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Pregnancy Discrimination and Pregnancy-Related Disability Discrimination | U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
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Farsi)</a></li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item usa-language__item"><a class="usa-language__link" href="/ps/sndwnh-ph-pstw-zhbh">پښتو (Pashto)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <main class="usa-section" id="main-content" role="main" > <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-row "> <section class="grid-col usa-layout-docs__main"> <div class="region region-breadcrumb"> <div id="block-eeoc-uswds-breadcrumbs" class="margin-bottom-2 block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block"> <div class="grid-row flex-align-center"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol class="add-list-reset uswds-breadcrumbs uswds-horizontal-list"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> Pregnancy Discrimination and Pregnancy-Related Disability Discrimination </li> </ol> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-auto margin-top-2 tablet:margin-top-0"> <div class="addtoany grid-row tablet:flex-justify-end"> <div class="block block-addtoany block-addtoany-block"> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.eeoc.gov/pregnancy-discrimination" data-a2a-title="Pregnancy Discrimination and Pregnancy-Related Disability Discrimination"><a class="a2a_button_print" aria-label="Print"></a><a class="a2a_button_email" aria-label="E-mail"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share" aria-label="Share the content" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeoc.gov%2Fpregnancy-discrimination&title=Pregnancy%20Discrimination%20and%20Pregnancy-Related%20Disability%20Discrimination"></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-eeoc-uswds-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article about="/pregnancy-discrimination" typeof="schema:WebPage" class="usa-prose page"> <article about="/pregnancy-discrimination" typeof="schema:WebPage" class="usa-prose page"> <h1><span property="schema:name" class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Pregnancy Discrimination and Pregnancy-Related Disability Discrimination</span> </h1> <span property="schema:name" content="Pregnancy Discrimination and Pregnancy-Related Disability Discrimination" class="rdf-meta hidden"></span> <section class="usa-section padding-bottom-0 layout layout--onecol"> <div class="grid-row"> <div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout layout--twocol-66-33"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg usa-in-page-nav-container"> <div class="main-content-2 layout__region layout__region--content tablet:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-4 tablet:margin-bottom-0"> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-field-blocknodepagebody"> <div property="schema:text" class="usa-prose margin-top-3 clearfix text-formatted"> <div property="schema:text" class="usa-prose margin-top-3 clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Pregnancy discrimination is against the law. The EEOC enforces three federal laws that protect job applicants and employees who are pregnant.</p> <p>The first law is <strong>Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964</strong>, as amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, which is called “Title VII.” It prohibits sex discrimination, including pregnancy discrimination. “Pregnancy” discrimination under <strong>Title VII</strong> can be based on:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IA1">Current pregnancy</a>;</li> <li><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IA2">Past pregnancy</a>;</li> <li><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IA3">Potential pregnancy</a>;</li> <li><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IA4">Medical condition related to pregnancy or childbirth</a> including <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IA4b">breastfeeding/lactation</a>;</li> <li><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IA4c">Having or choosing not to have an abortion</a>;</li> <li>and <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IA3d">Birth control (Contraception)</a>.</li> </ul> <p>The second law is the <strong>Pregnant Workers Fairness Act</strong>, which is called the “PWFA.” The PWFA requires a covered employer to provide <a href="/wysk/what-you-should-know-about-pregnant-workers-fairness-act#q5">a reasonable accommodation</a> to a worker’s known limitation related to pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions, unless the accommodation will cause the employer an <a href="/wysk/what-you-should-know-about-pregnant-workers-fairness-act#q5">undue hardship</a>.</p> <p>The third law is the <strong>Americans with Disabilities Act</strong>, which is called the “ADA.” The <strong>ADA</strong> prohibits discrimination against an applicant or employee based on a disability, including a disability related to a pregnancy such as diabetes that develops during pregnancy. While pregnancy itself is not a disability under the ADA, <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IIA">some pregnant workers</a> may have one or more impairments related to their pregnancy that qualify as a “<a href="/eeoc-disability-related-resources/definition-disability-2008-ada-amendments-act-changes">disability</a>”<strong> </strong>under the ADA. An employer may have to provide that worker with a <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IIB">reasonable accommodation</a> for the pregnancy-related disability.</p> <p>The ADA also requires that employers keep all medical records and information, including those that are pregnancy-related, <a href="/disability-discrimination-and-employment-decisions#confidentiality">confidential</a> and in separate medical files.</p> <h2>Pregnancy & Work Situations</h2> <p>Title VII and the ADA cover employment discrimination in all aspects of employment, including:</p> <ul> <li>Hiring or the job application and selection process;</li> <li>Pay, job assignments, or promotions;</li> <li>Training, employee benefits, or any other term or condition of employment; and</li> <li>Firing from a job, reduction of hours, layoff, or termination of employment.</li> </ul> <h2>Pregnancy & Workplace Accommodations</h2> <p>Under the PWFA, an employer must accommodate a worker’s known limitation related to pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions, absent undue hardship. The PWFA also <a href="/wysk/what-you-should-know-about-pregnant-workers-fairness-act#q6">prohibits</a> an employer from forcing a worker to take an accommodation, absent certain steps, and prohibits an employer from requiring a worker to take leave if there is another accommodation that does not cause an undue hardship that will allow the worker to stay on the job.</p> <p>Workers may also be entitled to accommodations under <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues">Title VII or the ADA</a>.</p> <h2>Pregnancy & Harassment</h2> <p>It is unlawful to <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IB1a">harass</a> a worker because of pregnancy, childbirth, or a medical condition related to pregnancy or childbirth or because of a pregnancy-related physical or mental disability.</p> <p>Learn more about <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IB1a">harassment</a>.</p> <h2>Workers with Caregiving Responsibilities</h2> <p><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-unlawful-disparate-treatment-workers-caregiving-responsibilities">Discrimination against working parents and others with caregiving responsibilities</a> outside of work violates <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-unlawful-disparate-treatment-workers-caregiving-responsibilities#unlawful">Title VII</a> if it is based on sex. Under the <a aria-label data-entity-substitution data-entity-type data-entity-uuid href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-unlawful-disparate-treatment-workers-caregiving-responsibilities#ada" id rel target title="ADA">ADA</a>, employers cannot discriminate against employees because they associate with a person with a disability by caring for that person, for example.</p> <p>Learn more about <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-unlawful-disparate-treatment-workers-caregiving-responsibilities">caregiver discrimination</a>.</p> <h2>Retaliation & Interference</h2> <p>Title VII, the PWFA, and the ADA protect workers against <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-retaliation-and-related-issues#B._Overview">retaliation</a>. It is illegal for an employer to retaliate against workers for <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-retaliation-and-related-issues#1._Participation">participating in the equal employment opportunity process</a> or <a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-retaliation-and-related-issues#2._Opposition">opposing any practice made unlawful under anti-discrimination laws</a><strong>. </strong></p> <p>The PWFA and the ADA also makes it illegal to <a href="/disability-discrimination-and-employment-decisions#retaliation" title="interfere">interfere</a> with rights under the PWFA and the ADA.</p> <p>Learn more about <a href="/laws/guidance/questions-and-answers-enforcement-guidance-retaliation-and-related-issues" title="retaliation">retaliation</a> and <a href="/laws/guidance/questions-and-answers-enforcement-guidance-retaliation-and-related-issues#19" title=" interference">interference</a>.</p> <h2>Pregnancy & Other Workplace Laws</h2> <p>Pregnant workers and new parents may have additional rights under the <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fmla">Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)</a>. Workers needing to express breast milk in the workplace may have additional rights under the <a aria-label data-entity-substitution data-entity-type data-entity-uuid href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/pump-at-work" id rel target title="Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)">Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)</a>. Both of these laws are enforced by the <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd">U.S. Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/wb/pregnant-nursing-employment-protections">Some state laws</a> provide additional protections including accommodations for pregnant workers, unpaid and paid job-protected leave, protections from discrimination, and additional rights regarding lactation.</p> <h2>What to Do If You Think You Experienced Discrimination</h2> <p>If you are a job applicant or an employee who believes that an employer has discriminated against you because of your pregnancy or your pregnancy-related disability, you can <a href="/how-file-charge-employment-discrimination">file</a> a charge of discrimination with the EEOC. Learn more about filing <a href="/filing-charge-discrimination">a charge of discrimination</a>.</p> <p>If you are a Federal job applicant or employee in this situation, you can take action by <a href="/federal-sector/overview-federal-sector-eeo-complaint-process">filing a complaint</a> with the relevant federal agency.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-content" role="navigation"> <div class="usa-language__switcher usa-accordion"> <h2 class="usa-accordion__heading" id="language-switcher-heading"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="language-switcher" id="language-switcher-button" aria-labelledby="language-switcher-heading" aria-describedby="language-switcher-button"> Translate this Page </button> </h2> <div class="usa-accordion__content usa-prose" id="language-switcher" aria-labelledby="language-switcher-button" hidden> <ul class="language-switcher-language-url usa-language__switcher-list links"><li hreflang="ar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24933" class="ar"><a href="/ar/altmyyz-alqaym-ly-alhml" class="language-link" hreflang="ar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24933">عربي (Arabic)</a></li><li hreflang="zh-hans" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24933" class="zh-hans"><a href="/zh-hans/huaiyunqishi" class="language-link" hreflang="zh-hans" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24933">简体中文 (Chinese, Simplified)</a></li><li hreflang="zh-hant" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24933" class="zh-hant"><a href="/zh-hant/pregnancy-discrimination" class="language-link" hreflang="zh-hant" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/24933">繁體中文 - 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Part 1604</a></li><li><a href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-29/subtitle-B/chapter-XIV/part-1630">ADA Regulations: 29 C.F.R. Part 1630</a></li></ul></div><p> </p><div class="border padding-x-1 radius-md"><h2>For more information, see:</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/helping-patients-deal-pregnancy-and-childbirth-related-limitations-and-restrictions">Helping Patients Deal with Pregnancy– and Childbirth– related Limitations and Restrictions at Work Under the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act</a></li><li><a href="/wysk/what-you-should-know-about-pregnant-workers-fairness-act" title="What You Should Know About the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act" aria-label id data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a7bfc538-5fd0-42b0-90ab-b6202a60dd02" target>What You Should Know About the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act</a></li><li><a href="/more-resources-about-pwfa">More Resources About the PWFA</a></li><li><a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/maternal-health">What to Expect from Your Employer When You're Expecting</a></li><li><a href="/node/130221">Legal Rights for Pregnant Workers under Federal Law</a></li><li><a href="/laws/guidance/fact-sheet-small-businesses-pregnancy-discrimination" title="Fact Sheet for Small Businesses: Pregnancy Discrimination" aria-label id data-entity-substitution data-entity-type data-entity-uuid target>Fact Sheet for Small Businesses: Pregnancy Discrimination</a> </li><li><a href="/wysk/what-you-should-know-about-covid-19-and-ada-rehabilitation-act-and-other-eeo-laws#J" title="COVID-19 & Pregnancy">COVID-19 & Pregnancy</a></li><li><a name="_Hlk113044633"></a>Pregnancy and Potential Intersection with <a href="/laws/guidance/section-12-religious-discrimination">Religious Discrimination</a></li><li><a href="/eeoc/publications/pregnancy_health_providers.cfm">Helping Patients Deal with Pregnancy-Related Limitations and Restrictions at Work</a></li><li><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues#IC">Equal Access to Benefits</a> for Pregnant Workers under Title VII</li><li><a href="/node/25048">Policy & Guidance</a><ul type="circle"><li><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and-related-issues">Enforcement Guidance on Pregnancy Discrimination and Related Issues</a><ul type="square"><li><a href="/laws/guidance/questions-and-answers-about-eeocs-enforcement-guidance-pregnancy-discrimination-and">Questions and Answers about the EEOC’s Enforcement Guidance on Pregnancy Discrimination and Related Issues</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/laws/guidance/enforcement-guidance-unlawful-disparate-treatment-workers-caregiving-responsibilities">Enforcement Guidance: Unlawful Disparate Treatment of Workers with Caregiving Responsibilities</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="https://www.eeoc.gov/data/enforcement-and-litigation-statistics-0">Statistics</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="layout layout--onecol"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="block block-layout-builder 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