /></g></svg> ျ medial ya + U+102C <svg viewBox="0 -1000 914 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M876,190Q876,106 823,53Q770,0 686,0Q662,0 624,16L639,55Q660,44 689,44Q750,44 791.5,85.5Q833,127 833,188Q833,247 790,284.5Q747,322 687,322Q595,322 559,231L519,245Q537,298 584.5,333.5Q632,369 687,369Q764,369 820,317.5Q876,266 876,190ZM450,330Q460,313 442,302Q424,292 414,310Q404,328 422,338Q439,348 450,330ZM371,388Q361,370 343,381Q325,391 335,409Q346,427 364,417Q382,406 371,388ZM267,427Q267,407 246,407Q225,407 225,427Q225,448 246,448Q267,448 267,427ZM481,213Q481,192 461,192Q440,192 440,213Q440,234 461,234Q481,234 481,213ZM157,409Q167,391 149,381Q131,370 121,388Q111,406 129,417Q146,427 157,409ZM450,95Q439,77 422,88Q404,98 414,116Q424,134 442,124Q460,113 450,95ZM371,37Q382,20 364,9Q346,-1 335,17Q325,35 343,45Q361,55 371,37ZM78,310Q68,292 50,302Q32,313 42,330Q53,348 71,338Q89,328 78,310ZM267,-2Q267,-22 246,-22Q225,-22 225,-2Q225,19 246,19Q267,19 267,-2ZM52,213Q52,192 32,192Q11,192 11,213Q11,234 32,234Q52,234 52,213ZM78,116Q89,98 71,88Q53,77 42,95Q32,113 50,124Q68,134 78,116ZM157,17Q146,-1 129,9Q111,20 121,37Q131,55 149,45Q167,35 157,17Z" /></g></svg> ာ vowel sign aa + U+1038 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 742 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M702,296Q702,265 681,243.5Q660,222 629,222Q600,222 577.5,244.5Q555,267 555,296Q555,327 576.5,349Q598,371 629,371Q659,371 680.5,348.5Q702,326 702,296ZM481,320Q481,299 460,299Q439,299 439,320Q439,341 460,341Q481,341 481,320ZM402,399Q402,378 382,378Q361,378 361,399Q361,419 382,419Q402,419 402,399ZM703,74Q703,43 682,21.5Q661,0 630,0Q601,0 578.5,22.5Q556,45 556,74Q556,105 577.5,127Q599,149 630,149Q660,149 681.5,126.5Q703,104 703,74ZM295,427Q295,407 274,407Q254,407 254,427Q254,448 274,448Q295,448 295,427ZM510,213Q510,192 489,192Q468,192 468,213Q468,234 489,234Q510,234 510,213ZM188,399Q188,378 167,378Q146,378 146,399Q146,419 167,419Q188,419 188,399ZM481,106Q481,85 460,85Q439,85 439,106Q439,126 460,126Q481,126 481,106ZM402,27Q402,6 382,6Q361,6 361,27Q361,48 382,48Q402,48 402,27ZM109,320Q109,299 89,299Q68,299 68,320Q68,341 89,341Q109,341 109,320ZM295,-2Q295,-22 274,-22Q254,-22 254,-2Q254,19 274,19Q295,19 295,-2ZM81,213Q81,192 60,192Q39,192 39,213Q39,234 60,234Q81,234 81,213ZM109,106Q109,85 89,85Q68,85 68,106Q68,126 89,126Q109,126 109,106ZM188,27Q188,6 167,6Q146,6 146,27Q146,48 167,48Q188,48 188,27ZM656,296Q656,322 629,322Q603,322 603,296Q603,269 629,269Q656,269 656,296ZM657,74Q657,100 629,100Q604,100 604,74Q604,47 630,47Q657,47 657,74Z" /></g></svg> း visarga → <svg viewBox="0 -1024 3338 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M2494,687L2448,664Q2410,727 2344,727Q2301,727 2267.5,693.5Q2234,660 2234,618Q2234,573 2268,539Q2302,505 2346,505Q2362,505 2381,512L2400,466Q2366,454 2346,454Q2276,454 2229,500.5Q2182,547 2182,618Q2182,684 2231,733Q2280,782 2346,782Q2427,782 2494,687ZM3296,318Q3296,285 3274.5,263.5Q3253,242 3221,242Q3187,242 3166,263Q3145,284 3145,318Q3145,348 3167.5,370Q3190,392 3221,392Q3252,392 3274,370Q3296,348 3296,318ZM3298,72Q3298,40 3276,18.5Q3254,-3 3222,-3Q3189,-3 3168,18Q3147,39 3147,72Q3147,102 3169,124Q3191,146 3222,146Q3253,146 3275.5,124.5Q3298,103 3298,72ZM3248,318Q3248,328 3239.5,335.5Q3231,343 3221,343Q3195,343 3195,318Q3195,290 3221,290Q3249,290 3248,318ZM3250,72Q3250,82 3241,89.5Q3232,97 3222,98Q3196,98 3196,72Q3196,44 3222,44Q3250,44 3250,72ZM3068,214Q3074,126 3008,60Q2948,0 2854,0Q2830,0 2784,18L2800,62Q2828,50 2856,50Q2923,50 2971.5,94Q3020,138 3020,205Q3020,275 2973,318.5Q2926,362 2856,362Q2752,362 2711,260L2666,276Q2686,334 2740,376Q2762,393 2793.5,404.5Q2825,416 2856,416Q2941,416 3004,358Q3063,304 3068,214ZM2594,-314L2543,-339L2402,-212L2400,-62L2454,-60L2454,-186L2552,-266L2553,418L2603,418L2594,-314ZM2500,214Q2500,132 2440,66Q2377,-1 2296,-1Q2288,-1 2272,1Q2256,3 2249,3L2249,51Q2337,51 2388,88Q2447,130 2448,214Q2448,273 2402,317.5Q2356,362 2296,362Q2201,362 2152,282Q2165,251 2165,214Q2165,77 2022,3L2007,51Q2110,125 2110,214Q2110,273 2065.5,318Q2021,363 1962,362Q1901,362 1852,319Q1802,274 1802,214Q1802,102 1907,51L1894,3Q1747,67 1747,214Q1747,301 1812,359Q1874,414 1962,414Q2060,414 2124,328Q2189,415 2296,414Q2381,414 2440.5,356.5Q2500,299 2500,214ZM1674,214Q1674,120 1613.5,60Q1553,0 1460,0Q1435,0 1388,18L1405,62Q1433,50 1462,50Q1528,50 1576,94Q1624,138 1624,205Q1624,275 1577.5,318.5Q1531,362 1460,362Q1357,362 1316,260L1271,276Q1292,337 1344,376Q1367,393 1398.5,404.5Q1430,416 1460,416Q1546,416 1609,358Q1674,299 1674,214ZM1228,203Q1228,115 1163,57Q1101,0 1012,0Q917,0 850,87Q778,1 686,1Q601,1 538,59Q472,119 472,203Q472,279 509,330Q539,371 611,416L624,368Q523,318 523,200Q523,139 575,96Q624,57 686,56Q742,56 790,98Q841,142 840,198Q840,320 733,368L748,414Q811,388 850.5,330Q890,272 890,203Q890,184 876,137Q936,51 1012,51Q1080,51 1126.5,94Q1173,137 1174,204Q1174,280 1122,326Q1072,369 995,368L995,414Q1008,416 1020,416Q1104,416 1166,351Q1228,286 1228,203ZM416,128Q416,123 414,118Q389,61 336,30Q284,0 220,0Q136,0 76,65Q20,128 20,214Q20,300 82,358Q144,414 231,414Q292,414 342,384Q393,351 415,296L369,274Q352,316 313,341Q274,366 230,366Q162,366 117,324Q71,282 71,214Q71,173 90,133Q135,168 176,180Q214,192 272,192Q306,192 356,174Q416,154 416,128ZM352,119Q306,144 271,144Q188,144 122,93Q156,52 222,52Q306,52 352,119Z" /></g></svg>ယ[…] man, husband U+1000 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 750 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,190Q701,115 647,57Q589,-6 521,-1L478,2L478,46L500,47Q576,50 615.5,90.5Q655,131 655,190Q655,242 614.5,282Q574,322 521,322Q437,322 392,250Q404,221 404,190Q404,67 276,2L264,46Q308,80 321,95Q356,136 356,190Q356,243 316.5,282.5Q277,322 224,322Q170,322 125.5,283Q81,244 81,190Q81,89 175,45L162,2Q33,59 33,190Q33,253 78,305Q133,368 224,368Q311,368 367,293Q427,368 521,368Q596,368 648.5,316.5Q701,265 701,190Z" /></g></svg>က ka + U+103B <svg viewBox="0 -1000 673 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M495,320Q495,299 475,299Q454,299 454,320Q454,341 475,341Q495,341 495,320ZM417,399Q417,378 396,378Q375,378 375,399Q375,419 396,419Q417,419 417,399ZM310,427Q310,407 289,407Q268,407 268,427Q268,448 289,448Q310,448 310,427ZM524,213Q524,192 503,192Q483,192 483,213Q483,234 503,234Q524,234 524,213ZM202,399Q202,378 182,378Q161,378 161,399Q161,419 182,419Q202,419 202,399ZM495,106Q495,85 475,85Q454,85 454,106Q454,126 475,126Q495,126 495,106ZM619,-278L574,-301L440,-189L440,-54L486,-54L486,-165L573,-236L574,370L618,370L619,-278ZM417,27Q417,6 396,6Q375,6 375,27Q375,48 396,48Q417,48 417,27ZM124,320Q124,299 103,299Q82,299 82,320Q82,341 103,341Q124,341 124,320ZM310,-2Q310,-22 289,-22Q268,-22 268,-2Q268,19 289,19Q310,19 310,-2ZM95,213Q95,192 74,192Q54,192 54,213Q54,234 74,234Q95,234 95,213ZM124,106Q124,85 103,85Q82,85 82,106Q82,126 103,126Q124,126 124,106ZM202,27Q202,6 182,6Q161,6 161,27Q161,48 182,48Q202,48 202,27Z" /></g></svg> ျ medial ya + U+103D <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M494,320Q494,299 473,299Q453,299 453,320Q453,341 473,341Q494,341 494,320ZM415,399Q415,378 395,378Q374,378 374,399Q374,419 395,419Q415,419 415,399ZM308,427Q308,407 288,407Q267,407 267,427Q267,448 288,448Q308,448 308,427ZM523,213Q523,192 502,192Q481,192 481,213Q481,234 502,234Q523,234 523,213ZM201,399Q201,378 180,378Q160,378 160,399Q160,419 180,419Q201,419 201,399ZM494,106Q494,85 473,85Q453,85 453,106Q453,126 473,126Q494,126 494,106ZM415,27Q415,6 395,6Q374,6 374,27Q374,48 395,48Q415,48 415,27ZM122,320Q122,299 102,299Q81,299 81,320Q81,341 102,341Q122,341 122,320ZM308,-2Q308,-22 288,-22Q267,-22 267,-2Q267,19 288,19Q308,19 308,-2ZM94,213Q94,192 73,192Q52,192 52,213Q52,234 73,234Q94,234 94,213ZM122,106Q122,85 102,85Q81,85 81,106Q81,126 102,126Q122,126 122,106ZM201,27Q201,6 180,6Q160,6 160,27Q160,48 180,48Q201,48 201,27ZM434,-178Q434,-238 389.5,-281.5Q345,-325 285,-325Q223,-325 182,-283Q141,-241 141,-178Q141,-116 182.5,-71Q224,-26 285,-26Q345,-26 389.5,-72Q434,-118 434,-178ZM384,-181Q384,-138 356,-109Q328,-80 285,-80Q239,-80 212.5,-107.5Q186,-135 186,-181Q186,-221 215.5,-249.5Q245,-278 285,-278Q325,-278 354.5,-249.5Q384,-221 384,-181Z" /></g></svg> ွ medial wa + U+1014 <svg viewBox="0 -1024 484 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M433,140Q433,76 386,42Q352,16 282,-1L282,-343L228,-340L228,-2Q166,-2 112,28Q48,64 48,121Q48,158 70,182Q92,206 129,206Q279,206 278,52Q379,73 379,138Q379,189 310,211Q310,211 182,244Q114,270 114,326Q114,372 160,396Q198,415 248,414Q308,414 360,378L340,334Q298,361 248,362Q224,362 200,354Q169,343 169,324Q169,301 238,286Q332,264 364,247Q433,211 433,140ZM228,51Q228,154 135,154Q100,154 100,121Q100,109 118,92Q159,52 228,51Z" /></g></svg>န na + U+103A <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M439,563Q439,552 433,537L412,529Q400,530 386,550Q383,581 352.5,603Q322,625 290,625Q249,625 220,596Q191,567 191,526Q191,485 219.5,456Q248,427 289,427Q294,427 303,428Q312,429 317,429Q342,429 342,404Q342,394 320,376Q293,372 290,372Q230,372 183,419Q136,466 136,526Q136,588 182,634Q228,680 290,680Q390,680 439,563ZM491,199Q502,181 484,171Q466,160 455,178Q445,196 463,207Q481,217 491,199ZM413,257Q402,239 384,249Q366,260 377,277Q387,295 405,285Q423,275 413,257ZM308,296Q308,275 288,275Q267,275 267,296Q267,317 288,317Q308,317 308,296ZM523,81Q523,61 502,61Q481,61 481,81Q481,102 502,102Q523,102 523,81ZM198,277Q209,260 191,249Q173,239 162,257Q152,275 170,285Q188,295 198,277ZM491,-36Q481,-54 463,-44Q445,-33 455,-16Q466,2 484,-8Q502,-18 491,-36ZM413,-94Q423,-112 405,-122Q387,-133 377,-115Q366,-97 384,-86Q402,-76 413,-94ZM120,178Q109,160 91,171Q73,181 84,199Q94,217 112,207Q130,196 120,178ZM308,-133Q308,-154 288,-154Q267,-154 267,-133Q267,-112 288,-112Q308,-112 308,-133ZM94,81Q94,61 73,61Q52,61 52,81Q52,102 73,102Q94,102 94,81ZM120,-16Q130,-33 112,-44Q94,-54 84,-36Q73,-18 91,-8Q109,2 120,-16ZM198,-115Q188,-133 170,-122Q152,-112 162,-94Q173,-76 191,-86Q209,-97 198,-115Z" /></g></svg> ် asat + U+102F <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M494,320Q494,299 473,299Q453,299 453,320Q453,341 473,341Q494,341 494,320ZM415,399Q415,378 395,378Q374,378 374,399Q374,419 395,419Q415,419 415,399ZM308,427Q308,407 288,407Q267,407 267,427Q267,448 288,448Q308,448 308,427ZM523,213Q523,192 502,192Q481,192 481,213Q481,234 502,234Q523,234 523,213ZM201,399Q201,378 180,378Q160,378 160,399Q160,419 180,419Q201,419 201,399ZM494,106Q494,85 473,85Q453,85 453,106Q453,126 473,126Q494,126 494,106ZM415,27Q415,6 395,6Q374,6 374,27Q374,48 395,48Q415,48 415,27ZM122,320Q122,299 102,299Q81,299 81,320Q81,341 102,341Q122,341 122,320ZM308,-2Q308,-22 288,-22Q267,-22 267,-2Q267,19 288,19Q308,19 308,-2ZM94,213Q94,192 73,192Q52,192 52,213Q52,234 73,234Q94,234 94,213ZM122,106Q122,85 102,85Q81,85 81,106Q81,126 102,126Q122,126 122,106ZM201,27Q201,6 180,6Q160,6 160,27Q160,48 180,48Q201,48 201,27ZM424,-298L271,-298L271,-56L317,-56L317,-251L424,-251L424,-298Z" /></g></svg> ု vowel sign u + U+1015 <svg viewBox="0 -1024 490 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M452,203Q452,125 390,62.5Q328,0 250,0Q154,0 96,59Q38,118 38,214Q38,273 76,332Q116,388 170,414L182,368Q92,302 92,214Q92,145 137,98.5Q182,52 250,52Q306,52 353,99Q400,146 400,203Q400,297 308,366L320,414Q452,328 452,203Z" /></g></svg>ပ pa + U+103A <svg viewBox="0 -1000 575 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M439,563Q439,552 433,537L412,529Q400,530 386,550Q383,581 352.5,603Q322,625 290,625Q249,625 220,596Q191,567 191,526Q191,485 219.5,456Q248,427 289,427Q294,427 303,428Q312,429 317,429Q342,429 342,404Q342,394 320,376Q293,372 290,372Q230,372 183,419Q136,466 136,526Q136,588 182,634Q228,680 290,680Q390,680 439,563ZM491,199Q502,181 484,171Q466,160 455,178Q445,196 463,207Q481,217 491,199ZM413,257Q402,239 384,249Q366,260 377,277Q387,295 405,285Q423,275 413,257ZM308,296Q308,275 288,275Q267,275 267,296Q267,317 288,317Q308,317 308,296ZM523,81Q523,61 502,61Q481,61 481,81Q481,102 502,102Q523,102 523,81ZM198,277Q209,260 191,249Q173,239 162,257Q152,275 170,285Q188,295 198,277ZM491,-36Q481,-54 463,-44Q445,-33 455,-16Q466,2 484,-8Q502,-18 491,-36ZM413,-94Q423,-112 405,-122Q387,-133 377,-115Q366,-97 384,-86Q402,-76 413,-94ZM120,178Q109,160 91,171Q73,181 84,199Q94,217 112,207Q130,196 120,178ZM308,-133Q308,-154 288,-154Q267,-154 267,-133Q267,-112 288,-112Q308,-112 308,-133ZM94,81Q94,61 73,61Q52,61 52,81Q52,102 73,102Q94,102 94,81ZM120,-16Q130,-33 112,-44Q94,-54 84,-36Q73,-18 91,-8Q109,2 120,-16ZM198,-115Q188,-133 170,-122Q152,-112 162,-94Q173,-76 191,-86Q209,-97 198,-115Z" /></g></svg> ် asat → <svg viewBox="0 -1024 1904 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1393,-320Q1393,-341 1370,-341L1242,-341Q1166,-341 1166,-268L1166,-68Q1166,-43 1190,-43Q1214,-43 1214,-68L1214,-268Q1214,-294 1240,-294L1368,-294Q1393,-294 1393,-320ZM1808,687L1762,664Q1726,727 1659,727Q1616,727 1582,694Q1548,661 1548,618Q1548,573 1582,539Q1616,505 1661,505Q1678,505 1696,512L1716,466Q1680,455 1661,454Q1590,454 1544,500Q1498,546 1498,618Q1498,684 1546.5,732.5Q1595,781 1661,782Q1742,782 1808,687ZM1346,687L1300,664Q1264,727 1197,727Q1154,727 1120,694Q1086,661 1086,618Q1086,573 1120,539Q1154,505 1199,505Q1216,505 1234,512L1254,466Q1218,455 1199,454Q1128,454 1082,500Q1036,546 1036,618Q1036,684 1084.5,732.5Q1133,781 1199,782Q1280,782 1346,687ZM1854,203Q1854,125 1792,62.5Q1730,0 1652,0Q1556,0 1497.5,59Q1439,118 1439,214Q1439,273 1478,332Q1517,388 1571,414L1583,368Q1493,302 1493,214Q1493,145 1538,98.5Q1583,52 1652,52Q1708,52 1755,99Q1802,146 1802,203Q1802,297 1709,366L1722,414Q1854,328 1854,203ZM1368,140Q1368,76 1321,42Q1287,15 1216,-1L1162,-2Q1102,-2 1047,28Q983,64 983,121Q983,158 1004.5,182Q1026,206 1064,206Q1213,206 1214,52Q1314,72 1314,138Q1314,189 1245,211L1118,244Q1048,269 1048,326Q1048,372 1096,396Q1133,414 1183,414Q1243,414 1296,378L1275,334Q1233,362 1183,362Q1159,362 1136,354Q1104,343 1104,324Q1104,302 1172,286Q1268,264 1300,247Q1368,210 1368,140ZM1162,51Q1162,154 1070,154Q1036,154 1036,121Q1036,109 1053,92Q1094,52 1162,51ZM728,-220Q728,-263 693.5,-298Q659,-333 616,-333Q570,-333 535,-299Q500,-265 500,-220Q500,-177 540,-118Q572,-72 614,-33Q653,-69 688,-118Q728,-177 728,-220ZM678,-210Q678,-154 614,-82Q548,-153 548,-210Q548,-237 567,-262Q587,-288 614,-288Q640,-288 660,-262Q678,-237 678,-210ZM916,-314L865,-339L778,-266L812,-224L864,-266L865,418L915,418L916,-314ZM800,214Q800,132 740,66Q678,-1 596,-1Q588,-1 572,1Q556,3 549,3L549,51Q636,51 688,88Q748,130 748,214Q748,274 701.5,318.5Q655,363 596,362Q500,362 452,282Q465,251 465,214Q465,77 322,3L307,51Q410,126 410,214Q410,273 365.5,317.5Q321,362 262,362Q202,362 152,319Q102,274 102,214Q102,102 207,51L194,3Q47,66 47,214Q47,301 112,359Q174,414 262,414Q360,414 424,328Q490,414 596,414Q681,414 740.5,356.5Q800,299 800,214Z" /></g></svg>က[…] I (first person singular)</blockquote> <a href="#G56214" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Great sa. The great sa is encoded as U+103F <svg viewBox="0 -1024 1209 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1156,216Q1156,129 1089,64Q1024,0 935,0Q834,0 765,88L765,89Q697,0 589,0Q488,0 419,88Q353,0 259,0Q133,0 63,119L109,137Q157,56 259,56Q320,56 368,107Q415,157 415,219Q415,280 363,326Q310,373 250,373Q146,373 101,281L53,298Q114,424 248,424Q335,424 399,366Q466,305 466,219Q466,181 447,137Q468,102 509,79Q549,56 591,56Q656,56 706,105Q757,154 757,216Q757,276 705,327Q654,377 591,377Q569,377 542,370L523,409Q551,428 591,428Q680,428 745,366Q809,305 809,216Q809,186 794,139L794,137Q813,103 855,79Q895,56 937,56Q1001,56 1051,105Q1103,155 1103,216Q1103,276 1050,327Q999,377 937,377Q915,377 888,370L869,409Q898,428 937,428Q1026,428 1091,366Q1156,304 1156,216Z" /></g></svg>ဿ MYANMAR LETTER GREAT SA. This letter should be represented with <U+103F>, while the sequence <U+101E, U+1039, U+101E> should be used for the regular conjunct form of two sa, <svg viewBox="0 -1024 840 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M742,-195Q742,-264 690.5,-314Q639,-364 570,-364Q492,-364 438,-295Q389,-364 312,-364Q214,-364 159,-271L195,-257Q233,-320 312,-320Q360,-320 397,-280.5Q434,-241 434,-193Q434,-146 393.5,-109Q353,-72 306,-72Q224,-72 189,-144L152,-131Q200,-32 304,-32Q371,-32 422,-78Q474,-126 474,-193Q474,-222 460,-257Q476,-284 508,-302Q540,-320 572,-320Q621,-320 661.5,-282Q702,-244 702,-195Q702,-148 660.5,-108.5Q619,-69 572,-69Q556,-69 534,-75L519,-44Q542,-30 572,-30Q642,-30 692,-78Q742,-126 742,-195ZM790,211Q790,126 726,63Q662,0 576,0Q477,0 410,86Q380,45 339.5,22.5Q299,0 253,0Q130,0 62,116L106,134Q153,54 253,54Q313,54 359.5,104Q406,154 406,214Q406,272 355,318.5Q304,365 244,364Q142,364 98,274L52,291Q112,414 242,414Q326,414 390,357Q456,297 456,214Q456,178 437,134Q457,100 497.5,77Q538,54 578,54Q639,54 689.5,102Q740,150 740,211Q740,270 688.5,319Q637,368 578,368Q558,368 530,362L511,400Q540,418 578,418Q664,418 727,357.5Q790,297 790,211Z" /></g></svg>သ္သ, and the sequence <U+101E, U+103A, U+101E> should be used for the form with an asat sign, <svg viewBox="0 -1024 1690 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M792,687L746,664Q709,727 642,727Q599,727 565.5,694Q532,661 532,618Q532,573 565.5,539Q599,505 644,505Q660,505 679,512L698,466Q663,455 644,454Q574,454 527,500Q480,546 480,618Q480,684 529,732.5Q578,781 644,782Q725,782 792,687ZM1586,211Q1586,126 1521,63Q1456,0 1370,0Q1272,0 1204,86Q1140,0 1048,0Q925,0 856,116L902,134Q949,54 1048,54Q1107,54 1153.5,104Q1200,154 1200,214Q1200,272 1149.5,318Q1099,364 1040,364Q938,364 894,274L847,291Q907,415 1038,414Q1122,414 1185,357Q1250,298 1250,214Q1250,178 1232,134Q1252,100 1292.5,77Q1333,54 1372,54Q1433,54 1483.5,102Q1534,150 1534,211Q1534,270 1482.5,319.5Q1431,369 1372,368Q1353,368 1324,362L1306,400Q1334,418 1372,418Q1460,418 1523,358Q1586,298 1586,211ZM790,211Q790,126 726,63Q662,0 576,0Q477,0 410,86Q345,0 253,0Q130,0 62,116L106,134Q153,54 253,54Q313,54 359.5,104Q406,154 406,214Q406,272 355,318.5Q304,365 244,364Q142,364 98,274L52,291Q112,414 242,414Q326,414 390,357Q456,297 456,214Q456,178 437,134Q457,100 497.5,77Q538,54 578,54Q639,54 689.5,102Q740,150 740,211Q740,270 688.5,319Q637,368 578,368Q558,368 530,362L511,400Q540,418 578,418Q664,418 727,357.5Q790,297 790,211Z" /></g></svg>သ်သ. <a href="#G56215" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Tall aa. The two shapes <svg viewBox="0 -1000 771 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M717,0L668,2L667,540Q667,585 641.5,613Q616,641 572,641Q527,641 500.5,613Q474,585 474,540L474,508L428,508L427,546Q425,606 468.5,649Q512,692 572,692Q631,692 674,648.5Q717,605 717,546L717,0ZM450,330Q460,313 442,302Q424,292 414,310Q404,328 422,338Q439,348 450,330ZM371,388Q361,370 343,381Q325,391 335,409Q346,427 364,417Q382,406 371,388ZM267,427Q267,407 246,407Q225,407 225,427Q225,448 246,448Q267,448 267,427ZM481,213Q481,192 461,192Q440,192 440,213Q440,234 461,234Q481,234 481,213ZM157,409Q167,391 149,381Q131,370 121,388Q111,406 129,417Q146,427 157,409ZM450,95Q439,77 422,88Q404,98 414,116Q424,134 442,124Q460,113 450,95ZM371,37Q382,20 364,9Q346,-1 335,17Q325,35 343,45Q361,55 371,37ZM78,310Q68,292 50,302Q32,313 42,330Q53,348 71,338Q89,328 78,310ZM267,-2Q267,-22 246,-22Q225,-22 225,-2Q225,19 246,19Q267,19 267,-2ZM52,213Q52,192 32,192Q11,192 11,213Q11,234 32,234Q52,234 52,213ZM78,116Q89,98 71,88Q53,77 42,95Q32,113 50,124Q68,134 78,116ZM157,17Q146,-1 129,9Q111,20 121,37Q131,55 149,45Q167,35 157,17Z" /></g></svg> ါ and <svg viewBox="0 -1000 914 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M876,190Q876,106 823,53Q770,0 686,0Q662,0 624,16L639,55Q660,44 689,44Q750,44 791.5,85.5Q833,127 833,188Q833,247 790,284.5Q747,322 687,322Q595,322 559,231L519,245Q537,298 584.5,333.5Q632,369 687,369Q764,369 820,317.5Q876,266 876,190ZM450,330Q460,313 442,302Q424,292 414,310Q404,328 422,338Q439,348 450,330ZM371,388Q361,370 343,381Q325,391 335,409Q346,427 364,417Q382,406 371,388ZM267,427Q267,407 246,407Q225,407 225,427Q225,448 246,448Q267,448 267,427ZM481,213Q481,192 461,192Q440,192 440,213Q440,234 461,234Q481,234 481,213ZM157,409Q167,391 149,381Q131,370 121,388Q111,406 129,417Q146,427 157,409ZM450,95Q439,77 422,88Q404,98 414,116Q424,134 442,124Q460,113 450,95ZM371,37Q382,20 364,9Q346,-1 335,17Q325,35 343,45Q361,55 371,37ZM78,310Q68,292 50,302Q32,313 42,330Q53,348 71,338Q89,328 78,310ZM267,-2Q267,-22 246,-22Q225,-22 225,-2Q225,19 246,19Q267,19 267,-2ZM52,213Q52,192 32,192Q11,192 11,213Q11,234 32,234Q52,234 52,213ZM78,116Q89,98 71,88Q53,77 42,95Q32,113 50,124Q68,134 78,116ZM157,17Q146,-1 129,9Q111,20 121,37Q131,55 149,45Q167,35 157,17Z" /></g></svg> ာ are both used to write the sound /a/. In Burmese orthography, both shapes are used, depending on the visual context. In S’gaw Karen orthography, only the tall form is used. For this reason, two characters are encoded: U+102B <svg viewBox="0 -1000 771 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M717,0L668,2L667,540Q667,585 641.5,613Q616,641 572,641Q527,641 500.5,613Q474,585 474,540L474,508L428,508L427,546Q425,606 468.5,649Q512,692 572,692Q631,692 674,648.5Q717,605 717,546L717,0ZM450,330Q460,313 442,302Q424,292 414,310Q404,328 422,338Q439,348 450,330ZM371,388Q361,370 343,381Q325,391 335,409Q346,427 364,417Q382,406 371,388ZM267,427Q267,407 246,407Q225,407 225,427Q225,448 246,448Q267,448 267,427ZM481,213Q481,192 461,192Q440,192 440,213Q440,234 461,234Q481,234 481,213ZM157,409Q167,391 149,381Q131,370 121,388Q111,406 129,417Q146,427 157,409ZM450,95Q439,77 422,88Q404,98 414,116Q424,134 442,124Q460,113 450,95ZM371,37Q382,20 364,9Q346,-1 335,17Q325,35 343,45Q361,55 371,37ZM78,310Q68,292 50,302Q32,313 42,330Q53,348 71,338Q89,328 78,310ZM267,-2Q267,-22 246,-22Q225,-22 225,-2Q225,19 246,19Q267,19 267,-2ZM52,213Q52,192 32,192Q11,192 11,213Q11,234 32,234Q52,234 52,213ZM78,116Q89,98 71,88Q53,77 42,95Q32,113 50,124Q68,134 78,116ZM157,17Q146,-1 129,9Q111,20 121,37Q131,55 149,45Q167,35 157,17Z" /></g></svg> ါ MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN TALL AA and U+102C <svg viewBox="0 -1000 914 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M876,190Q876,106 823,53Q770,0 686,0Q662,0 624,16L639,55Q660,44 689,44Q750,44 791.5,85.5Q833,127 833,188Q833,247 790,284.5Q747,322 687,322Q595,322 559,231L519,245Q537,298 584.5,333.5Q632,369 687,369Q764,369 820,317.5Q876,266 876,190ZM450,330Q460,313 442,302Q424,292 414,310Q404,328 422,338Q439,348 450,330ZM371,388Q361,370 343,381Q325,391 335,409Q346,427 364,417Q382,406 371,388ZM267,427Q267,407 246,407Q225,407 225,427Q225,448 246,448Q267,448 267,427ZM481,213Q481,192 461,192Q440,192 440,213Q440,234 461,234Q481,234 481,213ZM157,409Q167,391 149,381Q131,370 121,388Q111,406 129,417Q146,427 157,409ZM450,95Q439,77 422,88Q404,98 414,116Q424,134 442,124Q460,113 450,95ZM371,37Q382,20 364,9Q346,-1 335,17Q325,35 343,45Q361,55 371,37ZM78,310Q68,292 50,302Q32,313 42,330Q53,348 71,338Q89,328 78,310ZM267,-2Q267,-22 246,-22Q225,-22 225,-2Q225,19 246,19Q267,19 267,-2ZM52,213Q52,192 32,192Q11,192 11,213Q11,234 32,234Q52,234 52,213ZM78,116Q89,98 71,88Q53,77 42,95Q32,113 50,124Q68,134 78,116ZM157,17Q146,-1 129,9Q111,20 121,37Q131,55 149,45Q167,35 157,17Z" /></g></svg> ာ MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AA. In Burmese texts, the coded character appropriate to the visual context should be used. <a href="#G56216" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordering of Syllable Components. Dependent vowels and other signs are encoded after the consonant to which they apply, except for kinzi, which precedes the consonant. Characters occur in the relative order shown in <a href="#G69466" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-4</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G69466" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-4. Modern Burmese Syllabic Structure</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1afllzi"><th>Class</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Encoding</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1fzjboy">kinzi</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1024 652 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M291,458Q291,472 302,483Q313,494 327,494Q341,494 352,483Q362,473 362,458Q362,443 352,433Q342,423 327,423Q312,423 302,433Q291,444 291,458ZM291,-2Q291,12 302,23Q312,33 327,33Q342,33 352,23Q362,13 362,-2Q362,-17 352,-27Q342,-37 327,-37Q312,-37 302,-27Q291,-16 291,-2ZM61,228Q61,242 72,253Q83,264 97,264Q111,264 122,253Q132,243 132,228Q132,213 122,203Q112,193 97,193Q82,193 72,203Q61,214 61,228ZM522,228Q522,243 532,253Q543,264 557,264Q571,264 582,253Q592,243 592,228Q592,213 582,203Q572,193 557,193Q542,193 532,203Q522,213 522,228ZM93,113Q93,128 103,138Q113,148 129,148Q143,148 153,138Q164,127 164,113Q164,99 153,88Q143,78 129,78Q113,78 103,88Q93,98 93,113ZM491,343Q491,358 501,368Q511,378 526,378Q541,378 551,368Q562,357 562,343Q562,329 551,318Q541,308 526,308Q511,308 501,318Q491,328 491,343ZM407,428Q407,443 417,453Q427,463 442,463Q457,463 467,453Q477,443 477,428Q477,413 467,403Q456,392 442,392Q428,392 417,403Q407,413 407,428ZM177,30Q177,45 187,55Q197,65 212,65Q227,65 237,55Q247,45 247,30Q247,14 237,4Q226,-7 212,-7Q198,-7 187,4Q177,14 177,30ZM93,343Q93,358 103,368Q113,378 129,378Q143,378 153,368Q164,357 164,343Q164,329 153,318Q143,308 129,308Q113,308 103,318Q93,328 93,343ZM491,113Q491,128 501,138Q511,148 526,148Q541,148 551,138Q562,127 562,113Q562,99 551,88Q541,78 526,78Q511,78 501,88Q491,98 491,113ZM177,428Q177,443 187,453Q197,463 212,463Q227,463 237,453Q247,443 247,428Q247,413 237,403Q226,392 212,392Q198,392 187,403Q177,413 177,428ZM407,30Q407,45 417,55Q427,65 442,65Q457,65 467,55Q477,45 477,30Q477,14 467,4Q456,-7 442,-7Q428,-7 417,4Q407,14 407,30ZM428,572Q412,560 395,549Q373,538 336,538Q224,538 224,618Q224,648 245,673Q225,699 225,733Q225,775 260,803Q292,828 336,828Q362,828 384,817Q393,812 418,794L392,762Q361,781 337,782Q269,782 269,733Q269,703 307,693Q312,692 322,691.5Q332,691 346,690.5Q360,690 369,689L371,652L330,652Q267,652 267,618Q267,581 338,581Q369,581 398,610L428,572Z" /></g></svg>င်္</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-646vaa"><U+1004, U+103A, U+1039></td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-6ojuod">consonant and vowel letters</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1024 848 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M800,214Q800,132 740,66Q678,-1 596,-1Q588,-1 572,1Q556,3 549,3L549,51Q636,51 688,88Q748,130 748,214Q748,274 701.5,318.5Q655,363 596,362Q500,362 452,282Q465,251 465,214Q465,77 322,3L307,51Q410,126 410,214Q410,273 365.5,317.5Q321,362 262,362Q202,362 152,319Q102,274 102,214Q102,102 207,51L194,3Q47,66 47,214Q47,301 112,359Q174,414 262,414Q360,414 424,328Q490,414 596,414Q681,414 740.5,356.5Q800,299 800,214Z" /></g></svg>က</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-2ffkub">[U+1000..U+1021, U+1023..U+1027, U+1029, U+102A, U+103F, U+104E]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1x1qnqd">subscript consonant</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1024 644 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M294,508Q294,522 305,533Q316,544 330,544Q344,544 355,533Q365,523 365,508Q365,493 355,483Q345,473 330,473Q315,473 305,483Q294,494 294,508ZM294,48Q294,62 305,73Q315,83 330,83Q345,83 355,73Q365,63 365,48Q365,33 355,23Q345,13 330,13Q315,13 305,23Q294,34 294,48ZM64,278Q64,292 75,303Q86,314 100,314Q114,314 125,303Q135,293 135,278Q135,263 125,253Q115,243 100,243Q85,243 75,253Q64,264 64,278ZM525,278Q525,293 535,303Q546,314 560,314Q574,314 585,303Q595,293 595,278Q595,263 585,253Q575,243 560,243Q545,243 535,253Q525,263 525,278ZM96,163Q96,178 106,188Q116,198 132,198Q146,198 156,188Q167,177 167,163Q167,149 156,138Q146,128 132,128Q116,128 106,138Q96,148 96,163ZM494,393Q494,408 504,418Q514,428 529,428Q544,428 554,418Q565,407 565,393Q565,379 554,368Q544,358 529,358Q514,358 504,368Q494,378 494,393ZM410,478Q410,493 420,503Q430,513 445,513Q460,513 470,503Q480,493 480,478Q480,463 470,453Q459,442 445,442Q431,442 420,453Q410,463 410,478ZM180,80Q180,95 190,105Q200,115 215,115Q230,115 240,105Q250,95 250,80Q250,64 240,54Q229,43 215,43Q201,43 190,54Q180,64 180,80ZM96,393Q96,408 106,418Q116,428 132,428Q146,428 156,418Q167,407 167,393Q167,379 156,368Q146,358 132,358Q116,358 106,368Q96,378 96,393ZM494,163Q494,178 504,188Q514,198 529,198Q544,198 554,188Q565,177 565,163Q565,149 554,138Q544,128 529,128Q514,128 504,138Q494,148 494,163ZM180,478Q180,493 190,503Q200,513 215,513Q230,513 240,503Q250,493 250,478Q250,463 240,453Q229,442 215,442Q201,442 190,453Q180,463 180,478ZM410,80Q410,95 420,105Q430,115 445,115Q460,115 470,105Q480,95 480,80Q480,64 470,54Q459,43 445,43Q431,43 420,54Q410,64 410,80ZM614,-195Q614,-264 562.5,-314Q511,-364 442,-364Q364,-364 310,-295Q261,-364 184,-364Q86,-364 31,-271L67,-257Q105,-320 184,-320Q232,-320 269,-280.5Q306,-241 306,-193Q306,-146 265.5,-109Q225,-72 178,-72Q96,-72 61,-144L24,-131Q72,-32 176,-32Q243,-32 294,-78Q346,-126 346,-193Q346,-222 332,-257Q348,-284 380,-302Q412,-320 444,-320Q493,-320 533.5,-282Q574,-244 574,-195Q574,-148 532.5,-108.5Q491,-69 444,-69Q428,-69 406,-75L391,-44Q414,-30 444,-30Q514,-30 564,-78Q614,-126 614,-195Z" /></g></svg>္သ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1r44l2w"><U+1039, [U+1000..U+1008, U+100A..U+1019, U+101B, U+101C, U+101E, U+1020, U+1021]></td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-qe5i27">asat sign</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1024 578 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M254,508Q254,522 265,533Q276,544 290,544Q304,544 315,533Q325,523 325,508Q325,493 315,483Q305,473 290,473Q275,473 265,483Q254,494 254,508ZM254,48Q254,62 265,73Q275,83 290,83Q305,83 315,73Q325,63 325,48Q325,33 315,23Q305,13 290,13Q275,13 265,23Q254,34 254,48ZM24,278Q24,292 35,303Q46,314 60,314Q74,314 85,303Q95,293 95,278Q95,263 85,253Q75,243 60,243Q45,243 35,253Q24,264 24,278ZM485,278Q485,293 495,303Q506,314 520,314Q534,314 545,303Q555,293 555,278Q555,263 545,253Q535,243 520,243Q505,243 495,253Q485,263 485,278ZM56,163Q56,178 66,188Q76,198 92,198Q106,198 116,188Q127,177 127,163Q127,149 116,138Q106,128 92,128Q76,128 66,138Q56,148 56,163ZM454,393Q454,408 464,418Q474,428 489,428Q504,428 514,418Q525,407 525,393Q525,379 514,368Q504,358 489,358Q474,358 464,368Q454,378 454,393ZM370,478Q370,493 380,503Q390,513 405,513Q420,513 430,503Q440,493 440,478Q440,463 430,453Q419,442 405,442Q391,442 380,453Q370,463 370,478ZM140,80Q140,95 150,105Q160,115 175,115Q190,115 200,105Q210,95 210,80Q210,64 200,54Q189,43 175,43Q161,43 150,54Q140,64 140,80ZM56,393Q56,408 66,418Q76,428 92,428Q106,428 116,418Q127,407 127,393Q127,379 116,368Q106,358 92,358Q76,358 66,368Q56,378 56,393ZM454,163Q454,178 464,188Q474,198 489,198Q504,198 514,188Q525,177 525,163Q525,149 514,138Q504,128 489,128Q474,128 464,138Q454,148 454,163ZM140,478Q140,493 150,503Q160,513 175,513Q190,513 200,503Q210,493 210,478Q210,463 200,453Q189,442 175,442Q161,442 150,453Q140,463 140,478ZM370,80Q370,95 380,105Q390,115 405,115Q420,115 430,105Q440,95 440,80Q440,64 430,54Q419,43 405,43Q391,43 380,54Q370,64 370,80ZM452,847L406,824Q368,887 302,887Q259,887 225.5,853.5Q192,820 192,778Q192,733 226,699Q244,680 259.5,673Q275,666 304,665Q320,665 339,672L358,626Q324,614 304,614Q234,614 187,660.5Q140,707 140,778Q140,844 189,893Q238,942 304,942Q385,942 452,847Z" /></g></svg> ်</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1n50833">U+103A</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1swf9ou">medial ya (potentially followed by asat sign)</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1024 746 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M694,-314L643,-339L492,-212L490,-62L544,-60L544,-186L642,-266L643,418L693,418L694,-314ZM294,508Q294,522 305,533Q316,544 330,544Q344,544 355,533Q365,523 365,508Q365,493 355,483Q345,473 330,473Q315,473 305,483Q294,494 294,508ZM294,48Q294,62 305,73Q315,83 330,83Q345,83 355,73Q365,63 365,48Q365,33 355,23Q345,13 330,13Q315,13 305,23Q294,34 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viewBox="0 -1024 582 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M254,508Q254,522 265,533Q276,544 290,544Q304,544 315,533Q325,523 325,508Q325,493 315,483Q305,473 290,473Q275,473 265,483Q254,494 254,508ZM254,48Q254,62 265,73Q275,83 290,83Q305,83 315,73Q325,63 325,48Q325,33 315,23Q305,13 290,13Q275,13 265,23Q254,34 254,48ZM24,278Q24,292 35,303Q46,314 60,314Q74,314 85,303Q95,293 95,278Q95,263 85,253Q75,243 60,243Q45,243 35,253Q24,264 24,278ZM485,278Q485,293 495,303Q506,314 520,314Q534,314 545,303Q555,293 555,278Q555,263 545,253Q535,243 520,243Q505,243 495,253Q485,263 485,278ZM56,163Q56,178 66,188Q76,198 92,198Q106,198 116,188Q127,177 127,163Q127,149 116,138Q106,128 92,128Q76,128 66,138Q56,148 56,163ZM454,393Q454,408 464,418Q474,428 489,428Q504,428 514,418Q525,407 525,393Q525,379 514,368Q504,358 489,358Q474,358 464,368Q454,378 454,393ZM370,478Q370,493 380,503Q390,513 405,513Q420,513 430,503Q440,493 440,478Q440,463 430,453Q419,442 405,442Q391,442 380,453Q370,463 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data-svelte-h="svelte-1tv64ag">U+1038</td></tr></table></div> </figure> U+1031 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 904 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M370,114Q370,111 368,105Q323,0 196,0Q134,0 82,44Q18,98 18,190Q18,266 73.5,317Q129,368 205,368Q257,368 303,339Q349,310 369,263L328,243Q312,279 277.5,302Q243,325 204,325Q143,325 103,287.5Q63,250 63,190Q63,158 80,118Q121,149 155.5,160Q190,171 242,171Q298,171 364,129Q370,123 370,114ZM312,106Q273,127 241,127Q204,127 184,122Q148,113 109,83Q139,47 197,47Q274,47 312,106ZM844,330Q854,313 836,302Q818,292 808,310Q797,328 815,338Q833,348 844,330ZM765,388Q755,370 737,381Q719,391 729,409Q740,427 758,417Q775,406 765,388ZM661,427Q661,407 640,407Q619,407 619,427Q619,448 640,448Q661,448 661,427ZM875,213Q875,192 854,192Q834,192 834,213Q834,234 854,234Q875,234 875,213ZM551,409Q561,391 543,381Q525,370 515,388Q504,406 522,417Q540,427 551,409ZM844,95Q833,77 815,88Q797,98 808,116Q818,134 836,124Q854,113 844,95ZM765,37Q775,20 758,9Q740,-1 729,17Q719,35 737,45Q755,55 765,37ZM472,310Q462,292 444,302Q426,313 436,330Q447,348 465,338Q482,328 472,310ZM661,-2Q661,-22 640,-22Q619,-22 619,-2Q619,19 640,19Q661,19 661,-2ZM446,213Q446,192 425,192Q405,192 405,213Q405,234 425,234Q446,234 446,213ZM472,116Q482,98 465,88Q447,77 436,95Q426,113 444,124Q462,134 472,116ZM551,17Q540,-1 522,9Q504,20 515,37Q525,55 543,45Q561,35 551,17Z" /></g></svg> ေ MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E is encoded after its consonant (as in the earlier example), although in visual presentation its glyph appears before (to the left of) the consonant form. <a href="#G69466" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-4</a> nominally refers to the character sequences used in representing the syllabic structure of the modern Burmese language proper. Canonical normalization may result in a different ordering, specifically with some occurrences of U+103A <svg viewBox="0 -1024 578 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M254,508Q254,522 265,533Q276,544 290,544Q304,544 315,533Q325,523 325,508Q325,493 315,483Q305,473 290,473Q275,473 265,483Q254,494 254,508ZM254,48Q254,62 265,73Q275,83 290,83Q305,83 315,73Q325,63 325,48Q325,33 315,23Q305,13 290,13Q275,13 265,23Q254,34 254,48ZM24,278Q24,292 35,303Q46,314 60,314Q74,314 85,303Q95,293 95,278Q95,263 85,253Q75,243 60,243Q45,243 35,253Q24,264 24,278ZM485,278Q485,293 495,303Q506,314 520,314Q534,314 545,303Q555,293 555,278Q555,263 545,253Q535,243 520,243Q505,243 495,253Q485,263 485,278ZM56,163Q56,178 66,188Q76,198 92,198Q106,198 116,188Q127,177 127,163Q127,149 116,138Q106,128 92,128Q76,128 66,138Q56,148 56,163ZM454,393Q454,408 464,418Q474,428 489,428Q504,428 514,418Q525,407 525,393Q525,379 514,368Q504,358 489,358Q474,358 464,368Q454,378 454,393ZM370,478Q370,493 380,503Q390,513 405,513Q420,513 430,503Q440,493 440,478Q440,463 430,453Q419,442 405,442Q391,442 380,453Q370,463 370,478ZM140,80Q140,95 150,105Q160,115 175,115Q190,115 200,105Q210,95 210,80Q210,64 200,54Q189,43 175,43Q161,43 150,54Q140,64 140,80ZM56,393Q56,408 66,418Q76,428 92,428Q106,428 116,418Q127,407 127,393Q127,379 116,368Q106,358 92,358Q76,358 66,368Q56,378 56,393ZM454,163Q454,178 464,188Q474,198 489,198Q504,198 514,188Q525,177 525,163Q525,149 514,138Q504,128 489,128Q474,128 464,138Q454,148 454,163ZM140,478Q140,493 150,503Q160,513 175,513Q190,513 200,503Q210,493 210,478Q210,463 200,453Q189,442 175,442Q161,442 150,453Q140,463 140,478ZM370,80Q370,95 380,105Q390,115 405,115Q420,115 430,105Q440,95 440,80Q440,64 430,54Q419,43 405,43Q391,43 380,54Q370,64 370,80ZM452,847L406,824Q368,887 302,887Q259,887 225.5,853.5Q192,820 192,778Q192,733 226,699Q244,680 259.5,673Q275,666 304,665Q320,665 339,672L358,626Q324,614 304,614Q234,614 187,660.5Q140,707 140,778Q140,844 189,893Q238,942 304,942Q385,942 452,847Z" /></g></svg> ် MYANMAR SIGN ASAT reordered after U+1037 <svg viewBox="0 -1024 580 1024" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M254,508Q254,522 265,533Q276,544 290,544Q304,544 315,533Q325,523 325,508Q325,493 315,483Q305,473 290,473Q275,473 265,483Q254,494 254,508ZM254,48Q254,62 265,73Q275,83 290,83Q305,83 315,73Q325,63 325,48Q325,33 315,23Q305,13 290,13Q275,13 265,23Q254,34 254,48ZM24,278Q24,292 35,303Q46,314 60,314Q74,314 85,303Q95,293 95,278Q95,263 85,253Q75,243 60,243Q45,243 35,253Q24,264 24,278ZM485,278Q485,293 495,303Q506,314 520,314Q534,314 545,303Q555,293 555,278Q555,263 545,253Q535,243 520,243Q505,243 495,253Q485,263 485,278ZM56,163Q56,178 66,188Q76,198 92,198Q106,198 116,188Q127,177 127,163Q127,149 116,138Q106,128 92,128Q76,128 66,138Q56,148 56,163ZM454,393Q454,408 464,418Q474,428 489,428Q504,428 514,418Q525,407 525,393Q525,379 514,368Q504,358 489,358Q474,358 464,368Q454,378 454,393ZM370,478Q370,493 380,503Q390,513 405,513Q420,513 430,503Q440,493 440,478Q440,463 430,453Q419,442 405,442Q391,442 380,453Q370,463 370,478ZM140,80Q140,95 150,105Q160,115 175,115Q190,115 200,105Q210,95 210,80Q210,64 200,54Q189,43 175,43Q161,43 150,54Q140,64 140,80ZM56,393Q56,408 66,418Q76,428 92,428Q106,428 116,418Q127,407 127,393Q127,379 116,368Q106,358 92,358Q76,358 66,368Q56,378 56,393ZM454,163Q454,178 464,188Q474,198 489,198Q504,198 514,188Q525,177 525,163Q525,149 514,138Q504,128 489,128Q474,128 464,138Q454,148 454,163ZM140,478Q140,493 150,503Q160,513 175,513Q190,513 200,503Q210,493 210,478Q210,463 200,453Q189,442 175,442Q161,442 150,453Q140,463 140,478ZM370,80Q370,95 380,105Q390,115 405,115Q420,115 430,105Q440,95 440,80Q440,64 430,54Q419,43 405,43Q391,43 380,54Q370,64 370,80ZM364,-134Q364,-166 342,-187Q320,-208 288,-208Q256,-208 234.5,-187.5Q213,-167 212,-134Q212,-102 234.5,-80Q257,-58 288,-58Q319,-58 341.5,-80.5Q364,-103 364,-134ZM317,-134Q317,-124 308,-116Q299,-108 288,-108Q263,-108 262,-134Q262,-161 288,-161Q317,-161 317,-134Z" /></g></svg> ့ MYANMAR SIGN DOT BELOW. As such reorderings are canonically equivalent, implementations should support both orders and treat them as fundamentally the same text. <a href="#G69466" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-4</a> would require further extensions and modifications to cover various other languages, such as Karen, Mon, Shan, Sanskrit, and Old Burmese, which also use the Myanmar script. For some such extensions and modifications, refer to Unicode Technical Note #11, “Representing Myanmar in Unicode: Details and Examples,” or also Microsoft Typography’s “Creating and Supporting OpenType Fonts for Myanmar Script.” Note that those documents are not normative for the Unicode Standard, and they also differ from each other in some details. <a href="#G56672" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Spacing. Myanmar does not use any whitespace between words. If explicit word break or line break opportunities are desired—for example, for the use of automatic line layout algorithms—the character U+200B ZERO WIDTH SPACE should be used to place invisible marks for such breaks. The ZERO WIDTH SPACE can grow to have a visible width when justified. Spaces are used to mark phrases. Some phrases are relatively short (two or three syllables). <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G64560" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.3.2 Myanmar Extended-A: U+AA60–U+AA7F </h3> This block provides additional characters to support Khamti Shan, Aiton and Phake. The block also contains a few additional tone marks for Pa’o Karen and Tai Laing, and two additional letters for Shwe Palaung. Khamti Shan is spoken by approximately 14,000 people in Myanmar and India. Aiton and Phake are smaller language communities of around 2,000 each. Many of the characters needed for these languages are provided by the main Myanmar block. Khamti Shan, Aiton, and Phake writing conventions are based on Shan, and as such follow the general Myanmar model of encoding. <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G64564" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.3.3 Khamti Shan </h3> The Khamti Shan language has a long literary tradition which has largely been lost, for a variety of reasons. The old script did not mark tones, and it had a scribal tradition that encouraged restriction to a reading elite whose traditions have not been passed on. The script has recently undergone a revival, with plans for it to be taught throughout the Khamti-Shan-speaking regions in Myanmar. A new version of the script has been adopted by the Khamti in Myanmar. The Khamti Shan characters in the Myanmar Extended-A block supplement those in the Myanmar block and provide complete support for the modern Khamti Shan writing system as written in Myanmar. Another revision of the old script was made in India under the leadership of Chau Khouk Manpoong in the 1990s. That revision has not gained significant popularity, although it enjoys some currency today. <a href="#G64566" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonants. Approximately half of the consonants used in Khamti Shan are encoded in the Myanmar block. Following the conventions used for Shan, Mon, and other extensions to the Myanmar script, separate consonants are encoded specifically for Khamti Shan in this block when they differ significantly in shape from corresponding letters conveying the same consonant sounds in Myanmar proper. Khamti Shan also uses the three Myanmar medial consonants encoded in the range U+101B..U+101D. The consonants in this block are displayed in the code charts using a Burmese style, so that glyphs for the entire Myanmar script are harmonized in a single typeface. However, the local style preferred for Khamti Shan is slightly different, typically adding a small dot to each character. <a href="#G64774" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Vowels. The vowels and dependent vowel signs used in Khamti Shan are located in the Myanmar block. <a href="#G64788" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Tones. Khamti Shan has eight tones. Seven of these are written with explicit tone marks; one is unmarked. All of the explicit tone marks are encoded in the Myanmar block. Khamti Shan makes use of four of the Shan tone marks and the visarga. In addition, two Khamti Shan-specific tone marks are separately encoded. These tone marks for Khamti Shan are listed in <a href="#G65093" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-5</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G65093" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-5. Khamti Shan Tone Marks</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-hd9loh"><th>Tone</th> <th>Character</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17akaub">1</td> <td>U+109A MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-1</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17c93sk">2</td> <td>U+1089 MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-5</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17bqcwx">3</td> <td>U+109B MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-3</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17df59e">4</td> <td>U+1087 MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-2</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17cwr8n">5</td> <td>U+1088 MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-3</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17el7jc">6</td> <td>U+1038 MYANMAR SIGN VISARGA</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-59synd"><td>7</td> <td>unmarked</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17frlnq">8</td> <td>U+108A MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-6</td></tr></table></div> </figure> The vertical positioning of the small circle in some of these tone marks is considered distinctive. U+109A MYANMAR SIGN KHAMTI TONE-1 (with a high position) is not the same as U+108B MYANMAR SIGN SHAN COUNCIL TONE-2 (with a mid-level position). Neither of those should be confused with U+1089 MYANMAR SIGN SHAN TONE-5 (with a low position). The tone mark characters in Shan fonts are typically displayed with open circles. However, in Khamti Shan, the circles in the tone marks normally are filled in (black). <a href="#G64582" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. Khamti Shan uses the Shan digits from the range U+1090..U+109A. <a href="#G64584" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Other Symbols. Khamti Shan uses the punctuation marks U+104A MYANMAR SIGN LITTLE SECTION and U+104B MYANMAR SIGN SECTION. The repetition mark U+AA70 MYANMAR MODIFIER LETTER KHAMTI REDUPLICATION is functionally equivalent to U+0E46 THAI CHARACTER MAIYAMOK. Three logogram characters are also used. These logograms can take tone marks, and their meaning varies according to the tone they take. They are used when transcribing speech rather than in formal writing. For example, U+AA75 MYANMAR LOGOGRAM KHAMTI QN takes three tones and means “negative,” “giving” or “yes,” according to which tone is applied. The other two logograms are U+AA74 MYANMAR LOGOGRAM KHAMTI OAY and U+AA76 MYANMAR LOGOGRAM KHAMTI HM. <a href="#G64587" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Subjoined Characters. Khamti Shan does not use subjoined characters. <a href="#G64593" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Historical Khamti Shan. The characters of historical Khamti Shan are for the most part identical to those used in the New Khamti Shan orthography. Most variation is merely stylistic. There were no Pali characters. The only significant character difference lies with ra—which follows Aiton and Phake in using a la with medial ra (U+AA7A MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA). During the development of the New Khamti Shan orthography a few new character shapes were introduced that were subsequently revised. Because materials have been published using these shapes, and these shapes cannot be considered stylistic variants of other characters, these characters are separately encoded in the range U+AA71..U+AA73. <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G64596" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.3.4 Aiton and Phake </h3> The Aiton and Phake writing systems are very closely related. There are a small number of differences in shape between Aiton and Phake characters, but these are considered only glyphic differences. As for Khamti Shan, most of the characters needed for Aiton and Phake are found in the Myanmar block. <a href="#G64598" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonants. U+107A MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA is used rather than following the Khamti U+AA65 MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA because the character shape follows Shan rather than Khamti. <a href="#G64601" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Subjoined Consonants. Aiton and Phake have a system of subjoining consonants to chain syllables in a polysyllabic word. This system follows that of Burmese and is encoded in the same way: with U+1039 MYANMAR SIGN VIRAMA followed by the code of the consonant being subjoined. The following characters may take a subjoined form, which takes the same shape as the base character but smaller: U+1000, U+AA61, U+1010, U+1011, U+1015, U+101A, U+101C. No other subjoined characters are known in Aiton and Phake. <a href="#G64603" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Vowels. The vowels follow Shan for the most part, and are therefore based on the characters in the Myanmar block. In addition to the simple vowels there are a number of diphthongs in Aiton and Phake. One vowel and one diphthong required for these languages were added as extensions at the end of the Myanmar block. A number of the vowel letters and diphthongs in the Aiton and Phake alphabets are composed of a sequence of code points. For example, the vowel -ue is represented by the sequence <U+102D, U+102F, U+101D, U+103A>. <a href="#G64606" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ligatures. The characters in the range U+AA77..U+AA79 are a set of ligature symbols that follow the same principles used for U+109E MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN ONE and U+109F MYANMAR SYMBOL SHAN EXCLAMATION. They are symbols that constitute a word in their own right and do not take diacritics. <a href="#G64608" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Tones. Traditionally tones are not marked in Aiton and Phake, although U+109C MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN AITON A (short -a) can be used as a type of tone marker. All proposed patterns for adding tone marking to Aiton and Phake can be represented with the tone marks used for Shan or Khamti Shan. <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G71231" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.3.5 Myanmar Extended-B: U+A9E0–U+A9FF </h3> This block contains additional characters for Shan Pali that represent Sanskrit sounds written in Shan. It also contains many characters for Tai Laing, a Tai language related to Khamti and spoken in the Kachin state of Myanmar. <a href="#G746443" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. Tai Laing has a distinct set of digits that differ in appearance from both the main set of Myanmar digits and the Shan digits encoded in the main Myanmar block. <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G746445" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.3.6 Myanmar Extended-C: U+116D0–U+116FF </h3> This block contains two additional sets of digits, one for the PaʼO language, and one for Eastern Pwo Karen. The writers of these languages often use standard Myanmar digits or the Western (ASCII) digits, but use of the language-specific forms of digits is also found. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G64642" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.4 Khmer </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G14015" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.4.1 Khmer: U+1780–U+17FF </h3> Khmer, also known as Cambodian, is the official language of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Mutually intelligible dialects are also spoken in northeastern Thailand and in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Although Khmer is not an Indo-European language, it has borrowed much vocabulary from Sanskrit and Pali, and religious texts in those languages have been both transliterated and translated into Khmer. The Khmer script is also used to render a number of regional minority languages, such as Tampuan, Krung, and Cham. The Khmer script, called aksaa khmae (“Khmer letters”), is also the official script of Cambodia. It is descended from the Brahmi script of South India, as are Thai, Lao, Myanmar, Old Mon, and others. The exact sources have not been determined, but there is a great similarity between the earliest inscriptions in the region and the Pallawa script of the Coromandel coast of India. Khmer has been a unique and independent script for more than 1,400 years. Modern Khmer has two basic styles of script: the aksaa crieng (“slanted script”) and the aksaa muul (“round script”). There is no fundamental structural difference between the two. The slanted script (in its “standing” variant) is chosen as representative in the code charts. <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G37574" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.4.2 Principles of the Khmer Script </h3> Structurally, the Khmer script has many features in common with other Brahmi-derived scripts, such as Devanagari and Myanmar. Consonant characters bear an inherent vowel sound, with additional signs placed before, above, below, and/or after the consonants to indicate a vowel other than the inherent one. The overall writing direction is left to right. In comparison with the Devanagari script, explained in detail in <a href="/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-12/#G12284" class="svelte-elgdv8">Section 12.1, Devanagari</a>, the Khmer script has developed several distinctive features during its evolution. <a href="#G37579" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Glottal Consonant. The Khmer script has a consonant character for a glottal stop (qa) that bears an inherent vowel sound and can have an optional vowel sign. While Khmer also has independent vowel characters like Devanagari, as shown in <a href="#G43591" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-6</a>, in principle many of its sounds can be represented by using qa and a vowel sign. This does not mean these representations are always interchangeable in real words. Some words are written with one variant to the exclusion of others. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G43591" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-6. Independent Khmer Vowel Characters</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table style="text-align: center;"><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1qbbzkh"><th>Name</th> <th>Independent Vowel</th> <th>Qa with Vowel Sign(s)</th></tr> <tbody style="line-height: 2; --glyph-font-size: 1.25em"><tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1r0ue0y">i</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M448.5,1500Q485,1500 640,1393Q844,1250 900,1250Q1050,1250 1050,1370Q1050,1420 1000,1460Q950,1500 890,1500Q760,1500 760,1611Q760,1700 890,1700Q1000,1700 1075,1610Q1150,1520 1150,1370Q1150,1248 1069.5,1187Q989,1126 850,1126Q673,1126 549,1213L487,1256Q425,1299 396,1294Q368,1289 333.5,1245Q299,1201 299,1168Q299,1134 445,1057L321,981Q179,1076 164.5,1101.5Q150,1127 150,1165Q150,1202 165,1228Q179,1254 295.5,1377Q412,1500 448.5,1500ZM450,150Q530,150 530,300Q530,400 450,400L450,150ZM450,500Q630,500 630,300Q630,200 577.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,750Q250,900 363,975Q475,1050 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d="M-1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-590,2400 -335,2175Q-250,2100 -250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150ZM-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150Z" /></g></svg>អិ, <svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM950,400Q870,400 870,300Q870,150 950,150L950,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,800L950,800L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,100Q1150,0 1000,0Q875,0 822.5,100Q770,200 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data-svelte-h="svelte-3gvsa6">u</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM527,1360Q450,1311 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1360 379,1435Q491,1500 700,1500Q908,1500 1020,1436Q1150,1361 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,198 486,148Q521,100 590,100Q658,100 730,137Q836,192 950,329L950,560L1150,660L1150,0Q1150,-170 950,-170Q850,-170 850,-70Q950,-70 950,0L950,141Q876,72 788,37Q696,0 590,0Q434,0 350,63Q250,137 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1313 870,1362Q809,1400 700,1400Q588,1400 527,1360Z" /></g></svg>ឧ</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM950,400Q870,400 870,300Q870,150 950,150L950,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 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transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM950,400Q870,400 870,300Q870,150 950,150L950,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,800L950,800L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 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viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1250,1702Q1250,1515 1124,1443Q1142,1524 1042,1644Q910,1780 700,1780Q394,1780 352,1709Q330,1672 330,1636Q330,1586 467,1516L338,1425Q180,1486 180,1585L180,1660Q180,1712 245,1773L311,1834Q452,1958 700,1958Q944,1958 1109,1833Q1116,1987 1021,2053L974,2086Q926,2119 961,2171Q980,2198 1006,2198Q1030,2198 1060,2177L1123,2132Q1250,2042 1250,1812L1250,1702ZM450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM527,1360Q450,1311 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1360 379,1435Q491,1500 700,1500Q908,1500 1020,1436Q1150,1361 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,198 486,148Q521,100 590,100Q658,100 730,137Q836,192 950,329L950,560L1150,660L1150,0Q1150,-170 950,-170Q850,-170 850,-70Q950,-70 950,0L950,141Q876,72 788,37Q696,0 590,0Q434,0 350,63Q250,137 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1313 870,1362Q809,1400 700,1400Q588,1400 527,1360Z" /></g></svg>ឳ</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2800 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM950,400Q870,400 870,300Q870,150 950,150L950,400ZM1831,1165Q1850,1113 1850,1050L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1050Q1650,1131 1572,1162L1324,1259Q1060,1362 960,1247L910,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,100Q1150,0 1000,0Q875,0 822.5,100Q770,200 770,300Q770,500 950,500L950,700L450,700L450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,800L950,800L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q781,1232 914,1366Q1045,1500 1129,1500Q1252,1500 1403,1442L1630,1353Q1668,1338 1700,1319L1700,1700Q1700,1800 1600,1800Q1600,1900 1725,1900Q1900,1900 1900,1700L1900,1400Q1900,1314 1831,1165Z" /></g></svg>អៅ</td></tr></tbody> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-fmshe8"><th>Name</th> <th>Independent Vowel</th> <th>Ra or La with Vowel Sign</th></tr> <tbody style="line-height: 2; --glyph-font-size: 1.25em"><tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1kzbnda">ry</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1150,-250Q1150,-400 995,-475Q841,-550 532,-550Q377,-550 269,-518Q161,-485 100,-420Q286,-450 533,-450Q754,-450 865,-400Q975,-350 975,-250Q975,-225 957,-212Q938,-200 901,-200Q901,-150 932,-125Q963,-100 1025,-100Q1088,-100 1119,-138Q1150,-175 1150,-250ZM700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /></g></svg>ឫ</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 700 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /><path transform="translate(1000 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-574,2185 -671.5,2217.5Q-769,2250 -870,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-646,2345L-646,2349Q-635,2424 -586,2462Q-536,2500 -450,2500Q-350,2500 -300,2450Q-250,2400 -250,2300Q-250,2185 -316,2136L-318,2134Q-250,2077 -250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -870,2400Q-762,2400 -646,2345ZM-529,2281Q-505,2266 -480,2250Q-456,2235 -435,2220Q-370,2228 -370,2300Q-370,2380 -450,2380Q-530,2380 -530,2300Q-530,2294 -529,2281Z" /></g></svg>រឹ</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-9tluvl">ryy</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1150,-250Q1150,-320 1115,-374Q1125,-412 1171,-432Q1217,-451 1299,-451Q1299,-500 1259,-525Q1218,-550 1137,-550Q1079,-550 1036,-534Q994,-518 968,-487Q891,-518 782,-534Q673,-550 531,-550Q377,-550 269,-518Q161,-485 100,-420Q285,-450 533,-450Q753,-450 864,-400Q974,-350 974,-250Q974,-200 899,-200Q899,-150 931,-125Q963,-100 1026,-100Q1088,-100 1119,-138Q1150,-175 1150,-250ZM700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /></g></svg>ឬ</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 700 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /><path transform="translate(1000 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-634,2361L-634,2500L-500,2500L-500,2297Q-441,2262 -384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-741,2400 -634,2361Z" /></g></svg>រឺ</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-d9m8s">ly</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1150,-250Q1150,-400 995,-475Q841,-550 532,-550Q377,-550 269,-518Q161,-485 100,-420Q286,-450 533,-450Q754,-450 865,-400Q975,-350 975,-250Q975,-225 957,-212Q938,-200 901,-200Q901,-150 932,-125Q963,-100 1025,-100Q1088,-100 1119,-138Q1150,-175 1150,-250ZM450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM250,1200Q250,1322 360,1411Q470,1500 529,1500Q579,1500 700,1366Q822,1500 872,1500Q931,1500 1040,1411Q1150,1322 1150,1200L1150,0L950,0L950,1200Q950,1304 890,1342Q831,1379 700,1200Q570,1379 510,1342Q450,1304 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Z" /></g></svg>ឭ</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(2000 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-574,2185 -671.5,2217.5Q-769,2250 -870,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-646,2345L-646,2349Q-635,2424 -586,2462Q-536,2500 -450,2500Q-350,2500 -300,2450Q-250,2400 -250,2300Q-250,2185 -316,2136L-318,2134Q-250,2077 -250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -870,2400Q-762,2400 -646,2345ZM-529,2281Q-505,2266 -480,2250Q-456,2235 -435,2220Q-370,2228 -370,2300Q-370,2380 -450,2380Q-530,2380 -530,2300Q-530,2294 -529,2281Z" /></g></svg>លឹ</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-9306yv">lyy</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1399 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1150,-250Q1150,-320 1115,-374Q1125,-412 1171,-432Q1217,-451 1299,-451Q1299,-500 1259,-525Q1218,-550 1137,-550Q1079,-550 1036,-534Q994,-518 968,-487Q891,-518 782,-534Q673,-550 531,-550Q377,-550 269,-518Q161,-485 100,-420Q285,-450 533,-450Q753,-450 864,-400Q974,-350 974,-250Q974,-200 899,-200Q899,-150 931,-125Q963,-100 1026,-100Q1088,-100 1119,-138Q1150,-175 1150,-250ZM450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM250,1200Q250,1322 360,1411Q470,1500 529,1500Q579,1500 700,1366Q822,1500 872,1500Q931,1500 1040,1411Q1150,1322 1150,1200L1150,0L950,0L950,1200Q950,1304 890,1342Q831,1379 700,1200Q570,1379 510,1342Q450,1304 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Z" /></g></svg>ឮ</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(2000 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-634,2361L-634,2500L-500,2500L-500,2297Q-441,2262 -384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-741,2400 -634,2361Z" /></g></svg>លឺ</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </figure> <a href="#G43687" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Subscript Consonants. Subscript consonant signs differ from independent consonant characters and are called coeng (literally, “foot, leg”) after their subscript position. While a consonant character can constitute an orthographic syllable by itself, a subscript consonant sign cannot. Note that U+17A1 <svg viewBox="1645 -22528 17324 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M842 486Q842 471 832 458Q822 445 806 445Q794 445 764 460Q734 475 718 475Q705 475 685.5 459Q666 443 666 430Q666 423 720 415Q774 407 774 385V-288Q774 -345 746 -345Q722 -345 660 -305.5Q598 -266 574 -266Q548 -266 491.5 -305.5Q435 -345 409 -345Q376 -345 376 -288V-130Q340 -130 340 -165Q340 -192 360 -192Q360 -199 354 -208Q348 -217 341 -217Q324 -217 311 -198Q298 -179 298 -161Q298 -131 330.5 -106.5Q363 -82 394 -82Q443 -82 443 -108V-197Q443 -237 466 -237Q478 -237 518.5 -213Q559 -189 575 -189Q592 -189 631.5 -212Q671 -235 685 -235Q707 -235 707 -197V318Q707 352 678 360Q650 363 621.5 366Q593 369 593 392Q593 427 647 490.5Q701 554 734 554Q753 554 812 512Q817 511 838 501Q842 493 842 486ZM480 454Q480 429 458.5 411Q437 393 411 393Q381 393 381 412Q381 418 398.5 427Q416 436 416 446Q416 469 371 483Q336 494 305 494Q248 494 196 458Q140 418 140 363Q140 314 192 277Q233 249 290 237V290Q290 327 317 348Q341 368 379 368Q418 368 445 347Q476 324 476 287Q476 191 358 172V90Q358 0 227 0Q98 0 98 90V165H165Q164 153 164 129Q164 94 178 80.5Q192 67 227 67Q270 67 282 90Q290 105 290 152V170Q205 180 144 225Q73 278 73 358Q73 441 146 500Q215 554 299 554Q360 554 412 533Q480 505 480 454ZM418 286Q418 315 390 315Q376 315 367 303Q358 291 358 276V234Q418 243 418 286Z" /></svg>ឡ KHMER LETTER LA does not have a corresponding subscript consonant sign in standard Khmer, but does have a subscript in the Khmer script used in Thailand. Subscript consonant signs are used to represent any consonant following the first consonant in an orthographic syllable. They also have an inherent vowel sound, which may be suppressed if the syllable bears a vowel sign or another subscript consonant. The subscript consonant signs are often used to represent a consonant cluster. Two consecutive consonant characters cannot represent a consonant cluster because the inherent vowel sound in between is retained. To suppress the vowel, a subscript consonant sign (or rarely a subscript independent vowel) replaces the second consonant character. Theoretically, any consonant cluster composed of any number of consonant sounds without inherent vowel sounds in between can be represented systematically by a consonant character and as many subscript consonant signs as necessary. Examples of subscript consonant signs for a consonant cluster follow: <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M-800,-650Q-950,-650 -1025,-588Q-1100,-525 -1100,-400Q-1100,-300 -1063,-250Q-1025,-200 -950,-200Q-900,-200 -875,-225Q-850,-250 -850,-275Q-850,-300 -875,-300Q-900,-300 -925,-325Q-950,-350 -950,-400Q-950,-455 -913,-492Q-875,-530 -800,-530Q-723,-530 -654,-499Q-585,-468 -540,-415Q-495,-362 -463,-268Q-431,-175 -423,-125Q-415,-75 -393,-62.5Q-371,-50 -340,-50Q-300,-50 -300,-110Q-313,-200 -350,-312Q-387,-425 -450,-500Q-513,-575 -600,-612Q-687,-650 -800,-650Z" /></g></svg>ល្ង lo + coeng + ngo [lŋɔ̀ː] “sesame” (compare <svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M920,1320Q920,1380 870,1380Q800,1380 800,1320Q800,1286 883,1231Q920,1273 920,1320ZM250,791Q200,771 200,700Q200,650 250,650L250,791ZM450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,900Q950,1008 932,1036.5Q914,1065 878,1089Q736,1000 610,1000Q422,1000 339,1069Q250,1144 250,1260Q250,1325 275,1392.5Q300,1460 300,1530Q300,1600 200,1600Q200,1700 300,1700Q500,1700 500,1530Q500,1445 475,1387.5Q450,1330 450,1260Q450,1201 495,1151Q540,1100 610,1100Q684,1100 785,1156Q680,1244 680,1320Q680,1500 870,1500Q1050,1500 1050,1320Q1050,1243 982,1172Q1003,1161 1025,1150Q1150,1083 1150,900L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,550Q100,550 100,700Q100,900 300,900Q450,900 450,800L450,142Z" /></g></svg>លង lo + ngo [lɔ̀ːŋ] “to haunt”) <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4213 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,0L250,0Z" /><path transform="translate(3500)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 0,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-350Q-550,-350 -550,-260Q-550,-210 -494,-155Q-438,-100 -374,-100Q-250,-100 -250,-200L-250,-400Q-250,-550 0,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,0L100,0L100,100L250,100L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100L600,100L600,0L450,0L450,-400Z" /><path transform="translate(4200 -650)" d="M-999,-494Q-1099,-494 -1150,-446Q-1200,-397 -1200,-300Q-1200,-250 -1163,-225Q-1125,-200 -1030,-200L-1030,-280Q-1030,-316 -1007,-338Q-985,-361 -940,-361L-930,-361Q-921,-361 -920,-360L-550,-320L-550,-100L-400,-100L-400,-320Q-300,-320 -250,-372.5Q-200,-425 -200,-500Q-200,-575 -244,-612Q-287,-650 -375,-650Q-463,-650 -506,-600Q-550,-550 -550,-450L-940,-490L-943,-490Q-958,-491 -972,-492.5Q-986,-494 -999,-494ZM-320,-500Q-320,-450 -400,-450Q-400,-530 -361,-530L-360,-530Q-320,-530 -320,-500Z" /><path transform="translate(4300 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-614,2400 -384,2216Z" /></g></svg>លក្ស្មី lo + ka + coeng + sa + coeng + mo + ii [lɛ̀əksmei] “beauty, luck” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4900 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,0L250,0ZM581,1500Q644,1500 815,1383L899,1326Q941,1300 989,1300Q1045,1300 1177,1421Q1263,1500 1326,1500Q1389,1500 1487,1434L1665,1312Q1850,1189 1850,1000L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1000Q1650,1082 1552,1148L1392,1256Q1327,1300 1269,1300Q1214,1300 1105,1215Q996,1130 915,1130Q831,1130 747,1187L680,1232Q580,1300 538,1300Q456,1300 392,1255Q327,1211 327,1175Q327,1131 470,1050L321,974Q150,1044 150,1140L150,1171Q150,1236 242,1302L426,1434Q518,1500 581,1500Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(2800)" d="M1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,1200Q950,1500 1400,1500Q1850,1500 1850,1200L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1400 1400,1400Q1150,1400 1150,1200L1150,300Z" /><path transform="translate(4900)" d="M-800,-650Q-950,-650 -1025,-599Q-1100,-549 -1100,-451Q-1100,-327 -1010,-326Q-920,-326 -777.5,-267Q-635,-208 -450,-50Q-300,-50 -300,-200Q-300,-407 -439,-528Q-579,-650 -800,-650ZM-510,-254Q-615,-331 -725,-380Q-835,-429 -940,-451Q-940,-486 -902,-509Q-865,-532 -800,-532Q-660,-532 -562,-438Q-464,-344 -452,-211L-457,-214Q-470,-224 -483,-234Q-496,-244 -510,-254Z" /></g></svg>កាហ្វេ ka + aa + ha + coeng + vo + e [kaːfeː] “coffee”</blockquote> The subscript consonant signs in the Khmer script can be used to denote a final consonant, although this practice is uncommon. Examples of subscript consonant signs for a closing consonant follow: <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M914,1080Q914,1050 950,1050L950,1105Q914,1105 914,1080ZM1000,680Q1050,680 1050,705Q1050,730 1025,730Q1000,730 1000,680ZM1150,1185L1150,1050Q1150,950 962,950Q814,950 814,1080Q814,1142 851,1174Q888,1205 950,1205Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,880Q450,680 700,680L800,680Q800,830 1025,830Q1150,830 1150,705Q1150,580 1000,580L1000,302Q1000,0 692,0Q350,0 350,250L350,500L550,450L550,250Q550,100 692,100Q800,100 800,301L800,580L700,580Q250,580 250,880L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1052,1500 1129,1316Q1315,1500 1435,1500Q1536,1500 1615,1447L1702,1387Q1850,1284 1850,1100L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1100Q1650,1179 1575,1230L1488,1290Q1440,1323 1365,1323Q1302,1323 1150,1185Z" /><path transform="translate(2150)" d="M-780,1875Q-780,1825 -760,1800Q-740,1775 -700,1775Q-660,1775 -640,1800Q-620,1825 -620,1875Q-620,1925 -640,1950Q-660,1975 -700,1975Q-740,1975 -760,1950Q-780,1925 -780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M-800,-650Q-950,-650 -1025,-588Q-1100,-525 -1100,-400Q-1100,-300 -1063,-250Q-1025,-200 -950,-200Q-900,-200 -875,-225Q-850,-250 -850,-275Q-850,-300 -875,-300Q-900,-300 -925,-325Q-950,-350 -950,-400Q-950,-455 -913,-492Q-875,-530 -800,-530Q-723,-530 -654,-499Q-585,-468 -540,-415Q-495,-362 -463,-268Q-431,-175 -423,-125Q-415,-75 -393,-62.5Q-371,-50 -340,-50Q-300,-50 -300,-110Q-313,-200 -350,-312Q-387,-425 -450,-500Q-513,-575 -600,-612Q-687,-650 -800,-650Z" /></g></svg>ទាំ្ង to + aa + nikahit + coeng + ngo [tɛ̀əŋ] “both” (= <svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M914,1080Q914,1050 950,1050L950,1105Q914,1105 914,1080ZM1000,680Q1050,680 1050,705Q1050,730 1025,730Q1000,730 1000,680ZM1150,1185L1150,1050Q1150,950 962,950Q814,950 814,1080Q814,1142 851,1174Q888,1205 950,1205Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,880Q450,680 700,680L800,680Q800,830 1025,830Q1150,830 1150,705Q1150,580 1000,580L1000,302Q1000,0 692,0Q350,0 350,250L350,500L550,450L550,250Q550,100 692,100Q800,100 800,301L800,580L700,580Q250,580 250,880L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1052,1500 1129,1316Q1315,1500 1435,1500Q1536,1500 1615,1447L1702,1387Q1850,1284 1850,1100L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1100Q1650,1179 1575,1230L1488,1290Q1440,1323 1365,1323Q1302,1323 1150,1185Z" /><path transform="translate(2150)" d="M-780,1875Q-780,1825 -760,1800Q-740,1775 -700,1775Q-660,1775 -640,1800Q-620,1825 -620,1875Q-620,1925 -640,1950Q-660,1975 -700,1975Q-740,1975 -760,1950Q-780,1925 -780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M920,1320Q920,1380 870,1380Q800,1380 800,1320Q800,1286 883,1231Q920,1273 920,1320ZM250,791Q200,771 200,700Q200,650 250,650L250,791ZM450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,900Q950,1008 932,1036.5Q914,1065 878,1089Q736,1000 610,1000Q422,1000 339,1069Q250,1144 250,1260Q250,1325 275,1392.5Q300,1460 300,1530Q300,1600 200,1600Q200,1700 300,1700Q500,1700 500,1530Q500,1445 475,1387.5Q450,1330 450,1260Q450,1201 495,1151Q540,1100 610,1100Q684,1100 785,1156Q680,1244 680,1320Q680,1500 870,1500Q1050,1500 1050,1320Q1050,1243 982,1172Q1003,1161 1025,1150Q1150,1083 1150,900L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,550Q100,550 100,700Q100,900 300,900Q450,900 450,800L450,142Z" /></g></svg>ទាំង) (≠ *<svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M914,1080Q914,1050 950,1050L950,1105Q914,1105 914,1080ZM1000,680Q1050,680 1050,705Q1050,730 1025,730Q1000,730 1000,680ZM1150,1185L1150,1050Q1150,950 962,950Q814,950 814,1080Q814,1142 851,1174Q888,1205 950,1205Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,880Q450,680 700,680L800,680Q800,830 1025,830Q1150,830 1150,705Q1150,580 1000,580L1000,302Q1000,0 692,0Q350,0 350,250L350,500L550,450L550,250Q550,100 692,100Q800,100 800,301L800,580L700,580Q250,580 250,880L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1052,1500 1129,1316Q1315,1500 1435,1500Q1536,1500 1615,1447L1702,1387Q1850,1284 1850,1100L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1100Q1650,1179 1575,1230L1488,1290Q1440,1323 1365,1323Q1302,1323 1150,1185Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M-800,-650Q-950,-650 -1025,-588Q-1100,-525 -1100,-400Q-1100,-300 -1063,-250Q-1025,-200 -950,-200Q-900,-200 -875,-225Q-850,-250 -850,-275Q-850,-300 -875,-300Q-900,-300 -925,-325Q-950,-350 -950,-400Q-950,-455 -913,-492Q-875,-530 -800,-530Q-723,-530 -654,-499Q-585,-468 -540,-415Q-495,-362 -463,-268Q-431,-175 -423,-125Q-415,-75 -393,-62.5Q-371,-50 -340,-50Q-300,-50 -300,-110Q-313,-200 -350,-312Q-387,-425 -450,-500Q-513,-575 -600,-612Q-687,-650 -800,-650Z" /><path transform="translate(2150)" d="M-780,1875Q-780,1825 -760,1800Q-740,1775 -700,1775Q-660,1775 -640,1800Q-620,1825 -620,1875Q-620,1925 -640,1950Q-660,1975 -700,1975Q-740,1975 -760,1950Q-780,1925 -780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /></g></svg>ទ្ងាំ [tŋɔ̀əm]) <svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,1200Q950,1500 1400,1500Q1850,1500 1850,1200L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1400 1400,1400Q1150,1400 1150,1200L1150,300Z" /><path transform="translate(2800 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-614,2400 -384,2216Z" /><path transform="translate(2800)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 13,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-199Q-438,-100 -314,-100Q-250,-100 -194,-154Q-138,-209 -138,-259Q-138,-349 -250,-349L-250,-400Q-250,-550 13,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-400Z" /></g></svg>ហើ្យ ha + oe + coeng + yo [haəi] “already” (= <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4900 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,1200Q950,1500 1400,1500Q1850,1500 1850,1200L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1400 1400,1400Q1150,1400 1150,1200L1150,300Z" /><path transform="translate(2800 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-614,2400 -384,2216Z" /><path transform="translate(2800)" d="M450,1100Q500,1100 500,1200Q500,1350 450,1350L450,1100ZM250,1400Q250,1500 400,1500Q495,1500 547.5,1400Q600,1300 600,1200Q600,1000 450,1000L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q1162,0 1050,84Q938,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1400Z" /></g></svg>ហើយ) (≠ *<svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,1200Q950,1500 1400,1500Q1850,1500 1850,1200L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1400 1400,1400Q1150,1400 1150,1200L1150,300Z" /><path transform="translate(2800)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 13,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-199Q-438,-100 -314,-100Q-250,-100 -194,-154Q-138,-209 -138,-259Q-138,-349 -250,-349L-250,-400Q-250,-550 13,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-400Z" /><path transform="translate(3600 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-614,2400 -384,2216Z" /></g></svg>ហ្យើ [hjaə])</blockquote> While these subscript consonant signs are usually attached to a consonant character, they can also be attached to an independent vowel character. Although this practice is relatively rare, it is used in one very common word, meaning “to give.” Examples of subscript consonant signs attached to an independent vowel character follow: <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M180,1585L180,1660Q180,1712 245,1773L311,1834Q452,1958 700,1958Q998,1958 1178,1771Q1250,1709 1250,1612Q1250,1515 1124,1443Q1142,1524 1042,1644Q910,1780 700,1780Q394,1780 352,1709Q330,1672 330,1636Q330,1586 467,1516L338,1425Q180,1486 180,1585ZM450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM527,1360Q450,1311 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1360 379,1435Q491,1500 700,1500Q908,1500 1020,1436Q1150,1361 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,198 486,148Q521,100 590,100Q658,100 730,137Q836,192 950,329L950,560L1150,660L1150,0Q1150,-170 950,-170Q850,-170 850,-70Q950,-70 950,0L950,141Q876,72 788,37Q696,0 590,0Q434,0 350,63Q250,137 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1313 870,1362Q809,1400 700,1400Q588,1400 527,1360Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 13,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-199Q-438,-100 -314,-100Q-250,-100 -194,-154Q-138,-209 -138,-259Q-138,-349 -250,-349L-250,-400Q-250,-550 13,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-400Z" /></g></svg>ឱ្យ qoo-1 + coeng + yo [ʔaoi] “to give” (= <svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M180,1585L180,1660Q180,1712 245,1773L311,1834Q452,1958 700,1958Q998,1958 1178,1771Q1250,1709 1250,1612Q1250,1515 1124,1443Q1142,1524 1042,1644Q910,1780 700,1780Q394,1780 352,1709Q330,1672 330,1636Q330,1586 467,1516L338,1425Q180,1486 180,1585ZM450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM527,1360Q450,1311 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1360 379,1435Q491,1500 700,1500Q908,1500 1020,1436Q1150,1361 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,198 486,148Q521,100 590,100Q658,100 730,137Q836,192 950,329L950,560L1150,660L1150,0Q1150,-170 950,-170Q850,-170 850,-70Q950,-70 950,0L950,141Q876,72 788,37Q696,0 590,0Q434,0 350,63Q250,137 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1313 870,1362Q809,1400 700,1400Q588,1400 527,1360Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M450,1100Q500,1100 500,1200Q500,1350 450,1350L450,1100ZM250,1400Q250,1500 400,1500Q495,1500 547.5,1400Q600,1300 600,1200Q600,1000 450,1000L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q1162,0 1050,84Q938,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1400Z" /></g></svg>ឱយ and also <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2150 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M950,387Q950,457 946,487.5Q942,518 904,526Q895,517 884,510L685,354Q619,302 568.5,355.5Q518,409 579,456L757,596Q902,710 926,773Q950,836 950,869Q950,919 928,941.5Q906,964 855,964Q804,964 771,942Q737,918 737,869Q737,812 850,812Q788,727 723,727Q662,727 621,763Q581,798 581,869Q581,966 653.5,1033Q726,1100 855,1100Q1004,1100 1077,1033.5Q1150,967 1150,869Q1150,817 1119,759Q1082,688 998,607Q1064,587 1102,544Q1150,486 1150,387L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L950,1200Q950,1400 694,1400Q438,1400 438,1200L438,300Q438,100 694,100Q950,100 950,300L950,387Z" /><path transform="translate(1450)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 13,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-199Q-438,-100 -314,-100Q-250,-100 -194,-154Q-138,-209 -138,-259Q-138,-349 -250,-349L-250,-400Q-250,-550 13,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-400Z" /></g></svg>ឲ្យ) <svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M180,1585L180,1660Q180,1712 245,1773L311,1834Q452,1958 700,1958Q998,1958 1178,1771Q1250,1709 1250,1612Q1250,1515 1124,1443Q1142,1524 1042,1644Q910,1780 700,1780Q394,1780 352,1709Q330,1672 330,1636Q330,1586 467,1516L338,1425Q180,1486 180,1585ZM450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM527,1360Q450,1311 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1360 379,1435Q491,1500 700,1500Q908,1500 1020,1436Q1150,1361 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,198 486,148Q521,100 590,100Q658,100 730,137Q836,192 950,329L950,560L1150,660L1150,0Q1150,-170 950,-170Q850,-170 850,-70Q950,-70 950,0L950,141Q876,72 788,37Q696,0 590,0Q434,0 350,63Q250,137 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1313 870,1362Q809,1400 700,1400Q588,1400 527,1360Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M-999,-494Q-1099,-494 -1150,-446Q-1200,-397 -1200,-300Q-1200,-250 -1163,-225Q-1125,-200 -1030,-200L-1030,-280Q-1030,-316 -1007,-338Q-985,-361 -940,-361L-930,-361Q-921,-361 -920,-360L-550,-320L-550,-100L-400,-100L-400,-320Q-300,-320 -250,-372.5Q-200,-425 -200,-500Q-200,-575 -244,-612Q-287,-650 -375,-650Q-463,-650 -506,-600Q-550,-550 -550,-450L-940,-490L-943,-490Q-958,-491 -972,-492.5Q-986,-494 -999,-494ZM-320,-500Q-320,-450 -400,-450Q-400,-530 -361,-530L-360,-530Q-320,-530 -320,-500Z" /></g></svg>ឱ្ម qoo-1 + coeng + mo [ʔaom] “exclamation of solemn affirmation” (= <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2800 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M180,1585L180,1660Q180,1712 245,1773L311,1834Q452,1958 700,1958Q998,1958 1178,1771Q1250,1709 1250,1612Q1250,1515 1124,1443Q1142,1524 1042,1644Q910,1780 700,1780Q394,1780 352,1709Q330,1672 330,1636Q330,1586 467,1516L338,1425Q180,1486 180,1585ZM450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM527,1360Q450,1311 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1360 379,1435Q491,1500 700,1500Q908,1500 1020,1436Q1150,1361 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,198 486,148Q521,100 590,100Q658,100 730,137Q836,192 950,329L950,560L1150,660L1150,0Q1150,-170 950,-170Q850,-170 850,-70Q950,-70 950,0L950,141Q876,72 788,37Q696,0 590,0Q434,0 350,63Q250,137 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1313 870,1362Q809,1400 700,1400Q588,1400 527,1360Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /></g></svg>ឱម)</blockquote> <a href="#G37635" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Subscript Independent Vowel Signs. Some independent vowel characters also have corresponding subscript independent vowel signs, although these are rarely used today. Examples of subscript independent vowel signs follow: <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2800 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M950,891Q900,871 900,800Q900,750 950,750L950,891ZM640,1393Q844,1250 900,1250Q1050,1250 1050,1370Q1050,1420 1000,1460Q950,1500 890,1500Q760,1500 760,1611Q760,1700 890,1700Q1000,1700 1075,1610Q1150,1520 1150,1370Q1150,1248 1069.5,1187Q989,1126 850,1126Q673,1126 549,1213L487,1256Q425,1299 396,1294Q368,1289 333.5,1245Q299,1201 299,1168Q299,1134 450,1041L450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,650Q800,650 800,800Q800,1000 1000,1000Q1150,1000 1150,900L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1010Q179,1076 164.5,1101.5Q150,1127 150,1165Q150,1202 165,1228Q179,1254 295.5,1377Q412,1500 448.5,1500Q485,1500 640,1393Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M-650,-546L-950,-750L-1050,-750L-1050,-477L-1100,-477Q-1150,-477 -1150,-443Q-1150,-409 -1100,-375L-1050,-341L-950,-341L-950,-655L-650,-450L-350,-655L-350,-342Q-350,-308 -424,-256Q-498,-205 -599,-205Q-697,-205 -950,-239L-1049,-239L-1049,-171Q-1049,-146 -1024,-125Q-1000,-104 -1000,-81Q-1000,-68 -1051,-68Q-1100,-68 -1100,-34Q-1100,0 -1051,0Q-900,0 -900,-81Q-900,-112 -924,-133Q-949,-154 -949,-171Q-849,-153 -762,-144.5Q-675,-136 -599,-136Q-449,-136 -349,-205Q-250,-274 -250,-342L-250,-751L-350,-751L-650,-546Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /></g></svg>ផ្ឯម pha + coeng + qe + mo [pʰʔaem] “sweet” (= <svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M270,1800Q215,1800 215,1775Q215,1750 300,1750Q367,1750 409,1798Q450,1845 450,1920Q450,1975 420,2013Q390,2050 340,2050Q250,2050 250,2125Q250,2200 340,2200Q452,2200 526,2128Q600,2055 600,1920Q600,1815 528,1733Q455,1650 300,1650Q188,1650 119,1681Q50,1712 50,1775Q50,1838 78,1869Q105,1900 160,1900Q215,1900 242,1875Q270,1850 270,1800ZM450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M950,891Q900,871 900,800Q900,750 950,750L950,891ZM640,1393Q844,1250 900,1250Q1050,1250 1050,1370Q1050,1420 1000,1460Q950,1500 890,1500Q760,1500 760,1611Q760,1700 890,1700Q1000,1700 1075,1610Q1150,1520 1150,1370Q1150,1248 1069.5,1187Q989,1126 850,1126Q673,1126 549,1213L487,1256Q425,1299 396,1294Q368,1289 333.5,1245Q299,1201 299,1168Q299,1134 450,1041L450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,650Q800,650 800,800Q800,1000 1000,1000Q1150,1000 1150,900L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1010Q179,1076 164.5,1101.5Q150,1127 150,1165Q150,1202 165,1228Q179,1254 295.5,1377Q412,1500 448.5,1500Q485,1500 640,1393Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M-1140,-525Q-1140,-450 -1060,-450L-1060,-230Q-1060,-200 -1090,-200Q-1140,-200 -1140,-150Q-1140,-100 -1085,-100Q-910,-100 -910,-230L-910,-290L-410,-290L-410,-230Q-410,-200 -440,-200Q-490,-200 -490,-150Q-490,-100 -435,-100Q-260,-100 -260,-230L-260,-550Q-260,-650 -335,-650Q-410,-650 -450,-610.5Q-490,-571 -490,-525Q-490,-450 -410,-450L-410,-390L-910,-390L-910,-550Q-910,-650 -985,-650Q-1060,-650 -1100,-610.5Q-1140,-571 -1140,-525Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /></g></svg>ផ្អែម pha + coeng + qa + ae + mo) <svg viewBox="0 -2048 5600 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 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1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q1162,0 1050,84Q938,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1400Z" /></g></svg>ហ្ឫទ័យ ha + coeng + ry + to + samyok sannya + yo [harɯtej] “heart” (royal) (= <svg viewBox="0 -2048 7000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,1200Q950,1500 1400,1500Q1850,1500 1850,1200L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1400 1400,1400Q1150,1400 1150,1200L1150,300Z" /><path 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995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q1162,0 1050,84Q938,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1400Z" /></g></svg>ហឫទ័យ ha + ry + to + samyok sannya + yo)</blockquote> <a href="#G37644" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonant Registers. The Khmer language has a richer set of vowels than the languages for which the ancestral script was used, although it has a smaller set of consonant sounds. The Khmer script takes advantage of this situation by assigning different characters to represent the same consonant using different inherent vowels. Khmer consonant characters and signs are organized into two series or registers, whose inherent vowels are nominally -a in the first register and -o in the second register, as shown in <a href="#G71385" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-7</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G71385" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-7. Two Registers of Khmer Consonants</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table style="font-size: 0.8em;"><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1zyp3t"><th>Row</th> <th>First Register</th> <th>Second Register</th></tr> <tbody style="line-height: 1.75;"><tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17akaub">1</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,0L250,0Z" /></g></svg>ក ka [kɔː] “neck”</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM450,319L483,372Q562,500 662,500Q800,500 800,380Q800,300 723,300Q666,300 666,333Q666,366 642,366Q618,366 568,283L519,201L450,87L450,0L250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,319Z" /></g></svg>គ ko [kɔ̀ː] “mute”</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17c93sk">2</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 700 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /><path transform="translate(1150)" d="M-780,2100L-780,1760Q-780,1680 -862,1650Q-945,1680 -945,1760L-945,2100L-780,2100ZM-455,2100L-455,1760Q-455,1680 -537,1650Q-620,1680 -620,1760L-620,2100L-455,2100Z" /></g></svg>រ៉ ro + muusikatoan [rɔː] “small saw”</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 700 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /></g></svg>រ ro [rɔ̀ː] “fence (in the water)”</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17bqcwx">3</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q530,150 530,300Q530,400 450,400L450,150ZM750,1049Q938,1041 1038,975Q1150,900 1150,750L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,750Q950,850 888,900Q825,950 700,950Q575,950 513,900Q450,850 450,750L450,500Q630,500 630,300Q630,200 577.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,750Q250,900 363,975Q431,1020 539,1038Q498,1106 300,1131Q324,1232 425,1366Q525,1500 589,1500Q641,1500 725,1457L807,1414Q863,1385 949,1400Q937,1330 894,1277Q849,1223 791,1217Q732,1210 622,1258Q513,1305 477,1247L440,1188Q750,1130 750,1050L750,1049Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,0L250,0Z" /></g></svg>សក sa + ka [sɔːk] “to peel, to shed one’s skin”</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q530,150 530,300Q530,400 450,400L450,150ZM750,1049Q938,1041 1038,975Q1150,900 1150,750L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 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-1125,1698Q-1125,1674 -1051,1644L-1156,1610Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,0L250,0Z" /></g></svg>ស៊ក sa + triisap + ka [sɔ̀ːk] “to insert”</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17df59e">4</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2800 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 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viewBox="0 -2048 2800 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /><path transform="translate(1450)" d="M-1156,1610Q-1275,1650 -1275,1705Q-1275,1742 -1210,1785L-1144,1828Q-1013,1916 -981,1916Q-947,1916 -836,1837L-780,1797Q-753,1777 -725,1777Q-700,1777 -674,1797L-624,1837Q-523,1916 -487,1916Q-452,1916 -395,1872L-281,1784Q-225,1740 -125,1770Q-225,1652 -290,1652Q-356,1652 -392,1680L-465,1737Q-502,1766 -545,1766Q-588,1766 -656,1709Q-725,1652 -765,1652Q-832,1652 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410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /></g></svg>ប៉ម ba + muusikatoan + mo [pɔːm] “blockhouse”</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2800 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM250,1200Q250,1322 360,1411Q470,1500 529,1500Q579,1500 700,1366Q822,1500 872,1500Q931,1500 1040,1411Q1150,1322 1150,1200L1150,0L950,0L950,1200Q950,1304 890,1342Q831,1379 700,1200Q570,1379 510,1342Q450,1304 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /></g></svg>ពម po + mo [pɔ̀ːm] “to put into the mouth”</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17el7jc">6</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM250,0L250,750Q250,1050 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70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /></g></svg>គូរ ko + u + ro [kuː] “to sketch”</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </figure> The register of a consonant character is generally reflected on the last letter of its transliterated name. Some consonant characters and signs have a counterpart whose consonant sound is the same but whose register is different, as ka and ko in the first row of the table. For the other consonant characters and signs, two “shifter” signs are available. U+17C9 <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-104 724H-171V859Q-171 863 -178.5 868Q-186 873 -186 877Q-186 894 -144 894Q-104 894 -104 874ZM-274 724H-342V859Q-342 863 -349.5 868Q-357 873 -357 877Q-357 894 -315 894Q-274 894 -274 874Z" /></svg>◌៉ KHMER SIGN MUUSIKATOAN converts a consonant character and sign from the second to the first register, while U+17CA <svg viewBox="1329 -22528 10814 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-80 653Q-80 646 -101 636Q-122 626 -131 626Q-144 626 -160.5 646Q-177 666 -186 666Q-199 666 -234 639.5Q-269 613 -284 613Q-306 613 -345 643.5Q-384 674 -403 674Q-415 674 -430 669Q-448 662 -449 653Q-440 638 -440 626Q-440 595 -457 595Q-467 600 -494 615.5Q-521 631 -521 633Q-521 666 -468 703Q-419 738 -382 738Q-367 738 -332.5 707.5Q-298 677 -286 677Q-280 677 -242.5 707.5Q-205 738 -182 738Q-159 738 -124 702Q-102 678 -80 653Z" /></svg>◌៊ KHMER SIGN TRIISAP converts a consonant from the first register to the second (rows 2–4). To represent pa, however, muusikatoan is attached not to po but to ba, in an exceptional use (row 5). The phonetic value of a dependent vowel sign may also change depending on the context of the consonant(s) to which it is attached (row 6). <a href="#G37671" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Encoding Principles. Like other related scripts, the Khmer encoding represents only the basic underlying characters; multiple glyphs and rendering transformations are required to assemble the final visual form for each orthographic syllable. Individual characters, such as U+1789 <svg viewBox="1645 -22528 15792 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M774 0H707V438Q707 463 660 477Q625 487 592 487Q558 487 523 477Q476 463 476 438V0H409V445Q409 487 378 487Q350 487 331 473Q293 444 292 444Q287 444 251 470.5Q215 497 196 497Q165 497 152.5 486Q140 475 140 445V230Q164 254 196 254Q227 254 248 232.5Q269 211 269 180Q269 128 238.5 83.5Q208 39 159 14Q128 -2 110 -2Q73 -2 73 70V464Q73 505 108 531Q139 554 182 554Q210 554 244 535Q278 516 283 516Q341 554 392 554Q431 554 458 525Q530 554 592 554Q649 554 703 535Q774 510 774 464ZM752 -190Q752 -260 674 -298Q612 -327 534 -327Q469 -327 369 -273.5Q269 -220 234 -220Q221 -220 197 -226Q173 -232 168 -232Q158 -232 158 -218Q158 -191 190 -177Q214 -166 245 -166Q277 -166 382.5 -216.5Q488 -267 537 -267Q591 -267 633 -253Q693 -232 693 -190Q693 -142 654 -142Q628 -142 628 -163Q630 -173 634 -185L630 -188Q615 -188 606 -174.5Q597 -161 597 -146Q597 -119 617.5 -100.5Q638 -82 666 -82Q707 -82 731 -117Q752 -147 752 -190ZM222 181Q222 216 191 216Q163 216 140 193V79Q169 79 195.5 115Q222 151 222 181Z" /></svg>ញ KHMER LETTER NYO, may assume variant forms depending on the other characters with which they combine. <a href="#G37674" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Subscript Consonant Signs. In the way that many Cambodians analyze Khmer today, subscript consonant signs are considered to be different entities from consonant characters. The Unicode Standard does not assign independent code points for the subscript consonant signs. Instead, each of these signs is represented by the sequence of two characters: a special control character (U+17D2 <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM617 -10H534V-91H498V-10H416V28H498V111H534V28H617ZM701 343Q722 343 722 363Q722 383 701 383Q681 383 681 363Q681 343 701 343ZM707 435Q707 455 687 455Q667 455 667 435Q667 414 686 414Q707 414 707 435ZM667 495Q667 516 647 516Q626 516 626 496Q626 476 647 476Q667 476 667 495ZM606 536Q606 557 586 557Q565 557 565 536Q565 516 586 516Q606 516 606 536ZM534 551Q534 571 514 571Q494 571 494 551Q494 530 514 530Q534 530 534 551ZM442 557Q422 557 422 536Q422 516 442 516Q463 516 463 536Q463 557 442 557ZM381 516Q361 516 361 496Q361 476 381 476Q402 476 402 496Q402 516 381 516ZM340 455Q320 455 320 435Q320 414 341 414Q361 414 361 435Q361 455 340 455ZM326 383Q306 383 306 363Q306 343 326 343Q347 343 347 363Q347 383 326 383ZM320 291Q320 271 341 271Q361 271 361 291Q361 312 341 312Q320 312 320 291ZM361 230Q361 210 381 210Q401 210 401 230Q401 251 381 251Q361 251 361 230ZM422 190Q422 170 442 170Q462 170 462 190Q462 211 442 211Q422 211 422 190ZM494 176Q494 155 514 155Q534 155 534 176Q534 196 514 196Q494 196 494 176ZM586 170Q606 170 606 190Q606 211 586 211Q565 211 565 191Q565 170 586 170ZM646 210Q667 210 667 230Q667 251 647 251Q626 251 626 230Q626 210 646 210ZM687 271Q707 271 707 291Q707 312 687 312Q667 312 667 291Q667 271 687 271Z" /></svg>◌្ KHMER SIGN COENG) and a corresponding consonant character. This is analogous to the virama model employed for representing conjuncts in other related scripts. Subscripted independent vowels are encoded in the same manner. Because the coeng sign character does not exist as a letter or sign in the Khmer script, the Unicode model departs from the ordinary way that Khmer is conceived of and taught to native Khmer speakers. Consequently, the encoding may not be intuitive to a native user of the Khmer writing system, although it is able to represent Khmer correctly. U+17D2 <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM617 -10H534V-91H498V-10H416V28H498V111H534V28H617ZM701 343Q722 343 722 363Q722 383 701 383Q681 383 681 363Q681 343 701 343ZM707 435Q707 455 687 455Q667 455 667 435Q667 414 686 414Q707 414 707 435ZM667 495Q667 516 647 516Q626 516 626 496Q626 476 647 476Q667 476 667 495ZM606 536Q606 557 586 557Q565 557 565 536Q565 516 586 516Q606 516 606 536ZM534 551Q534 571 514 571Q494 571 494 551Q494 530 514 530Q534 530 534 551ZM442 557Q422 557 422 536Q422 516 442 516Q463 516 463 536Q463 557 442 557ZM381 516Q361 516 361 496Q361 476 381 476Q402 476 402 496Q402 516 381 516ZM340 455Q320 455 320 435Q320 414 341 414Q361 414 361 435Q361 455 340 455ZM326 383Q306 383 306 363Q306 343 326 343Q347 343 347 363Q347 383 326 383ZM320 291Q320 271 341 271Q361 271 361 291Q361 312 341 312Q320 312 320 291ZM361 230Q361 210 381 210Q401 210 401 230Q401 251 381 251Q361 251 361 230ZM422 190Q422 170 442 170Q462 170 462 190Q462 211 442 211Q422 211 422 190ZM494 176Q494 155 514 155Q534 155 534 176Q534 196 514 196Q494 196 494 176ZM586 170Q606 170 606 190Q606 211 586 211Q565 211 565 191Q565 170 586 170ZM646 210Q667 210 667 230Q667 251 647 251Q626 251 626 230Q626 210 646 210ZM687 271Q707 271 707 291Q707 312 687 312Q667 312 667 291Q667 271 687 271Z" /></svg>◌្ KHMER SIGN COENG is not actually a coeng but a coeng generator, because coeng in Khmer refers to the subscript consonant sign. The glyph for KHMER SIGN COENG shown in the code charts is arbitrary and is not actually rendered directly; the dotted box around the glyph indicates that special rendering is required. To aid Khmer script users, a listing of typical Khmer subscript consonant letters has been provided in <a href="#G53398" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-8</a> together with their descriptive names following preferred Khmer practice. While the Unicode encoding represents both the subscripts and the combined vowel letters with a pair of code points, they should be treated as a unit for most processing purposes. In other words, the sequence functions as if it had been encoded as a single character. A number of independent vowels also have subscript forms, as shown in <a href="#G53398" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-8</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G53398" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-8. Khmer Subscript Consonant Signs</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-c4i9rj"><th>Glyph</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Name</th></tr> <tbody style="line-height: 1.5; --glyph-font-size: 1.25em;"><tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 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1780</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1vjz6nk">khmer consonant sign coeng ka</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-700,-650Q-900,-650 -1000,-603Q-1100,-557 -1100,-465Q-1100,-387 -1033,-378L-718,-333Q-582,-315 -518,-283Q-453,-253 -453,-216Q-453,-178 -515,-160Q-576,-141 -700,-141Q-866,-141 -906,-170Q-950,-202 -950,-280Q-1100,-280 -1100,-188Q-1100,-119 -1000,-84Q-900,-50 -700,-50Q-500,-50 -400,-92Q-300,-135 -300,-221Q-300,-297 -387,-347Q-474,-398 -648,-421L-951,-463Q-951,-510 -888,-533Q-826,-557 -700,-557Q-575,-557 -512,-529Q-450,-502 -450,-450L-300,-450Q-300,-529 -400,-589Q-500,-650 -700,-650Z" /></g></svg>◌្ខ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1wjo0jx">17D2 1781</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-szvfii">khmer consonant sign coeng kha</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-950,-500L-849,-400Q-749,-300 -700,-300Q-600,-300 -600,-375Q-600,-450 -700,-450Q-750,-450 -850,-550L-950,-650L-1100,-650L-1100,-350Q-1100,-220 -990,-160Q-880,-100 -700,-100Q-520,-100 -410,-160Q-300,-220 -300,-350L-300,-650L-450,-650L-450,-350Q-450,-270 -522.5,-235Q-595,-200 -700,-200Q-805,-200 -877.5,-235Q-950,-270 -950,-350L-950,-500Z" /></g></svg>◌្គ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-bsmo6q">17D2 1782</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-hiqnv6">khmer consonant sign coeng ko</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M450,-410Q450,-550 368.5,-600Q287,-650 125,-650Q5,-650 -65,-636Q-134,-622 -152,-595Q-169,-622 -223,-636Q-277,-650 -375,-650Q-525,-650 -600,-600Q-675,-550 -675,-450L-675,-350Q-753,-350 -776.5,-325Q-800,-300 -800,-245Q-800,-200 -675,-100L-487,-100L-487,-411Q-487,-550 -375,-550Q-244,-550 -244,-410L-244,-100L-56,-100L-56,-410Q-56,-550 125,-550Q250,-550 250,-410L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-410Z" /></g></svg>◌្ឃ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1l5y30v">17D2 1783</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-gaxc6w">khmer consonant sign coeng kho</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-800,-650Q-950,-650 -1025,-588Q-1100,-525 -1100,-400Q-1100,-300 -1063,-250Q-1025,-200 -950,-200Q-900,-200 -875,-225Q-850,-250 -850,-275Q-850,-300 -875,-300Q-900,-300 -925,-325Q-950,-350 -950,-400Q-950,-455 -913,-492Q-875,-530 -800,-530Q-723,-530 -654,-499Q-585,-468 -540,-415Q-495,-362 -463,-268Q-431,-175 -423,-125Q-415,-75 -393,-62.5Q-371,-50 -340,-50Q-300,-50 -300,-110Q-313,-200 -350,-312Q-387,-425 -450,-500Q-513,-575 -600,-612Q-687,-650 -800,-650Z" /></g></svg>◌្ង</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-ux4bb0">17D2 1784</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1hd6vgc">khmer consonant sign coeng ngo</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 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904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-900,-100L-900,-310L-850,-310Q-750,-310 -675,-412L-600,-485Q-550,-550 -500,-550Q-450,-550 -425,-512Q-400,-475 -400,-399L-400,-299L-437,-299Q-469,-299 -484.5,-279Q-500,-259 -500,-225Q-500,-198 -400,-100L-250,-100L-250,-399Q-250,-525 -313,-587Q-375,-650 -500,-650Q-600,-650 -675,-548L-750,-475Q-800,-410 -850,-410L-900,-410L-900,-530Q-900,-650 -975,-650Q-1050,-650 -1100,-550Q-1150,-470 -1150,-410Q-1150,-360 -1125,-335Q-1100,-310 -1050,-310L-1050,-100L-900,-100Z" /></g></svg>◌្ឆ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1fbkese">17D2 1786</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-11mgfgi">khmer consonant sign coeng cha</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 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905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 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class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 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consonant sign coeng ttha</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 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d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 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342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-472,-142Q-489,-206 -546,-256Q-610,-312 -682,-352L-632,-376L-563,-402Q-551,-406 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954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-879,-540Q-1027,-540 -1101,-492Q-1175,-444 -1175,-349Q-1175,-265 -1100,-213Q-1025,-162 -875,-162L-525,-162L-525,-136Q-525,-50 -450,-50Q-375,-50 -375,-136L-375,-162L-225,-162L-225,-274L-375,-274L-375,-398Q-325,-398 -300,-427Q-275,-455 -275,-533Q-275,-592 -306,-621Q-338,-650 -400,-650Q-462,-650 -494,-614Q-525,-580 -525,-510L-825,-538L-852,-538Q-860,-539 -866.5,-539.5Q-873,-540 -879,-540ZM-1025,-349Q-1025,-379 -992,-404Q-960,-429 -875,-429Q-852,-429 -825,-426L-525,-398L-525,-274L-875,-274Q-960,-274 -992,-297Q-1025,-321 -1025,-349Z" /></g></svg>◌្ន</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1mdt7g">17D2 1793</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1e5ah63">khmer consonant sign coeng no</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 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data-svelte-h="svelte-nlxbkt">khmer consonant sign coeng ba</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 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data-svelte-h="svelte-id9ezl">khmer consonant sign coeng pha</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 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/></g></svg>◌្ព</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-mv7kkp">17D2 1796</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-178u9nd">khmer consonant sign coeng po</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 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-877.5,-235Q-950,-270 -950,-350Z" /></g></svg>◌្ភ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-m8fk8o">17D2 1797</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1e5axoz">khmer consonant sign coeng pho</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 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-550,-450L-940,-490L-943,-490Q-958,-491 -972,-492.5Q-986,-494 -999,-494ZM-320,-500Q-320,-450 -400,-450Q-400,-530 -361,-530L-360,-530Q-320,-530 -320,-500Z" /></g></svg>◌្ម</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1h6vj6z">17D2 1798</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1ynjlc8">khmer consonant sign coeng mo</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 13,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-199Q-438,-100 -314,-100Q-250,-100 -194,-154Q-138,-209 -138,-259Q-138,-349 -250,-349L-250,-400Q-250,-550 13,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-400Z" /></g></svg>◌្យ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1iqbine">17D2 1799</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1d7qgng">khmer consonant sign coeng yo</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,-350Q450,-500 700,-500Q950,-500 950,-350L950,-100L1150,-100L1150,-350Q1150,-600 700,-600Q250,-600 250,-350L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-350Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /></g></svg>◌្រ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-180wu4i">17D2 179A</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-jf1o93">khmer consonant sign coeng ro</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-1241,-436Q-1241,-283 -1166,-191Q-1091,-100 -941,-100Q-821,-100 -739,-164Q-657,-229 -613,-359Q-571,-458 -530.5,-487.5Q-490,-517 -451,-517Q-412,-517 -371.5,-422.5Q-331,-328 -309,-214Q-288,-100 -212,-100Q-159,-100 -159,-165Q-159,-194 -170,-237Q-205,-374 -281,-511Q-358,-649 -443,-649Q-553,-649 -626,-595Q-699,-541 -735,-433Q-773,-312 -824.5,-261.5Q-876,-211 -941,-211Q-1016,-211 -1053.5,-269.5Q-1091,-328 -1091,-436Q-1091,-528 -1041,-528Q-991,-528 -991,-467Q-941,-467 -916,-489Q-891,-512 -891,-558Q-891,-604 -929,-627Q-966,-650 -1041,-650Q-1141,-650 -1191,-604Q-1241,-558 -1241,-436Z" /></g></svg>◌្ល</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-yqhi3h">17D2 179B</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1hnkn8d">khmer consonant sign coeng lo</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-800,-650Q-950,-650 -1025,-599Q-1100,-549 -1100,-451Q-1100,-327 -1010,-326Q-920,-326 -777.5,-267Q-635,-208 -450,-50Q-300,-50 -300,-200Q-300,-407 -439,-528Q-579,-650 -800,-650ZM-510,-254Q-615,-331 -725,-380Q-835,-429 -940,-451Q-940,-486 -902,-509Q-865,-532 -800,-532Q-660,-532 -562,-438Q-464,-344 -452,-211L-457,-214Q-470,-224 -483,-234Q-496,-244 -510,-254Z" /></g></svg>◌្វ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-15mxk7g">17D2 179C</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-zm2qbn">khmer consonant sign coeng vo</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-450,-400L-450,-350Q-450,-270 -522.5,-235Q-595,-200 -700,-200Q-805,-200 -877.5,-235Q-950,-270 -950,-350L-950,-500L-849,-400Q-749,-300 -700,-300Q-600,-300 -600,-375Q-600,-450 -700,-450Q-750,-450 -850,-550L-950,-650L-1100,-650L-1100,-350Q-1100,-220 -990,-160Q-880,-100 -700,-100Q-520,-100 -410,-160Q-300,-220 -300,-350L-300,-400L-225,-400L-225,-500L-300,-500L-300,-650L-450,-650L-450,-500L-575,-500L-575,-400L-450,-400Z" /></g></svg>◌្ឝ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-ncrkkf">17D2 179D</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1fue73m">khmer consonant sign coeng sha</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M450,100L600,100L600,0L450,0L450,-550Q450,-650 350,-650Q250,-650 188,-587L0,-400L-187,-587Q-250,-650 -350,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-550L-438,-250Q-438,-100 -264,-100Q-210,-100 -174,-120Q-138,-140 -138,-190Q-138,-290 -250,-350L-250,-508L-70,-329Q0,-259 71,-329L250,-508L250,0L100,0L100,100L250,100L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /></g></svg>◌្ឞ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1q3lzla">17D2 179E</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-12xuoav">khmer consonant sign coeng ssa</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2013 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 0,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-350Q-550,-350 -550,-260Q-550,-210 -494,-155Q-438,-100 -374,-100Q-250,-100 -250,-200L-250,-400Q-250,-550 0,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,0L100,0L100,100L250,100L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100L600,100L600,0L450,0L450,-400Z" /></g></svg>◌្ស</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-j4fumx">17D2 179F</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-3868m0">khmer consonant sign coeng sa</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 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8,-541Q-71,-541 -168,-691L-284,-691L-284,-157Q-297,-150 -309,-150Q-349,-150 -349,-216Q-349,-230 -344,-247L-332,-262L-312,-262Q-304,-282 -304,-300Q-304,-357 -351,-357Q-429,-357 -429,-224Q-429,-141 -374,-92Q-321,-46 -237,-46Q-175,-46 -175,-101L-175,-531Q-81,-432 8,-432Q104,-432 185,-534L185,557Q185,607 103,607Q92,607 71.5,601.5Q51,596 41,596Q-8,596 -8,656Q-8,822 158,950Q277,853 326,853Q347,853 364,866Z" /><path transform="translate(1435)" /></g></svg>◌្ឡ </td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1ja2c0q">17D2 17A1</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-pj2jlj">khmer consonant sign coeng la</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-1140,-525Q-1140,-450 -1060,-450L-1060,-230Q-1060,-200 -1090,-200Q-1140,-200 -1140,-150Q-1140,-100 -1085,-100Q-910,-100 -910,-230L-910,-290L-410,-290L-410,-230Q-410,-200 -440,-200Q-490,-200 -490,-150Q-490,-100 -435,-100Q-260,-100 -260,-230L-260,-550Q-260,-650 -335,-650Q-410,-650 -450,-610.5Q-490,-571 -490,-525Q-490,-450 -410,-450L-410,-390L-910,-390L-910,-550Q-910,-650 -985,-650Q-1060,-650 -1100,-610.5Q-1140,-571 -1140,-525Z" /></g></svg>◌្អ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-ddw7dh">17D2 17A2</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1fumrgm">khmer vowel sign coeng qa</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </figure> As noted earlier, <U+17D2, U+17A1> represents a subscript form of la that is not used in Cambodia, although it is employed in Thailand. <a href="#G37721" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Dependent Vowel Signs. Most of the Khmer dependent vowel signs are represented with a single character that is applied after the base consonant character and optional subscript consonant signs. Three of these Khmer vowel signs are not encoded as single characters in in the Unicode Standard. The vowel sign am is encoded as a nasalization sign, U+17C6 <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-104 735Q-104 696 -132.5 666.5Q-161 637 -201 637Q-241 637 -269.5 666Q-298 695 -298 735Q-298 774 -269 804Q-240 834 -201 834Q-161 834 -132.5 804.5Q-104 775 -104 735ZM-153 735Q-153 755 -167 770Q-181 785 -201 785Q-221 785 -235.5 770Q-250 755 -250 735Q-250 716 -235 701Q-220 686 -201 686Q-181 686 -167 700.5Q-153 715 -153 735Z" /></svg>◌ំ KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT. Two vowel signs, om and aam, have not been assigned independent code points. They are represented by the sequence of a vowel (U+17BB <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-202 -324H-270V-111Q-270 -107 -277.5 -102.5Q-285 -98 -285 -94Q-285 -77 -239 -77Q-202 -77 -202 -97Z" /></svg>◌ុ KHMER VOWEL SIGN U and U+17B6 <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 13629 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M148 0H81V439Q81 488 2 488Q-66 488 -94 455L-124 517Q-76 555 2 555Q58 555 96 538Q148 514 148 466Z" /></svg>◌ា KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA, respectively) and U+17C6 <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-104 735Q-104 696 -132.5 666.5Q-161 637 -201 637Q-241 637 -269.5 666Q-298 695 -298 735Q-298 774 -269 804Q-240 834 -201 834Q-161 834 -132.5 804.5Q-104 775 -104 735ZM-153 735Q-153 755 -167 770Q-181 785 -201 785Q-221 785 -235.5 770Q-250 755 -250 735Q-250 716 -235 701Q-220 686 -201 686Q-181 686 -167 700.5Q-153 715 -153 735Z" /></svg>◌ំ KHMER SIGN NIKAHIT. The nikahit is superficially similar to anusvara, the nasalization sign in the Devanagari script, although in Khmer it is usually regarded as a vowel sign am. Anusvara not only represents a special nasal sound, but also can be used in place of one of the five nasal consonants homorganic to the subsequent consonant (velar, palatal, retroflex, dental, or labial, respectively). Anusvara can be used concurrently with any vowel sign in the same orthographic syllable. Nikahit, in contrast, functions differently. Its final sound is [m], irrespective of the type of the subsequent consonant. It is not used concurrently with the vowels ii, e, ua, oe, oo, and so on, although it is used with the vowel signs aa and u. In these cases the combination is sometimes regarded as a unit—aam and om, respectively. The sound that aam represents is [ɔ̀əm], not [aːm]. The sequences used for these combinations are shown in <a href="#G41290" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-9</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G41290" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-9. Khmer Composite Dependent Vowel Signs with Nikahit</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-15b1hi3"><th>Glyph</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Name</th></tr> <tbody style="line-height: 1.75;"><tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 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-780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /></g></svg>◌ុំ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-pfdmih">17BB 17C6</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-f34luy">khmer vowel sign om</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M450,1050L450,0L250,0L250,1050Q250,1130 188,1167L44,1254Q-31,1300 -100,1300Q-163,1300 -301,1203L-367,1295Q-206,1500 -100,1500Q23,1500 130,1436L290,1339Q450,1243 450,1050Z" /><path transform="translate(2000)" d="M-780,1875Q-780,1825 -760,1800Q-740,1775 -700,1775Q-660,1775 -640,1800Q-620,1825 -620,1875Q-620,1925 -640,1950Q-660,1975 -700,1975Q-740,1975 -760,1950Q-780,1925 -780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /></g></svg>◌ាំ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-c4bwst">17B6 17C6</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-dw0641">khmer vowel sign aam</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </figure> Examples of dependent vowel signs ending with [m] follow: <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M408,1314Q408,1285 437,1264L461,1264Q514,1264 514,1314Q514,1338 502,1350Q488,1364 461,1364Q435,1364 421,1351Q408,1339 408,1314ZM585,1221Q614,1218 646,1216Q688,1214 735,1214Q828,1214 889,1257Q950,1300 950,1396Q950,1500 850,1500Q750,1500 750,1600Q750,1700 850,1700Q1150,1700 1150,1396Q1150,1268 1033.5,1184Q917,1100 634,1100Q442,1100 346,1150.5Q250,1201 250,1310Q250,1393 302,1447Q355,1500 445,1500Q536,1500 587,1457Q639,1414 639,1339Q639,1264 585,1221ZM450,1000L450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,1000L1150,1000L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1000L450,1000Z" /><path transform="translate(1400 150)" d="M-780,1875Q-780,1825 -760,1800Q-740,1775 -700,1775Q-660,1775 -640,1800Q-620,1825 -620,1875Q-620,1925 -640,1950Q-660,1975 -700,1975Q-740,1975 -760,1950Q-780,1925 -780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /></g></svg>ដំ da + nikahit [dɔm] “to pound” (compare <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2800 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M408,1314Q408,1285 437,1264L461,1264Q514,1264 514,1314Q514,1338 502,1350Q488,1364 461,1364Q435,1364 421,1351Q408,1339 408,1314ZM585,1221Q614,1218 646,1216Q688,1214 735,1214Q828,1214 889,1257Q950,1300 950,1396Q950,1500 850,1500Q750,1500 750,1600Q750,1700 850,1700Q1150,1700 1150,1396Q1150,1268 1033.5,1184Q917,1100 634,1100Q442,1100 346,1150.5Q250,1201 250,1310Q250,1393 302,1447Q355,1500 445,1500Q536,1500 587,1457Q639,1414 639,1339Q639,1264 585,1221ZM450,1000L450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,1000L1150,1000L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1000L450,1000Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /></g></svg>ដម da + mo [dɔːm] “nectar”) <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM1150,1181L1150,0L950,0L950,1200Q950,1304 890,1342Q831,1379 700,1200Q570,1379 510,1342Q450,1304 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1322 360,1411Q470,1500 529,1500Q579,1500 700,1366Q822,1500 872,1500Q931,1500 1040,1411Q1095,1367 1122,1314L1166,1363Q1289,1500 1435,1500Q1536,1500 1615,1447L1702,1387Q1850,1284 1850,1100L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1100Q1650,1179 1575,1230L1488,1290Q1440,1323 1385,1323Q1322,1323 1150,1181Z" /><path transform="translate(2150)" d="M-780,1875Q-780,1825 -760,1800Q-740,1775 -700,1775Q-660,1775 -640,1800Q-620,1825 -620,1875Q-620,1925 -640,1950Q-660,1975 -700,1975Q-740,1975 -760,1950Q-780,1925 -780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /></g></svg>ពាំ po + aa + nikahit [pɔ̀əm] “to carry in the beak” (compare <svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM1150,1181L1150,0L950,0L950,1200Q950,1304 890,1342Q831,1379 700,1200Q570,1379 510,1342Q450,1304 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1322 360,1411Q470,1500 529,1500Q579,1500 700,1366Q822,1500 872,1500Q931,1500 1040,1411Q1095,1367 1122,1314L1166,1363Q1289,1500 1435,1500Q1536,1500 1615,1447L1702,1387Q1850,1284 1850,1100L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1100Q1650,1179 1575,1230L1488,1290Q1440,1323 1385,1323Q1322,1323 1150,1181Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /></g></svg>ពាម po + aa + mo [pèəm] “mouth of a river”)</blockquote> <a href="#G46589" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Independent Vowel Characters. In Khmer, as in other Brahmic scripts, some independent vowels have their own letterforms, although the sounds they represent may more often be represented with the consonant character for the glottal stop (U+17A2 <svg viewBox="653 -22528 11940 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M559 487Q559 472 549 459Q539 446 524 446Q512 446 482 461Q452 476 436 476Q422 476 403 460Q384 444 384 430Q384 424 438 416Q492 408 492 386V46Q492 21 486 12Q478 0 455 0Q436 0 409 13Q314 57 314 164Q314 226 356 226Q403 226 403 186Q361 186 361 147Q361 123 381 102.5Q401 82 425 82V319Q425 353 395 361Q368 364 339 367Q310 370 310 393Q310 428 364 491.5Q418 555 452 555Q469 555 493 539Q511 526 530 514Q530 514 554 502Q559 499 559 487ZM423 252H210V46Q210 22 204 13Q197 1 174 1Q153 1 128 13Q32 58 32 165Q32 227 74 227Q92 227 107 216.5Q122 206 122 190Q122 189 122 186Q79 186 79 148Q79 124 99 103Q119 82 143 82V320Q143 354 114 362Q86 364 57.5 367.5Q29 371 29 394Q29 429 82.5 492.5Q136 556 170 556Q189 556 248 514Q278 506 278 488Q278 472 268 459Q258 446 242 446Q230 446 200 461.5Q170 477 154 477Q140 477 121 461Q102 445 102 431Q102 425 138 419Q160 415 182 411Q210 402 210 386V305H423Z" /></svg>អ KHMER LETTER QA) modified by vowel signs (and optionally a consonant character). These independent vowels are encoded as separate characters in the Unicode Standard. <a href="#G37732" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Subscript Independent Vowel Signs. Some independent vowels have corresponding subscript independent vowel signs, although these are rarely used. Each is represented by the sequence of U+17D2 <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM617 -10H534V-91H498V-10H416V28H498V111H534V28H617ZM701 343Q722 343 722 363Q722 383 701 383Q681 383 681 363Q681 343 701 343ZM707 435Q707 455 687 455Q667 455 667 435Q667 414 686 414Q707 414 707 435ZM667 495Q667 516 647 516Q626 516 626 496Q626 476 647 476Q667 476 667 495ZM606 536Q606 557 586 557Q565 557 565 536Q565 516 586 516Q606 516 606 536ZM534 551Q534 571 514 571Q494 571 494 551Q494 530 514 530Q534 530 534 551ZM442 557Q422 557 422 536Q422 516 442 516Q463 516 463 536Q463 557 442 557ZM381 516Q361 516 361 496Q361 476 381 476Q402 476 402 496Q402 516 381 516ZM340 455Q320 455 320 435Q320 414 341 414Q361 414 361 435Q361 455 340 455ZM326 383Q306 383 306 363Q306 343 326 343Q347 343 347 363Q347 383 326 383ZM320 291Q320 271 341 271Q361 271 361 291Q361 312 341 312Q320 312 320 291ZM361 230Q361 210 381 210Q401 210 401 230Q401 251 381 251Q361 251 361 230ZM422 190Q422 170 442 170Q462 170 462 190Q462 211 442 211Q422 211 422 190ZM494 176Q494 155 514 155Q534 155 534 176Q534 196 514 196Q494 196 494 176ZM586 170Q606 170 606 190Q606 211 586 211Q565 211 565 191Q565 170 586 170ZM646 210Q667 210 667 230Q667 251 647 251Q626 251 626 230Q626 210 646 210ZM687 271Q707 271 707 291Q707 312 687 312Q667 312 667 291Q667 271 687 271Z" /></svg>◌្ KHMER SIGN COENG and an independent vowel, as shown in <a href="#G40023" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-10</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G40023" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-10. Khmer Subscript Independent Vowel Signs</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-15b1hi3"><th>Glyph</th> <th>Code</th> <th>Name</th></tr> <tbody style="line-height: 1.5; --glyph-font-size: 1.25em;"><tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-350,-716L-350,-629Q-497,-750 -749,-750Q-1050,-750 -1050,-617Q-1050,-572 -978,-542L-445,-372Q-397,-355 -373.5,-318Q-350,-281 -350,-223Q-350,-117 -650,-117Q-949,-117 -949,-223Q-949,-323 -778,-323Q-799,-309 -800,-289Q-799,-223 -699,-223Q-600,-223 -600,-289Q-600,-322 -641,-353Q-691,-389 -778,-389Q-1050,-389 -1050,-223Q-1050,-50 -650,-50Q-250,-50 -250,-223Q-250,-303 -286.5,-356Q-323,-409 -399,-433L-950,-608L-950,-617Q-949,-683 -750,-683Q-498,-683 -350,-517L-350,-483L-348,-483L-250,-450L-250,-483L-249,-483L-249,-716L-300,-750L-400,-750L-350,-716Z" /></g></svg>◌្ឧ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yy3cio">17D2 17A7</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1so0tc8">khmer independent vowel sign coeng qu</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-750,-751Q-1050,-751 -1149,-665Q-999,-685 -749,-685Q-358,-685 -350,-538Q-451,-579 -650,-579Q-1050,-579 -1050,-414L-1050,-315Q-1050,-248 -1250,-248Q-1076,-151 -990,-50L-920,-83Q-851,-115 -750,-116Q-799,-182 -850,-182Q-901,-182 -971,-149L-1050,-215Q-950,-248 -950,-315L-950,-414Q-950,-513 -650,-513Q-358,-513 -350,-418L-350,-315Q-350,-248 -550,-248Q-375,-151 -300,-50L-225,-83Q-153,-115 -50,-116Q-99,-182 -150,-182Q-199,-182 -270,-149L-350,-215Q-250,-248 -250,-315L-250,-533Q-250,-751 -750,-751Z" /></g></svg>◌្ឫ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1w288n9">17D2 17AB</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-3h8gjr">khmer independent vowel sign coeng ry</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-19,-670Q-80,-693 -134,-693Q-156,-693 -175,-689Q-244,-675 -268,-646L-281,-629Q-376,-751 -750,-751Q-1050,-751 -1149,-665Q-999,-685 -749,-685Q-364,-685 -354,-539Q-455,-579 -650,-579Q-1050,-579 -1050,-414L-1050,-315Q-1050,-248 -1250,-248Q-1076,-151 -990,-50L-920,-83Q-851,-115 -750,-116Q-799,-182 -850,-182Q-901,-182 -971,-149L-1050,-215Q-950,-248 -950,-315L-950,-414Q-950,-513 -650,-513Q-350,-513 -350,-414L-350,-315Q-350,-248 -550,-248Q-375,-151 -300,-50L-225,-83Q-153,-115 -50,-116Q-99,-182 -150,-182Q-199,-182 -270,-149L-350,-215Q-250,-248 -250,-315L-250,-526L-179,-614Q-154,-644 -19,-670Z" /></g></svg>◌្ឬ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-15b0dhw">17D2 17AC</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-16zrawy">khmer independent vowel sign coeng ryy</td></tr> <tr><td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M-650,-546L-950,-750L-1050,-750L-1050,-477L-1100,-477Q-1150,-477 -1150,-443Q-1150,-409 -1100,-375L-1050,-341L-950,-341L-950,-655L-650,-450L-350,-655L-350,-342Q-350,-308 -424,-256Q-498,-205 -599,-205Q-697,-205 -950,-239L-1049,-239L-1049,-171Q-1049,-146 -1024,-125Q-1000,-104 -1000,-81Q-1000,-68 -1051,-68Q-1100,-68 -1100,-34Q-1100,0 -1051,0Q-900,0 -900,-81Q-900,-112 -924,-133Q-949,-154 -949,-171Q-849,-153 -762,-144.5Q-675,-136 -599,-136Q-449,-136 -349,-205Q-250,-274 -250,-342L-250,-751L-350,-751L-650,-546Z" /></g></svg>◌្ឯ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1gg6l6p">17D2 17AF</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-r76hg8">khmer independent vowel sign coeng qe</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </figure> <a href="#G37746" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Other Signs as Syllabic Components. The Khmer sign robat historically corresponds to the Devanagari repha, a representation of syllable-initial r-. However, the Khmer script can treat the initial r- in the same way as the other initial consonants—namely, a consonant character ro and as many subscript consonant signs as necessary. Some old loan words from Sanskrit and Pali include robat, but in some of them the robat is not pronounced and is preserved in a fossilized spelling. Because robat is a distinct sign from the consonant character ro, the Unicode Standard encodes U+17CC <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 11332 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M46 878Q46 856 20 826.5Q-6 797 -28 797Q-35 797 -62 824Q-95 859 -122 876Q-166 903 -214 903Q-252 903 -291 880Q-335 853 -335 818Q-335 810 -300 803Q-253 792 -235 784Q-200 767 -200 738Q-200 721 -216 705Q-232 689 -250 689Q-269 689 -281 704Q-266 704 -266 722Q-266 748 -323 756Q-385 765 -389 771Q-398 786 -398 806Q-398 866 -334 915Q-274 960 -213 960Q-168 960 -121 937Q-90 921 -53 893Q-23 870 -20 870Q-6 870 -3 882Q-2 887 -3 906Q1 910 3 910Q16 910 31 900.5Q46 891 46 878Z" /></svg>◌៌ KHMER SIGN ROBAT, but it treats the Devanagari repha as a part of a ligature without encoding it. The authoritative Chuon Nath dictionary sorts robat as if it were a base consonant character, just as the repha is sorted in scripts that use it. The consonant over which robat resides is then sorted as if it were a subscript. Examples of consonant clusters beginning with ro and robat follow: <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 4213 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q517,1391 543.5,1393.5Q570,1396 590,1422Q648,1500 698,1500Q777,1500 878,1431L1015,1336Q1150,1241 1150,1050L1150,0L950,0L950,1050Q950,1136 900,1173L781,1254Q716,1300 675.5,1300Q635,1300 570,1246L538,1219Q505,1192 479,1192Q453,1192 328,1258Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,1000L1150,1000L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1010Q179,1076 164.5,1101.5Q150,1127 150,1165Q150,1202 165,1228Q179,1254 295.5,1377Q412,1500 448.5,1500Q485,1500 640,1393Q844,1250 900,1250Q1050,1250 1050,1370Q1050,1420 1000,1460Q950,1500 890,1500Q760,1500 760,1611Q760,1700 890,1700Q1000,1700 1075,1610Q1150,1520 1150,1370Q1150,1248 1069.5,1187Q989,1126 850,1126Q673,1126 549,1213L487,1256Q425,1299 396,1294Q368,1289 333.5,1245Q299,1201 299,1168Q299,1134 450,1041L450,142Z" /><path transform="translate(2800)" d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /><path transform="translate(3500)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 0,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-350Q-550,-350 -550,-260Q-550,-210 -494,-155Q-438,-100 -374,-100Q-250,-100 -250,-200L-250,-400Q-250,-550 0,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,0L100,0L100,100L250,100L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100L600,100L600,0L450,0L450,-400Z" /><path transform="translate(4300 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-614,2400 -384,2216Z" /></g></svg>រាជរ្សី ro + aa + co + ro + coeng + sa + ii [rèəcrsei] “king hermit” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4200 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM950,400Q870,400 870,300Q870,150 950,150L950,400ZM1150,100Q1150,0 1000,0Q875,0 822.5,100Q770,200 770,300Q770,500 950,500L950,700L450,700L450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,800L950,800L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q781,1232 914,1366Q1045,1500 1129,1500Q1252,1500 1403,1442L1630,1353Q1850,1266 1850,1050L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1050Q1650,1131 1572,1162L1324,1259Q1060,1362 960,1247L910,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,100Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M450,1100Q500,1100 500,1200Q500,1350 450,1350L450,1100ZM250,1400Q250,1500 400,1500Q495,1500 547.5,1400Q600,1300 600,1200Q600,1000 450,1000L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q1162,0 1050,84Q938,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1400Z" /><path transform="translate(4250)" d="M-776,1766Q-819,1747 -880,1699Q-941,1650 -979,1650Q-1011,1650 -1031,1677Q-1044,1696 -1044,1715Q-1044,1776 -980,1821L-886,1885Q-744,1982 -712.5,2057Q-681,2132 -681,2175Q-681,2275 -596,2275Q-512,2275 -512,2175Q-513,2102 -545,2044Q-577,1986 -715,1876Q-611,1914 -524,1895Q-437,1876 -376,1784Q-356,1749 -356,1722Q-356,1684 -394,1663Q-415,1650 -435,1650Q-473,1650 -503,1700Q-547,1775 -615,1785Q-733,1785 -776,1766Z" /></g></svg>អាយ៌ qa + aa + yo + robat [ʔaːrja] “civilized” (= <svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM950,400Q870,400 870,300Q870,150 950,150L950,400ZM1150,100Q1150,0 1000,0Q875,0 822.5,100Q770,200 770,300Q770,500 950,500L950,700L450,700L450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,800L950,800L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q781,1232 914,1366Q1045,1500 1129,1500Q1252,1500 1403,1442L1630,1353Q1850,1266 1850,1050L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1050Q1650,1131 1572,1162L1324,1259Q1060,1362 960,1247L910,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,100Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /><path transform="translate(2800)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 13,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-199Q-438,-100 -314,-100Q-250,-100 -194,-154Q-138,-209 -138,-259Q-138,-349 -250,-349L-250,-400Q-250,-550 13,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-400Z" /></g></svg>អារ្យ qa + aa + ro + coeng + yo) <svg viewBox="0 -2048 6300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM250,1200Q250,1322 360,1411Q470,1500 529,1500Q579,1500 700,1366Q822,1500 872,1500Q931,1500 1040,1411Q1150,1322 1150,1200L1150,0L950,0L950,1200Q950,1304 890,1342Q831,1379 700,1200Q570,1379 510,1342Q450,1304 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 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d="M950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670ZM1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q781,1232 914,1366Q1045,1500 1129,1500Q1252,1500 1403,1442L1630,1353Q1850,1266 1850,1050L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1050Q1650,1131 1572,1162L1324,1259Q1060,1362 960,1247L910,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Z" /><path transform="translate(4900)" d="M914,1000Q914,950 950,950L950,1025Q914,1025 914,1000ZM1150,250Q1150,0 875,0Q764,0 655,150Q546,300 450,300L450,100Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,673L450,583L450,400Q575,400 695,275Q814,150 875,150Q950,150 950,250L950,548L535,733Q250,860 250,1050L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,950Q1150,850 962,850Q814,850 814,1000Q814,1062 851,1094Q888,1125 950,1125L950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,1050Q450,880 674,781L1150,567L1150,250Z" /></g></svg>ពត៌មាន po + ta + robat + mo + aa + no [pɔ̀ːdɔmèən] “news” (compare Sanskrit <span title="U+0935 व DEVANAGARI LETTER VA U+0930 र DEVANAGARI LETTER RA U+094D ◌् DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA U+0924 त DEVANAGARI LETTER TA U+092E म DEVANAGARI LETTER MA U+093E ◌ा DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA U+0928 न DEVANAGARI LETTER NA"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 5408 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1119,521L1136,499Q1059,376 952,332Q845,288 672,288Q616,288 546.5,314.5Q477,341 408,386Q339,431 281,488Q223,545 188,607Q153,669 153,727Q153,833 204.5,894.5Q256,956 340,982Q424,1008 523,1008Q603,1008 694,962Q785,916 870.5,842.5Q956,769 1022,684Q1088,599 1119,521ZM960,646Q928,700 864.5,741Q801,782 728,805.5Q655,829 594,829Q532,829 475.5,801Q419,773 383.5,726Q348,679 348,621Q348,595 355,559Q362,523 369,512Q389,481 448.5,457Q508,433 576,433Q667,433 759,485Q851,537 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transform="translate(2527)" d="M697,1346L805,1162L-4,1162L-110,1346L697,1346ZM1220,1346L1327,1162L401,1162L294,1346L1220,1346ZM846,85L846,1344L1033,1344L1033,-25L846,85ZM214,614L214,1226L402,1226L402,614L214,614ZM903,695L903,511L409,511L409,414Q409,371 387.5,350Q366,329 330,329Q300,329 258.5,360Q217,391 177,436.5Q137,482 111,526.5Q85,571 85,597Q85,645 107.5,670Q130,695 211,695L903,695Z" /><path transform="translate(3744)" d="M298,1346L405,1162L-4,1162L-110,1346L298,1346ZM559,1346L665,1162L257,1162L150,1346L559,1346ZM184,85L184,1344L371,1344L371,-25L184,85Z" /><path transform="translate(4299)" d="M752,1346L859,1162L-4,1162L-110,1346L752,1346ZM1113,1346L1220,1162L293,1162L187,1346L1113,1346ZM738,84L738,1326L926,1326L926,-25L738,84ZM913,801L913,617L419,617L419,520Q419,477 397.5,456Q376,435 340,435Q310,435 268.5,466Q227,497 187,542.5Q147,588 121,632.5Q95,677 95,703Q95,751 117.5,776Q140,801 221,801L913,801Z" /></g></svg>वर्तमान vartamāna “the present time”)</blockquote> U+17DD <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-109 562 -161 545Q-161 572 -193.5 586.5Q-226 601 -278 601Q-306 601 -341 587Q-379 572 -395 552Q-399 547 -399 544Q-399 541 -395 539L-448 556Q-441 602 -395 628Q-349 654 -278 654Q-207 654 -161 624Q-121 599 -109 562Z" /></svg>◌៝ KHMER SIGN ATTHACAN is a rarely used sign that denotes that the base consonant character keeps its inherent vowel sound. This use contrasts with U+17D1 <svg viewBox="1149 -22528 11241 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-30 643H-529V720H-30Z" /></svg>◌៑ KHMER SIGN VIRIAM, which indicates the removal of the inherent vowel sound of a base consonant. U+17CB <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-203 656H-263V821Q-263 825 -269.5 831Q-276 837 -278 840Q-278 853 -245 853H-227Q-203 853 -203 836Z" /></svg>◌់ KHMER SIGN BANTOC shortens the vowel sound of the previous orthographic syllable. U+17C7 <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 16107 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M258 453Q258 414 229 384.5Q200 355 161 355Q121 355 92 384Q63 413 63 453Q63 492 92.5 521Q122 550 161 550Q200 550 229 521Q258 492 258 453ZM258 107Q258 68 228.5 39Q199 10 161 10Q121 10 92 39Q63 68 63 107Q63 147 92 176Q121 205 161 205Q200 205 229 175.5Q258 146 258 107ZM209 453Q209 472 194.5 487Q180 502 161 502Q141 502 126.5 487Q112 472 112 453Q112 433 126.5 418.5Q141 404 161 404Q180 404 194.5 418.5Q209 433 209 453ZM209 107Q209 127 194.5 141.5Q180 156 161 156Q141 156 126.5 141.5Q112 127 112 107Q112 88 126.5 73Q141 58 161 58Q180 58 194.5 72.5Q209 87 209 107Z" /></svg>◌ះ KHMER SIGN REAHMUK, U+17C8 <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 15004 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M209 453Q209 433 194.5 418.5Q180 404 161 404Q141 404 126.5 418.5Q112 433 112 453Q112 472 126.5 487Q141 502 161 502Q180 502 194.5 487Q209 472 209 453ZM209 107Q209 87 194.5 72.5Q180 58 161 58Q141 58 126.5 73Q112 88 112 107Q112 127 126.5 141.5Q141 156 161 156Q180 156 194.5 141.5Q209 127 209 107Z" /></svg>◌ៈ KHMER SIGN YUUKALEAPINTU, U+17CD <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 11737 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M64 809Q26 809 -10 772Q-29 752 -60 703Q-84 667 -92 666Q-114 691 -136 716Q-165 746 -191 746Q-221 746 -221 710Q-221 685 -207 676Q-201 672 -181 668Q-166 665 -166 656Q-166 634 -207 634Q-243 634 -265.5 656Q-288 678 -288 714Q-288 754 -259 784.5Q-230 815 -190 815Q-160 815 -129 792Q-98 769 -98 769Q-86 769 -67 797Q-40 836 -27 849Q3 877 39 877Z" /></svg>◌៍ KHMER SIGN TOANDAKHIAT, U+17CE <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-41 724H-176V589H-236V724H-370V785H-236V920H-176V785H-41Z" /></svg>◌៎ KHMER SIGN KAKABAT, U+17CF <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-74 926Q-74 922 -86 916Q-104 907 -104 907Q-104 888 -104 868Q-108 846 -128 846Q-145 846 -182 858.5Q-219 871 -247 871Q-323 871 -323 827V774Q-323 762 -310 762Q-296 762 -263 778Q-230 794 -222 794Q-216 794 -200 785.5Q-184 777 -176 777Q-157 777 -156 829H-104V754Q-104 698 -133 698Q-149 698 -182.5 718Q-216 738 -219 738Q-223 738 -264.5 718Q-306 698 -329 698Q-376 698 -376 756V841Q-376 888 -340 904Q-317 914 -263 914Q-247 914 -216 907.5Q-185 901 -169 901Q-157 901 -156 911Q-157 905 -157 930Q-157 960 -114 960Q-101 960 -87.5 949.5Q-74 939 -74 926Z" /></svg>◌៏ KHMER SIGN AHSDA, and U+17D0 <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 11782 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M66 891Q66 819 4 767Q-54 718 -128 718Q-168 718 -196 736Q-230 757 -230 794Q-230 821 -213 839.5Q-196 858 -170 858Q-140 858 -140 832Q-140 826 -142 822Q-143 822 -147 823Q-151 824 -153 824Q-175 824 -175 806Q-175 791 -162 781.5Q-149 772 -134 772Q-83 772 -42 803Q3 836 3 885Q3 902 -9.5 907Q-22 912 -34 918Q-34 936 -12 948Q10 960 30 960Q66 960 66 891Z" /></svg>◌័ KHMER SIGN SAMYOK SANNYA are also explicitly encoded signs used to compose an orthographic syllable. <a href="#G37762" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ligatures. Some vowel signs form ligatures with consonant characters and signs. These ligatures are not encoded separately, but should be presented graphically by the rendering software. Some common ligatures are shown in <a href="#G40542" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 16-1</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G40542" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Figure 16-1. Common Ligatures in Khmer</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><blockquote style="font-size: 0.9em;"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,0L250,0Z" /></g></svg>ក ka + <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M450,1050L450,0L250,0L250,1050Q250,1130 188,1167L44,1254Q-31,1300 -100,1300Q-163,1300 -301,1203L-367,1295Q-206,1500 -100,1500Q23,1500 130,1436L290,1339Q450,1243 450,1050Z" /></g></svg>◌ា aa + <svg viewBox="0 -2048 700 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /></g></svg>រ ro = <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2800 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,0L250,0ZM581,1500Q644,1500 815,1383L899,1326Q941,1300 989,1300Q1045,1300 1177,1421Q1263,1500 1326,1500Q1389,1500 1487,1434L1665,1312Q1850,1189 1850,1000L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1000Q1650,1082 1552,1148L1392,1256Q1327,1300 1269,1300Q1214,1300 1105,1215Q996,1130 915,1130Q831,1130 747,1187L680,1232Q580,1300 538,1300Q456,1300 392,1255Q327,1211 327,1175Q327,1131 470,1050L321,974Q150,1044 150,1140L150,1171Q150,1236 242,1302L426,1434Q518,1500 581,1500Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /></g></svg>ការ [kaː] “job” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /></g></svg>ប ba + <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2000 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(1300)" d="M450,1050L450,0L250,0L250,1050Q250,1130 188,1167L44,1254Q-31,1300 -100,1300Q-163,1300 -301,1203L-367,1295Q-206,1500 -100,1500Q23,1500 130,1436L290,1339Q450,1243 450,1050Z" /></g></svg>◌ា aa = <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M950,34Q850,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1008Q150,1067 150,1140L150,1171Q150,1236 242,1302L426,1434Q518,1500 581,1500Q644,1500 815,1383L899,1326Q941,1300 989,1300Q1045,1300 1177,1421Q1263,1500 1326,1500Q1389,1500 1487,1434L1665,1312Q1850,1189 1850,1000L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1000Q1650,1082 1552,1148L1392,1256Q1327,1300 1269,1300Q1214,1300 1105,1215Q996,1130 915,1130Q831,1130 747,1187L680,1232Q580,1300 538,1300Q456,1300 392,1255Q327,1211 327,1175Q327,1131 450,1062L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q811,100 873,140Q950,189 950,300L950,1000L1150,1000L1150,-150L950,-150L950,34Z" /></g></svg>បា [baː] “father, male of an animal”; used to prevent confusion with <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,1200Q950,1500 1400,1500Q1850,1500 1850,1200L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1400 1400,1400Q1150,1400 1150,1200L1150,300Z" /></g></svg>ហ ha <svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /></g></svg>ប ba + <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2688 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M954,250Q1003,250 1003,208Q1003,168 957,168L954,168Q905,169 905,209Q905,250 954,250ZM1022,405Q1072,405 1072,364Q1072,323 1022,323Q973,324 973,364Q973,405 1022,405ZM835,114Q884,114 884,72Q884,31 835,31Q786,32 786,73Q786,114 835,114ZM617,83Q667,83 667,41Q667,1 620,1L617,1Q568,2 568,42Q568,83 617,83ZM472,206Q522,206 522,164Q522,124 475,124L472,124Q423,125 423,165Q423,206 472,206ZM391,360Q441,360 441,318Q441,278 394,278L391,278Q342,279 342,319Q342,360 391,360ZM353,521Q403,521 403,479Q403,439 356,439L353,439Q304,440 304,480Q304,521 353,521ZM349,683Q399,683 399,641Q399,601 352,601L349,601Q300,602 300,642Q300,683 349,683ZM373,845Q423,845 423,803Q423,763 376,763L373,763Q324,764 324,804Q324,845 373,845ZM436,1002Q485,1002 485,961Q485,920 436,920Q387,921 387,961Q387,1002 436,1002ZM551,1145Q600,1145 600,1103Q600,1063 554,1063L551,1063Q502,1064 502,1104Q502,1145 551,1145ZM738,1197Q788,1197 788,1155Q788,1115 741,1115L738,1115Q689,1116 689,1156Q689,1197 738,1197ZM901,1093Q951,1093 951,1051Q951,1011 904,1011L901,1011Q852,1012 852,1052Q852,1093 901,1093ZM1000,926Q1050,926 1050,884Q1050,844 1003,844L1000,844Q951,845 951,885Q951,926 1000,926ZM1042,766Q1092,766 1092,724Q1092,683 1042,683Q993,684 993,725Q993,766 1042,766ZM1050,579Q1100,579 1100,537Q1100,497 1053,497L1050,497Q1001,498 1001,538Q1001,579 1050,579Z" /><path transform="translate(2000)" d="M425,1200Q438,1167 438,1128L438,100Q438,0 344,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1128L13,1319Q-45,1363 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950,300L950,1000L1150,1000L1150,-150L950,-150L950,34Q850,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1008Q150,1067 150,1140L150,1171Q150,1236 242,1302L426,1434Q518,1500 581,1500Q644,1500 815,1383L899,1326Q941,1300 989,1300Q1045,1300 1177,1421Q1263,1500 1326,1500Q1389,1500 1487,1434L1665,1312Q1683,1300 1700,1287L1700,1700Q1700,1800 1600,1800Q1600,1900 1725,1900Q1900,1900 1900,1700L1900,1400Q1900,1307 1820,1142Z" /></g></svg>បៅ [baw] “to suck” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 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750,1050L750,1049Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M920,1320Q920,1380 870,1380Q800,1380 800,1320Q800,1286 883,1231Q920,1273 920,1320ZM250,791Q200,771 200,700Q200,650 250,650L250,791ZM450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,900Q950,1008 932,1036.5Q914,1065 878,1089Q736,1000 610,1000Q422,1000 339,1069Q250,1144 250,1260Q250,1325 275,1392.5Q300,1460 300,1530Q300,1600 200,1600Q200,1700 300,1700Q500,1700 500,1530Q500,1445 475,1387.5Q450,1330 450,1260Q450,1201 495,1151Q540,1100 610,1100Q684,1100 785,1156Q680,1244 680,1320Q680,1500 870,1500Q1050,1500 1050,1320Q1050,1243 982,1172Q1003,1161 1025,1150Q1150,1083 1150,900L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,550Q100,550 100,700Q100,900 300,900Q450,900 450,800L450,142Z" /><path transform="translate(3500)" d="M-700,-650Q-900,-650 -1000,-603Q-1100,-557 -1100,-465Q-1100,-387 -1033,-378L-718,-333Q-582,-315 -518,-283Q-453,-253 -453,-216Q-453,-178 -515,-160Q-576,-141 -700,-141Q-866,-141 -906,-170Q-950,-202 -950,-280Q-1100,-280 -1100,-188Q-1100,-119 -1000,-84Q-900,-50 -700,-50Q-500,-50 -400,-92Q-300,-135 -300,-221Q-300,-297 -387,-347Q-474,-398 -648,-421L-951,-463Q-951,-510 -888,-533Q-826,-557 -700,-557Q-575,-557 -512,-529Q-450,-502 -450,-450L-300,-450Q-300,-529 -400,-589Q-500,-650 -700,-650Z" /><path transform="translate(3500)" d="M450,-950Q450,-1200 13,-1200Q-438,-1200 -438,-950L-438,-799Q-438,-700 -314,-700Q-250,-700 -194,-754Q-138,-809 -153,-854Q-168,-899 -250,-899L-250,-950Q-250,-1100 13,-1100Q250,-1100 250,-950L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q81,1232 214,1366Q345,1500 429,1500Q552,1500 703,1442L930,1353Q1150,1266 1150,1050L1150,0L950,0L950,1050Q950,1131 872,1162L624,1259Q360,1362 260,1247L210,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-950Z" /></g></svg>សង្ខ្យា [sɔŋkʰjaː] “counting”</blockquote></div> </figure> <a href="#G37775" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Multiple Glyphs. A single character may assume different forms according to context. For example, a part of the glyph for nyo is omitted when a subscript consonant sign is attached. The implementation must render the correct glyph according to context. Coeng nyo also changes its shape when it is attached to nyo. The correct glyph for the sequence <U+17D2 <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM617 -10H534V-91H498V-10H416V28H498V111H534V28H617ZM701 343Q722 343 722 363Q722 383 701 383Q681 383 681 363Q681 343 701 343ZM707 435Q707 455 687 455Q667 455 667 435Q667 414 686 414Q707 414 707 435ZM667 495Q667 516 647 516Q626 516 626 496Q626 476 647 476Q667 476 667 495ZM606 536Q606 557 586 557Q565 557 565 536Q565 516 586 516Q606 516 606 536ZM534 551Q534 571 514 571Q494 571 494 551Q494 530 514 530Q534 530 534 551ZM442 557Q422 557 422 536Q422 516 442 516Q463 516 463 536Q463 557 442 557ZM381 516Q361 516 361 496Q361 476 381 476Q402 476 402 496Q402 516 381 516ZM340 455Q320 455 320 435Q320 414 341 414Q361 414 361 435Q361 455 340 455ZM326 383Q306 383 306 363Q306 343 326 343Q347 343 347 363Q347 383 326 383ZM320 291Q320 271 341 271Q361 271 361 291Q361 312 341 312Q320 312 320 291ZM361 230Q361 210 381 210Q401 210 401 230Q401 251 381 251Q361 251 361 230ZM422 190Q422 170 442 170Q462 170 462 190Q462 211 442 211Q422 211 422 190ZM494 176Q494 155 514 155Q534 155 534 176Q534 196 514 196Q494 196 494 176ZM586 170Q606 170 606 190Q606 211 586 211Q565 211 565 191Q565 170 586 170ZM646 210Q667 210 667 230Q667 251 647 251Q626 251 626 230Q626 210 646 210ZM687 271Q707 271 707 291Q707 312 687 312Q667 312 667 291Q667 271 687 271Z" /></svg>◌្ KHMER SIGN COENG, U+1789 <svg viewBox="1645 -22528 15792 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M774 0H707V438Q707 463 660 477Q625 487 592 487Q558 487 523 477Q476 463 476 438V0H409V445Q409 487 378 487Q350 487 331 473Q293 444 292 444Q287 444 251 470.5Q215 497 196 497Q165 497 152.5 486Q140 475 140 445V230Q164 254 196 254Q227 254 248 232.5Q269 211 269 180Q269 128 238.5 83.5Q208 39 159 14Q128 -2 110 -2Q73 -2 73 70V464Q73 505 108 531Q139 554 182 554Q210 554 244 535Q278 516 283 516Q341 554 392 554Q431 554 458 525Q530 554 592 554Q649 554 703 535Q774 510 774 464ZM752 -190Q752 -260 674 -298Q612 -327 534 -327Q469 -327 369 -273.5Q269 -220 234 -220Q221 -220 197 -226Q173 -232 168 -232Q158 -232 158 -218Q158 -191 190 -177Q214 -166 245 -166Q277 -166 382.5 -216.5Q488 -267 537 -267Q591 -267 633 -253Q693 -232 693 -190Q693 -142 654 -142Q628 -142 628 -163Q630 -173 634 -185L630 -188Q615 -188 606 -174.5Q597 -161 597 -146Q597 -119 617.5 -100.5Q638 -82 666 -82Q707 -82 731 -117Q752 -147 752 -190ZM222 181Q222 216 191 216Q163 216 140 193V79Q169 79 195.5 115Q222 151 222 181Z" /></svg>ញ KHMER LETTER NYO> is rendered according to context, as shown in <a href="#G40597" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 16-2</a>. This kind of glyph alternation is very common in Khmer. Some spacing subscript consonant signs change their height depending on the orthographic context. Similarly, the vertical position of many signs varies according to context. Their presentation is left to the rendering software. U+17B2 <svg viewBox="1757 -22528 8989 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M477 548Q477 486 398 486H206Q174 486 158 455Q146 430 146 396V137Q146 67 217 67H303Q378 67 378 124Q378 153 361 168Q330 197 328 200Q328 206 353 235Q378 264 378 282Q378 346 314 346Q270 346 270 307Q270 298 282 273Q282 254 251 254Q235 254 225 276Q216 294 216 313Q216 350 245 377.5Q274 405 311 405Q438 405 438 296Q438 266 418.5 240.5Q399 215 399 209Q438 166 438 111Q438 58 395 27Q358 0 302 0H210Q156 0 117 35Q78 70 78 123V410Q78 466 109 508Q144 554 198 554H398Q410 554 433 563Q456 572 468 572Q477 572 477 548Z" /></svg>ឲ KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE TWO is thought to be a variant of U+17B1 <svg viewBox="1622 -22528 9327 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M486 652Q486 644 470 632.5Q454 621 445 621Q437 621 411 648Q377 683 351 699Q308 726 259 726Q221 726 182 703Q138 677 138 642Q138 635 182 625.5Q226 616 243 606Q272 589 272 554Q354 554 412 511Q476 463 476 384Q476 333 419 275Q373 228 321 204Q316 202 201 159Q146 139 146 124Q146 100 190 82Q227 67 256 67Q305 67 355 117Q386 148 428 212Q464 269 474 274Q476 262 476 262V-15H408V80Q338 0 241 0Q174 0 125 38Q72 78 72 143Q72 178 156 210L270 254Q317 273 357 305Q408 346 408 384Q408 429 366 459Q327 486 280 486Q234 486 187 446.5Q140 407 140 362Q140 319 174 319Q179 319 190 324Q201 329 205 329Q223 329 223 299Q223 281 197 269Q176 260 155 260Q116 260 94 289Q72 318 72 358Q72 413 113 463Q148 506 202 534Q206 540 206 547Q206 572 151 580Q89 589 84 595Q75 608 75 630Q75 690 139 738Q197 782 260 782Q313 782 356 760Q386 743 436 699.5Q486 656 486 652Z" /></svg>ឱ KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QOO TYPE ONE, but it is explicitly encoded in the Unicode Standard. The variant is used in very few words, but these include the very common word aoi “to give,” as noted in <a href="#G40597" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 16-2</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G40597" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Figure 16-2. Common Multiple Forms in Khmer</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 5600 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1555,-200Q1555,-150 1585,-125Q1616,-100 1679,-100Q1763,-100 1806,-150Q1850,-200 1850,-300Q1850,-410 1744,-490Q1638,-570 1465,-570Q1330,-570 1223,-532Q1116,-495 893,-357Q670,-220 553,-220Q462,-220 393,-247.5Q324,-275 250,-340Q250,-280 287,-232.5Q324,-185 408,-142.5Q492,-100 603,-100Q762,-100 890,-147Q1018,-194 1151,-291Q1403,-466 1485,-466Q1555,-466 1602.5,-433Q1650,-400 1650,-300L1650,-273Q1612,-281 1593.5,-270Q1575,-259 1565,-240Q1555,-221 1555,-200ZM450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM1720,1436Q1850,1361 1850,1200L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1313 1571,1362Q1509,1400 1400,1400Q1292,1400 1231,1363Q1150,1314 1150,1200L1150,0L950,0L950,1200Q950,1304 890,1342Q831,1379 700,1200Q570,1379 510,1342Q450,1304 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1322 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450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /></g></svg>ចិញ្ចើម ca + i + nyo + coeng + ca + oe + mo [ceɲcaəm] “eyebrow” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 3500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q530,150 530,300Q530,400 450,400L450,150ZM750,1049Q938,1041 1038,975Q1150,900 1150,750L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,750Q950,850 888,900Q825,950 700,950Q575,950 513,900Q450,850 450,750L450,500Q630,500 630,300Q630,200 577.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,750Q250,900 363,975Q431,1020 539,1038Q498,1106 300,1131Q324,1232 425,1366Q525,1500 589,1500Q641,1500 725,1457L807,1414Q863,1385 949,1400Q937,1330 894,1277Q849,1223 791,1217Q732,1210 622,1258Q513,1305 477,1247L440,1188Q750,1130 750,1050L750,1049Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M-230,-300Q-230,-450 -297,-525Q-365,-600 -500,-600Q-613,-600 -697,-564Q-781,-528 -836,-455Q-915,-352 -975,-301Q-1037,-250 -1080,-250Q-1133,-250 -1170,-272Q-1207,-295 -1230,-340L-1230,-290Q-1230,-240 -1192,-195Q-1155,-150 -1080,-150Q-981,-150 -889,-205Q-797,-260 -712,-371Q-663,-436 -609,-468Q-557,-500 -500,-500Q-440,-500 -410,-450Q-380,-400 -380,-300Q-380,-250 -405,-225Q-430,-200 -480,-200Q-480,-150 -455,-125Q-430,-100 -380,-100Q-305,-100 -267,-150Q-230,-200 -230,-300Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /><path transform="translate(3550)" d="M-615,2150L-615,1770Q-615,1680 -700,1650Q-785,1680 -785,1770L-785,2150L-615,2150Z" /></g></svg>ស្ញប់ sa + coeng nyo + ba + bantoc [sɲɔp] “to respect” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4200 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM250,0L250,750Q250,1050 700,1050Q1150,1050 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,950 700,950Q450,950 450,750L450,0L250,0Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM1850,1181L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1313 1571,1362Q1509,1400 1400,1400Q1292,1400 1231,1363Q1150,1314 1150,1200L1150,0L950,0L950,1200Q950,1304 890,1342Q831,1379 700,1200Q570,1379 510,1342Q450,1304 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1322 360,1411Q470,1500 529,1500Q579,1500 700,1366Q822,1500 872,1500Q931,1500 1040,1411Q1052,1401 1063,1391Q1096,1429 1147,1454Q1243,1500 1400,1500Q1608,1500 1720,1436Q1796,1392 1827,1320L1866,1363Q1989,1500 2135,1500Q2236,1500 2315,1447L2402,1387Q2550,1284 2550,1100L2550,0L2350,0L2350,1100Q2350,1179 2275,1230L2188,1290Q2140,1323 2085,1323Q2022,1323 1850,1181Z" /><path transform="translate(3200)" d="M25,-430L-125,-430L-125,-310Q-353,-183 -397,-183Q-442,-183 -625,-256L-625,-430L-775,-430L-775,-232Q-843,-168 -876,-168Q-909,-168 -1015,-270Q-1151,-168 -1176,-168Q-1208,-168 -1275,-230L-1275,-252Q-1175,-252 -1175,-302Q-1175,-350 -1210,-390Q-1245,-430 -1320,-430Q-1425,-430 -1425,-289Q-1425,-209 -1325,-129.5Q-1225,-50 -1179,-50Q-1140,-50 -1015,-150Q-910,-50 -872,-50Q-835,-50 -683,-172Q-405,-50 -355,-50Q-305,-50 -140,-130L-57,-170Q25,-210 25,-320L25,-430ZM25,-600Q25,-675 -62,-712Q-150,-750 -325,-750Q-575,-750 -770,-675Q-965,-600 -1125,-600Q-1300,-600 -1425,-690L-1425,-640Q-1425,-590 -1362.5,-545Q-1300,-500 -1125,-500Q-925,-500 -725,-575Q-525,-650 -325,-650Q-125,-650 -125,-600Q-125,-550 -225,-550Q-225,-450 -125,-450Q-50,-450 -12,-488Q25,-525 25,-600Z" /></g></svg>កញ្ញា ka + nyo + coeng + nyo + aa [kaɲɲaː] “girl, Miss, September” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2150 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M950,387Q950,457 946,487.5Q942,518 904,526Q895,517 884,510L685,354Q619,302 568.5,355.5Q518,409 579,456L757,596Q902,710 926,773Q950,836 950,869Q950,919 928,941.5Q906,964 855,964Q804,964 771,942Q737,918 737,869Q737,812 850,812Q788,727 723,727Q662,727 621,763Q581,798 581,869Q581,966 653.5,1033Q726,1100 855,1100Q1004,1100 1077,1033.5Q1150,967 1150,869Q1150,817 1119,759Q1082,688 998,607Q1064,587 1102,544Q1150,486 1150,387L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L950,1200Q950,1400 694,1400Q438,1400 438,1200L438,300Q438,100 694,100Q950,100 950,300L950,387Z" /><path transform="translate(1450)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 13,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-199Q-438,-100 -314,-100Q-250,-100 -194,-154Q-138,-209 -138,-259Q-138,-349 -250,-349L-250,-400Q-250,-550 13,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-400Z" /></g></svg>ឲ្យ qoo-2 + coeng + yo (= <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M180,1585L180,1660Q180,1712 245,1773L311,1834Q452,1958 700,1958Q998,1958 1178,1771Q1250,1709 1250,1612Q1250,1515 1124,1443Q1142,1524 1042,1644Q910,1780 700,1780Q394,1780 352,1709Q330,1672 330,1636Q330,1586 467,1516L338,1425Q180,1486 180,1585ZM450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM527,1360Q450,1311 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1360 379,1435Q491,1500 700,1500Q908,1500 1020,1436Q1150,1361 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,198 486,148Q521,100 590,100Q658,100 730,137Q836,192 950,329L950,560L1150,660L1150,0Q1150,-170 950,-170Q850,-170 850,-70Q950,-70 950,0L950,141Q876,72 788,37Q696,0 590,0Q434,0 350,63Q250,137 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1313 870,1362Q809,1400 700,1400Q588,1400 527,1360Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M450,-400Q450,-650 13,-650Q-438,-650 -438,-400L-438,-199Q-438,-100 -314,-100Q-250,-100 -194,-154Q-138,-209 -138,-259Q-138,-349 -250,-349L-250,-400Q-250,-550 13,-550Q250,-550 250,-400L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-400Z" /></g></svg>ឱ្យ qoo-1 + coeng + yo) [ʔaoi] “to give”</blockquote></div> </figure> <a href="#G37792" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Characters Whose Use Is Discouraged. Some of the Khmer characters encoded in the Unicode Standard are not recommended for use for various reasons. U+17A3 KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAQ and U+17A4 KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAA are deprecated, and their use is strongly discouraged. One feature of the Khmer script is the introduction of the consonant character for a glottal stop (U+17A2 <svg viewBox="653 -22528 11940 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M559 487Q559 472 549 459Q539 446 524 446Q512 446 482 461Q452 476 436 476Q422 476 403 460Q384 444 384 430Q384 424 438 416Q492 408 492 386V46Q492 21 486 12Q478 0 455 0Q436 0 409 13Q314 57 314 164Q314 226 356 226Q403 226 403 186Q361 186 361 147Q361 123 381 102.5Q401 82 425 82V319Q425 353 395 361Q368 364 339 367Q310 370 310 393Q310 428 364 491.5Q418 555 452 555Q469 555 493 539Q511 526 530 514Q530 514 554 502Q559 499 559 487ZM423 252H210V46Q210 22 204 13Q197 1 174 1Q153 1 128 13Q32 58 32 165Q32 227 74 227Q92 227 107 216.5Q122 206 122 190Q122 189 122 186Q79 186 79 148Q79 124 99 103Q119 82 143 82V320Q143 354 114 362Q86 364 57.5 367.5Q29 371 29 394Q29 429 82.5 492.5Q136 556 170 556Q189 556 248 514Q278 506 278 488Q278 472 268 459Q258 446 242 446Q230 446 200 461.5Q170 477 154 477Q140 477 121 461Q102 445 102 431Q102 425 138 419Q160 415 182 411Q210 402 210 386V305H423Z" /></svg>អ KHMER LETTER QA). This made it unnecessary for each initial vowel sound to have its own independent vowel character, although some independent vowels exist. Neither U+17A3 nor U+17A4 actually exists in the Khmer script. Other related scripts, including the Devanagari script, have independent vowel characters corresponding to them (a and aa), but they can be transliterated by khmer letter qa and khmer letter qa + khmer vowel aa, respectively, without ambiguity because these scripts have no consonant character corresponding to the khmer qa. The use of U+17B4 KHMER VOWEL INHERENT AQ and U+17B5 KHMER VOWEL INHERENT AA is discouraged. These newly invented characters do not exist in the Khmer script. They were intended to be used to represent a phonetic difference not expressed by the spelling, so as to assist in phonetic sorting. However, they are insufficient for that purpose and should be considered errors in the encoding. These two characters are ignored by default for collation. The use of U+17D8 KHMER SIGN BEYYAL is discouraged. It was supposed to represent “et cetera” in Khmer. However, it is a word rather than a symbol. Moreover, it has several different spellings. It should be spelled out fully using normal letters. Beyyal can be written as follows: <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 5200 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1100,1392L1100,1500L1300,1500L1300,205Q1300,88 1227.5,44Q1155,0 1060,0Q1005,0 978,25Q950,50 950,101Q1013,101 1056.5,119.5Q1100,138 1100,205L1100,1221L966,1151Q692,1000 520,1000Q250,1000 250,1250Q250,1500 520,1500Q620,1500 620,1425Q620,1350 520,1350Q450,1350 450,1250Q450,1150 520,1150Q648,1150 896,1283L1100,1392Z" /><path transform="translate(1550)" d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(2250)" d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /><path transform="translate(3650)" d="M1100,1392L1100,1500L1300,1500L1300,205Q1300,88 1227.5,44Q1155,0 1060,0Q1005,0 978,25Q950,50 950,101Q1013,101 1056.5,119.5Q1100,138 1100,205L1100,1221L966,1151Q692,1000 520,1000Q250,1000 250,1250Q250,1500 520,1500Q620,1500 620,1425Q620,1350 520,1350Q450,1350 450,1250Q450,1150 520,1150Q648,1150 896,1283L1100,1392Z" /></g></svg>។បេ។ khan + ba + e + khan <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M0,550L0,700L1100,700L1100,550L0,550Z" /><path transform="translate(1100)" d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(1800)" d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /><path transform="translate(3200)" d="M0,550L0,700L1100,700L1100,550L0,550Z" /></g></svg>–បេ– en dash + ba + e + en dash <svg viewBox="0 -2048 5200 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1100,1392L1100,1500L1300,1500L1300,205Q1300,88 1227.5,44Q1155,0 1060,0Q1005,0 978,25Q950,50 950,101Q1013,101 1056.5,119.5Q1100,138 1100,205L1100,1221L966,1151Q692,1000 520,1000Q250,1000 250,1250Q250,1500 520,1500Q620,1500 620,1425Q620,1350 520,1350Q450,1350 450,1250Q450,1150 520,1150Q648,1150 896,1283L1100,1392Z" /><path transform="translate(1550)" d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(3650)" d="M1100,1392L1100,1500L1300,1500L1300,205Q1300,88 1227.5,44Q1155,0 1060,0Q1005,0 978,25Q950,50 950,101Q1013,101 1056.5,119.5Q1100,138 1100,205L1100,1221L966,1151Q692,1000 520,1000Q250,1000 250,1250Q250,1500 520,1500Q620,1500 620,1425Q620,1350 520,1350Q450,1350 450,1250Q450,1150 520,1150Q648,1150 896,1283L1100,1392Z" /></g></svg>។ល។ khan + lo + khan <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M0,550L0,700L1100,700L1100,550L0,550Z" /><path transform="translate(1100)" d="M450,150Q550,150 550,400Q550,500 450,500L450,150ZM950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,600Q650,600 650,400Q650,200 587.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,1200Z" /><path transform="translate(3200)" d="M0,550L0,700L1100,700L1100,550L0,550Z" /></g></svg>–ល– en dash + lo + en dash</blockquote> <a href="#G39122" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordering of Syllable Components. The standard order of components in an orthographic syllable as expressed in BNF is <figure class="scrollable svelte-uh0xhw"><div style="text-align: center;">B {R | C} {S {R}}* {{Z} V} {O} {S}</div> </figure> where <blockquote style="font-size: 0.95em;">B is a base character (consonant character, independent vowel character, and so on) R is a robat C is a consonant shifter S is a subscript consonant or independent vowel sign V is a dependent vowel sign Z is a zero width non-joiner or a zero width joiner O is any other sign</blockquote> For example, the common word <svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,568L1150,659L1150,300Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M-230,-300Q-230,-450 -297,-525Q-365,-600 -500,-600Q-613,-600 -697,-564Q-781,-528 -836,-455Q-915,-352 -975,-301Q-1037,-250 -1080,-250Q-1133,-250 -1170,-272Q-1207,-295 -1230,-340L-1230,-290Q-1230,-240 -1192,-195Q-1155,-150 -1080,-150Q-981,-150 -889,-205Q-797,-260 -712,-371Q-663,-436 -609,-468Q-557,-500 -500,-500Q-440,-500 -410,-450Q-380,-400 -380,-300Q-380,-250 -405,-225Q-430,-200 -480,-200Q-480,-150 -455,-125Q-430,-100 -380,-100Q-305,-100 -267,-150Q-230,-200 -230,-300Z" /><path transform="translate(1300 -650)" d="M-250,-650L-400,-650L-400,-267Q-450,-249 -450,-187Q-450,-100 -350,-100Q-250,-100 -250,-187L-250,-650Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M-780,1875Q-780,1825 -760,1800Q-740,1775 -700,1775Q-660,1775 -640,1800Q-620,1825 -620,1875Q-620,1925 -640,1950Q-660,1975 -700,1975Q-740,1975 -760,1950Q-780,1925 -780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /></g></svg>ខ្ញុំ khnyom “I” is composed of the following three elements: (1) consonant character kha as B; (2) subscript consonant sign coeng nyo as S; and (3) dependent vowel sign om as V. In the Unicode Standard, coeng nyo and om are further decomposed, and the whole word is represented by five coded characters. <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,1025L450,950Q486,950 486,1000Q486,1025 450,1025ZM1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,567L726,781Q950,880 950,1050L950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,1125Q512,1125 549,1094Q586,1062 586,1000Q586,850 438,850Q250,850 250,950L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,860 865,733L450,548L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,568L1150,659L1150,300Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M-230,-300Q-230,-450 -297,-525Q-365,-600 -500,-600Q-613,-600 -697,-564Q-781,-528 -836,-455Q-915,-352 -975,-301Q-1037,-250 -1080,-250Q-1133,-250 -1170,-272Q-1207,-295 -1230,-340L-1230,-290Q-1230,-240 -1192,-195Q-1155,-150 -1080,-150Q-981,-150 -889,-205Q-797,-260 -712,-371Q-663,-436 -609,-468Q-557,-500 -500,-500Q-440,-500 -410,-450Q-380,-400 -380,-300Q-380,-250 -405,-225Q-430,-200 -480,-200Q-480,-150 -455,-125Q-430,-100 -380,-100Q-305,-100 -267,-150Q-230,-200 -230,-300Z" /><path transform="translate(1300 -650)" d="M-250,-650L-400,-650L-400,-267Q-450,-249 -450,-187Q-450,-100 -350,-100Q-250,-100 -250,-187L-250,-650Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M-780,1875Q-780,1825 -760,1800Q-740,1775 -700,1775Q-660,1775 -640,1800Q-620,1825 -620,1875Q-620,1925 -640,1950Q-660,1975 -700,1975Q-740,1975 -760,1950Q-780,1925 -780,1875ZM-475,1875Q-475,1762 -531,1706Q-587,1650 -700,1650Q-813,1650 -869,1706Q-925,1762 -925,1875Q-925,1988 -869,2044Q-813,2100 -700,2100Q-587,2100 -531,2044Q-475,1988 -475,1875Z" /></g></svg>ខ្ញុំ kha + coeng + nyo + u + nikahit [kʰɲom] “I”</blockquote> The order of coded characters does not always match the visual order. For example, some of the dependent vowel signs and their fragments may seem to precede a consonant character, but they are always put after it in the sequence of coded characters. This is also the case with coeng ro. Examples of visual reordering and other aspects of syllabic order are shown in <a href="#G43876" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 16-3</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G43876" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Figure 16-3. Examples of Syllabic Order in Khmer</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M914,1080Q914,1050 950,1050L950,1105Q914,1105 914,1080ZM1000,680Q1050,680 1050,705Q1050,730 1025,730Q1000,730 1000,680ZM1000,302Q1000,0 692,0Q350,0 350,250L350,500L550,450L550,250Q550,100 692,100Q800,100 800,301L800,580L700,580Q250,580 250,880L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,1050Q1150,950 962,950Q814,950 814,1080Q814,1142 851,1174Q888,1205 950,1205Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,880Q450,680 700,680L800,680Q800,830 1025,830Q1150,830 1150,705Q1150,580 1000,580L1000,302Z" /></g></svg>ទេ to + e [tèː] “much” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4200 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M450,-350Q450,-500 700,-500Q950,-500 950,-350L950,-100L1150,-100L1150,-350Q1150,-600 700,-600Q250,-600 250,-350L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-350Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M950,891Q900,871 900,800Q900,750 950,750L950,891ZM1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 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655,150Q546,300 450,300L450,100Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,673L450,583L450,400Q575,400 695,275Q814,150 875,150Q950,150 950,250L950,548L535,733Q250,860 250,1050L250,1200Q250,1500 700,1500Q1150,1500 1150,1200L1150,950Q1150,850 962,850Q814,850 814,1000Q814,1062 851,1094Q888,1125 950,1125L950,1200Q950,1400 700,1400Q450,1400 450,1200L450,1050Q450,880 674,781L1150,567L1150,250Z" /></g></svg>ច្រើន ca + coeng + ro + oe + no [craən] “much” <span title="U+179F ស KHMER LETTER SA U+1784 ង KHMER LETTER NGO U+17D2 ◌្ KHMER SIGN COENG U+1782 គ KHMER LETTER KO U+17D2 ◌្ KHMER SIGN COENG U+179A រ KHMER LETTER RO U+17B6 ◌ា KHMER VOWEL SIGN AA U+1798 ម KHMER LETTER MO"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 6300 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q530,150 530,300Q530,400 450,400L450,150ZM750,1049Q938,1041 1038,975Q1150,900 1150,750L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 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d="M920,1320Q920,1380 870,1380Q800,1380 800,1320Q800,1286 883,1231Q920,1273 920,1320ZM250,791Q200,771 200,700Q200,650 250,650L250,791ZM1003,1161Q1014,1156 1025,1150Q1150,1083 1150,900L1150,100Q1150,0 1050,0Q950,0 888,63L700,250L513,63Q450,0 350,0Q250,0 250,100L250,550Q100,550 100,700Q100,900 300,900Q450,900 450,800L450,142L630,321Q700,391 771,321L950,142L950,900Q950,1008 932,1036.5Q914,1065 878,1089Q736,1000 610,1000Q422,1000 339,1069Q250,1144 250,1260Q250,1325 275,1392.5Q300,1460 300,1530Q300,1600 200,1600Q200,1700 300,1700Q500,1700 500,1530Q500,1445 475,1387.5Q450,1330 450,1260Q450,1201 495,1151Q540,1100 610,1100Q684,1100 785,1156Q680,1244 680,1320Q680,1500 870,1500Q1050,1500 1050,1320Q1050,1310 1049,1300Q1320,1500 1395,1500Q1536,1500 1615,1447L1702,1387Q1850,1284 1850,1100L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1100Q1650,1179 1575,1230L1488,1290Q1440,1323 1365,1323Q1298,1323 1003,1161Z" /><path transform="translate(4200)" d="M-950,-500L-849,-400Q-749,-300 -700,-300Q-600,-300 -600,-375Q-600,-450 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transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,1200Q950,1500 1400,1500Q1850,1500 1850,1200L1850,0L1650,0L1650,1200Q1650,1400 1400,1400Q1150,1400 1150,1200L1150,300Z" /><path transform="translate(2800 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 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-125,-600Q-125,-550 -225,-550Q-225,-450 -125,-450Q-50,-450 -12,-488Q25,-525 25,-600Z" /></g></svg>សញ្ញា sa + nyo + coeng + nyo + aa [saɲɲaː] “sign” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,150Q530,150 530,300Q530,400 450,400L450,150ZM750,1049Q938,1041 1038,975Q1150,900 1150,750L1150,300Q1150,100 1400,100Q1650,100 1650,300L1650,993Q1650,1099 1450,1131Q1470,1232 1556,1366Q1641,1500 1695,1500Q1739,1500 1810,1457L1880,1414Q1927,1385 2000,1400Q1990,1330 1953,1277Q1915,1223 1866,1217Q1816,1210 1728,1258Q1639,1305 1613,1247L1586,1188Q1850,1130 1850,1050L1850,300Q1850,0 1400,0Q950,0 950,300L950,750Q950,850 888,900Q825,950 700,950Q575,950 513,900Q450,850 450,750L450,500Q630,500 630,300Q630,200 577.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,750Q250,900 363,975Q431,1020 539,1038Q498,1106 300,1131Q324,1232 425,1366Q525,1500 589,1500Q641,1500 725,1457L807,1414Q863,1385 949,1400Q937,1330 894,1277Q849,1223 791,1217Q732,1210 622,1258Q513,1305 477,1247L440,1188Q750,1130 750,1050L750,1049Z" /><path transform="translate(1950)" d="M-250,-650L-400,-650L-400,-267Q-450,-249 -450,-187Q-450,-100 -350,-100Q-250,-100 -250,-187L-250,-650Z" /><path transform="translate(2000 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-614,2400 -384,2216Z" /></g></svg>ស៊ី sa + triisap + ii [siː] “eat” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 1400 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" d="M-250,-650L-400,-650L-400,-267Q-450,-249 -450,-187Q-450,-100 -350,-100Q-250,-100 -250,-187L-250,-650Z" /><path transform="translate(1400 -350)" d="M-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150ZM-384,2216L-384,2500L-250,2500L-250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-614,2400 -384,2216Z" /></g></svg>ប៉ី ba + muusikatoan + ii [pei] “a kind of flute”</blockquote></div> </figure> <a href="#G43156" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonant Shifters. U+17C9 <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-104 724H-171V859Q-171 863 -178.5 868Q-186 873 -186 877Q-186 894 -144 894Q-104 894 -104 874ZM-274 724H-342V859Q-342 863 -349.5 868Q-357 873 -357 877Q-357 894 -315 894Q-274 894 -274 874Z" /></svg>◌៉ KHMER SIGN MUUSIKATOAN and U+17CA <svg viewBox="1329 -22528 10814 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-80 653Q-80 646 -101 636Q-122 626 -131 626Q-144 626 -160.5 646Q-177 666 -186 666Q-199 666 -234 639.5Q-269 613 -284 613Q-306 613 -345 643.5Q-384 674 -403 674Q-415 674 -430 669Q-448 662 -449 653Q-440 638 -440 626Q-440 595 -457 595Q-467 600 -494 615.5Q-521 631 -521 633Q-521 666 -468 703Q-419 738 -382 738Q-367 738 -332.5 707.5Q-298 677 -286 677Q-280 677 -242.5 707.5Q-205 738 -182 738Q-159 738 -124 702Q-102 678 -80 653Z" /></svg>◌៊ KHMER SIGN TRIISAP are consonant shifters, also known as register shifters. In the presence of other superscript glyphs, both of these signs are usually rendered with the same glyph shape as that of U+17BB <svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(13066) scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M-202 -324H-270V-111Q-270 -107 -277.5 -102.5Q-285 -98 -285 -94Q-285 -77 -239 -77Q-202 -77 -202 -97Z" /></svg>◌ុ KHMER VOWEL SIGN U, as shown in the last two examples of <a href="#G43876" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 16-3</a>. Although the consonant shifter in handwriting may be written after the subscript, the consonant shifter should always be encoded immediately following the base consonant, except when it is preceded by U+200C <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM237 255H293L393 79V255H442V3H389L287 182V3H237ZM626 103V97Q626 44 657 44Q685 44 685 83V259H738V84Q738 1 659 1Q576 1 576 97V103Z" /></svg>‌ ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER. This provides Khmer with a fixed order of character placement, making it easier to search for words in a document. <blockquote><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M300,1800Q300,1750 350,1750Q400,1750 425,1775Q450,1800 450,1850Q450,1920 425,1945Q400,1970 350,1970L300,1970Q150,1970 150,2070Q150,2150 50,2150Q50,2250 150,2250Q228,2250 264,2205Q300,2160 300,2070L350,2070Q488,2070 544,2020Q600,1970 600,1850Q600,1750 544,1700Q488,1650 350,1650Q150,1650 150,1790Q150,1870 225,1870Q300,1870 300,1800ZM450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /><path transform="translate(2150)" d="M-780,2100L-780,1760Q-780,1680 -862,1650Q-945,1680 -945,1760L-945,2100L-780,2100ZM-455,2100L-455,1760Q-455,1680 -537,1650Q-620,1680 -620,1760L-620,2100L-455,2100Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M-800,-650Q-950,-650 -1025,-588Q-1100,-525 -1100,-400Q-1100,-300 -1063,-250Q-1025,-200 -950,-200Q-900,-200 -875,-225Q-850,-250 -850,-275Q-850,-300 -875,-300Q-900,-300 -925,-325Q-950,-350 -950,-400Q-950,-455 -913,-492Q-875,-530 -800,-530Q-723,-530 -654,-499Q-585,-468 -540,-415Q-495,-362 -463,-268Q-431,-175 -423,-125Q-415,-75 -393,-62.5Q-371,-50 -340,-50Q-300,-50 -300,-110Q-313,-200 -350,-312Q-387,-425 -450,-500Q-513,-575 -600,-612Q-687,-650 -800,-650Z" /></g></svg>ម៉្ងៃ mo + muusikatoan + coeng + ngo + ai [mŋai] “one day” <svg viewBox="0 -2048 4988 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M270,1800Q215,1800 215,1775Q215,1750 300,1750Q367,1750 409,1798Q450,1845 450,1920Q450,1975 420,2013Q390,2050 340,2050Q250,2050 250,2125Q250,2200 340,2200Q452,2200 526,2128Q600,2055 600,1920Q600,1815 528,1733Q455,1650 300,1650Q188,1650 119,1681Q50,1712 50,1775Q50,1838 78,1869Q105,1900 160,1900Q215,1900 242,1875Q270,1850 270,1800ZM450,150Q500,150 500,330Q500,400 450,400L450,150ZM250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,500Q600,500 600,330Q600,200 550,100Q500,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,993Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M950,770L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,770L950,770ZM950,670L450,670L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,670Z" /><path transform="translate(2150)" d="M-1156,1610Q-1275,1650 -1275,1705Q-1275,1742 -1210,1785L-1144,1828Q-1013,1916 -981,1916Q-947,1916 -836,1837L-780,1797Q-753,1777 -725,1777Q-700,1777 -674,1797L-624,1837Q-523,1916 -487,1916Q-452,1916 -395,1872L-281,1784Q-225,1740 -125,1770Q-225,1652 -290,1652Q-356,1652 -392,1680L-465,1737Q-502,1766 -545,1766Q-588,1766 -656,1709Q-725,1652 -765,1652Q-832,1652 -873,1680L-954,1737Q-995,1766 -1038,1766Q-1071,1766 -1098,1745Q-1125,1724 -1125,1698Q-1125,1674 -1051,1644L-1156,1610Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M-975,-450Q-975,-500 -950,-525Q-925,-550 -875,-550Q-825,-550 -800,-525Q-775,-500 -775,-450L-775,-300Q-775,-200 -713,-150Q-650,-100 -525,-100Q-400,-100 -337,-150Q-275,-200 -275,-300L-275,-650L-425,-650L-425,-300Q-425,-250 -450,-225Q-475,-200 -525,-200Q-575,-200 -600,-225Q-625,-250 -625,-300L-625,-450Q-625,-550 -687,-600Q-750,-650 -875,-650Q-1000,-650 -1063,-600Q-1125,-550 -1125,-450L-1125,-100L-975,-100L-975,-450Z" /><path transform="translate(2100)" d="M150,1127L150,1202Q150,1254 214,1315L279,1376Q407,1500 439,1500Q475,1500 581,1388L634,1332Q661,1303 690,1303Q715,1303 740,1332L789,1388Q889,1500 924,1500Q958,1500 1014,1438L1130,1313Q1189,1251 1250,1294Q1181,1127 1117,1127Q1051,1127 1015,1166L939,1247Q899,1288 867,1288Q825,1288 768,1208Q710,1127 661,1127Q590,1127 506,1208L462,1248Q420,1288 383,1288Q341,1288 319,1251Q297,1214 297,1178Q297,1128 432,1058L305,967Q150,1028 150,1127ZM450,150Q530,150 530,300Q530,400 450,400L450,150ZM450,500Q630,500 630,300Q630,200 577.5,100Q525,0 400,0Q250,0 250,100L250,750Q250,900 363,975Q475,1050 700,1050Q925,1050 1038,975Q1150,900 1150,750L1150,0L950,0L950,750Q950,850 888,900Q825,950 700,950Q575,950 513,900Q450,850 450,750L450,500Z" /><path transform="translate(3500)" d="M528,1026Q358,1026 304,1074Q250,1122 250,1209Q281,1281 349,1354Q417,1427 522,1500L784,1290L1073,1499L1250,1499L1250,350Q1250,175 1121,88Q992,0 784,0Q577,0 473,44Q369,87 369,175Q369,233 398.5,262Q428,291 488,291Q488,246 562,198Q636,151 784,151Q905,151 978,213Q1050,275 1050,350L1050,1289L786,1115L562,1289L465,1209Q465,1179 481,1165Q496,1150 528,1150Q557,1150 572,1163Q587,1175 587,1200Q617,1200 631,1179Q646,1157 646,1113Q646,1069 617,1047Q587,1026 528,1026Z" /></g></svg>ម៊្ហែតៗ mo + triisap + coeng + ha + ae + ta + lek too [mhɛ̀ːtmhɛ̀ːt] “bland”</blockquote> If either muusikatoan or triisap needs to keep its superscript shape (as an exception to the general rule that states other superscripts typically force the alternative subscript glyph for either character), U+200C <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM237 255H293L393 79V255H442V3H389L287 182V3H237ZM626 103V97Q626 44 657 44Q685 44 685 83V259H738V84Q738 1 659 1Q576 1 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In such cases, U+200C <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM237 255H293L393 79V255H442V3H389L287 182V3H237ZM626 103V97Q626 44 657 44Q685 44 685 83V259H738V84Q738 1 659 1Q576 1 576 97V103Z" /></svg>‌ ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER is inserted before the vowel sign, as shown in the following examples: <blockquote><span title="U+1794 ប KHMER LETTER BA U+200C ‌ ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER U+17CA ◌៊ KHMER SIGN TRIISAP U+17B8 ◌ី KHMER VOWEL SIGN II U+1799 យ KHMER LETTER YO U+17C2 ◌ែ KHMER VOWEL SIGN AE U+179A រ KHMER LETTER RO"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 4900 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,300Q450,100 700,100Q950,100 950,300L950,993Q950,1099 750,1131Q770,1232 856,1366Q941,1500 995,1500Q1039,1500 1110,1457L1180,1414Q1227,1385 1300,1400Q1290,1330 1253,1277Q1215,1223 1166,1217Q1116,1210 1028,1258Q939,1305 913,1247L886,1188Q1150,1130 1150,1050L1150,300Q1150,0 700,0Z" /><path transform="translate(1400)" /><path transform="translate(1450)" d="M-1156,1610Q-1275,1650 -1275,1705Q-1275,1742 -1210,1785L-1144,1828Q-1013,1916 -981,1916Q-947,1916 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-165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM237 255H293L393 79V255H442V3H389L287 182V3H237ZM626 103V97Q626 44 657 44Q685 44 685 83V259H738V84Q738 1 659 1Q576 1 576 97V103Z" /></svg>‌ + triisap + ii + yo + ae + ro [bijɛ̀ː] “beer” <span title="U+1794 ប KHMER LETTER BA U+17D2 ◌្ KHMER SIGN COENG U+179A រ KHMER LETTER RO U+178F ត KHMER LETTER TA U+17BA ◌ឺ KHMER VOWEL SIGN YY U+1784 ង KHMER LETTER NGO U+17A2 អ KHMER LETTER QA U+200C ‌ ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER U+17CA ◌៊ KHMER SIGN TRIISAP U+17B9 ◌ឹ KHMER VOWEL SIGN Y U+17C7 ◌ះ KHMER SIGN REAHMUK"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 7250 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,-350Q450,-500 700,-500Q950,-500 950,-350L950,-100L1150,-100L1150,-350Q1150,-600 700,-600Q250,-600 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644,106Q588,50 475,50Q362,50 306,106Q250,162 250,275Q250,388 306,444Q362,500 475,500Q588,500 644,444Q700,388 700,275Z" /></g></svg>ប្រតឺងអ‌៊ឹះ ba + coeng + ro + ta + yy + ngo + qa + <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM237 255H293L393 79V255H442V3H389L287 182V3H237ZM626 103V97Q626 44 657 44Q685 44 685 83V259H738V84Q738 1 659 1Q576 1 576 97V103Z" /></svg>‌ + triisap + y + reahmuk [prɔtəːŋʔɯh] “urgent, too busy” <span title="U+1794 ប KHMER LETTER BA U+17D2 ◌្ KHMER SIGN COENG U+179A រ KHMER LETTER RO U+178F ត KHMER LETTER TA U+17BA ◌ឺ KHMER VOWEL SIGN YY U+1784 ង KHMER LETTER NGO U+17A2 អ KHMER LETTER QA U+17CA ◌៊ KHMER SIGN TRIISAP U+17B9 ◌ឹ KHMER VOWEL SIGN Y U+17C7 ◌ះ KHMER SIGN REAHMUK"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 7250 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,-350Q450,-500 700,-500Q950,-500 950,-350L950,-100L1150,-100L1150,-350Q1150,-600 700,-600Q250,-600 250,-350L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 553,1277Q515,1223 466,1217Q416,1210 328,1258Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,-350Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M700,0Q250,0 250,300L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 295,1500Q339,1500 410,1457L480,1414Q527,1385 600,1400Q590,1330 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In the aksaa muul font style, some vowel signs ligate with the consonant characters to which they are applied. The font tables should determine whether they form a ligature; ligature use in muul fonts does not affect the meaning. However, U+200C <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM237 255H293L393 79V255H442V3H389L287 182V3H237ZM626 103V97Q626 44 657 44Q685 44 685 83V259H738V84Q738 1 659 1Q576 1 576 97V103Z" /></svg>‌ ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER may be inserted before the vowel sign to explicitly suppress such a ligature, as shown in <a href="#G50989" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 16-4</a> for the word “savant,” pronounced [vitu:]. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G50989" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Figure 16-4. Ligation in Muul Style in Khmer</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table class="layout svelte-1dkac1e" style="--vertical-align: middle; line-height: 1.5;"><col style="width: 5em;"> <col> <col> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2100 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M250,400Q170,400 170,300Q170,150 250,150L250,400ZM450,100Q450,0 300,0Q175,0 122.5,100Q70,200 70,300Q70,500 250,500L250,993Q250,1099 50,1131Q70,1232 156,1366Q241,1500 305,1500Q355,1500 428,1438Q460,1411 480,1430.5Q500,1450 500,1500Q500,1600 410,1600Q300,1600 300,1700Q300,1800 410,1800Q600,1800 600,1500Q600,1356 555.5,1278Q511,1200 451,1200Q391,1200 315,1252.5Q239,1305 213,1247L186,1188Q450,1130 450,1050L450,100Z" /><path transform="translate(1000 -200)" d="M-1150,2150Q-1150,2400 -850,2400Q-590,2400 -335,2175Q-250,2100 -250,2050Q-250,2000 -350,2000L-950,2000Q-1150,2000 -1150,2150ZM-1000,2150Q-1000,2100 -950,2100L-430,2100Q-560,2197 -649.5,2223.5Q-739,2250 -850,2250Q-1000,2250 -1000,2150Z" /><path 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542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM237 255H293L393 79V255H442V3H389L287 182V3H237ZM626 103V97Q626 44 657 44Q685 44 685 83V259H738V84Q738 1 659 1Q576 1 576 97V103Z" /></svg>‌ + i + to + uu</td> <td>(<svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM237 255H293L393 79V255H442V3H389L287 182V3H237ZM626 103V97Q626 44 657 44Q685 44 685 83V259H738V84Q738 1 659 1Q576 1 576 97V103Z" /></svg>‌ to prevent the ligature in a muul font)</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2839 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1393,537Q1393,272 1197,128Q1023,0 748,0Q500,0 353,114Q191,241 191,482Q191,620 298,709Q400,792 540,792Q623,792 710,737Q807,677 807,599Q807,511 729,453Q659,400 569,400Q497,400 426,447Q355,494 336,561Q291,555 291,506Q291,484 332,424Q379,355 525,315Q644,282 751,282Q881,282 974,332Q1087,394 1087,512Q1087,679 870,780Q696,860 512,860Q383,860 170,777L170,1122Q383,1470 573,1475Q809,1481 941,1462Q1209,1424 1304,1360Q1389,1302 1389,1177Q1389,1057 1301,901Q1304,946 1274,981Q1250,1011 1182,1062Q1057,1155 837,1188Q730,1204 621,1204Q375,1204 321,1109Q311,1094 299,1029Q292,989 282,909Q374,958 457,980Q512,995 644,1016Q684,1022 718,1022Q1004,1022 1176,924Q1393,800 1393,537Z" /><path transform="translate(1393)" d="M807,1467Q1026,1467 1217,1336Q1429,1191 1429,981Q1429,844 1347,752Q1262,657 1126,657Q1026,657 955,709Q876,767 876,865Q876,942 941,1002.5Q1006,1063 1084,1063Q1159,1063 1178,1005Q1183,969 1193,896Q1202,838 1256,838Q1281,838 1298,871Q1312,898 1312,926Q1312,1055 1114,1117Q977,1159 807,1159Q535,1159 375,1035Q541,1035 648,958Q769,871 769,710Q769,679 756,614Q739,528 528,388Q534,354 569,336L647,328Q687,324 830,469Q973,614 1126,614Q1253,614 1341,526.5Q1429,439 1429,312Q1429,180 1357,93Q1280,0 1152,0Q909,0 909,217Q909,370 1111,370Q1167,295 1200,295Q1222,295 1240,332Q1207,424 1087,424Q1069,422 981,411Q925,405 873,296Q794,131 771,99Q694,-5 573,-5Q419,-5 306,74Q178,163 178,312L178,490Q350,490 418,502Q546,524 630,602Q506,690 388,690Q287,690 178,635L178,1071Q292,1280 430,1370Q577,1467 807,1467Z" /><path transform="translate(2831)" d="M-687,-287Q-687,-197 -619,-153Q-576,-124 -506,-124Q-453,-124 -403,-175Q-361,-218 -361,-291Q-361,-319 -364,-340Q-375,-416 -473,-482Q-443,-520 -391,-520Q-273,-520 -210,-403Q-169,-326 -101,-154Q-101,-162 -98.5,-176.5Q-96,-191 -96,-198L-96,-354Q-96,-324 -111,-398Q-131,-500 -142,-528Q-233,-759 -485,-759Q-632,-759 -748,-586L-566,-482Q-497,-443 -490,-408L-498,-375Q-617,-375 -625,-373Q-687,-360 -687,-287Z" /></g></svg>វ‍ិទូ</td> <td>vo + <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM476 103V97Q476 44 507 44Q535 44 535 83V259H588V84Q588 1 509 1Q426 1 426 97V103Z" /></svg>‍ + i + to + uu</td> <td>(<svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 758V665H955V722H895V758ZM989 440V328H953V440ZM991 271V160H954V271ZM990 608V496H954V608ZM50 328V440H87V328ZM49 497V608H86V497ZM49 160V272H86V160ZM50 759H142V724H85V664H50ZM368 758H480V722H368ZM726 760H838V723H726ZM200 759H312V723H200ZM548 758H660V722H548ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM50 -162V-70H86V-127H146V-162ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM991 103V-8H954V103ZM49 -9V103H86V-9ZM236 379 366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432V335H236ZM541 582 575 438 582 397 617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582H805L735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582ZM476 103V97Q476 44 507 44Q535 44 535 83V259H588V84Q588 1 509 1Q426 1 426 97V103Z" /></svg>‍ to request the ligature in a muul font)</td></tr> </table></div> </figure> <a href="#G51027" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Spacing. Khmer does not use whitespace between words, although it does use whitespace between clauses and between parts of a name. If word boundary indications are desired—for example, as part of automatic line layout algorithms—the character U+200B <svg viewBox="1104 -22528 21221 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M990 665H955V722H895V758H990ZM990 496H954V608H990ZM838 723H726V760H838ZM989 328H953V440H989ZM660 722H548V758H660ZM991 160H954V271H991ZM480 722H368V758H480ZM805 582 735 330H684L645 526L636 477L606 330H557L485 582H541L575 438L582 397L617 582H673L711 397L718 436L752 582ZM991 -8H954V103H991ZM312 723H200V759H312ZM989 -164H897V-129H954V-69H989ZM142 724H85V664H50V759H142ZM767 174Q767 92 680 92H627V1H575V253H684Q767 253 767 174ZM432 335H236V379L366 542H239V586H432V544L300 379H432ZM839 -164H727V-128H839ZM86 497H49V608H86ZM466 75Q466 36 434 14Q406 -5 365 -5Q259 -5 259 80H310Q315 38 363 38Q415 38 415 72Q415 93 370 103L343 109Q304 118 289 128Q263 146 263 182Q263 261 360 261Q454 261 458 179H407Q405 217 357 217Q312 217 312 186Q312 173 324 166Q329 163 357 156L400 145Q466 128 466 75ZM661 -163H549V-127H661ZM87 328H50V440H87ZM86 160H49V272H86ZM481 -163H369V-127H481ZM86 -9H49V103H86ZM313 -165H201V-128H313ZM146 -162H50V-70H86V-127H146ZM715 173Q715 210 676 210H627V135H676Q715 135 715 173Z" /></svg> ZERO WIDTH SPACE should be used to place invisible marks for such breaks. The ZERO WIDTH SPACE can grow to have a visible width when justified. See <a href="/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-23/#G28064" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 23-2</a>. <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G39010" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.4.3 Khmer Symbols: U+19E0–U+19FF </h3> <a href="#G39032" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Symbols. Many symbols for punctuation, digits, and numerals for divination lore are encoded as independent entities. Symbols for the lunar calendar are encoded as single characters that cannot be decomposed even if their appearance might seem to be decomposable. U+19E0 <svg viewBox="991 -22528 4939 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M262 -110H227Q221 -95 199.5 -80.5Q178 -66 162 -66Q157 -66 127 -88Q97 -110 82 -110Q44 -110 44 -61V73Q44 103 66 127.5Q88 152 117 157Q137 160 175.5 143.5Q214 127 216 128Q233 137 233 160Q233 167 221 198Q218 206 231 215Q235 217 241 215Q254 211 261 188Q264 177 263 159Q263 135 249 115Q234 91 212 91Q204 91 175 106Q143 123 127 123Q110 124 93.5 107Q77 90 77 73V-43Q77 -65 88 -69Q97 -69 121.5 -49.5Q146 -30 164 -30Q177 -30 199 -40.5Q221 -51 228 -61V-34Q209 -37 196 -22Q183 -7 183 13Q182 58 223 58Q262 58 262 29ZM228 -8V30Q215 30 210 15Q209 8 212.5 -0.5Q216 -9 223 -9Q227 -9 228 -8ZM262 459Q262 314 159 314Q54 314 52 461Q51 607 159 607Q262 607 262 459ZM227 459Q227 577 157 577Q87 577 87 461Q87 344 159 343Q227 342 227 459Z" /></svg>᧠ KHMER SYMBOL PATHAMASAT represents the first ashadha (eighth month) of the lunar calendar. During the type of leap year in the lunar calendar known as adhikameas, there is also a second ashadha. U+19F0 <svg viewBox="946 -22528 4984 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M262 -110H227Q221 -95 199.5 -80.5Q178 -66 162 -66Q157 -66 127 -88Q97 -110 82 -110Q44 -110 44 -61V73Q44 103 66 127.5Q88 152 117 157Q137 160 175.5 143.5Q214 127 216 128Q233 137 233 160Q233 167 221 198Q218 206 231 215Q235 217 241 215Q254 211 261 188Q264 177 263 159Q263 135 249 115Q234 91 212 91Q204 91 175 106Q143 123 127 123Q110 124 93.5 107Q77 90 77 73V-43Q77 -65 88 -69Q97 -69 121.5 -49.5Q146 -30 164 -30Q177 -30 199 -40.5Q221 -51 228 -61V-34Q209 -37 196 -22Q183 -7 183 13Q182 58 223 58Q262 58 262 29ZM228 -8V30Q215 30 210 15Q209 8 212.5 -0.5Q216 -9 223 -9Q227 -9 228 -8ZM260 312H225Q219 327 198 341.5Q177 356 161 356Q155 356 125.5 334Q96 312 80 312Q42 312 42 361V495Q42 525 64 549.5Q86 574 116 579Q135 582 175 565Q212 549 215 550Q231 559 231 582Q231 589 220 620Q217 628 230 637Q233 639 239 637Q252 633 259 610Q262 599 262 580Q261 557 248 536Q232 513 210 513Q202 513 172 529Q142 545 126 545Q108 546 92 529Q76 512 76 495V379Q76 357 87 353Q96 352 120.5 371.5Q145 391 162 391Q176 391 198 381Q220 371 227 361V388Q207 385 194.5 400Q182 415 181 435Q180 480 221 480Q260 480 260 451ZM227 414V452Q213 452 209 437Q207 430 211 421Q215 412 221 412Q225 412 227 414Z" /></svg>᧰ KHMER SYMBOL TUTEYASAT represents that second ashadha. The 15 characters from U+19E1 <svg viewBox="2004 -22528 4642 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M292 -89H249V154Q218 129 176 130Q141 131 116 153Q88 177 89 210Q89 234 106.5 253.5Q124 273 147 273Q176 273 176 250Q176 234 162 234Q159 234 155 236Q149 240 138 228.5Q127 217 127 207Q123 170 180 170Q212 170 230 199Q246 224 246 257H292ZM295 487Q295 414 196 413Q150 413 117 444Q108 452 112 461Q116 465 122 465Q124 465 127 464Q146 444 205 444Q260 444 260 501V627Q260 676 196 676Q135 676 135 638V597Q135 577 148 577Q151 577 158.5 580Q166 583 170 583Q183 583 183 565Q183 532 145 531Q98 530 98 583V652Q113 708 196 709Q295 711 295 642Z" /></svg>᧡ KHMER SYMBOL MUOY KOET to U+19EF <svg viewBox="788 -22528 11310 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M387 -88H345V155Q314 130 271 131Q236 132 210 154.5Q184 177 184 211Q185 235 202 254.5Q219 274 242 274Q271 274 271 251Q271 235 258 235Q255 235 250 237Q244 241 233.5 229.5Q223 218 223 208Q219 171 276 171Q307 171 326 200Q341 225 341 258H387ZM537 753Q528 749 528 737V681Q528 619 451 617Q415 616 402 627Q375 617 365 601V478Q365 445 411 445H488Q472 449 451 463Q417 485 417 526Q417 556 435.5 581.5Q454 607 483 607Q508 607 530 590V576Q526 563 520 564Q501 569 493 569Q459 569 458 526Q457 499 487 484Q498 477 527 466Q528 459 528 441V412H412Q330 412 330 474V616Q345 631 363 641Q343 655 342 680Q341 719 391 720Q438 720 438 671Q438 656 430 646Q490 646 490 681V737Q490 766 516 769Q536 769 537 753ZM409 673Q408 692 392 692Q373 692 373 671Q373 659 392 651Q410 656 409 673ZM232 474Q232 401 133 401Q86 401 55 431Q48 437 48 443Q48 446 50.5 449.5Q53 453 59 453Q61 453 64 452Q83 431 142 431Q197 431 197 489V616Q197 663 133 663Q72 663 72 627V585Q72 564 84 564Q88 564 95.5 567Q103 570 107 570Q120 572 120 553Q120 520 81 520Q35 519 35 570V639Q49 696 133 697Q232 698 232 630Z" /></svg>᧯ KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PRAM KOET represent the first through the fifteenth lunar waxing days, respectively. The 15 characters from U+19F1 <svg viewBox="451 -22528 4821 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M234 -216Q234 -289 134 -289Q88 -289 55 -259Q46 -250 51 -241Q54 -237 60 -237Q62 -237 66 -238Q84 -259 144 -259Q198 -259 198 -202V-75Q198 -27 134 -27Q73 -27 73 -64V-105Q73 -126 86 -126Q89 -126 96.5 -123Q104 -120 109 -120Q121 -119 121 -138Q121 -170 83 -171Q37 -172 37 -120V-51Q51 6 134 7Q234 8 234 -60ZM223 162H180V405Q151 379 107 380Q72 382 46 404.5Q20 427 20 461Q20 496 57 517Q69 524 79 524Q91 524 100 516.5Q109 509 109 501Q109 485 94 485Q91 485 86 487Q81 490 70 479.5Q59 469 59 458Q57 421 113 421Q157 421 173 473Q177 489 177 507H223Z" /></svg>᧱ KHMER SYMBOL MUOY ROC through U+19FF <svg viewBox="631 -22528 11309 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M530 62Q521 59 521 47V-9Q521 -71 445 -73Q409 -75 395 -63Q368 -74 358 -89V-212Q358 -246 404 -246H481Q466 -242 445 -227Q411 -203 411 -164Q411 -134 429.5 -108.5Q448 -83 477 -83Q500 -83 523 -101V-115Q520 -127 513 -126Q493 -121 486 -121Q452 -121 451 -164Q450 -190 480 -206Q490 -213 520 -223Q521 -231 521 -249V-278H405Q323 -278 323 -216V-75Q337 -59 356 -49Q336 -36 335 -11Q334 28 384 29Q431 30 431 -19Q431 -34 423 -45Q483 -45 483 -9V47Q483 75 510 79Q529 79 530 62ZM402 -17Q401 2 385 2Q366 2 366 -19Q366 -32 385 -40Q404 -34 402 -17ZM225 -216Q225 -289 126 -289Q79 -289 48 -259Q41 -254 41 -248Q41 -245 44 -241Q47 -237 52 -237Q54 -237 57 -238Q77 -259 135 -259Q190 -259 190 -202V-75Q190 -27 126 -27Q65 -27 65 -63V-105Q65 -126 78 -126Q81 -126 88.5 -123Q96 -120 100 -120Q113 -118 113 -138Q113 -170 75 -171Q28 -172 28 -120V-51Q44 6 126 7Q225 8 225 -60ZM372 162H329V405Q299 379 255 380Q220 382 194.5 404.5Q169 427 169 461Q169 496 206 517Q217 524 227 524Q239 524 248 516.5Q257 509 257 501Q257 485 242 485Q239 485 234 487Q229 490 218.5 479.5Q208 469 207 458Q205 421 262 421Q305 421 321 473Q326 489 326 507H372Z" /></svg>᧿ KHMER SYMBOL DAP-PRAM ROC represent the first through the fifteenth waning days, respectively. The typographical form of these lunar dates is a top and bottom section of the same size text. The dividing line between the upper and lower halves of the symbol is the vertical center of the line height. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G32903" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.5 Tai Le </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G32904" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.5.1 Tai Le: U+1950–U+197F </h3> The Tai Le script has a history of 700–800 years, during which time several orthographic conventions were used. The modern form of the script was developed in the years following 1954; it rationalized the older system and added a systematic representation of tones with the use of combining diacritics. The new system was revised again in 1988, when spacing tone marks were introduced to replace the combining diacritics. The Unicode encoding of Tai Le handles both the modern form of the script and its more recent revision. The Tai Le language is also known as Tai Nüa, Dehong Dai, Tai Mau, Tai Kong, and Chinese Shan. Tai Le is a transliteration of the indigenous designation, <svg viewBox="0 -1000 2766 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M429,27Q418,12 411.5,8Q405,4 387,4Q361,4 349,34L349,302Q349,306 344.5,314Q340,322 336,322Q311,322 290,311Q264,298 264,275L264,143Q264,83 263,76Q257,32 226,32Q214,32 198,52L153,11Q129,-6 97,-6Q69,-6 48,9Q24,26 23,53Q23,53 23,183Q23,195 24,220Q24,244 24,256Q24,298 10,328Q52,356 65,356Q79,356 87,341L102,313Q116,328 144,355Q172,382 198,382Q219,382 268,333Q351,382 369,382Q390,382 409.5,361.5Q429,341 429,320L429,27ZM188,113L188,298Q188,317 180,321L175,322Q159,322 125.5,300Q92,278 92,264Q92,230 93,157L94,51Q143,61 155,66Q185,80 188,113Z" /><path transform="translate(460)" d="M461,39Q453,21 444,3Q433,-11 407,-11Q381,-11 381,21Q349,0 341,-3Q327,-8 294,-8Q285,-8 279,-11Q280,-15 280,-25Q280,-65 259,-106Q237,-150 204,-167Q192,-173 149,-179Q160,-168 180,-143Q215,-87 215,15Q215,22 213,36Q211,50 211,57L211,319Q208,325 200,334Q197,334 141,292.5Q85,251 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313,210L313,319Q313,376 343,376Q359,376 372.5,356.5Q386,337 386,320Z" /><path transform="translate(1939)" d="M259,-84Q244,-100 197.5,-121.5Q151,-143 129,-143Q57,-143 40,-127Q33,-120 33,-52L33,548Q33,572 62,578Q72,580 109,580L183,580Q214,580 222,566.5Q230,553 230,520L231,60Q231,17 222,3L171,10L170,522Q170,536 165,541L160,538Q132,540 117,540Q114,540 108,539L99,539L99,-94Q122,-103 130,-103Q142,-103 165,-97.5Q188,-92 197,-92Q226,-87 259,-84Z" /><path transform="translate(2208)" d="M310,314Q285,289 266,289Q255,289 241,293Q241,340 240,346Q239,352 229,352Q225,352 191,340Q152,325 144,323Q94,309 94,243L94,142Q94,138 94,128Q95,115 95,107Q95,107 95,73Q117,38 149,38Q173,38 223,75Q273,112 274,112Q282,112 282,100Q282,70 231.5,33.5Q181,-3 149,-3Q106,-3 72,20Q33,46 33,86L33,246Q33,297 74,330Q96,348 161,375Q206,394 242,394Q258,394 280.5,377.5Q303,361 307,346Q310,335 310,314Z" /><path transform="translate(2541)" /></g></svg>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ [tai2 lə6] (in older orthography <span title="U+1956 ᥖ TAI LE LETTER TA U+196D ᥭ TAI LE LETTER AI U+0308 ◌̈ COMBINING DIAERESIS U+0020 SPACE U+1958 ᥘ TAI LE LETTER LA U+196B ᥫ TAI LE LETTER E U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE U+0301 ◌́ COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 2029 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M429,27Q418,12 411.5,8Q405,4 387,4Q361,4 349,34L349,302Q349,306 344.5,314Q340,322 336,322Q311,322 290,311Q264,298 264,275L264,143Q264,83 263,76Q257,32 226,32Q214,32 198,52L153,11Q129,-6 97,-6Q69,-6 48,9Q24,26 23,53Q23,53 23,183Q23,195 24,220Q24,244 24,256Q24,298 10,328Q52,356 65,356Q79,356 87,341L102,313Q116,328 144,355Q172,382 198,382Q219,382 268,333Q351,382 369,382Q390,382 409.5,361.5Q429,341 429,320L429,27ZM188,113L188,298Q188,317 180,321L175,322Q159,322 125.5,300Q92,278 92,264Q92,230 93,157L94,51Q143,61 155,66Q185,80 188,113Z" /><path transform="translate(460)" d="M405,467Q405,432 369,432Q356,432 344.5,443Q333,454 333,467Q333,482 343.5,493Q354,504 369,504Q384,504 394.5,493Q405,482 405,467ZM288,467Q288,452 276.5,442Q265,432 251,432Q237,432 226,442.5Q215,453 215,467Q215,481 226,492.5Q237,504 251,504Q266,504 277,493Q288,482 288,467ZM461,39Q453,21 444,3Q433,-11 407,-11Q381,-11 381,21Q349,0 341,-3Q327,-8 294,-8Q285,-8 279,-11Q280,-15 280,-25Q280,-65 259,-106Q237,-150 204,-167Q192,-173 149,-179Q160,-168 180,-143Q215,-87 215,15Q215,22 213,36Q211,50 211,57L211,319Q208,325 200,334Q197,334 141,292.5Q85,251 73,251Q60,251 43,259Q38,271 30,295Q26,314 16,354Q22,374 32,374Q47,374 59,340Q64,324 75,292Q197,395 229,395Q251,395 267.5,373.5Q284,352 284,329L284,35Q312,28 315,28Q357,28 380,70L381,380Q390,380 396,390Q402,390 413.5,391.5Q425,393 431,393Q450,393 454,384Q457,380 457,374Q457,52 461,39Z" /><path transform="translate(939)" /><path transform="translate(1164)" d="M386,320L385,35Q385,19 371,9Q357,-1 340,-1Q319,-1 315,17Q314,20 314,52L313,57Q296,21 264,21Q248,21 219,42Q190,63 181,79Q109,-21 72,-21Q55,-13 40,24Q22,68 17,75Q30,95 40,103L84,23Q106,44 146,87Q158,105 184,138Q195,114 222.5,90Q250,66 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The modern Tai Le orthographies are straightforward: initial consonants precede vowels, vowels precede final consonants, and tone marks, if any, follow the entire syllable. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the tone mark letters now used and existing nonspacing marks in the Unicode Standard. The tone mark is the last character in a syllable string in both orthographies. When one of the combining diacritics follows a tall letter <svg viewBox="0 -1000 114 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M89,71Q44,20 21,-10L22,530Q22,531 17,541.5Q12,552 12,555Q16,568 24,595Q38,634 51,634Q61,634 75,618Q89,602 89,592L89,71Z" /></g></svg>ᥣ, <svg viewBox="0 -1000 256 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M230,32Q218,18 202,18Q163,18 116,43Q106,51 83,66Q83,41 78,31.5Q73,22 52,7L21,15L21,578Q24,587 30,601Q43,627 99,627L146,627Q185,627 228,605Q230,598 230,587L230,32ZM164,555Q144,568 124,568Q104,568 87,542L86,336Q114,340 161,369Q161,513 164,555ZM164,69L161,313Q92,282 86,281Q86,263 87,221.5Q88,180 88,158Q87,121 84,105Q96,97 164,69Z" /></g></svg>ᥤ, <svg viewBox="0 -1000 258 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M239,17Q221,-5 210,-5Q194,-5 184,11Q183,13 171,42L171,550Q152,564 131,564Q110,564 94,538L91,109Q91,38 81,11Q71,1 57,-9L26,0L26,574Q26,624 104,624L153,624Q194,624 237,603Q239,599 239,584L239,17Z" /></g></svg>ᥥ, <svg viewBox="0 -1000 263 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M238,299Q238,245 237,95L236,-109Q224,-130 152,-140Q102,-147 55,-147Q83,-126 118,-114Q173,-96 182,-92Q180,52 180,532Q164,544 140,544Q125,544 109,539Q88,532 86,520Q87,527 87,494L88,111Q88,32 83,16Q64,-5 38,-32Q38,51 37,217L35,466Q35,548 38,553Q43,565 84,573Q117,580 138,580Q161,580 191,572Q228,563 236,549Q238,525 238,436L238,299Z" /></g></svg>ᥦ, <svg viewBox="0 -1000 247 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M215,10Q190,-15 172,-15Q152,-15 130.5,2Q109,19 103,20L100,17Q100,2 99,-29Q98,-60 98,-75Q98,-105 110,-115Q122,-125 153,-125Q181,-125 211,-120Q193,-147 140,-147Q64,-147 57,-130Q52,-119 33,-102L31,554Q48,568 68,571Q76,572 110,572L135,572Q215,572 215,544L215,10ZM156,347Q156,381 155,447.5Q154,514 154,548L94,542L94,293Q134,324 156,347ZM157,45L157,296Q145,285 126.5,268Q108,251 94,246L94,84Q121,50 157,45Z" /></g></svg>ᥪ or <svg viewBox="0 -1000 269 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M259,-84Q244,-100 197.5,-121.5Q151,-143 129,-143Q57,-143 40,-127Q33,-120 33,-52L33,548Q33,572 62,578Q72,580 109,580L183,580Q214,580 222,566.5Q230,553 230,520L231,60Q231,17 222,3L171,10L170,522Q170,536 165,541L160,538Q132,540 117,540Q114,540 108,539L99,539L99,-94Q122,-103 130,-103Q142,-103 165,-97.5Q188,-92 197,-92Q226,-87 259,-84Z" /></g></svg>ᥫ, it is displayed to the right of the letter, as shown in <a href="#G36783" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-11</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G36783" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-11. Tai Le Tone Marks</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-ghjrpy"><th>Syllable</th> <th class="centered">New Orthography</th> <th class="centered">Old Orthography</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-q0yrq4">ta</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 480 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /></g></svg>ᥖ</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 460 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M429,27Q418,12 411.5,8Q405,4 387,4Q361,4 349,34L349,302Q349,306 344.5,314Q340,322 336,322Q311,322 290,311Q264,298 264,275L264,143Q264,83 263,76Q257,32 226,32Q214,32 198,52L153,11Q129,-6 97,-6Q69,-6 48,9Q24,26 23,53Q23,53 23,183Q23,195 24,220Q24,244 24,256Q24,298 10,328Q52,356 65,356Q79,356 87,341L102,313Q116,328 144,355Q172,382 198,382Q219,382 268,333Q351,382 369,382Q390,382 409.5,361.5Q429,341 429,320L429,27ZM188,113L188,298Q188,317 180,321L175,322Q159,322 125.5,300Q92,278 92,264Q92,230 93,157L94,51Q143,61 155,66Q185,80 188,113Z" /></g></svg>ᥖ</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-qlxnxd">ta2</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 878 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /><path transform="translate(480)" d="M369,60Q369,47 361,14Q335,-13 308,-13Q233,-13 233,124Q233,203 248,313L143,313Q143,215 132,134Q112,-13 63,-13Q30,-13 30,21Q30,34 54,74Q80,119 86,138Q108,225 109,313Q58,313 63,314Q55,354 55,345Q55,366 72,371Q78,373 106,373L291,373L291,313L293,313Q279,218 279,135Q279,57 330,57Q335,57 349,62.5Q363,68 365,68Q369,68 369,60Z" /></g></svg>ᥖᥰ</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 480 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M335,467Q335,432 299,432Q286,432 274.5,443Q263,454 263,467Q263,482 273.5,493Q284,504 299,504Q314,504 324.5,493Q335,482 335,467ZM218,467Q218,452 207,442Q196,432 181,432Q167,432 156,442.5Q145,453 145,467Q145,481 156,492.5Q167,504 181,504Q196,504 207,493Q218,482 218,467ZM450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /></g></svg>ᥖ̈</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-tr14vs">ta3</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 816 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /><path transform="translate(480)" d="M307,209Q307,199 296,197L91,164L91,148Q91,143 91,132Q91,118 92,110Q92,110 92,73Q113,38 146,38Q169,38 219,75Q269,112 271,112Q279,112 279,100Q279,70 228,33.5Q177,-3 146,-3Q103,-3 69,20Q30,46 30,86L30,246Q30,297 71,330Q93,348 158,375Q203,394 239,394Q255,394 277,377.5Q299,361 304,346Q307,335 307,323L307,209ZM238,239L238,333Q238,352 226,352Q221,352 187,340Q148,325 141,323Q91,309 91,243L91,215L238,239Z" /></g></svg>ᥖᥱ</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 480 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M331,529Q302,478 242,382Q208,421 150,529L176,527L242,443L299,527L331,529ZM450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /></g></svg>ᥖ̌</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-mcze1j">ta4</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 816 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 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67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /><path transform="translate(480)" d="M240,32Q228,18 212,18Q172,18 126,43Q116,51 93,66Q93,41 87.5,31.5Q82,22 62,7L31,15L31,578Q34,587 40,601Q52,627 109,627L156,627Q194,627 238,605Q240,598 240,587L240,32ZM174,555Q153,568 134,568Q113,568 97,542L96,336Q123,340 171,369Q171,513 174,555ZM174,69L171,313Q102,282 96,281Q96,263 97,221.5Q98,180 98,158Q97,121 94,105Q106,97 174,69Z" /><path transform="translate(750)" d="M179,313L148,319L38,418Q21,433 21,451Q21,457 26,469Q42,477 51,478L66,472Q85,455 124,397Q146,364 179,313Z" /></g></svg>ᥖᥤ ̀</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1m25i">ti5</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1134 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /><path transform="translate(480)" d="M240,32Q228,18 212,18Q172,18 126,43Q116,51 93,66Q93,41 87.5,31.5Q82,22 62,7L31,15L31,578Q34,587 40,601Q52,627 109,627L156,627Q194,627 238,605Q240,598 240,587L240,32ZM174,555Q153,568 134,568Q113,568 97,542L96,336Q123,340 171,369Q171,513 174,555ZM174,69L171,313Q102,282 96,281Q96,263 97,221.5Q98,180 98,158Q97,121 94,105Q106,97 174,69Z" /><path transform="translate(750)" d="M354,188Q354,105 318,51Q276,-13 197,-13Q64,-13 64,145Q64,158 65,185Q66,212 66,225Q66,249 48,291Q30,333 30,346Q30,360 40,373Q50,386 64,386Q91,386 104,345Q113,318 113,281Q113,260 110.5,218Q108,176 108,155Q108,83 138,63Q154,54 168.5,46.5Q183,39 208,39Q294,39 309,150Q271,160 237.5,205.5Q204,251 204,290Q204,342 244,370L249,370Q296,350 326,294Q354,242 354,188ZM313,221Q298,305 243,319Q234,309 234,304Q234,271 252,239Q272,202 302,202Q308,202 313,221Z" /></g></svg>ᥖᥤᥳ</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 950 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /><path transform="translate(480)" d="M240,32Q228,18 212,18Q172,18 126,43Q116,51 93,66Q93,41 87.5,31.5Q82,22 62,7L31,15L31,578Q34,587 40,601Q52,627 109,627L156,627Q194,627 238,605Q240,598 240,587L240,32ZM174,555Q153,568 134,568Q113,568 97,542L96,336Q123,340 171,369Q171,513 174,555ZM174,69L171,313Q102,282 96,281Q96,263 97,221.5Q98,180 98,158Q97,121 94,105Q106,97 174,69Z" /><path transform="translate(750)" d="M137,467Q137,452 125.5,442Q114,432 100,432Q85,432 74.5,442.5Q64,453 64,467Q64,481 74.5,492.5Q85,504 100,504Q115,504 126,493Q137,482 137,467Z" /></g></svg>ᥖᥤ ̇</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-10lr7gd">ti6</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1086 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 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91,128Q91,115 92,107Q92,107 92,73Q113,38 146,38Q169,38 219,75Q269,112 271,112Q279,112 279,100Q279,70 228,33.5Q177,-3 146,-3Q103,-3 69,20Q30,46 30,86L30,246Q30,297 71,330Q93,348 158,375Q203,394 239,394Q255,394 277,377.5Q299,361 304,346Q307,335 307,314Z" /></g></svg>ᥖᥤᥴ</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 950 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M450,27Q438,12 431.5,8Q425,4 408,4Q382,4 370,34L370,302Q370,306 365,314Q360,322 357,322Q332,322 310,311Q285,298 285,275L285,143Q285,83 284,76Q277,32 247,32Q234,32 219,52L174,11Q150,-6 118,-6Q90,-6 67,10Q44,26 44,53Q44,53 44,183Q44,195 44,220Q45,244 45,256Q45,298 31,328Q73,356 86,356Q100,356 108,341L123,313Q136,328 164.5,355Q193,382 219,382Q239,382 289,333Q371,382 390,382Q411,382 430.5,361.5Q450,341 450,320L450,27ZM209,113L209,298Q209,317 201,321L196,322Q180,322 146.5,300Q113,278 113,264Q113,230 114,157L115,51Q163,61 175,66Q205,80 209,113Z" /><path transform="translate(480)" d="M240,32Q228,18 212,18Q172,18 126,43Q116,51 93,66Q93,41 87.5,31.5Q82,22 62,7L31,15L31,578Q34,587 40,601Q52,627 109,627L156,627Q194,627 238,605Q240,598 240,587L240,32ZM174,555Q153,568 134,568Q113,568 97,542L96,336Q123,340 171,369Q171,513 174,555ZM174,69L171,313Q102,282 96,281Q96,263 97,221.5Q98,180 98,158Q97,121 94,105Q106,97 174,69Z" /><path transform="translate(750)" d="M179,451Q179,433 162,418L52,319L21,313Q54,364 76,397Q115,455 134,472L149,478Q158,477 174,469Q179,457 179,451Z" /></g></svg>ᥖᥤ ́</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <a href="#G44929" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. In China, European digits (U+0030..U+0039) are mainly used, although Myanmar digits (U+1040..U+1049) are also used with slight glyph variants. Note the differences, in particular, for the digits 2, 6, 8, and 9, as shown in <a href="#G72322" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-12</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G72322" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-12. Myanmar Digits in Tai Le</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-weij4o"><th>Value</th> <th>Myanmar</th> <th>Tai Le</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17b31xa">0</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 412 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M314,179Q314,104 273,49Q230,-10 162,-9Q95,-8 53,52Q14,108 16,183Q18,256 57,308Q98,364 164,365Q231,366 274,307Q314,253 314,179ZM251,178Q252,344 168,348Q116,350 94,289Q77,243 80,170Q86,10 166,9Q250,8 251,178Z" /></g></svg>၀</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 412 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M314,179Q314,104 273,49Q230,-10 162,-9Q95,-8 53,52Q14,108 16,183Q18,256 57,308Q98,364 164,365Q231,366 274,307Q314,253 314,179ZM251,178Q252,344 168,348Q116,350 94,289Q77,243 80,170Q86,10 166,9Q250,8 251,178Z" /></g></svg>၀</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17akaub">1</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 412 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M385,175Q385,98 328.5,44.5Q272,-9 195,-9Q89,-9 27,102L27,119Q34,127 47,137Q54,136 67,133Q70,132 95,92Q109,69 144,56Q175,44 205,44Q256,44 293.5,84Q331,124 331,175Q331,229 293,270.5Q255,312 201,312Q148,312 110,271Q98,254 75,232Q67,227 48,227Q32,227 32,251Q32,253 34,263Q110,365 210,365Q277,365 331,303.5Q385,242 385,175Z" /></g></svg>၁</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 412 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M385,175Q385,98 328.5,44.5Q272,-9 195,-9Q89,-9 27,102L27,119Q34,127 47,137Q54,136 67,133Q70,132 95,92Q109,69 144,56Q175,44 205,44Q256,44 293.5,84Q331,124 331,175Q331,229 293,270.5Q255,312 201,312Q148,312 110,271Q98,254 75,232Q67,227 48,227Q32,227 32,251Q32,253 34,263Q110,365 210,365Q277,365 331,303.5Q385,242 385,175Z" /></g></svg>၁</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17c93sk">2</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 412 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M393,-133Q393,-211 339,-267Q285,-323 208,-323Q180,-323 139,-306Q98,-289 74.5,-269.5Q51,-250 34,-209Q19,-171 19,-138Q19,-118 44,-106Q70,-105 73,-138Q79,-197 114.5,-233Q150,-269 208,-269Q260,-269 299.5,-227.5Q339,-186 339,-134L339,334Q339,361 368,361Q386,361 392,335L393,-133Z" /></g></svg>၂</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 333 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M311,368Q311,362 306,351Q301,340 301,335L301,333Q289,320 289,155L289,-107Q289,-159 271.5,-167.5Q254,-176 101,-176Q52,-176 36,-163Q23,-153 -1,-102Q46,-122 74,-127.5Q102,-133 156,-133Q190,-133 201,-130Q226,-123 226,-98L227,347Q227,356 243.5,372Q260,388 269,388Q292,388 311,368Z" /></g></svg>၂</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17bqcwx">3</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 397 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M378,175Q378,101 323,46Q268,-9 195,-9Q187,-9 162,-8L365,-287L365,-302L358,-319L342,-324L333,-323L322,-317L25,88Q19,95 19,114Q19,117 20,119Q26,126 40,137Q47,136 60,133Q63,132 88,92Q101,70 137,56Q167,44 198,44Q248,44 286,84Q324,124 324,175Q324,229 285.5,270.5Q247,312 194,312Q154,312 126,293Q116,287 92,256Q72,231 57,228Q49,227 41,227Q25,227 25,251Q25,253 27,263Q42,283 59,304Q76,325 97,336Q154,365 203,365Q269,365 323.5,303.5Q378,242 378,175Z" /></g></svg>၃</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 397 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M378,175Q378,101 323,46Q268,-9 195,-9Q187,-9 162,-8L365,-287L365,-302L358,-319L342,-324L333,-323L322,-317L25,88Q19,95 19,114Q19,117 20,119Q26,126 40,137Q47,136 60,133Q63,132 88,92Q101,70 137,56Q167,44 198,44Q248,44 286,84Q324,124 324,175Q324,229 285.5,270.5Q247,312 194,312Q154,312 126,293Q116,287 92,256Q72,231 57,228Q49,227 41,227Q25,227 25,251Q25,253 27,263Q42,283 59,304Q76,325 97,336Q154,365 203,365Q269,365 323.5,303.5Q378,242 378,175Z" /></g></svg>၃</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17df59e">4</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 397 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M378,113Q378,99 371,89L76,-316Q70,-324 56,-324Q55,-324 43,-321Q38,-315 32,-299L33,-286L237,-7Q208,-8 203,-8Q129,-8 74.5,46.5Q20,101 20,175Q20,247 76,306.5Q132,366 204,366Q306,366 369,266L372,249L368,239L359,229Q349,227 348,227Q331,227 313,252Q291,283 275,292Q235,313 203,313Q148,313 111,272Q74,231 74,175Q74,122 115,83.5Q156,45 210,45Q243,45 276,66Q294,78 308,98Q325,123 334,131L356,137Q366,130 378,113Z" /></g></svg>၄</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 397 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M378,113Q378,99 371,89L76,-316Q70,-324 56,-324Q55,-324 43,-321Q38,-315 32,-299L33,-286L237,-7Q208,-8 203,-8Q129,-8 74.5,46.5Q20,101 20,175Q20,247 76,306.5Q132,366 204,366Q306,366 369,266L372,249L368,239L359,229Q349,227 348,227Q331,227 313,252Q291,283 275,292Q235,313 203,313Q148,313 111,272Q74,231 74,175Q74,122 115,83.5Q156,45 210,45Q243,45 276,66Q294,78 308,98Q325,123 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282,367Q331,367 357,328Q366,316 368,310L376,276Q376,236 347,208Q393,179 393,135Q393,89 337.5,39Q282,-11 210,-11Q131,-11 76,42.5Q21,96 21,174L21,489Q21,562 77.5,620.5Q134,679 207,679Q280,679 337,623Q394,567 394,493ZM322,279Q322,297 283,314L254,301L244,274Q246,267 256,248L278,236L285,235L312,248Q322,278 322,279Z" /></g></svg>၆</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 414 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M394,493Q394,465 369,465Q341,465 341,493Q341,546 300.5,585.5Q260,625 207,625Q149,625 111.5,586.5Q74,548 74,490L75,174Q75,147 77,138Q85,97 127,69Q166,42 210,42Q254,42 294.5,72Q335,102 337,145Q327,168 288,178Q239,190 223,202Q192,229 192,296Q192,311 210.5,332.5Q229,354 245,358Q278,367 307,367Q339,367 356.5,347Q374,327 374,318Q374,314 365.5,307.5Q357,301 353,301Q350,301 350,301Q350,309 320,311Q283,314 283,314L254,301L244,274L256,248L278,236Q319,230 353,204Q393,174 393,135Q393,78 328,32Q269,-11 210,-11Q131,-11 76,42.5Q21,96 21,174L21,489Q21,562 77,620.5Q133,679 207,679Q280,679 337,623Q394,567 394,493Z" /></g></svg>၆</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17e2tb9">7</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 412 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M394,-249Q394,-284 365.5,-305Q337,-326 301,-326Q260,-326 234,-284Q210,-247 210,-204Q210,-151 274,-18Q338,115 338,178Q338,233 300,271.5Q262,310 207,310Q154,310 113.5,271Q73,232 73,179L73,170Q73,155 74,150.5Q75,146 78.5,136Q82,126 82,120Q82,111 75,100L53,89Q36,98 29,110Q18,129 18,181Q18,231 52,280Q84,326 131,350Q160,365 207,365Q284,365 338.5,310Q393,255 393,178L393,160Q393,144 391,139Q391,92 328,-32Q265,-156 265,-204Q265,-247 303,-271Q327,-271 339,-242Q339,-217 365,-217Q394,-217 394,-249Z" /></g></svg>၇</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 412 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M394,-249Q394,-284 365.5,-305Q337,-326 301,-326Q260,-326 234,-284Q210,-247 210,-204Q210,-151 274,-18Q338,115 338,178Q338,233 300,271.5Q262,310 207,310Q154,310 113.5,271Q73,232 73,179L73,170Q73,155 74,150.5Q75,146 78.5,136Q82,126 82,120Q82,111 75,100L53,89Q36,98 29,110Q18,129 18,181Q18,231 52,280Q84,326 131,350Q160,365 207,365Q284,365 338.5,310Q393,255 393,178L393,160Q393,144 391,139Q391,92 328,-32Q265,-156 265,-204Q265,-247 303,-271Q327,-271 339,-242Q339,-217 365,-217Q394,-217 394,-249Z" /></g></svg>၇</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17frlnq">8</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 412 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M391,179Q391,56 286,-8L273,-8Q266,-8 253,4Q250,16 250,17Q250,29 264,41Q276,50 288,59Q289,60 318,95Q337,149 337,179Q337,223 294,265.5Q251,308 208,308Q157,308 124,284Q87,258 80,210Q120,210 154,172Q188,134 188,93Q188,13 126,-10Q116,-8 110,-4Q67,24 43,76Q22,125 22,179Q22,268 73,315Q124,362 215,362Q287,362 339,306.5Q391,251 391,179ZM144,90Q144,120 125,142.5Q106,165 77,165Q77,107 132,50Q144,68 144,90Z" /></g></svg>၈</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 507 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M496,21Q494,13 478,13Q407,13 369,31Q327,50 301,99Q296,116 284,152Q274,178 254,215Q238,186 224,152Q220,135 207,99Q181,50 139,31Q101,13 30,13Q14,13 12,21L21,51L84,64Q112,71 130,92Q138,101 160,138Q162,143 175,170Q185,205 220,289Q220,290 230,335Q236,362 255,362Q273,362 279,335Q287,290 288,289Q300,264 311.5,228Q323,192 333,170Q337,160 348,138Q369,101 378,92Q395,71 424,64Q434,62 487,51L496,21Z" /></g></svg>၈</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-17f8ve3">9</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 414 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M394,-137Q394,-213 338.5,-268Q283,-323 207,-323Q132,-323 76.5,-265Q21,-207 21,-133L21,182Q21,248 82,307.5Q143,367 210,367Q270,367 328,325Q391,280 391,222Q391,193 381.5,179.5Q372,166 346,149Q359,142 367.5,120.5Q376,99 376,81Q376,45 346.5,17Q317,-11 282,-11Q245,-11 217,16Q208,24 200,45.5Q192,67 192,79Q192,104 205.5,130.5Q219,157 240,164Q261,171 305,185Q324,192 337,212Q333,255 293.5,284.5Q254,314 210,314Q154,314 114.5,275.5Q75,237 75,182L76,-134Q76,-190 113.5,-229.5Q151,-269 207,-269Q256,-269 298.5,-227.5Q341,-186 341,-137Q341,-110 368,-110Q394,-110 394,-137ZM322,82Q322,109 283,120Q244,114 244,81Q244,65 255,53.5Q266,42 282,42Q322,42 322,82Z" /></g></svg>၉</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 414 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M394,-137Q394,-211 337,-267Q280,-323 207,-323Q133,-323 77,-264.5Q21,-206 21,-133L21,182Q21,260 76,313.5Q131,367 210,367Q269,367 328,324Q393,278 393,221Q393,182 353,152Q319,126 278,120L256,108L244,82L254,55L283,42Q283,42 320,45Q350,47 350,55Q350,55 353,55Q357,55 365.5,48.5Q374,42 374,38Q374,29 356.5,9Q339,-11 307,-11Q278,-11 245,-2Q229,2 210.5,23.5Q192,45 192,60Q192,127 223,154Q239,166 288,178Q327,188 337,211Q335,254 294.5,284Q254,314 210,314Q166,314 127,287Q85,259 77,218Q75,209 75,182L74,-134Q74,-192 111.5,-230.5Q149,-269 207,-269Q260,-269 300.5,-229.5Q341,-190 341,-137Q341,-109 369,-109Q394,-109 394,-137Z" /></g></svg>၉</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <a href="#G72337" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation. Both CJK punctuation and Western punctuation are used. Typographically, European digits are about the same height and depth as the tall characters <svg viewBox="0 -1000 269 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M259,-84Q244,-100 197.5,-121.5Q151,-143 129,-143Q57,-143 40,-127Q33,-120 33,-52L33,548Q33,572 62,578Q72,580 109,580L183,580Q214,580 222,566.5Q230,553 230,520L231,60Q231,17 222,3L171,10L170,522Q170,536 165,541L160,538Q132,540 117,540Q114,540 108,539L99,539L99,-94Q122,-103 130,-103Q142,-103 165,-97.5Q188,-92 197,-92Q226,-87 259,-84Z" /></g></svg>ᥫ and <svg viewBox="0 -1000 263 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M238,299Q238,245 237,95L236,-109Q224,-130 152,-140Q102,-147 55,-147Q83,-126 118,-114Q173,-96 182,-92Q180,52 180,532Q164,544 140,544Q125,544 109,539Q88,532 86,520Q87,527 87,494L88,111Q88,32 83,16Q64,-5 38,-32Q38,51 37,217L35,466Q35,548 38,553Q43,565 84,573Q117,580 138,580Q161,580 191,572Q228,563 236,549Q238,525 238,436L238,299Z" /></g></svg>ᥦ. In some fonts, the baseline for punctuation is the depth of those characters. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G65706" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.6 New Tai Lue </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G65703" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.6.1 New Tai Lue: U+1980–U+19DF </h3> The New Tai Lue script, also known as Xishuangbanna Dai, is used mainly in southern China. The script was developed in the 20th century as an orthographic simplification of the historic Lanna script used to write the Tai Lue language. “Lanna” refers to a region in present-day northern Thailand as well as to a Tai principality that existed in that region from approximately the late thirteenth century to the early 20th century. The Lanna script grew out of the Mon script and was adapted in various forms in the Lanna kingdom and by Tai-speaking communities in surrounding areas that had close contact with the kingdom, including southern China. The Lanna script, also known as the Tai Tham script (see <a href="#G53337" class="svelte-elgdv8">Section 16.7, Tai Tham</a>), is still used to write various languages of the Tai family today, including Tai Lue. The approved orthography for this language uses the New Tai Lue script; however, usage of the older orthography based on a variant of Lanna script can still be found. New Tai Lue differs from Tai Tham in that it regularizes the consonant repertoire, simplifies the writing of consonant clusters and syllable-final consonants, and uses only spacing vowel signs, which appear before or after the consonants they modify, and which are stored in visual order. By contrast, Lanna uses both spacing vowel signs and nonspacing vowel signs, which appear above or below the consonants they modify, and all of which are stored in logical order. <a href="#G71523" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure. New Tai Lue is written left to right. Despite its simplification from the Tai Tham (Lanna) script, it retains an important feature of abugidas: the consonant letters have the inherent vowel /a/, which is modified to some other vowel by the addition of an explicit vowel letter. <a href="#G46437" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Visual Order. The New Tai Lue script uses visual ordering—a characteristic it shares with the Thai and Lao scripts. This means that the four New Tai Lue vowels that occur visually on the left side of their associated consonant are stored ahead of those consonants in text. This practice differs from the usual pattern for Brahmi-derived scripts, in which all dependent vowels are stored in logical order after their associated consonants, even when they are displayed to the left of those consonants. Visual order for New Tai Lue vowels results in simpler rendering for the script and follows current accepted practice for data entry. However, it complicates syllable identification and the processes for searching and sorting. Implementers can take advantage of techniques developed for processing Thai script data to address the issues associated with visual order encoding. The four New Tai Lue vowel letters that occur in visual order ahead of their associated consonants are given the property value Logical_Order_Exception = True in the Unicode Character Database. Implementers should note that the visual order model for New Tai Lue was formally introduced as of Unicode 8.0. When New Tai Lue was added to the Unicode Standard in Version 4.1, the text model for the script followed the normal Indic practice: all dependent vowels were intended to follow their consonant, regardless of visual placement. However, in practice, the majority of New Tai Lue text data using Unicode characters prior to Unicode 8.0 already uses visual ordering, and many extant New Tai Lue fonts also assume visual ordering. As a result, the model change for New Tai Lue as of Unicode 8.0 should not pose a substantial migration issue for data or fonts. However, implementations may have glitches in some algorithmic behavior until underlying libraries and platform support catch up to the character property changes for New Tai Lue as of Unicode 8.0 or later versions. <a href="#G71589" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Two-Part Vowels. Some vowels in New Tai Lue are represented with two vowel letters—one to the left of the consonant letter and one to the right. In these cases, the characters are simply stored in visual order: first the vowel letter on the left, then the consonant letter, and finally the vowel letter on the right. U+19B6 NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AE is considered a single letter and is displayed to the left of its consonant letter. It is not represented by a sequence of two characters for U+19B5 NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN E. If a tone mark appears in a syllable, it occurs last in the representation, after any right side vowel, again in visual order. <a href="#G71941" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-13</a> shows several examples of these ordering relations. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G71941" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-13. New Tai Lue Vowel Placement</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 482 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /></g></svg>ᦵ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-182t0s7">e</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 772 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /></g></svg>ᦂ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-g0qaki">ka</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 439 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M397,130Q397,69 344,30Q297,-5 233,-5Q140,-5 89,60Q42,119 42,214Q42,317 94,391Q152,475 251,475Q313,475 355,440Q387,413 387,395L386,393Q337,438 257,438Q187,438 152,366Q124,309 124,231Q124,210 126,191Q173,253 261,253Q319,253 358,220Q397,187 397,130ZM319,124Q319,164 297,189.5Q275,215 235,215Q164,215 136,140Q166,32 239,32Q276,32 297.5,59Q319,86 319,124Z" /></g></svg>ᧈ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1qranyh">t1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lt1bro">→</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1693 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /><path transform="translate(482)" d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /><path transform="translate(1254)" d="M397,130Q397,69 344,30Q297,-5 233,-5Q140,-5 89,60Q42,119 42,214Q42,317 94,391Q152,475 251,475Q313,475 355,440Q387,413 387,395L386,393Q337,438 257,438Q187,438 152,366Q124,309 124,231Q124,210 126,191Q173,253 261,253Q319,253 358,220Q397,187 397,130ZM319,124Q319,164 297,189.5Q275,215 235,215Q164,215 136,140Q166,32 239,32Q276,32 297.5,59Q319,86 319,124Z" /></g></svg>ᦵᦂᧈ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-ioyyut">[ke:2]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 482 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /></g></svg>ᦵ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-182t0s7">e</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 772 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /></g></svg>ᦂ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-g0qaki">ka</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 458 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M417,361Q417,225 384,131Q337,-8 230,-8Q128,-8 78,134Q42,235 42,361Q42,490 76,590Q126,731 230,731Q339,731 385,592Q417,499 417,361ZM336,416Q325,695 230,695Q131,695 122,414Q173,452 230,452Q284,452 336,416ZM336,333Q287,404 230,404Q169,404 124,326Q134,28 230,28Q328,28 336,333Z" /></g></svg>ᦲ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-18554xn">i</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lt1bro">→</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1712 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /><path transform="translate(482)" d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /><path transform="translate(1254)" d="M417,361Q417,225 384,131Q337,-8 230,-8Q128,-8 78,134Q42,235 42,361Q42,490 76,590Q126,731 230,731Q339,731 385,592Q417,499 417,361ZM336,416Q325,695 230,695Q131,695 122,414Q173,452 230,452Q284,452 336,416ZM336,333Q287,404 230,404Q169,404 124,326Q134,28 230,28Q328,28 336,333Z" /></g></svg>ᦵᦂᦲ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-r2jezg">[kə:1]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 482 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /></g></svg>ᦵ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-182t0s7">e</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 772 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /></g></svg>ᦂ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-g0qaki">ka</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 675 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M627,448L627,448Q627,448 627,447L627,441L627,410Q624,293 624,21Q624,-298 482,-298Q413,-298 376,-252Q341,-210 341,-139Q341,-109 343,47Q303,-8 234,-8Q134,-8 84,134Q47,235 47,361Q47,491 82,590Q130,731 234,731Q345,731 393,592Q424,500 424,361Q424,344 422,310.5Q420,277 419,261L417,-121Q417,-262 481,-262Q520,-262 535.5,-188.5Q551,-115 551,157Q551,440 544,446Q543,465 587,465Q628,465 627,448ZM340,416Q331,695 234,695Q137,695 127,414Q178,452 234,452Q290,452 340,416ZM340,333Q293,404 234,404Q175,404 128,326Q141,28 234,28Q337,28 340,333Z" /></g></svg>ᧀ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-rnhy4g">iy</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lt1bro">→</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1929 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /><path transform="translate(482)" d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /><path transform="translate(1254)" d="M627,448L627,448Q627,448 627,447L627,441L627,410Q624,293 624,21Q624,-298 482,-298Q413,-298 376,-252Q341,-210 341,-139Q341,-109 343,47Q303,-8 234,-8Q134,-8 84,134Q47,235 47,361Q47,491 82,590Q130,731 234,731Q345,731 393,592Q424,500 424,361Q424,344 422,310.5Q420,277 419,261L417,-121Q417,-262 481,-262Q520,-262 535.5,-188.5Q551,-115 551,157Q551,440 544,446Q543,465 587,465Q628,465 627,448ZM340,416Q331,695 234,695Q137,695 127,414Q178,452 234,452Q290,452 340,416ZM340,333Q293,404 234,404Q175,404 128,326Q141,28 234,28Q337,28 340,333Z" /></g></svg>ᦵᦂᧀ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-zv14b9">[kəi1]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 482 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /></g></svg>ᦵ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-182t0s7">e</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 772 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /></g></svg>ᦂ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-g0qaki">ka</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 675 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M627,448L627,448Q627,448 627,447L627,441L627,410Q624,293 624,21Q624,-298 482,-298Q413,-298 376,-252Q341,-210 341,-139Q341,-109 343,47Q303,-8 234,-8Q134,-8 84,134Q47,235 47,361Q47,491 82,590Q130,731 234,731Q345,731 393,592Q424,500 424,361Q424,344 422,310.5Q420,277 419,261L417,-121Q417,-262 481,-262Q520,-262 535.5,-188.5Q551,-115 551,157Q551,440 544,446Q543,465 587,465Q628,465 627,448ZM340,416Q331,695 234,695Q137,695 127,414Q178,452 234,452Q290,452 340,416ZM340,333Q293,404 234,404Q175,404 128,326Q141,28 234,28Q337,28 340,333Z" /></g></svg>ᧀ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-rnhy4g">iy</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 439 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M397,130Q397,69 344,30Q297,-5 233,-5Q140,-5 89,60Q42,119 42,214Q42,317 94,391Q152,475 251,475Q313,475 355,440Q387,413 387,395L386,393Q337,438 257,438Q187,438 152,366Q124,309 124,231Q124,210 126,191Q173,253 261,253Q319,253 358,220Q397,187 397,130ZM319,124Q319,164 297,189.5Q275,215 235,215Q164,215 136,140Q166,32 239,32Q276,32 297.5,59Q319,86 319,124Z" /></g></svg>ᧈ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1qranyh">t1</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lt1bro">→</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 2368 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /><path transform="translate(482)" d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /><path transform="translate(1254)" d="M627,448L627,448Q627,448 627,447L627,441L627,410Q624,293 624,21Q624,-298 482,-298Q413,-298 376,-252Q341,-210 341,-139Q341,-109 343,47Q303,-8 234,-8Q134,-8 84,134Q47,235 47,361Q47,491 82,590Q130,731 234,731Q345,731 393,592Q424,500 424,361Q424,344 422,310.5Q420,277 419,261L417,-121Q417,-262 481,-262Q520,-262 535.5,-188.5Q551,-115 551,157Q551,440 544,446Q543,465 587,465Q628,465 627,448ZM340,416Q331,695 234,695Q137,695 127,414Q178,452 234,452Q290,452 340,416ZM340,333Q293,404 234,404Q175,404 128,326Q141,28 234,28Q337,28 340,333Z" /><path transform="translate(1929)" d="M397,130Q397,69 344,30Q297,-5 233,-5Q140,-5 89,60Q42,119 42,214Q42,317 94,391Q152,475 251,475Q313,475 355,440Q387,413 387,395L386,393Q337,438 257,438Q187,438 152,366Q124,309 124,231Q124,210 126,191Q173,253 261,253Q319,253 358,220Q397,187 397,130ZM319,124Q319,164 297,189.5Q275,215 235,215Q164,215 136,140Q166,32 239,32Q276,32 297.5,59Q319,86 319,124Z" /></g></svg>ᦵᦂᧀᧈ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yqkybc">[kəi2]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 482 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /></g></svg>ᦵ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-182t0s7">e</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 772 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /></g></svg>ᦂ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-g0qaki">ka</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 675 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M627,448L627,448Q627,448 627,447L627,441L627,410Q624,293 624,21Q624,-298 482,-298Q413,-298 376,-252Q341,-210 341,-139Q341,-109 343,47Q303,-8 234,-8Q134,-8 84,134Q47,235 47,361Q47,491 82,590Q130,731 234,731Q345,731 393,592Q424,500 424,361Q424,344 422,310.5Q420,277 419,261L417,-121Q417,-262 481,-262Q520,-262 535.5,-188.5Q551,-115 551,157Q551,440 544,446Q543,465 587,465Q628,465 627,448ZM340,416Q331,695 234,695Q137,695 127,414Q178,452 234,452Q290,452 340,416ZM340,333Q293,404 234,404Q175,404 128,326Q141,28 234,28Q337,28 340,333Z" /></g></svg>ᧀ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-rnhy4g">iy</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1771t6h">+</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 420 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M378,330Q378,271 340.5,232Q303,193 244,193Q169,193 125,258L125,234Q123,156 143,104Q171,31 238,31Q307,31 358,92Q363,99 375,110L375,107Q375,78 344,42Q301,-8 223,-8Q134,-8 85,60Q42,120 42,212Q42,320 84,389Q135,473 235,473Q300,473 339,434Q378,395 378,330ZM300,337Q300,436 222,436Q151,436 132,317Q160,232 233,232Q268,232 286,269Q300,298 300,337Z" /></g></svg>ᧉ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1u5ycnw">t2</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lt1bro">→</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 2349 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M467,54Q467,30 449.5,11Q432,-8 408,-8Q315,-8 315,107Q315,136 323,195Q331,254 331,283Q331,436 228,436Q150,436 115,361Q89,306 89,218Q89,104 173,72Q180,69 180,64Q180,51 160.5,21.5Q141,-8 128,-8Q75,-8 42,65Q15,123 15,183Q15,299 64,378Q122,473 231,473Q408,473 408,268Q408,241 400,187.5Q392,134 392,107Q392,26 426,26Q439,26 464,62Q467,59 467,54Z" /><path transform="translate(482)" d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /><path transform="translate(1254)" d="M627,448L627,448Q627,448 627,447L627,441L627,410Q624,293 624,21Q624,-298 482,-298Q413,-298 376,-252Q341,-210 341,-139Q341,-109 343,47Q303,-8 234,-8Q134,-8 84,134Q47,235 47,361Q47,491 82,590Q130,731 234,731Q345,731 393,592Q424,500 424,361Q424,344 422,310.5Q420,277 419,261L417,-121Q417,-262 481,-262Q520,-262 535.5,-188.5Q551,-115 551,157Q551,440 544,446Q543,465 587,465Q628,465 627,448ZM340,416Q331,695 234,695Q137,695 127,414Q178,452 234,452Q290,452 340,416ZM340,333Q293,404 234,404Q175,404 128,326Q141,28 234,28Q337,28 340,333Z" /><path transform="translate(1929)" d="M378,330Q378,271 340.5,232Q303,193 244,193Q169,193 125,258L125,234Q123,156 143,104Q171,31 238,31Q307,31 358,92Q363,99 375,110L375,107Q375,78 344,42Q301,-8 223,-8Q134,-8 85,60Q42,120 42,212Q42,320 84,389Q135,473 235,473Q300,473 339,434Q378,395 378,330ZM300,337Q300,436 222,436Q151,436 132,317Q160,232 233,232Q268,232 286,269Q300,298 300,337Z" /></g></svg>ᦵᦂᧀᧉ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-14ey4df">[kəi3]</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <a href="#G45243" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Final Consonants. A virama or killer character is not used to create conjunct consonants in New Tai Lue, because clusters of consonants do not regularly occur. New Tai Lue has a limited set of final consonants, which are modified with a hook showing that the inherent vowel is killed. <a href="#G45244" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Tones. Similar to the Thai and Lao scripts, New Tai Lue consonant letters come in pairs that denote two tonal registers. The tone of a syllable is indicated by the combination of the tonal register of the consonant letter plus a tone mark written at the end of the syllable, as shown in <a href="#G53239" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-14</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G53239" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-14. New Tai Lue Registers and Tones</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1p40js1"><th>Display</th> <th>Sequence</th> <th>Register</th> <th>Tone Mark</th> <th>Tone</th> <th>Transcription</th></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 772 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /></g></svg>ᦂ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1evb42v">kah</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-5q8i1q">high</td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-17akaub">1</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-wc6ln4">[ka1]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1211 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /><path transform="translate(772)" d="M397,130Q397,69 344,30Q297,-5 233,-5Q140,-5 89,60Q42,119 42,214Q42,317 94,391Q152,475 251,475Q313,475 355,440Q387,413 387,395L386,393Q337,438 257,438Q187,438 152,366Q124,309 124,231Q124,210 126,191Q173,253 261,253Q319,253 358,220Q397,187 397,130ZM319,124Q319,164 297,189.5Q275,215 235,215Q164,215 136,140Q166,32 239,32Q276,32 297.5,59Q319,86 319,124Z" /></g></svg>ᦂᧈ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1fxua1j">kah + t1</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-5q8i1q">high</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1qranyh">t1</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-17c93sk">2</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1fnelz">[ka2]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1192 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M732,210Q732,126 691,63Q644,-9 564,-9Q522,-9 498,0Q487,4 480,40Q476,59 476,69Q476,80 481,80Q491,80 521,70.5Q551,61 567,61Q626,61 657,114Q683,158 683,221Q683,288 647,336Q608,389 543,389Q489,389 455,352Q427,322 417,278Q416,271 413,258Q411,252 389,252Q366,252 364,258Q361,271 355,298Q325,389 233,389Q167,389 126,337Q89,289 89,221Q89,158 117,114Q150,62 209,62Q225,62 256,71Q287,80 293,80Q298,80 298,69Q298,59 294,40Q291,25 288,18Q283,2 277,0Q251,-9 212,-9Q132,-9 83,63Q40,126 40,210Q40,309 83,383Q134,473 226,473Q345,473 388,347Q432,473 551,473Q643,473 692,383Q732,310 732,210Z" /><path transform="translate(772)" d="M378,330Q378,271 340.5,232Q303,193 244,193Q169,193 125,258L125,234Q123,156 143,104Q171,31 238,31Q307,31 358,92Q363,99 375,110L375,107Q375,78 344,42Q301,-8 223,-8Q134,-8 85,60Q42,120 42,212Q42,320 84,389Q135,473 235,473Q300,473 339,434Q378,395 378,330ZM300,337Q300,436 222,436Q151,436 132,317Q160,232 233,232Q268,232 286,269Q300,298 300,337Z" /></g></svg>ᦂᧉ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-166g2o8">kah + t2</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-5q8i1q">high</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1u5ycnw">t2</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-17bqcwx">3</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1i19v0q">[ka3]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 508 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M468,209Q468,147 436,78Q398,-7 344,-7Q336,-7 325,20Q315,44 315,55Q315,62 320,63Q372,75 395.5,116Q419,157 419,210Q419,287 373,338Q327,389 251,389Q180,389 134.5,338.5Q89,288 89,216Q89,159 112,118.5Q135,78 191,63Q196,62 196,55Q196,41 185,18Q173,-8 162,-8Q159,-8 158,-7Q41,35 41,209Q41,321 88,391Q144,473 251,473Q359,473 416,392Q468,321 468,209Z" /></g></svg>ᦅ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-lhmayj">kal</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1h7q4ug">low</td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-17df59e">4</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-atxgwh">[ka4]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 947 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M468,209Q468,147 436,78Q398,-7 344,-7Q336,-7 325,20Q315,44 315,55Q315,62 320,63Q372,75 395.5,116Q419,157 419,210Q419,287 373,338Q327,389 251,389Q180,389 134.5,338.5Q89,288 89,216Q89,159 112,118.5Q135,78 191,63Q196,62 196,55Q196,41 185,18Q173,-8 162,-8Q159,-8 158,-7Q41,35 41,209Q41,321 88,391Q144,473 251,473Q359,473 416,392Q468,321 468,209Z" /><path transform="translate(508)" d="M397,130Q397,69 344,30Q297,-5 233,-5Q140,-5 89,60Q42,119 42,214Q42,317 94,391Q152,475 251,475Q313,475 355,440Q387,413 387,395L386,393Q337,438 257,438Q187,438 152,366Q124,309 124,231Q124,210 126,191Q173,253 261,253Q319,253 358,220Q397,187 397,130ZM319,124Q319,164 297,189.5Q275,215 235,215Q164,215 136,140Q166,32 239,32Q276,32 297.5,59Q319,86 319,124Z" /></g></svg>ᦅᧈ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lo5p2j">kal + t1</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1h7q4ug">low</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1qranyh">t1</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-17cwr8n">5</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1hvfc3o">[ka5]</td></tr> <tr><td><svg viewBox="0 -1000 928 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M468,209Q468,147 436,78Q398,-7 344,-7Q336,-7 325,20Q315,44 315,55Q315,62 320,63Q372,75 395.5,116Q419,157 419,210Q419,287 373,338Q327,389 251,389Q180,389 134.5,338.5Q89,288 89,216Q89,159 112,118.5Q135,78 191,63Q196,62 196,55Q196,41 185,18Q173,-8 162,-8Q159,-8 158,-7Q41,35 41,209Q41,321 88,391Q144,473 251,473Q359,473 416,392Q468,321 468,209Z" /><path transform="translate(508)" d="M378,330Q378,271 340.5,232Q303,193 244,193Q169,193 125,258L125,234Q123,156 143,104Q171,31 238,31Q307,31 358,92Q363,99 375,110L375,107Q375,78 344,42Q301,-8 223,-8Q134,-8 85,60Q42,120 42,212Q42,320 84,389Q135,473 235,473Q300,473 339,434Q378,395 378,330ZM300,337Q300,436 222,436Q151,436 132,317Q160,232 233,232Q268,232 286,269Q300,298 300,337Z" /></g></svg>ᦅᧉ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-4idg6v">ka1 + t2</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1h7q4ug">low</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1u5ycnw">t2</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-17el7jc">6</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1jtl7bf">[ka6]</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <a href="#G59572" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. The New Tai Lue script adapted its digits from the Tai Tham (or Lanna) script. Tai Tham used two separate sets of digits, one known as the hora set, and one known as the tham set. The New Tai Lue digits are adapted from the hora set. The one exception is the additional New Tai Lue digit for one: U+19DA <svg viewBox="0 -1000 546 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M536,657Q536,650 527,610Q494,439 414,289Q399,262 355,262Q339,262 336,274Q335,280 332.5,298.5Q330,317 329,328Q302,457 208,457Q142,457 110,376Q88,320 88,239Q88,155 110,104Q142,29 211,29Q244,29 263,51Q272,61 285,92Q294,114 302,114Q314,114 340,101Q367,88 367,77Q367,74 364,69Q320,-8 210,-8Q104,-8 48,64Q-2,131 -2,239Q-2,345 47,415Q102,496 204,496Q355,496 389,354Q435,471 454,681Q456,693 468,693Q490,693 509,685Q536,673 536,657Z" /></g></svg>᧚ NEW TAI LUE THAM DIGIT ONE. The regular hora form for the digit, U+19D1 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 498 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M456,242Q456,129 402,63Q345,-8 234,-8Q177,-8 126,19Q74,47 45,95Q43,99 43,103Q43,113 69,128Q94,143 108,143Q116,143 121,131Q158,29 235,29Q307,29 341,105Q367,163 367,242Q367,457 224,457Q153,457 124,368Q121,359 112,359Q100,359 73,372Q45,385 45,394Q45,398 48,403Q106,496 248,496Q456,496 456,242Z" /></g></svg>᧑ NEW TAI LUE DIGIT ONE, has the exact same glyph shape as a common New Tai Lue vowel, U+19B1 <svg viewBox="0 -1000 498 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M456,242Q456,129 402,63Q345,-8 234,-8Q177,-8 126,19Q74,47 45,95Q43,99 43,103Q43,113 69,128Q94,143 108,143Q116,143 121,131Q158,29 235,29Q307,29 341,105Q367,163 367,242Q367,457 224,457Q153,457 124,368Q121,359 112,359Q100,359 73,372Q45,385 45,394Q45,398 48,403Q106,496 248,496Q456,496 456,242Z" /></g></svg>᧑ NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AA. For this reason, U+19DA is often substituted for U+19D1 in contexts which are not obviously numeric, to avoid visual ambiguity. Implementations of New Tai Lue digits need to be aware of this usage, as U+19DA may occur frequently in text. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G53337" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.7 Tai Tham </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G69829" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.7.1 Tai Tham: U+1A20–U+1AAF </h3> The script called Tai Tham is used for three living languages, Lue, Khuen, and Northern Thai, which are spoken in China, Myanmar, Northern Thailand, and surrounding areas. In addition, the script is used for Lao Tham (or Old Lao) and other dialect variants found in Buddhist palm leaves and notebooks. Although the script has no single, commonly recognized name across the region today, it is known by various language-specific and region-specific names, such as Old Xishuangbanna Dai or Old Tai Lue in China, Khün in Myanmar, and Tua Mueang, Lanna, or Yuan in Thailand. Few of the six million speakers of Northern Thai are literate in the Tai Tham script, although there is some rising interest in the script among the young. There are about 690,000 speakers of Tai Lue. Of those, many people born before 1950 are literate in the Tai Tham script, and newspapers and other literature are regularly produced in the Xishuangbanna region of Yunnan using the script. Younger speakers are taught the New Tai Lue script, instead. (See <a href="#G65706" class="svelte-elgdv8">Section 16.6, New Tai Lue</a>.) The Tai Tham script continues to be taught in the Tai Lue monasteries. There are 107,000 speakers of Khün, for which Tai Tham is the only script. <a href="#G61258" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonants. Consonants have an inherent -a vowel sound. Most consonants have a combining subjoined form, but unlike most other Brahmi-derived scripts, the subjoining of a consonant does not mean that the vowel of the previous consonant is killed. A subjoined consonant may be the first consonant of the following syllable. The encoding model for Tai Tham is more similar to the Khmer coeng model than to the usual virama model: the character U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT is entered before a consonant which is to take the subjoined form. A subjoined consonant may be attached to a dependent vowel sign. U+1A4B TAI THAM LETTER A represents a glottal consonant. Its rendering in Northern Thai differs from that typical for Tai Lue and Khün. A number of Tai Tham characters did not traditionally take subjoined forms, but modern innovations in borrowed vocabulary suggest that fonts should make provision for subjoining behavior for all of the consonants except the historical vocalic r and l. <a href="#G61268" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Independent Vowels. Independent vowels are used as in other Brahmi-derived scripts. U+1A52 TAI THAM LETTER OO is not used in Northern Thai. <a href="#G61271" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Dependent Consonant Signs. Seven dependent consonant signs occur. Two of these are used as medials: U+1A55 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA and U+1A56 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL LA form clusters and immediately follow a consonant. U+1A58 TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG LAI is used as a final -ng in Northern Thai and Tai Lue. Its shape is distinct in Khün. U+1A59 TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA is also used as a final -ng in Northern Thai. U+1A5B TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN HIGH RATHA OR LOW PA represents high ratha in santhān “shape” and low pa in sappa “omniscience”. <a href="#G63491" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Dependent Vowel Signs. Dependent vowel signs are used in a manner similar to that employed by other Brahmi-derived scripts, although Tai Tham uses many of them in combination. U+1A63 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN AA and U+1A64 TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN TALL AA are separately encoded because the choice of which form to use cannot be reliably predicted from context. The Khün character U+1A6D TAI THAM VOWEL SIGN OY is not used in Northern Thai. Khün vowel order is quite different from that of Northern Thai. <a href="#G61365" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Tone Marks. Tai Tham has two combining tone marks, U+1A75 TAI THAM SIGN TONE-1 and U+1A76 TAI THAM SIGN TONE-2, which are used in Tai Lue and in Northern Thai. These are rendered above the vowel over the base consonant. Three additional tone marks are used in Khün: U+1A77 TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-3, U+1A78 TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-4, and U+1A79 TAI THAM SIGN KHUEN TONE-5, which are rendered above and to the right of the vowel over the base consonant. Tone marks are represented in logical order following the vowel over the base consonant or consonant stack. If there is no vowel over a base consonant, then the tone is rendered directly over the consonant; this is the same way tones are treated in the Thai script. <a href="#G61369" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Other Combining Marks. U+1A7A TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM is used in Northern Thai to indicate that the character or characters it follows are not sounded. The precise range of characters not to be sounded is indeterminant; it is defined instead by reading rules. In Tai Lue, ra haam is used as a final -n. The mark U+1A7B TAI THAM SIGN MAI SAM has a range of uses in Northern Thai: <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-1s8s2g5"><li>It is used as a repetition mark, stored as the last character in the word to be repeated: tang “be different”, tangtang “be different in my view”.</li> <li>It is used to disambiguate the use of a subjoined letters. A subjoined letter may be a medial or final, or it may be the start of a new syllable.</li> <li>It is used to mark “double-acting” consonants. It is stored where the consonant would be stored if there were a separate consonant used.</li></ul> U+1A7F TAI THAM COMBINING CRYPTOGRAMMIC DOT is used singly or multiply beneath letters to give each letter a different value according to some hidden agreement between reader and writer. <a href="#G62342" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. Two sets of digits are in common use: a secular set (Hora) and an ecclesiastical set (Tham). European digits are also found in books. <a href="#G61382" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation. The four signs U+1AA8 TAI THAM SIGN KAAN, U+1AA9 TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU, U+1AAA TAI THAM SIGN SATKAAN, and U+1AAB TAI THAM SIGN SATKAANKUU, are used in a variety of ways, with progressive values of finality. U+1AAB TAI THAM SIGN SATKAANKUU is similar to U+0E5A THAI CHARACTER ANGKHANKHU. At the end of a section, U+1AA9 TAI THAM SIGN KAANKUU and U+1AAC TAI THAM SIGN HANG may be combined with U+1AA6 TAI THAM SIGN REVERSED ROTATED RANA in a number of ways. The symbols U+1AA1 TAI THAM SIGN WIANGWAAK, U+1AA0 TAI THAM SIGN WIANG, and U+1AA2 TAI THAM SIGN SAWAN are logographs for “village,” “city,” and “heaven,” respectively. The three signs U+1AA3 TAI THAM SIGN KEOW, “courtyard,” U+1AA4 TAI THAM SIGN HOY, “oyster,” and U+1AA5 TAI THAM SIGN DOKMAI, “flower” are used as dingbats and as section starters. The mark U+1AA7 TAI THAM SIGN MAI YAMOK is used in the same way as its Thai counterpart, U+0E46 THAI CHARACTER MAIYAMOK. European punctuation like question mark, exclamation mark, parentheses, and quotation marks is also used. <a href="#G61394" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Collating Order. There is no firmly established sorting order for the Tai Tham script. The order in the code charts is based on Northern Thai and Thai. U+1A60 TAI THAM SIGN SAKOT is ignored for sorting purposes. <a href="#G61398" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Line Breaking. Opportunities for line breaking are lexical, but a line break may not be inserted between a base letter and a combining diacritic. There is no insertion of visible hyphens at line boundaries. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G59747" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.8 Tai Viet </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G63563" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.8.1 Tai Viet: U+AA80–U+AADF </h3> The Tai Viet script is used by three Tai languages spoken primarily in northwestern Vietnam, northern Laos, and central Thailand: Tai Dam (also Black Tai or Tai Noir), Tai Dón (White Tai or Tai Blanc), and Thai Song (Lao Song or Lao Song Dam). The Thai Song of Thailand are geographically removed from, but linguistically related to the Tai people of Vietnam and Laos. There are also populations in Australia, China, France, and the United States. The script is related to other Tai scripts used throughout Southeast Asia. The total population using the three languages, across all countries, is estimated to be 1.3 million (Tai Dam 764,000, Tai Dón 490,000, Thai Song 32,000). The script is still used by the Tai people in Vietnam, and there is a desire to introduce it into formal education there. It is unknown whether it is in current use in Laos, Thailand, or China. Several different spellings have been employed for the name of the script, including Tay Viet. Linguists commonly use “Thai” to indicate the language of central Thailand, and “Tai” to indicate the language family; however, even that usage is inconsistent. <a href="#G61910" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure. The Tai Viet script shares many features with other Tai alphabets. It is written left to right and has a double set of initial consonants, one for the low tone class and one for the high tone class. Vowels marks are positioned before, after, above, or below the syllable’s initial consonant, depending on the vowel. Some vowels are written with digraphs. The consonants do not carry an implicit vowel. The vowel must always be written explicitly. The Tai languages are almost exclusively monosyllabic. A very small number of words have an unstressed initial syllable, and loan words may be polysyllabic. <a href="#G63815" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Visual Order. The Tai Viet script uses visual ordering—a characteristic it shares with the Thai and Lao scripts. This means that the five Tai Viet vowels that occur visually on the left side of their associated consonant are stored ahead of those consonants in text. This practice differs from the usual pattern for Brahmi-derived scripts, in which all dependent vowels are stored in logical order after their associated consonants, even when they are displayed to the left of those consonants. Visual order for Tai Viet vowels results in simpler rendering for the script and follows accepted practice for data entry. However, it complicates syllable identification and the processes for searching and sorting. Implementers can take advantage of techniques developed for processing Thai script data to address the issues associated with visual order encoding. The five Tai Viet vowels that occur in visual order ahead of their associated consonants are given the property value Logical_Order_Exception = True in the Unicode Character Database. <a href="#G61997" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Tone Classes and Tone Marks. In the Tai Viet script each consonant has two forms. The low form of the initial consonant indicates that the syllable uses tone 1, 2, or 3. The high form of the initial consonant indicates that the syllable uses tone 4, 5, or 6. This is sufficient to define the tone of closed syllables (those ending /p/, /t/, /k/, or /ʔ/), in that these syllables are restricted to tones 2 and 5. Traditionally, the Tai Viet script did not use any further marking for tone. The reader had to determine the tone of unchecked syllables from the context. Recently, several groups have introduced tone marks into Tai Viet writing. Tai Dam speakers in the United States began using Lao tone marks with their script in the 1970s, and those marks are included in SIL’s Tai Heritage font. These symbols are written as combining marks above the initial consonant, or above a combining vowel, and are identified by their Laotian names, mai ek and mai tho. These marks are also used by the Song Petburi font (developed for the Thai Song language), although they were probably borrowed from the Thai alphabet rather than the Lao. The Tai community in Vietnam invented their own tone marks written on the base line at the end of the syllable, which they call mai nueng and mai song. When combined with the consonant class, two tone marks are sufficient to unambiguously mark the tone. No tone is written on loan words or on the unstressed initial syllable of a native word. <a href="#G62021" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Final Consonants. U+AA9A TAI VIET LETTER LOW BO and U+AA92 TAI VIET LETTER LOW DO are used to write syllable-final /p/ and /t/, respectively, as is the practice in many Tai scripts. U+AA80 TAI VIET LETTER LOW KO is used for both final /k/ and final /ʔ/. The high-tone class symbols are used for writing final /j/ and the final nasals, /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/. U+AAAB TAI VIET LETTER HIGH VO is used for final /w/. There are a number of exceptions to the above rules in the form of vowels which carry an inherent final consonant. These vary from region to region. The ones included in the Tai Viet block are the ones with the broadest usage: /-aj/, /-am/, /-an/, and /-əw/. <a href="#G62033" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Symbols and Punctuation. There are five special symbols in Tai Viet. The meaning and use of these symbols is summarized in <a href="#G63064" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-15</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G63064" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-15. Tai Viet Symbols and Punctuation</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-uv1akj"><th>Code</th> <th>Glyph</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Meaning</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-rlev0m">AADB</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 780 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M767,1041Q625,1007 551,952Q458,883 425,758Q420,735 420,721Q420,671 473,671Q517,671 584,714Q596,812 665,812Q702,812 702,773Q702,750 680,727Q659,704 637,697L637,122Q703,104 703,57Q703,9 632,7Q587,30 591,73Q549,72 508,39Q466,6 421,6Q330,6 330,149Q330,180 348,256L159,103Q179,96 195,77Q211,58 211,37Q211,0 165,0Q143,0 118,32Q114,37 86,83Q86,83 70,83Q34,83 1,68Q16,108 78,111Q54,158 54,243Q54,369 79,434Q117,531 216,559Q254,569 282,569Q325,569 368,547Q410,526 433,488Q459,445 459,417Q459,391 454,369L583,468L583,673Q498,620 439,620Q399,620 376,643Q352,667 352,705Q352,775 411,859Q469,942 563,992Q658,1042 758,1041L767,1041ZM665,775Q665,782 655,785Q635,777 637,753L637,745Q665,757 665,775ZM583,116L583,434L450,332Q447,308 438,260Q415,161 415,125Q415,69 443,69Q467,69 507,92Q549,116 583,116ZM671,56Q662,74 636,77Q636,44 660,44Q668,44 671,56ZM367,361Q367,408 355,437Q343,466 309,498Q287,518 254,518Q216,518 193,506Q159,489 137,440Q118,401 112,355Q103,290 103,239Q103,175 128,111L359,301Q367,327 367,361ZM170,46Q170,66 133,78Q154,39 166,39Q170,39 170,46Z" /></g></svg>ꫛ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1ows9yx">kon</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-575orr">person</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-qubbjd">AADC</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 840 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M788,1043Q666,1014 598,972Q505,915 466,820Q442,760 442,724Q442,674 495,674Q538,674 605,716Q617,815 687,815Q724,815 724,775Q724,752 702,729Q682,708 659,699L659,125Q726,107 726,59Q726,11 653,9Q609,31 612,77Q569,74 528,40Q489,8 441,8Q351,8 351,152Q351,189 370,256Q389,323 389,360Q389,443 331,501Q311,521 278,521Q237,521 214,508Q124,462 124,242Q124,166 136,141L150,114Q233,89 233,39Q233,2 185,2Q160,2 138,33L107,85Q101,86 88,86Q51,86 22,70Q37,109 100,114Q75,161 75,249Q75,374 101,438Q139,533 238,561Q271,571 305,571Q378,571 430,521Q481,472 481,397Q481,355 458,261Q436,172 436,127Q436,71 467,71Q487,71 529,94Q572,118 605,118L605,436L604,436Q605,448 605,676Q515,622 458,622Q421,622 396,645Q372,668 372,707Q372,774 433,862Q488,942 583,994Q681,1046 777,1043L788,1043ZM687,778Q687,785 676,787Q656,779 658,755L658,748Q687,759 687,778ZM693,59Q684,78 657,80Q657,47 680,47Q688,47 693,59ZM193,46Q193,71 155,80Q176,41 189,41Q193,41 193,46Z" /></g></svg>ꫜ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1wp7tzi">nueng</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1oa6cmq">one</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-186vnm0">AADD</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 660 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M628,138Q628,89 596,46Q562,1 513,1Q416,1 416,156Q416,191 420,226L398,226Q318,224 271,251Q226,275 178,341Q159,275 159,186Q159,136 169,109Q249,83 249,29Q249,-2 204,-2Q181,-2 159,29Q159,29 129,80Q123,81 110,81Q76,81 48,66Q61,106 122,109Q116,144 116,188Q116,325 152,391Q129,469 129,518Q129,607 173,693Q220,784 296,821Q333,838 388,847Q323,812 294,786Q254,750 219,677Q184,602 184,548Q184,514 193,466Q198,492 236,527Q287,575 356,575Q444,575 485,494Q511,444 511,404Q511,361 500,276Q580,272 609,210Q628,167 628,138ZM431,341Q431,466 376,508Q354,525 335,525Q299,525 259,479Q229,447 211,400Q252,334 285,311Q325,283 396,283Q418,283 430,284Q431,306 431,341ZM578,146Q578,223 489,228Q476,154 476,116Q476,60 513,60Q578,60 578,146ZM209,42Q211,65 175,74Q193,38 206,38L209,38L209,42Z" /></g></svg>ꫝ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1tjimuq">sam</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1sdq4t1">signals repetition of the previous word</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-rwtwyb">AADE</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1276 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M902,817Q875,720 855,720Q841,720 808,790L902,817ZM737,761Q737,694 702,694Q676,694 638,735Q646,741 653,746.5Q660,752 665.5,756.5Q671,761 681,768Q715,794 721,794Q737,794 737,761ZM1214,952Q1214,947 1211,941Q1058,893 937,660Q949,783 978,842Q994,867 1014,910Q975,916 949,916Q887,916 760,867Q685,837 559,777Q458,729 450,729Q444,729 444,735Q444,741 447,750Q488,792 500,804Q514,822 528,856Q543,894 543,911Q543,933 521,933Q420,933 25,560Q101,696 204,805Q285,890 376,957Q501,1047 579,1047Q643,1047 643,958L610,840Q866,1010 1075,1010Q1118,1010 1159,999Q1214,984 1214,952ZM1198,742Q1173,735 1121,713Q1050,671 1050,568L1050,249Q1050,192 1006,153Q971,121 897,121Q846,121 806,148Q761,178 761,226L761,442L750,442Q707,442 707,488Q724,530 772,530Q783,530 801,528Q786,529 783,551Q789,569 801,569Q810,569 824,554Q842,557 867,588Q887,613 897,637Q935,562 1009,561L1009,564L1010,568L1020,623Q1026,653 1038,674Q1076,739 1198,742ZM718,659Q703,643 698,641L468,541L387,627L422,634Q470,598 486,598Q491,598 685,673Q718,672 718,659ZM418,778Q372,660 355,660Q342,660 337,728Q345,734 369,769Q392,802 397,802Q409,802 418,778ZM950,86Q950,80 937,75Q924,70 918,70Q913,70 910,73Q913,76 919.5,85.5Q926,95 930,101Q950,93 950,86ZM868,80Q868,69 857,58Q845,46 836,46Q808,46 783,101Q815,97 831,96Q868,92 868,80ZM293,651Q293,623 285,596Q273,557 254,557Q228,557 222,637L284,707Q293,677 293,651ZM686,226Q686,122 610,122Q584,122 567,135Q547,150 547,174L548,176Q552,174 568,159Q581,146 592,146Q618,146 618,212L618,440Q618,480 592,480Q569,480 548,434Q524,380 516,290Q509,215 500,184Q480,122 427,122Q399,122 377,142Q355,162 355,190L355,425L351,425Q335,424 322,440Q312,453 312,473Q312,495 328,508Q344,521 367,521Q422,521 422,440L422,196Q422,193 428,179Q434,166 439,166Q461,166 475,258Q492,385 506,428Q536,519 600,519Q686,519 686,439L686,226ZM727,96Q727,51 696,51Q675,51 643,86Q666,90 685,101L723,125Q727,113 727,96ZM166,614L166,599Q166,494 149,494Q140,494 123,513L101,540Q134,576 166,614ZM1077,195Q1077,174 1064,128Q1004,-83 883,-83Q832,-83 773,-42Q773,-89 711,-122Q659,-150 606,-150Q503,-150 393,-62Q350,-118 275,-118Q142,-118 82,62Q90,20 142,-7Q185,-30 234,-30Q309,-30 411,24Q511,-32 621,-32Q722,-32 755,16Q793,8 831,8Q945,8 1002,68Q1056,125 1077,195ZM580,42Q580,31 571,31L481,78L566,86Q569,77 574,65Q580,52 580,42ZM305,519Q252,472 240,406Q234,370 234,272Q234,218 241,194Q248,197 256,197Q291,197 291,158Q291,113 247,113Q201,113 186,166Q180,187 177,256Q174,314 174,313Q174,454 240,499Q260,513 305,519ZM377,122Q376,104 366,79Q366,79 348,39L292,70Q311,75 335,94Q373,124 374,125L377,122ZM228,8L145,66L228,62L228,8ZM1008,556Q986,541 961,541Q916,541 892,583Q857,526 813,523Q838,504 838,466L838,228Q838,196 854,176Q872,153 902,153Q973,153 993,199Q1006,228 1006,245L1006,518Q1006,528 1008,556Z" /></g></svg>꫞</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1qihy0e">ho hoi</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-c72s3p">beginning of text (used in songs and poems)</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1b7vswa">AADF</td> <td class="centered"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 705 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M655,408Q655,306 545,258Q513,244 413,236Q419,136 439,119Q524,101 524,45Q524,2 472,3L459,3Q403,29 391,84Q377,84 341,66Q298,45 221,45Q97,45 97,141Q97,244 283,278Q283,278 361,296Q359,320 359,327Q359,391 376,465Q356,456 328,450Q278,438 163,387Q154,345 142,327Q123,299 88,299Q51,299 51,344Q51,366 83,391Q85,393 134,423Q135,430 135,444Q135,485 121,528Q160,495 163,432Q211,457 325,490Q348,498 387,508Q391,552 410,594Q330,545 273,545Q234,545 209,568Q185,590 185,630Q185,698 245,785Q303,869 396,918Q491,969 589,967L601,967Q480,938 410,895Q316,837 279,743Q254,681 254,646Q254,598 307,598Q351,598 417,639Q431,739 499,739Q537,739 537,700Q537,680 515,655Q494,631 472,625Q446,572 438,513Q452,515 481,515Q545,515 577,502Q603,492 628,464Q655,434 655,408ZM499,701Q499,708 488,711Q467,702 464,663Q499,684 499,701ZM600,414Q600,447 550,464Q514,475 471,475Q447,475 434,474Q413,395 415,326L415,305L518,329Q571,346 594,392Q600,404 600,414ZM489,53Q482,72 442,87Q460,42 478,42Q486,42 489,53ZM130,375Q92,355 92,342Q92,338 96,338Q118,338 130,375ZM380,115Q363,165 362,225L227,211Q132,193 132,144Q132,111 170,94Q197,81 237,81Q266,81 309,96Q362,112 380,115Z" /></g></svg>꫟</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1gd1y65">koi koi</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-z07z6j">end of text (used in songs and poems)</td></tr></table></div> </figure> U+AADB TAI VIET SYMBOL KON and U+AADC TAI VIET SYMBOL NUENG may be regarded as word ligatures. They are, however, encoded as atomic symbols, without decompositions. In the case of kon, the word ligature symbol is used to distinguish the common word “person” from otherwise homophonous words. <a href="#G62053" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Word Spacing. Traditionally, the Tai Viet script was written without spaces between words. In the last thirty years, users in both Vietnam and the United States have started writing spaces between words, in both handwritten and machine produced texts. Most users now use interword spacing. Polysyllabic words may be written without space between the syllables. <a href="#G62056" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Collating Order. The Tai Viet script does not have an established standard for sorting. Sequences have sometimes been borrowed from neighboring languages. Some sources use the Lao order, adjusted for differences between the Tai Dam and Lao character repertoires. Other sources prefer an order based on the Vietnamese alphabet. It is possible that communities in different countries will want to use different orders. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G61902" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.9 Kayah Li </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G61184" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.9.1 Kayah Li: U+A900–U+A92F </h3> The Kayah Li script was invented in 1962 by Htae Bu Phae (also written Hteh Bu Phe), and is used to write the Eastern and Western Kayah Li languages of Myanmar and Thailand. The Kayah Li languages are members of the Karenic branch of the Sino-Tibetan family, and are tonal and mostly monosyllabic. There is no mutual intelligibility with other Karenic languages. The term Kayah Li is an ethnonym referring to a particular Karen people who speak these languages. Kayah means “person” and li means “red,” so Kayah Li literally means “red Karen.” This use of color terms in ethnonyms and names for languages is a common pattern in this part of Southeast Asia. <a href="#G59323" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure. Although Kayah Li is a relatively recently invented script, its structure was clearly influenced by Brahmi-derived scripts, and in particular the Myanmar script, which is used to write other Karenic languages. The order of letters is a variant of the general Brahmic pattern, and the shapes and names of some letters are Brahmi-derived. Other letters are innovations or relate more specifically to Myanmar-based orthographies. The Kayah Li script resembles an abugida such as the Myanmar script, in terms of the derivation of some vowel forms, but otherwise Kayah Li is closer to a true alphabet. Its consonants have no inherent vowel, and thus no virama is needed to remove an inherent vowel. <a href="#G59326" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Vowels. Four of the Kayah Li vowels (a, ơ, i, ô) are written as independent spacing letters. Five others (ư, e, u, ê, o) are written by means of diacritics applied above the base letter U+A922 KAYAH LI LETTER A, which thus serves as a vowel-carrier. The same vowel diacritics are also written above the base letter U+A923 KAYAH LI LETTER OE to represent sounds found in loanwords. <a href="#G59333" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Tones. Tone marks are indicated by combining marks which subjoin to the four independent vowel letters. The vowel diacritic U+A92A KAYAH LI VOWEL O and the mid-tone mark, U+A92D KAYAH LI TONE CALYA PLOPHU, are each analyzable as composite signs, but encoding of each as a single character in the standard reflects usage in didactic materials produced by the Kayah Li user community. <a href="#G59338" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. The Kayah Li script has its own set of distinctive digits. <a href="#G59340" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation. Kayah Li text makes use of modern Western punctuation conventions, but the script also has two unique punctuation marks: U+A92E KAYAH LI SIGN CWI and U+A92F KAYAH LI SIGN SHYA. The shya is a script-specific form of a danda mark. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G55659" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.10 Cham </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G55750" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.10.1 Cham: U+AA00–U+AA5F </h3> Cham is a Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family. The Cham language has two major dialects: Eastern Cham and Western Cham. Eastern Cham speakers live primarily in the southern part of Vietnam and number about 73,000. Western Cham is spoken mostly in Cambodia, with about 220,000 speakers there and about 25,000 in Vietnam. The Cham script is used more by the Eastern Cham community. <a href="#G55678" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure. Cham is a Brahmi-derived script. Consonants have an inherent vowel. The inherent vowel is -a in the case of most consonants, but is -ư in the case of nasal consonants. There is no virama and hence no killing of the inherent vowel. Dependent vowels (matras) are used to modify the inherent vowel and separately encoded, explicit final consonants are used where there is no inherent vowel. The script does not have productive formation of consonant conjuncts. <a href="#G58236" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Independent Vowel Letters. Six of the initial vowels in Cham are represented with unique, independent vowels. These separately-encoded characters always indicate a syllable-initial vowel, but they may occur word-internally at a syllable break. Other Cham vowels which do not have independent forms are instead represented by dependent vowels (matras) applied to U+AA00 CHAM LETTER A. Four of the other independent vowel letters are also attested bearing matras. <a href="#G58239" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonants. Cham consonants can be followed by consonant signs to represent the glides: -ya, -ra, -la, or -wa. U+AA33 CHAM CONSONANT SIGN YA, in particular, normally ligates with the base consonant it modifies. When it does so, any dependent vowel is graphically applied to it, rather than to the base consonant. The independent vowel U+AA00 CHAM LETTER A can cooccur with two of the medial consonant signs: -ya or -wa. The writing system distinguishes these sequences from single letters which are pronounced the same. Thus, <a, -ya> [ja] contrasts with U+AA22 CHAM LETTER YA, also pronounced [ja], and <a, -wa> [wa] contrasts with U+AA25 CHAM LETTER VA, also pronounced [wa]. Four medial clusters of two consonant signs in a row occur: <-ra, -ya> [-rja], <-ra, -wa> [-rwa], <-la, -ya> [-lja], and <-la, -wa> [-lwa]. There are three types of final consonants. The majority are simply encoded as separate base characters. Graphically, those final forms appear similar to the corresponding non-final consonants, but typically have a lengthened stroke at the right side of their glyphs. The second type consist of combining marks to represent final -ng, -m, and -h. Finally, U+AA25 CHAM LETTER VA occurs unchanged either in initial or final positions. Final consonants may occur word-internally, in which case they indicate the presence of a syllable boundary. <a href="#G58255" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordering of Syllable Components. Dependent vowels and other signs are encoded after the consonant to which they apply. The ordering of elements is shown in more detail in <a href="#G65525" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 16-16</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G65525" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Table 16-16. Cham Syllabic Structure</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1qwk4ch"><th>Class</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Encoding</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1uj7ogm">consonant or independent vowel</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1494 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1408,567Q1408,388 1248,285L1248,345Q1336,412 1336,546Q1336,633 1202,633Q1137,633 1092.5,587Q1048,541 1048,476Q1048,457 1052.5,419Q1057,381 1057,362Q1057,289 990,216Q973,197 918,165Q860,132 840,132Q826,132 826,152Q826,167 834,195.5Q842,224 842,239Q842,304 831,332Q814,375 761,388Q750,378 735,344Q716,299 713,294Q690,268 661,218L665,210Q772,185 772,78Q772,47 751.5,-8.5Q731,-64 731,-75Q731,-87 752.5,-115.5Q774,-144 774,-164Q774,-188 750,-188Q718,-188 696,-168L674,-149Q668,-149 620.5,-174Q573,-199 545,-199Q509,-199 471,-167Q433,-135 433,-100Q433,-17 558,-17Q573,-17 603,-23Q633,-29 648,-29Q669,-29 683,-2Q694,20 694,43Q694,97 681.5,118Q669,139 621,161Q613,164 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data-svelte-h="svelte-klg1jh">consonant sign -ra, -la</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1902 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1200,1008Q1200,1036 1222.5,1058Q1245,1080 1273,1080Q1301,1080 1322,1058Q1342,1038 1342,1008Q1342,978 1322.5,958Q1303,938 1272.5,938Q1242,938 1222,958Q1200,980 1200,1008ZM1200,88Q1200,116 1222,138Q1242,157 1272,157.5Q1302,158 1322,138Q1342,118 1342,88Q1342,58 1322.5,38Q1303,18 1272.5,18Q1242,18 1222,38Q1200,60 1200,88ZM740,548Q740,576 762.5,598Q785,620 813,620Q841,620 862,598Q882,578 882,548Q882,518 862.5,498Q843,478 812.5,478Q782,478 762,498Q740,520 740,548ZM1662.5,547.5Q1662,578 1682,598Q1705,620 1733,620Q1761,620 1782,598Q1802,578 1802,548Q1802,518 1782.5,498Q1763,478 1732.5,478Q1702,478 1682.5,497.5Q1663,517 1662.5,547.5ZM804.5,317.5Q804,348 824,367.5Q844,387 876,388Q905,388 924,368Q947,345 946.5,317Q946,289 924,268Q905,248 876,248Q845,248 825,267.5Q805,287 804.5,317.5ZM1600.5,777.5Q1600,808 1620,827.5Q1640,847 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1502,221.5Q1532,222 1552,202Q1572,182 1572,152Q1572,120 1552,100Q1530,77 1502,77.5Q1474,78 1452,100Q1433,119 1432,152ZM995,-145Q995,-151 993,-163.5Q991,-176 991,-183Q991,-218 973,-260Q951,-310 921,-310Q896,-310 844,-296.5Q792,-283 765,-283Q703,-283 650,-338L668,-359Q499,-225 394,13Q295,239 295,464Q295,869 527,1140Q495,1127 458,1127Q371,1127 317.5,1184Q264,1241 202,1241Q160,1241 114,1225L100,1230Q128,1272 138,1282Q162,1303 199,1303Q274,1303 354,1256Q425,1214 479,1209Q485,1208 491,1208Q497,1208 501.5,1208.5Q506,1209 511.5,1210Q517,1211 520.5,1211.5Q524,1212 530.5,1214.5Q537,1217 539.5,1218Q542,1219 549.5,1222Q557,1225 559,1226Q561,1227 569.5,1231.5Q578,1236 580,1237L675,1285Q441,898 441,434Q441,-42 624,-304Q671,-210 747,-210Q774,-210 823,-226.5Q872,-243 890,-242L894,-242Q954,-227 967,-186Q973,-140 978,-93L994,-128L988,-138Q995,-138 995,-145Z" /></g></svg> ꨴ,<svg viewBox="0 -2048 1322 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M560,1008Q560,1036 582.5,1058Q605,1080 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862,875.5Q834,876 812,898Q793,917 792.5,947.5ZM332,152Q332,182 352,201.5Q372,221 402,221.5Q432,222 452,202Q472,182 472,152Q472,120 452,100Q430,77 402,77.5Q374,78 352,100Q333,119 332,152ZM164.5,777.5Q164,808 184,827.5Q204,847 236,848Q265,848 284,828Q307,805 306.5,777Q306,749 284,728Q265,708 236,708Q205,708 185,727.5Q165,747 164.5,777.5ZM960.5,317.5Q960,348 980,367.5Q1000,387 1030,387.5Q1060,388 1080,368Q1103,345 1102.5,317Q1102,289 1080,268Q1061,248 1030.5,248Q1000,248 980.5,267.5Q961,287 960.5,317.5ZM332.5,947.5Q332,978 352,997.5Q372,1017 402,1017.5Q432,1018 452,998Q472,978 472,948Q472,918 452,898Q430,875 402,875.5Q374,876 352,898Q333,917 332.5,947.5ZM792,152Q792,182 812,201.5Q832,221 862,221.5Q892,222 912,202Q932,182 932,152Q932,120 912,100Q890,77 862,77.5Q834,78 812,100Q793,119 792,152ZM1231,-235Q1231,-328 1136,-328Q1075,-328 1041,-280Q1011,-237 1011,-174Q1011,-112 1070,-36Q1128,37 1188,58L1202,29Q1074,-60 1074,-142Q1074,-165 1096,-165Q1103,-165 1116,-161Q1129,-157 1136,-157Q1231,-157 1231,-235Z" /></g></svg> ꨵ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-zpnbpf">[U+AA34, U+AA35]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yhxswj">consonant sign -ya, -wa</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 2382 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M560,1008Q560,1036 582.5,1058Q605,1080 633,1080Q661,1080 682,1058Q702,1038 702,1008Q702,978 682.5,958Q663,938 632.5,938Q602,938 582,958Q560,980 560,1008ZM560,88Q560,116 582,138Q602,157 632,157.5Q662,158 682,138Q702,118 702,88Q702,58 682.5,38Q663,18 632.5,18Q602,18 582,38Q560,60 560,88ZM100,548Q100,576 122.5,598Q145,620 173,620Q201,620 222,598Q242,578 242,548Q242,518 222.5,498Q203,478 172.5,478Q142,478 122,498Q100,520 100,548ZM1022.5,547.5Q1022,578 1042,598Q1065,620 1093,620Q1121,620 1142,598Q1162,578 1162,548Q1162,518 1142.5,498Q1123,478 1092.5,478Q1062,478 1042.5,497.5Q1023,517 1022.5,547.5ZM164.5,317.5Q164,348 184,367.5Q204,387 236,388Q265,388 284,368Q307,345 306.5,317Q306,289 284,268Q265,248 236,248Q205,248 185,267.5Q165,287 164.5,317.5ZM960.5,777.5Q960,808 980,827.5Q1000,847 1030,847.5Q1060,848 1080,828Q1103,805 1102.5,777Q1102,749 1080,728Q1061,708 1030.5,708Q1000,708 980.5,727.5Q961,747 960.5,777.5ZM792.5,947.5Q792,978 812,997.5Q832,1017 862,1017.5Q892,1018 912,998Q932,978 932,948Q932,918 912,898Q890,875 862,875.5Q834,876 812,898Q793,917 792.5,947.5ZM332,152Q332,182 352,201.5Q372,221 402,221.5Q432,222 452,202Q472,182 472,152Q472,120 452,100Q430,77 402,77.5Q374,78 352,100Q333,119 332,152ZM164.5,777.5Q164,808 184,827.5Q204,847 236,848Q265,848 284,828Q307,805 306.5,777Q306,749 284,728Q265,708 236,708Q205,708 185,727.5Q165,747 164.5,777.5ZM960.5,317.5Q960,348 980,367.5Q1000,387 1030,387.5Q1060,388 1080,368Q1103,345 1102.5,317Q1102,289 1080,268Q1061,248 1030.5,248Q1000,248 980.5,267.5Q961,287 960.5,317.5ZM332.5,947.5Q332,978 352,997.5Q372,1017 402,1017.5Q432,1018 452,998Q472,978 472,948Q472,918 452,898Q430,875 402,875.5Q374,876 352,898Q333,917 332.5,947.5ZM792,152Q792,182 812,201.5Q832,221 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viewBox="0 -2048 1540 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M560,1008Q560,1036 582.5,1058Q605,1080 633,1080Q661,1080 682,1058Q702,1038 702,1008Q702,978 682.5,958Q663,938 632.5,938Q602,938 582,958Q560,980 560,1008ZM560,88Q560,116 582,138Q602,157 632,157.5Q662,158 682,138Q702,118 702,88Q702,58 682.5,38Q663,18 632.5,18Q602,18 582,38Q560,60 560,88ZM100,548Q100,576 122.5,598Q145,620 173,620Q201,620 222,598Q242,578 242,548Q242,518 222.5,498Q203,478 172.5,478Q142,478 122,498Q100,520 100,548ZM1022.5,547.5Q1022,578 1042,598Q1065,620 1093,620Q1121,620 1142,598Q1162,578 1162,548Q1162,518 1142.5,498Q1123,478 1092.5,478Q1062,478 1042.5,497.5Q1023,517 1022.5,547.5ZM164.5,317.5Q164,348 184,367.5Q204,387 236,388Q265,388 284,368Q307,345 306.5,317Q306,289 284,268Q265,248 236,248Q205,248 185,267.5Q165,287 164.5,317.5ZM960.5,777.5Q960,808 980,827.5Q1000,847 1030,847.5Q1060,848 1080,828Q1103,805 1102.5,777Q1102,749 1080,728Q1061,708 1030.5,708Q1000,708 980.5,727.5Q961,747 960.5,777.5ZM792.5,947.5Q792,978 812,997.5Q832,1017 862,1017.5Q892,1018 912,998Q932,978 932,948Q932,918 912,898Q890,875 862,875.5Q834,876 812,898Q793,917 792.5,947.5ZM332,152Q332,182 352,201.5Q372,221 402,221.5Q432,222 452,202Q472,182 472,152Q472,120 452,100Q430,77 402,77.5Q374,78 352,100Q333,119 332,152ZM164.5,777.5Q164,808 184,827.5Q204,847 236,848Q265,848 284,828Q307,805 306.5,777Q306,749 284,728Q265,708 236,708Q205,708 185,727.5Q165,747 164.5,777.5ZM960.5,317.5Q960,348 980,367.5Q1000,387 1030,387.5Q1060,388 1080,368Q1103,345 1102.5,317Q1102,289 1080,268Q1061,248 1030.5,248Q1000,248 980.5,267.5Q961,287 960.5,317.5ZM332.5,947.5Q332,978 352,997.5Q372,1017 402,1017.5Q432,1018 452,998Q472,978 472,948Q472,918 452,898Q430,875 402,875.5Q374,876 352,898Q333,917 332.5,947.5ZM792,152Q792,182 812,201.5Q832,221 862,221.5Q892,222 912,202Q932,182 932,152Q932,120 912,100Q890,77 862,77.5Q834,78 812,100Q793,119 792,152ZM1437,51Q1437,23 1390,-15Q1343,-53 1343,-90Q1343,-111 1351.5,-151Q1360,-191 1360,-211Q1360,-436 1248,-583Q1236,-597 1214,-627L1201,-630Q1166,-672 1104,-672Q1097,-672 1087,-663.5Q1077,-655 1070,-655Q1060,-655 1069,-662L1065,-663Q1060,-663 1038,-638Q999,-596 993,-583Q981,-561 981,-513Q981,-491 989,-454Q999,-410 1001,-396Q1010,-319 1070,-232Q1107,-179 1177,-105Q1233,-47 1233,-37Q1233,-32 1193,31Q1153,94 1145,103Q1101,150 1054,150L1159,202Q1215,138 1286,27Q1296,19 1307,19Q1326,19 1368,50.5Q1410,82 1421,101L1437,101L1437,51ZM1267,-239Q1267,-218 1244,-155Q1170,-218 1116,-307Q1054,-410 1054,-494Q1054,-594 1113,-594Q1124,-594 1132,-592Q1148,-581 1178,-554Q1197,-524 1240,-466Q1241,-432 1255,-353Q1267,-280 1267,-239Z" /></g></svg> ꨶ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-vb1557">[U+AA33, U+AA36]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-xp0nlc">left-side dependent vowel</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1830 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1130,1008Q1130,1036 1152.5,1058Q1175,1080 1203,1080Q1231,1080 1252,1058Q1272,1038 1272,1008Q1272,978 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183.5,481Q199,462 205,462Q220,462 246,475.5Q272,489 291,488Q362,484 384,439Q392,423 392,384Q392,264 235,264L224,270Q215,269 198.5,256Q182,243 173,243Q163,243 149.5,258Q136,273 136,283Q136,371 174,390Q104,455 104,496Q104,513 101,563Q98,604 100,629Q103,665 116,695Q151,772 224,817Q292,858 370,858Q470,858 512,813Q517,807 532,752Q547,697 547,686ZM293,385Q287,392 268,392Q248,392 250,368Q252,346 276,350Q287,352 293,364Q300,376 293,385Z" /></g></svg> ꨯ,<svg viewBox="0 -2048 1840 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1140,1008Q1140,1036 1162.5,1058Q1185,1080 1213,1080Q1241,1080 1262,1058Q1282,1038 1282,1008Q1282,978 1262.5,958Q1243,938 1212.5,938Q1182,938 1162,958Q1140,980 1140,1008ZM1140,88Q1140,116 1162,138Q1182,157 1212,157.5Q1242,158 1262,138Q1282,118 1282,88Q1282,58 1262.5,38Q1243,18 1212.5,18Q1182,18 1162,38Q1140,60 1140,88ZM680,548Q680,576 702.5,598Q725,620 753,620Q781,620 802,598Q822,578 822,548Q822,518 802.5,498Q783,478 752.5,478Q722,478 702,498Q680,520 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/></g></svg> ꨪ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-26ddz1">[U+AA2A..U+AA2E, U+AA31..U+AA32]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1k01stj">vowel lengthener -aa</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M560,1008Q560,1036 582.5,1058Q605,1080 633,1080Q661,1080 682,1058Q702,1038 702,1008Q702,978 682.5,958Q663,938 632.5,938Q602,938 582,958Q560,980 560,1008ZM560,88Q560,116 582,138Q602,157 632,157.5Q662,158 682,138Q702,118 702,88Q702,58 682.5,38Q663,18 632.5,18Q602,18 582,38Q560,60 560,88ZM100,548Q100,576 122.5,598Q145,620 173,620Q201,620 222,598Q242,578 242,548Q242,518 222.5,498Q203,478 172.5,478Q142,478 122,498Q100,520 100,548ZM1022.5,547.5Q1022,578 1042,598Q1065,620 1093,620Q1121,620 1142,598Q1162,578 1162,548Q1162,518 1142.5,498Q1123,478 1092.5,478Q1062,478 1042.5,497.5Q1023,517 1022.5,547.5ZM164.5,317.5Q164,348 184,367.5Q204,387 236,388Q265,388 284,368Q307,345 306.5,317Q306,289 284,268Q265,248 236,248Q205,248 185,267.5Q165,287 164.5,317.5ZM960.5,777.5Q960,808 980,827.5Q1000,847 1030,847.5Q1060,848 1080,828Q1103,805 1102.5,777Q1102,749 1080,728Q1061,708 1030.5,708Q1000,708 980.5,727.5Q961,747 960.5,777.5ZM792.5,947.5Q792,978 812,997.5Q832,1017 862,1017.5Q892,1018 912,998Q932,978 932,948Q932,918 912,898Q890,875 862,875.5Q834,876 812,898Q793,917 792.5,947.5ZM332,152Q332,182 352,201.5Q372,221 402,221.5Q432,222 452,202Q472,182 472,152Q472,120 452,100Q430,77 402,77.5Q374,78 352,100Q333,119 332,152ZM164.5,777.5Q164,808 184,827.5Q204,847 236,848Q265,848 284,828Q307,805 306.5,777Q306,749 284,728Q265,708 236,708Q205,708 185,727.5Q165,747 164.5,777.5ZM960.5,317.5Q960,348 980,367.5Q1000,387 1030,387.5Q1060,388 1080,368Q1103,345 1102.5,317Q1102,289 1080,268Q1061,248 1030.5,248Q1000,248 980.5,267.5Q961,287 960.5,317.5ZM332.5,947.5Q332,978 352,997.5Q372,1017 402,1017.5Q432,1018 452,998Q472,978 472,948Q472,918 452,898Q430,875 402,875.5Q374,876 352,898Q333,917 332.5,947.5ZM792,152Q792,182 812,201.5Q832,221 862,221.5Q892,222 912,202Q932,182 932,152Q932,120 912,100Q890,77 862,77.5Q834,78 812,100Q793,119 792,152ZM1399,1405Q1399,1350 1371,1311Q1339,1267 1286,1267Q1265,1267 1180,1333Q1178,1341 1178,1348L1180,1358Q1185,1364 1201,1364Q1200,1364 1227.5,1347.5Q1255,1331 1282,1331Q1299,1331 1315,1356Q1329,1378 1329,1396Q1329,1440 1277,1468Q1232,1492 1185,1492Q1110,1492 1048,1442Q982,1389 982,1316Q982,1225 1071,1174L1235,1099Q1324,1051 1324,967Q1324,885 1274,837Q1267,834 1259,834L1252,838Q1244,841 1244,855Q1244,876 1254.5,918Q1265,960 1265,982Q1265,1045 1152,1103Q997,1183 978,1201Q939,1237 939,1330Q939,1427 1015,1485Q1083,1537 1182,1537Q1260,1537 1320,1510Q1399,1474 1399,1405Z" /></g></svg> ꨩ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-emrx15">U+AA29</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1e0vfiy">final consonant or va</td> <td><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1395 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1321,525Q1321,438 1273,330Q1092,-73 758,-151Q749,-153 736,-153Q696,-153 696,-118Q696,-98 718,-87Q780,-67 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1111,19Q1132,19 1174,51Q1213,80 1225,101L1241,101L1241,51Q1241,23 1194.5,-15.5Q1148,-54 1148,-90Q1148,-111 1156,-151Q1164,-191 1164,-211Q1164,-504 1006,-630Q952,-672 909,-672Q856,-672 818,-610Q784,-555 784,-499Q784,-506 805,-396Q824,-297 933,-162Q1037,-32 1037,-37Q1037,-31 997.5,31Q958,93 949,103Q905,150 859,150Q764,150 712.5,89.5Q661,29 661,-67Q661,-85 686,-109Q711,-133 711,-139Q711,-146 688.5,-167.5Q666,-189 659,-189Q651,-189 617,-160Q617,-160 467,-47Q418,0 390,134Q382,173 382,203Q382,256 415.5,357.5Q449,459 449,513Q449,584 402,638Q355,692 285,692Q270,692 219,660Q161,623 142.5,591Q124,559 124,491Q124,422 167,343Q165,322 143,302L134,312L141,325Q102,342 72,435Q46,514 46,569Q46,671 91,723Q201,851 317,851Q425,851 489,773Q550,701 550,591Q550,525 514.5,397.5Q479,270 479,204Q479,101 499,48Q536,-50 567,-50Q579,-50 589,-29Q597,-14 604,1Q664,100 715,154Q806,247 826,270Q885,340 912,405Q954,506 954,565Q954,584 945.5,619.5Q937,655 937,674Q937,753 1050,811Q1146,859 1235,859Q1355,859 1441,782Q1529,702 1529,583ZM1073,-321Q1073,-221 1048,-155Q974,-219 920,-307Q859,-409 859,-494Q859,-594 924,-594Q947,-594 983,-554Q1073,-453 1073,-321Z" /></g></svg>ꨥ</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1w54qf7">[U+AA40..U+AA4D, U+AA25]</td></tr></table></div> </figure> The left-side dependent vowels U+AA2F CHAM VOWEL SIGN O and U+AA30 CHAM VOWEL SIGN AI occur in logical order after the consonant (and any medial consonant signs), but in visual presentation their glyphs appear before (to the left of) the consonant. U+AA2F CHAM VOWEL SIGN O, in particular, may occur together in a sequence with another dependent vowel, the vowel lengthener, or both. In such cases, the glyph for U+AA2F appears to the left of the consonant, but the glyphs for the second dependent vowel and the vowel lengthener are rendered above or to the right of the consonant. <a href="#G58224" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. The Cham script has its own set of digits, which are encoded in this block. However, European digits are also known and occur in Cham texts because of the influence of Vietnamese. <a href="#G58136" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation. Cham uses danda marks to indicate text units. Three levels are recognized, marked respectively with danda, double danda, and triple danda. U+AA5C CHAM PUNCTUATION SPIRAL often begins a section of text. It can be compared to the usage of Tibetan head marks. The spiral may also occur in combination with a danda. Modern Cham text also makes use of European punctuation marks, such as the question mark, hyphen and colon. <a href="#G58140" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Line Breaking. Opportunities for line breaks occur after any full orthographic syllable in Cham. Modern Cham text makes use of spaces between words, and those are also line break opportunities. Line breaks occur after dandas. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G68320" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.11 Pahawh Hmong </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G69176" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.11.1 Pahawh Hmong: U+16B00–U+16B8F </h3> The Pahawh Hmong script was originally devised by Shong Lue Yang in 1959 to write the Hmong language. The script was devised in Laos, and taken to refugee camps in northern Thailand. In the late 20th century, it then moved with waves of immigrants to Australia and the United States, where it remains in current use. The Hmong language is also commonly written using the Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA), which uses the Latin script. The Pahawh Hmong writing system has had four stages of development: the Source version, the Second Stage Reduced Version, the Third Stage Reduced Version, and the Final Version. Only the Second and Third Stage versions are in current use. The characters in the Pahawh Hmong block support text written in the Second Stage Reduced, Third Stage Reduced, and Final versions. <a href="#G70337" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Character Names. The Pahawh Hmong character names are based on the Third Stage Reduced Version, which provides a one-to-one mapping between the Third Stage tone diacritics and the widely used Romanized Popular Alphabet tone mark letters. The Second Stage names are listed as annotations in the names list. <a href="#G70339" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure. The Pahawh Hmong script is written left to right. Text consists of a sequence of syllables that may contain a maximum length of four characters (two base characters and two diacritics). Syllables are separated by spaces. Unlike other writing systems, Pahawh Hmong writes the vowel of a syllable before the syllable-initial consonant, as illustrated in <a href="#G70810" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 16-5</a>. <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><a href="#G70810" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Figure 16-5. Pahawh Hmong Syllable Structure</figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><img src="../figures/Figure-PahawhHmong-Syllable.svg" alt="" style="width: 17.25em;"></div> </figure> The example in <a href="#G70810" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 16-5</a> uses Second Stage Reduced Version conventions. The representation of the syllable is in straightforward visual order. U+16B16 PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAB is the base character representing the [a] vowel of the syllable. The combining mark U+16B30 represents the tone mark for the vowel. U+16B1D PAHAWH HMONG CONSONANT NTSAU is the base character representing the initial consonant of the syllable. The combining mark U+16B35 is a diacritical mark which changes the sound of the consonant from [nts] to [ph]. Altogether, the sequence represents the syllable [phâ]. Because the order of characters in memory matches the visual written order of the text, display rendering does not require any reordering of glyphs. However, implementations such as text-to-speech need to be aware that Pahawh Hmong has unusual reading rules, because initial consonants for syllables graphically follow the vowels which they precede in pronunciation. <a href="#G70341" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Vowels. The characters in the range U+16B00..U+16B1B represent vowels. The addition of a diacritic alters the tone of the vowel. The special characters U+16B1A PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAAB and U+16B1B PAHAWH HMONG VOWEL KAAV are atomic characters and do not decompose. <a href="#G70551" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonants. U+16B1C..U+16B2F represent consonants. These are phonologically initial in a syllable, but occur after the vowel in written order. <a href="#G71312" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Combining Marks. The combining marks in the range U+16B30..U+16B36 are used as tone marks. They combine with the vowel letters to indicate particular tones for the syllable. The use for representation of particular tones differs for the two different stages. U+16B30 PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM TUB and U+16B35 PAHAWH HMONG MARK CIM HOM also combine with initial consonant letters. When used this way, these marks function as diacritics and indicate a different sound for the consonant letter. Usually the resultant sound is unrelated to that of the unmodified base letter—the particular modification by the diacritic is not predictable. <a href="#G70349" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation and Other Symbols. Pahawh Hmong makes use of common European punctuation marks as well as script-specific punctuation marks (U+16B37..U+16B3B and U+16B44..U+16B45). The script employs several mathematical operators (U+16B3C..U+16B3F) in simple arithmetic expressions. Those operators are considered script-specific to Pahawh Hmong, and are not part of the repertoire of symbols used in international mathematical notation; hence they are given a General_Category value of Other_Symbol, rather than Math_Symbol. Pahawh Hmong also includes a set of modifiers that have various uses: U+16B42..U+16B43 indicate reduplication, U+16B40 identifies the chanting nature of a text, and U+16B41 indicates the following syllable has a non-Hmong pronunciation. <a href="#G70351" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits and Numbers. The decimal digits 0–9 are encoded from U+16B50..U+16B59. The representative glyph for U+16B50 PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT ZERO resembles an “I”, and is found in the Second Stage Reduced Version orthography. In contrast, the Third Stage Reduced Version orthography has a circular glyph. A non-decimal system also exists in Pahawh Hmong and is taught today, however, it is not used for arithmetic calculation. The non-decimal numbers are encoded in the range from U+16B5B..U+16B61. The Second Stage Reduced Version glyph for U+16B5B PAHAWH HMONG NUMBER TENS resembles a “W”. The Third Stage Reduced Version glyph looks like an “I”, and should be distinguished in fonts from U+16B50 PAHAWH HMONG DIGIT ZERO. <a href="#G70355" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Logographs. Characters encoded from U+16B63..U+16B8F are logographs. These include a grammatical classifier (U+16B63). Also included are characters designating periods of time (U+16B64..U+16B6C), correspondence (U+16B6D..U+16B77), and clan names (U+16B7E..U+16B8F). The clan names are encoded for historical reasons, and are not in widespread current use. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G81876" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.12 Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G81880" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.12.1 Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong: U+1E100–U+1E14F </h3> Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong is a writing system created in the 1980s by Reverend Chervang Kong to write the White Hmong and Green Hmong languages. It is also called the Ntawv Txawjvaag or Chervang script, and was devised for use in the United Christians Liberty Evangelical church in the United States. It is reportedly used today in Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, France and Australia. Several of the letters appear to derive from shapes of Hebrew letters. <a href="#G82139" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure. Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong is written from left to right. The script consists of an alphabet with letters for both consonants and vowels. It has combining marks to indicate tones. Syllables are often run together, but when a syllable begins with a vowel, a space must precede it. <a href="#G82142" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Vowels. U+1E124..U+1E12C represent vowels. Diphthongs are written as sequences of two vowels. <a href="#G82144" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonants. The characters in the range U+1E100..U+1E123 represent consonants. Preaspirated and devoiced consonants are written with U+1E104 NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER HA following the base consonant. Two consonants can be read as vowels: U+1E123 NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER RRA can be read as the diphthong ai and U+1E11F NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LETTER HAH can be read as the vowel o. <a href="#G82146" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Combining Marks. The combining marks in the range U+1E130..U+1E136 indicate tone. They appear above the central character of a word, whether a consonant or a vowel. If a word has three or more consonants before a vowel, the mark goes on the center of the whole word, usually on the first vowel, although the user has some discretion regarding its exact placement. <a href="#G82149" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation. Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong text makes use of standard Western punctuation marks. <a href="#G82151" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Determinatives. Characters from U+1E137..U+1E13B are determinatives, which indicate that the preceding noun is the name of a person, place, thing, vertebrate or invertebrate animal, or a pet name for the animal. Determinatives are not pronounced, but help distinguish homophones. They appear as the last character in a word, and are not separated by a space. <a href="#G82153" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. Script-specific digits are used for Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong. They are encoded in the range from U+1E140…U+1E149. <a href="#G82155" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Other Symbols. The character U+1E13C NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SIGN XW XW indicates that the preceding short word or syllable should be repeated. When separated by a space, it can be used to repeat a whole phrase or sentence. Its use is similar to U+0E46 THAI CHARACTER MAIYAMOK and U+0EC6 LAO KO LA. U+1E13D NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG SYLLABLE LENGTHENER indicates that a vowel is lengthened in a word or phrase. The logogram U+1E14E NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG LOGOGRAM NYAJ represents the word for “money, currency,” and can be used in place of the word “money” or before a number or amount. The symbol U+1E14F NYIAKENG PUACHUE HMONG CIRCLED CA indicates ownership. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G68308" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.13 Pau Cin Hau </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G69260" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.13.1 Pau Cin Hau: U+11AC0–U+11AFF </h3> The Pau Cin Hau alphabet is a liturgical script of the Laipian religious tradition, which emerged in the Chin Hills region of present-day Chin State, Myanmar at the turn of the 20th century. The script is named after Pau Cin Hau (1859–1948), a Tedim Chin, who founded the Laipian tradition and developed the script to convey his teachings. In an account given by J. J. Bennison in the 1931 Census of India report for Burma, Pau Cin Hau stated that the characters of his script were revealed to him in a dream in 1902. The script was designed to represent Tedim, a language of the northern branch of the Kuki-Chin group of the Tibeto-Burman family, which is spoken in Chin State. Tedim is the modern name for the language previously known as Tiddim; it also refers to the Tedim dialects Kamhau (Kamhow) and Sokte. While the script was developed for writing Tedim, several letters and tone marks represent sounds that are not attested in Tedim, but which exist in other Chin languages, suggesting that the alphabet may have been created as a universal script for the Chin languages. There are two distinct writing systems associated with Pau Cin Hau and the Laipian tradition. One is an obsolete syllabary and the other is the alphabetic system encoded in this block. Both are attested in manuscript and printed sources. The alphabetic script is derived from the syllabary. Neither of these scripts has any genetic relationship with any other writing system. <a href="#G69651" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure. The Pau Cin Hau alphabet has 57 characters consisting of 21 consonant letters, 7 vowel letters, 9 final-consonant letters, and 20 tone marks. It is written from left to right. Vowels, consonants, and tone marks are written linearly as independent characters. The syllable canon for Tedim may be described as (C1)V1(V2)(C2)T. The tone (T) is represented using one of the 20 tone marks. These marks are used for indicating vowel length, tone, and glottal stop, as well as punctuation. Of these, 15 represent tones and 5 represent glottal stop. Ten of the tone marks have a dual role and simultaneously denote tone (or glottal stop) and sentence ending. <a href="#G69655" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. Pau Cin Hau uses European digits. <a href="#G69657" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation. Word boundaries are indicated using spaces. The end of a sentence is marked with final forms of tone marks. Western punctuation is also used. In some cases, sentence-final tone marks may be redundantly followed by a full stop or other Western punctuation mark. Line breaking should occur at spaces. Words are not broken at end-of-line and no hyphen is used or attested. No breaking may occur between a tone mark and the character that precedes it. <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><a href="#G73728" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.14 Hanifi Rohingya </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><a href="#G80248" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>16.14.1 Hanifi Rohingya: U+10D00–U+10D3F </h3> Hanifi Rohingya is a script used to write the Rohingya language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately one million people primarily in Myanmar and Bangladesh, but also spoken in other countries along the Indian Ocean. The script was developed by the Rohingya Language Committee in the 1980s under the guidance of Maulana Mohammed Hanif. Rohingya is also written using the Myanmar, Arabic, and Latin scripts. The Hanifi Rohingya script is a modern construction that exhibits Arabic influence in the general appearance and structure of the script. Some letter shapes also show influence from Latin and Myanmar. The script is used for the publication of books and newspapers, both handwritten and printed. <a href="#G80250" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure. Hanifi Rohingya is an alphabetic script written from right to left. The script is structurally conjoining and is modeled after Arabic. Adjacent letters join at the baseline. Although letters may not be completely connected at the baseline in handwritten texts, connections between letters are consistently maintained in modern printed texts. <a href="#G80252" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonant Letters. Consonant letters represent pure consonants. However, the letter-like sign U+10D22 HANIFI ROHINGYA MARK SAKIN is often used optionally to indicate a consonant shown in isolation or a consonant at the end of a word. The consonant gemination sign U+10D27 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN TASSI indicates doubled consonants. When both the tassi and a tonal sign are present, the tassi is placed first and the tonal sign is displayed visually to its left. <a href="#G80254" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Vowels. Vowels are expressed using five letter-like vowel signs (U+10D1D..U+10D21) placed after a consonant. These vowel signs represent short vowels. Vowel length and stress are indicated by three tone signs placed above vowel signs: <blockquote>U+10D24 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN HARBAHAY U+10D25 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN TAHALA U+10D26 HANIFI ROHINGYA SIGN TANA</blockquote> An independent or word-initial vowel is represented using the vowel carrier U+10D00 HANIFI ROHINGYA LETTER A plus a vowel sign. <a href="#G80256" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Nasalization. Nasalization is indicated using the letter-like sign U+10D23 HANIFI ROHINGYA MARK NA KHONNA placed after a vowel sign. <a href="#G80258" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation. Words are separated with spaces. Both Latin and Arabic punctuation signs such as periods, commas, colons, and hyphens are commonly used for delimiting text segments. An elongation feature using the Arabic kashida (U+0640 ARABIC TATWEEL) is often used for justification. <a href="#G80260" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits. As in Arabic, digits in Hanifi Rohingya (U+1D030..U+1D039) are written from left to right. </div> <footer data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="margin-wrapper" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0 © 1991-2024 Unicode, Inc. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. See <a href="https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>Terms of Use</a>. </div> </footer> </div> </div> </main> </body></html>