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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_Lusaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_Lusaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Exile in Lusaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_Lusaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-uMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#uMkhonto_we_Sizwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>uMkhonto we Sizwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-uMkhonto_we_Sizwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations_to_end_apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations_to_end_apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Negotiations to end apartheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations_to_end_apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakaways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakaways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Breakaways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakaways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_structure_and_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_structure_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current structure and composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_structure_and_composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current structure and composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_structure_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Leagues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripartite_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripartite_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tripartite Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripartite_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Electoral candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadre_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadre_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cadre deployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadre_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideology and policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_and_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideology and policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-racialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-racialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Non-racialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-racialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Democratic_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Democratic_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>National Democratic Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Democratic_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_interventionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_interventionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economic interventionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_interventionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neoliberal_turn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoliberal_turn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Neoliberal turn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoliberal_turn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developmental_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developmental_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Developmental state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developmental_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_economic_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_economic_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Radical economic transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_economic_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_and_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Foreign policy and relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_and_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_and_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbols and media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbols_and_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbols and media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols_and_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag_and_logo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_and_logo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flag and logo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_and_logo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amandla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amandla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Amandla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amandla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism and controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism and controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corruption_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Corruption controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Condemnation_over_Secrecy_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condemnation_over_Secrecy_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Condemnation over Secrecy Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condemnation_over_Secrecy_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_Marikana_killings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_Marikana_killings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Role in the Marikana killings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_Marikana_killings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_mismanagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_mismanagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Financial mismanagement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_mismanagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>State capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Assembly_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Assembly_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>National Assembly elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Assembly_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Council_of_Provinces_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Council_of_Provinces_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>National Council of Provinces elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Council_of_Provinces_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Provincial legislatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Municipal elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">African National Congress</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="المؤتمر الوطني الإفريقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المؤتمر الوطني الإفريقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresu_Nacional_Africanu" title="Congresu Nacional Africanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Congresu Nacional Africanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Milli_Konqresi" title="Afrika Milli Konqresi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afrika Milli Konqresi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="আফ্রিকান ন্যাশনাল কংগ্রেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আফ্রিকান ন্যাশনাল কংগ্রেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Афрыканскі нацыянальны кангрэс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Афрыканскі нацыянальны кангрэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Африкански национален конгрес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Африкански национален конгрес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A9s_Nacional_Afric%C3%A0" title="Congrés Nacional Africà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Congrés Nacional Africà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africk%C3%BD_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_kongres" title="Africký národní kongres – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Africký národní kongres" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aafrika_Rahvuskongress" title="Aafrika Rahvuskongress – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aafrika Rahvuskongress" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BF" title="Αφρικανικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφρικανικό Εθνικό Κογκρέσο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Nacional_Africano" title="Congreso Nacional Africano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Congreso Nacional Africano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Nacia_Kongreso" title="Afrika Nacia Kongreso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afrika Nacia Kongreso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikako_Kongresu_Nazionala" title="Afrikako Kongresu Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Afrikako Kongresu Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="کنگره ملی آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنگره ملی آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_national_africain" title="Congrès national africain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Congrès national africain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chomhdh%C3%A1il_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_Afracach" title="An Chomhdháil Náisiúnta Afracach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chomhdháil Náisiúnta Afracach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Nacional_Africano" title="Congreso Nacional Africano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Congreso Nacional Africano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98" title="아프리카 국민회의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리카 국민회의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="अफ़्रीकन नेशनल कांग्रेस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अफ़्रीकन नेशनल कांग्रेस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afri%C4%8Dki_nacionalni_kongres" title="Afrički nacionalni kongres – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Afrički nacionalni kongres" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikana_Nacionala_Kongreso" title="Afrikana Nacionala Kongreso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Afrikana Nacionala Kongreso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongres_Nasional_Afrika" title="Kongres Nasional Afrika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kongres Nasional Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%ADska_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0arr%C3%A1%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Afríska þjóðarráðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afríska þjóðarráðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresso_Nazionale_Africano" title="Congresso Nazionale Africano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Congresso Nazionale Africano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הקונגרס הלאומי האפריקני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקונגרס הלאומי האפריקני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="აფრიკის ეროვნული კონგრესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აფრიკის ეროვნული კონგრესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Африкалық ұлттық конгресс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Африкалық ұлттық конгресс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC" title="ANC – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="ANC" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongreya_Netewey%C3%AE_ya_Afr%C3%AEkay%C3%AA" title="Kongreya Neteweyî ya Afrîkayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kongreya Neteweyî ya Afrîkayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongreso_Nasional_Afrikano" title="Kongreso Nasional Afrikano – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kongreso Nasional Afrikano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressus_Nationalis_Africanus" title="Congressus Nationalis Africanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Congressus Nationalis Africanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80frikas_Nacion%C4%81lais_kongress" title="Āfrikas Nacionālais kongress – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Āfrikas Nacionālais kongress" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikos_nacionalinis_kongresas" title="Afrikos nacionalinis kongresas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Afrikos nacionalinis kongresas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആഫ്രിക്കൻ നാഷണൽ കോൺഗ്രസ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആഫ്രിക്കൻ നാഷണൽ കോൺഗ്രസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8" title="आफ्रिकन राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आफ्रिकन राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89" title="المؤتمر الوطنى الافريقى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المؤتمر الوطنى الافريقى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongres_Kebangsaan_Afrika" title="Kongres Kebangsaan Afrika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kongres Kebangsaan Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans_Nationaal_Congres" title="Afrikaans Nationaal Congres – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afrikaans Nationaal Congres" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0" title="アフリカ民族会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフリカ民族会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC" title="ANC – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ANC" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikani_National_Kongrese" title="Afrikani National Kongrese – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Afrikani National Kongrese" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_Nacional_African" title="Congrès Nacional African – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Congrès Nacional African" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਕਾਂਗਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ ਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ ਕਾਂਗਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="افریقی نیشنل کانگرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="افریقی نیشنل کانگرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="د افریقا ملي کانګرس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د افریقا ملي کانګرس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikan_Nashinal_Kanggres" title="Afrikan Nashinal Kanggres – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Afrikan Nashinal Kanggres" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Nassional_African" title="Congress Nassional African – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Congress Nassional African" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANC" title="ANC – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="ANC" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afryka%C5%84ski_Kongres_Narodowy" title="Afrykański Kongres Narodowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afrykański Kongres Narodowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresso_Nacional_Africano" title="Congresso Nacional Africano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Congresso Nacional Africano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congresul_Na%C8%9Bional_African" title="Congresul Național African – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Congresul Național African" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Африканский национальный конгресс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Африканский национальный конгресс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africk%C3%BD_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_kongres" title="Africký národný kongres – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Africký národný kongres" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Афрички национални конгрес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Афрички национални конгрес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikan_kansalliskongressi" title="Afrikan kansalliskongressi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Afrikan kansalliskongressi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆபிரிக்க தேசிய காங்கிரஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆபிரிக்க தேசிய காங்கிரஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="พรรคสมัชชาแห่งชาติแอฟริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคสมัชชาแห่งชาติแอฟริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Ulusal_Kongresi" title="Afrika Ulusal Kongresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afrika Ulusal Kongresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Африканський національний конгрес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Африканський національний конгрес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="افریقی نیشنل کانگریس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="افریقی نیشنل کانگریس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%99i_D%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_Phi" title="Đại hội Dân tộc Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại hội Dân tộc Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="非洲人国民大会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="非洲人国民大会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8gb%E1%BA%B9%CC%81_%C3%8Cgb%C3%ACm%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_Torile-ede_%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Ẹgbẹ́ Ìgbìmọ̀ Torile-ede Áfríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹgbẹ́ Ìgbìmọ̀ Torile-ede Áfríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="African National Congress" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="非洲人国民大会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非洲人国民大会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%87%E2%B5%89" title="ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ANC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="ANC (disambiguation)">ANC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the defunct political party in Trinidad and Tobago, see <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="African National Congress (Trinidad and Tobago)">African National Congress (Trinidad and Tobago)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #006600; border-bottom:2px solid #006600; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">African National Congress</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:African_National_Congress_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/African_National_Congress_logo.svg/150px-African_National_Congress_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/African_National_Congress_logo.svg/225px-African_National_Congress_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/African_National_Congress_logo.svg/300px-African_National_Congress_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">ANC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Secretary-General</span></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Fikile_Mbalula" title="Fikile Mbalula">Fikile Mbalula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Spokesperson</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mahlengi_Bhengu" title="Mahlengi Bhengu">Mahlengi Bhengu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Deputy President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mashatile" title="Paul Mashatile">Paul Mashatile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chairperson</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gwede_Mantashe" title="Gwede Mantashe">Gwede Mantashe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">First Deputy Secretary-General</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nomvula_Mokonyane" title="Nomvula Mokonyane">Nomvula Mokonyane</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Second Deputy Secretary-General</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Maropene_Ramokgopa" title="Maropene Ramokgopa">Maropene Ramokgopa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Treasurer-General</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Ramokgopa" title="Gwen Ramokgopa">Gwen Ramokgopa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langalibalele_Dube" title="John Langalibalele Dube">John Langalibalele Dube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixley_ka_Isaka_Seme" title="Pixley ka Isaka Seme">Pixley ka Isaka Seme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8 January 1912<span class="noprint">; 112 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1912-01-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Legalised</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3 February 1990<span class="noprint">; 34 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1990-02-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Luthuli_House" title="Luthuli House">Luthuli House</a><br />54 Sauer Street<br /><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League" title="African National Congress Women's League">ANC Women's League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Veterans' wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/ANC_Veterans%27_League" class="mw-redirect" title="ANC Veterans' League">ANC Veterans' League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Paramilitary wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a> (until 1993)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 661,489<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a><sup id="cite_ref-socialistinternational_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialistinternational-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">African affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Former_Liberation_Movements_of_Southern_Africa" title="Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa">Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Black</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> Green</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> Gold</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>South Africa's National Liberation Movement</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"<a href="/wiki/Nkosi_Sikelel%27_iAfrika" title="Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika">Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika</a>"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Lord Bless Africa"</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="155" style="width:155px;" data-durationhint="105" data-mwtitle=""Nkosi_Sikelel'_iAfrika"_performed_at_the_White_House_in_1994.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/90/%22Nkosi_Sikelel%27_iAfrika%22_performed_at_the_White_House_in_1994.oga/%22Nkosi_Sikelel%27_iAfrika%22_performed_at_the_White_House_in_1994.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/%22Nkosi_Sikelel%27_iAfrika%22_performed_at_the_White_House_in_1994.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22Nkosi_Sikelel%27_iAfrika%22_performed_at_the_White_House_in_1994.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22Nkosi_Sikelel%27_iAfrika%22_performed_at_the_White_House_in_1994.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%22Nkosi_Sikelel%27_iAfrika%22_performed_at_the_White_House_in_1994.oga&lang=xh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="xh" label="isiXhosa ‪(xh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a> seats</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">159 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">NCOP</a> seats</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Control of NCOP delegations</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 9</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 89%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 5</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 60%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div><small>(South African seats)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Provincial_legislature_(South_Africa)" title="Provincial legislature (South Africa)">Provincial Legislatures</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">255 / 487</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 52%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cape_Town" title="City of Cape Town">Cape Town City Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 231</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anc1912.org.za/">www<wbr />.anc1912<wbr />.org<wbr />.za</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83162#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #006600;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>African National Congress</b> (<b>ANC</b>) is a political party in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">South Africa</a>. It originated as a <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movement</a> known for its opposition to <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> and has governed the country since 1994, when the <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">first post-apartheid election</a> resulted in <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> being elected as <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a>, the incumbent national President, has served as President of the ANC since 18 December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded on 8 January 1912 in <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> as the <b>South African Native National Congress</b>, the organisation was formed to advocate for the rights of <a href="/wiki/Black_South_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Black South Africans">black South Africans</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> government came to power <a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">in 1948</a>, the ANC's central purpose became to oppose the new government's policy of institutionalised <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. To this end, its methods and means of organisation shifted; its adoption of the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">mass politics</a>, and the swelling of its membership, culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> in 1952–53. The ANC was banned by the South African government between April 1960 – shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a> – and February 1990. During this period, despite periodic attempts to revive its domestic political underground, the ANC was forced into exile by increasing state repression, which saw many of its leaders imprisoned on <a href="/wiki/Maximum_Security_Prison,_Robben_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island">Robben Island</a>. Headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka, Zambia</a>, the exiled ANC dedicated much of its attention to a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against the apartheid state, carried out under its military wing, <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a>, which was founded in 1961 in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> (SACP). The ANC was condemned as a <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> organisation by the governments of South Africa, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. However, it positioned itself as a key player in the <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiations to end apartheid</a>, which began in earnest after the ban was repealed in 1990. For much of that time, the ANC leadership, along with many of its most active members, operated from abroad. After the Soweto Uprising of 1976, the ANC remained committed to achieving its objectives through armed struggle, led by its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe. These circumstances significantly shaped the ANC during its years in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-apartheid era, the ANC continues to identify itself foremost as a <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movement</a>, although it is also a registered political party. Partly due to its <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> (SACP) and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a>, it had retained a comfortable electoral majority at the national level and in most provinces, and has provided each of South Africa's five presidents since 1994. South Africa is considered a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party state</a>. However, the ANC's electoral majority has declined consistently since 2004, and in the <a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2021 South African municipal elections">2021 local elections</a>, its share of the national vote dropped below 50% for the first time ever.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the last decade, the party has been embroiled in a number of controversies, particularly relating to widespread allegations of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">political corruption</a> among its members. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2024_South_Africa_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 South Africa general election">2024 general election</a>, the ANC lost its majority in parliament for the first time in South Africa's democratic history. It still remains the largest party however, with under 41% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party also lost its majority in Kwa-Zulu Natal, Gauteng and Northern Cape. Despite these setbacks, the ANC retained power at the national level through a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Coalition">grand coalition</a> referred to as the <a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_government_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 South African government formation">Government of National Unity</a>, including parties which together have 72% of the seats in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">History of the African National Congress</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A successor of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>'s Imbumba Yamanyama organisation, the ANC was founded as the South African Native National Congress in <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a> on 8 January 1912, and was renamed the African National Congress in 1923. <a href="/wiki/Pixley_ka_Isaka_Seme" title="Pixley ka Isaka Seme">Pixley ka Isaka Seme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dube" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dube">John Dube</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rubusana" title="Walter Rubusana">Walter Rubusana</a> founded the organisation, who, like much of the ANC's early membership, were from the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>, educated, and religious professional classes of black South African society.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge-1983_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1983-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they would not take part, Xhosa chiefs would show huge support for the organisation; as a result, <a href="/wiki/AbaThembu" class="mw-redirect" title="AbaThembu">King Jongilizwe</a> donated 50 cows to during its founding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Around 1920, in a partial shift away from its early focus on the "politics of petitioning",<sup id="cite_ref-Suttner-2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suttner-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ANC developed a programme of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">passive resistance</a> directed primarily at the expansion and entrenchment of <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2012_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark-2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tshangana_Gumede" title="Josiah Tshangana Gumede">Josiah Gumede</a> took over as ANC president in 1927, he advocated for a strategy of mass mobilisation and cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of South Africa">Communist Party</a>, but was voted out of office in 1930 and replaced with the traditionalist Seme, whose leadership saw the ANC's influence wane.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge-1983_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1983-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suttner-2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suttner-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bitini_Xuma" title="Alfred Bitini Xuma">Alfred Bitini Xuma</a> revived some of Gumede's programmes, assisted by a surge in trade union activity and by the formation in 1944 of the left-wing <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a> under a new generation of activists, among them <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge-1983_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1983-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2012_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> was elected into government in 1948 on a platform of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, entailing the further institutionalisation of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, this new generation pushed for a Programme of Action which explicitly advocated <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a> and led the ANC, for the first time, to the sustained use of mass mobilisation techniques like strikes, stay-aways, and boycotts.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2012_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culminated in the 1952–53 <a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a>, a campaign of mass <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> organised by the ANC, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">Indian Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloured</a> Franchise Action Council in protest of six apartheid laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge-1983a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1983a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ANC's membership swelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Suttner-2012_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suttner-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1955, it was one of the groups represented at the multi-racial <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kliptown" title="Kliptown">Kliptown, Soweto</a>, which ratified the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a>, from then onwards a fundamental document in the <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid struggle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suttner-2012_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suttner-2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Charter was the basis of the enduring <a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a>, but was also used as a pretext to prosecute hundreds of activists, among them most of the ANC's leadership, in the <a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">Treason Trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge-1983b_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1983b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the trial was concluded, the <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a> occurred on 21 March 1960. In the aftermath, the ANC was banned by the South African government. It was not unbanned until February 1990, almost three decades later. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANC1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ANC1914.jpg/220px-ANC1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ANC1914.jpg/330px-ANC1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ANC1914.jpg/440px-ANC1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>A South African Native National Congress delegation to England, June 1914. L–R: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mtobi_Mapikela" title="Thomas Mtobi Mapikela">Thomas Mtobi Mapikela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rubusana" title="Walter Rubusana">Walter Rubusana</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dube" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dube">John Dube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Msane" title="Saul Msane">Saul Msane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_Lusaka">Exile in Lusaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exile in Lusaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After its banning in April 1960, the ANC was driven underground, a process hastened by a barrage of government <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid" title="List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid">banning orders</a>, by an escalation of state repression, and by the imprisonment of senior ANC leaders pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Rivonia_Trial" title="Little Rivonia Trial">Little Rivonia trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around 1963, the ANC effectively abandoned much of even its underground presence inside South Africa and operated almost entirely from its external mission, with headquarters first in <a href="/wiki/Morogoro" title="Morogoro">Morogoro, Tanzania</a>, and later in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka, Zambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the entirety of its time in exile, the ANC was led by Tambo – first <i>de facto</i>, with president <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a> under house arrest in <a href="/wiki/Zululand_District_Municipality" title="Zululand District Municipality">Zululand</a>; then in an acting capacity, after Luthuli's death in 1967; and, finally, officially, after a leadership vote in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also notable about this period was the extremely close relationship between the ANC and the reconstituted <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> (SACP), which was also in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="uMkhonto_we_Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: uMkhonto we Sizwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a></div> <p>In 1961, partly in response to the Sharpeville massacre, leaders of the SACP and the ANC formed a military body, <a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">Umkhonto we Sizwe</a> (MK, <i>Spear of the Nation</i>), as a vehicle for armed struggle against the apartheid state. Initially, MK was not an official ANC body, nor had it been directly established by the ANC National Executive: it was considered an autonomous organisation, until such time as the ANC formally recognised it as its armed wing in October 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens-2019_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-1991_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the first half of the 1960s, MK was preoccupied with a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> attacks, especially bombings of unoccupied government installations.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens-2019_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-2019-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the ANC reduced its presence inside South Africa, however, MK cadres were increasingly confined to training camps in Tanzania and neighbouring countries – with such exceptions as the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nickel" title="Operation Nickel">Wankie Campaign</a>, a momentous military failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Houston-2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston-2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, Tambo was compelled to call the landmark <a href="/wiki/Morogoro_Conference" title="Morogoro Conference">Morogoro Conference</a> to address the grievances of the rank-and-file, articulated by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hani" title="Chris Hani">Chris Hani</a> in a memorandum which depicted MK's leadership as corrupt and complacent.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan-2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan-2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although MK's malaise persisted into the 1970s, conditions for armed struggle soon improved considerably, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto uprising</a> of 1976 in South Africa saw thousands of students – inspired by <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness</a> ideas – cross the borders to seek military training.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-1994_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-1994-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MK <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> activity inside South Africa increased steadily over this period, with one estimate recording an increase from 23 incidents in 1977 to 136 incidents in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge-1987_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter half of the 1980s, a number of South African civilians were killed in these attacks, a reversal of the ANC's earlier reluctance to incur civilian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams-2000_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lodge-1987_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fatal attacks included the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a>, the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Amanzimtoti_bombing" title="Amanzimtoti bombing">Amanzimtoti bombing</a>, the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Durban_beach-front_bombing" title="Durban beach-front bombing">Magoo's Bar bombing</a>, and the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Magistrate%27s_Court_bombing" title="Johannesburg Magistrate's Court bombing">Johannesburg Magistrate's Court bombing</a>. Partly in retaliation, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> increasingly crossed the border to target ANC members and ANC bases, as in the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beanbag" title="Operation Beanbag">raid on Maputo</a>, 1983 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Skerwe" title="Operation Skerwe">raid on Maputo</a>, and 1985 <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gaborone" title="Raid on Gaborone">raid on Gaborone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Tambo_(1981).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oliver_Tambo_%281981%29.jpg/220px-Oliver_Tambo_%281981%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oliver_Tambo_%281981%29.jpg/330px-Oliver_Tambo_%281981%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oliver_Tambo_%281981%29.jpg/440px-Oliver_Tambo_%281981%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a>, ANC president in exile from 1967 to 1991.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period, MK activities led the governments of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> to condemn the ANC as a terrorist organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Waxman-2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waxman-2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, neither the ANC nor Mandela were removed from the U.S. terror watch list until 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animosity of Western regimes was partly explained by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> context, and by the considerable amount of support – both financial and technical – that the ANC received from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shubin-1996_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shubin-1996-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations_to_end_apartheid">Negotiations to end apartheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Negotiations to end apartheid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa</a></div> <p>From the mid-1980s, as international and internal opposition to apartheid mounted, elements of the ANC began to test the prospects for a <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiated settlement</a> with the South African government, although the prudence of abandoning armed struggle was an extremely controversial topic within the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following preliminary contact between the ANC and representatives of the state, business, and civil society,<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge-1987_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge-1987-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> announced in February 1990 that the government would unban the ANC and other banned political organisations, and that Mandela would be released from prison.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ANC leaders returned to South Africa from exile for so-called "talks about talks", which led in 1990 and 1991 to a series of bilateral accords with the government establishing a mutual commitment to negotiations. Importantly, the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Minute" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria Minute">Pretoria Minute</a> of August 1990 included a commitment by the ANC to unilaterally suspend its armed struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson-2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made possible the multi-party <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_a_Democratic_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention for a Democratic South Africa">Convention for a Democratic South Africa</a> and later the Multi-Party Negotiating Forum, in which the ANC was regarded as the main representative of the interests of the anti-apartheid movement. </p><p>However, ongoing <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>, which the ANC attributed to a state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">third force</a>, led to recurrent tensions. Most dramatically, after the <a href="/wiki/Boipatong_massacre" title="Boipatong massacre">Boipatong massacre</a> of June 1992, the ANC announced that it was withdrawing from negotiations indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-Keller-1992_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller-1992-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It faced further casualties in the <a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a>, and in other clashes with state forces and supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> (IFP).<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Baalen-2014_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Baalen-2014-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, once negotiations resumed, they resulted in November 1993 in an <a href="/wiki/Interim_Constitution_(South_Africa)" title="Interim Constitution (South Africa)">interim Constitution</a>, which governed South Africa's <a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">first democratic elections</a> on 27 April 1994. In the elections, the ANC won an overwhelming 62.65% majority of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandela was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president</a> and formed a coalition <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a>, which, under the provisions of the interim Constitution, also included the National Party and IFP.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ANC has controlled the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">national government</a> since then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakaways">Breakaways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breakaways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the post-apartheid era, several significant breakaway groups have been formed by former ANC members. The first is the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(South_African_political_party)" title="Congress of the People (South African political party)">Congress of the People</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Mosiuoa_Lekota" title="Mosiuoa Lekota">Mosiuoa Lekota</a> in 2008 in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">Polokwane elective conference</a>, when the ANC declined to re-elect <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> as its president and instead compelled his resignation from the national presidency. The second breakaway is the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a>, founded in 2013 after youth leader <a href="/wiki/Julius_Malema" title="Julius Malema">Julius Malema</a> was expelled from the ANC. Before these, the most important split in the ANC's history occurred in 1959, when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a> led a splinter faction of <a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalists</a> to the new <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)">uMkhonto weSizwe</a> rose to prominence in December 2023, when former president <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> announced that, while planning to remain a lifelong member of the ANC, he would not be campaigning for the ANC in the <a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election" title="2024 South African general election">2024 South African general election</a>, and would instead be voting for MK.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2024, Jacob Zuma was expelled from the ANC, because of campaigning for a rival party (<a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_weSizwe_(political_party)" title="UMkhonto weSizwe (political party)">MK party</a>) in the 29 May general election.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_structure_and_composition">Current structure and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current structure and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyril_Ramaphosa_e_Michel_Temer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cyril_Ramaphosa_e_Michel_Temer_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Cyril_Ramaphosa_e_Michel_Temer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cyril_Ramaphosa_e_Michel_Temer_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Cyril_Ramaphosa_e_Michel_Temer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cyril_Ramaphosa_e_Michel_Temer_%28cropped%29.jpg/320px-Cyril_Ramaphosa_e_Michel_Temer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> was elected ANC president at the <a href="/wiki/54th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="54th National Conference of the African National Congress">2017 conference</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Conference of the African National Congress">National Conference of the African National Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee of the African National Congress</a></div><p>Under the ANC constitution, every member of the ANC belongs to a local branch, and branch members select the organisation's policies and leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017a_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do so primarily by electing delegates to the <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Conference of the African National Congress">National Conference</a>, which is currently convened every five years. Between conferences, the organisation is led by its 86-member <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a>, which is elected at each conference. The most senior members of the National Executive Committee are the so-called Top Six officials, the ANC president primary among them. A symmetrical process occurs at the subnational levels: each of the nine <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Executive_Committees_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="Provincial Executive Committees of the African National Congress">provincial executive committees</a> and regional executive committees are elected at provincial and regional elective conferences respectively, also attended by branch delegates; and branch officials are elected at branch general meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017a_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leagues">Leagues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ANC has three leagues: the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League" title="African National Congress Women's League">Women's League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">Youth League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Veterans%27_League" title="African National Congress Veterans' League">Veterans' League</a>. Under the ANC constitution, the leagues are autonomous bodies with the scope to devise their own constitutions and policies; for the purpose of national conferences, they are treated somewhat like provinces, with voting delegates and the power to nominate leadership candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017a_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tripartite_Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tripartite Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a></div><p> The ANC is recognised as the leader of a three-way alliance, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Tripartite Alliance</a>, with the SACP and <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a> (COSATU). The alliance was formalised in mid-1990, after the ANC was unbanned, but has deeper historical roots: the SACP had worked closely with the ANC in exile, and COSATU had aligned itself with the Freedom Charter and Congress Alliance in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The membership and leadership of the three organisations has traditionally overlapped significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alliance constitutes a <i>de facto</i> electoral coalition: the SACP and COSATU do not contest in government elections, but field candidates through the ANC, hold senior positions in the ANC, and influence party policy. However, the SACP, in particular, has frequently threatened to field its own candidates,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2017 it did so for the first time, running against the ANC in <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-elections</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Metsimaholo_Local_Municipality" title="Metsimaholo Local Municipality">Metsimaholo municipality, Free State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_ANC_logo_1990.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Old_ANC_logo_1990.svg/140px-Old_ANC_logo_1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Old_ANC_logo_1990.svg/210px-Old_ANC_logo_1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Old_ANC_logo_1990.svg/280px-Old_ANC_logo_1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The logo of the ANC in 1990, since updated.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_candidates">Electoral candidates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electoral candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under South Africa's closed-<a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">list proportional representation</a> electoral system, parties have immense power in selecting candidates for legislative bodies. The ANC's internal <a href="/wiki/Preselection" title="Preselection">candidate selection</a> process is overseen by so-called list committees and tends to involve a degree of broad democratic participation, especially at the local level, where ANC branches vote to nominate candidates for the local government elections.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2003 and 2008, the ANC also gained a significant number of members through the controversial <a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">floor crossing</a> process, which occurred especially at the local level.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> in each sphere of government – the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">president</a>, the provincial <a href="/wiki/Premier_(South_Africa)" title="Premier (South Africa)">premiers</a>, and the mayors – are <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirectly elected</a> after each election. In practice, the selection of ANC candidates for these positions is highly centralised, with the ANC caucus voting together to elect a pre-decided candidate. Although the ANC does not always announce whom its caucuses intend to elect,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a> has thus far always elected the ANC president as the national president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadre_deployment">Cadre deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cadre deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ANC has adhered to a formal policy of <a href="/wiki/Cadre_deployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadre deployment">cadre deployment</a> since 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the post-apartheid era, the policy includes but is not exhausted by selection of candidates for elections and government positions: it also entails that the central organisation "deploys" ANC members to various other strategic positions in the party, state, and economy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_policies">Ideology and policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ideology and policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela,_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000.jpg/190px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000.jpg/285px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000.jpg/380px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>As ANC president (1991–97), <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> saw the ANC expand and informally absorb other anti-apartheid groups.</figcaption></figure><p> The ANC prides itself on being a <a href="/wiki/Broad_church#In_politics" title="Broad church">broad church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Duarte-2018_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duarte-2018-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, like many <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant parties</a>, resembles a <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">catch-all party</a>, accommodating a range of ideological tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2005_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darracq-2008_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darracq-2008-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Mandela told the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> in 1990:</p><blockquote><p>The ANC has never been a political party. It was formed as a parliament of the African people. Right from the start, up to now, the ANC is a coalition, if you want, of people of various political affiliations. Some will support <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free enterprise</a>, others <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. Some are <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a>, others are <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a>. We are united solely by our determination to oppose <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">racial oppression</a>. That is the only thing that unites us. There is no question of ideology as far as the odyssey of the ANC is concerned, because any question approaching ideology would split the organization from top to bottom. Because we have no connection whatsoever except at this one, of our determination to dismantle apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The post-apartheid ANC continues to identify itself foremost as a <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movement</a>, pursuing "the complete liberation of the country from all forms of discrimination and national oppression".<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017a_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also continues to claim the Freedom Charter of 1955 as "the basic policy document of the ANC".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017a_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as NEC member <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Cronin" title="Jeremy Cronin">Jeremy Cronin</a> noted in 2007, the various broad principles of the Freedom Charter have been given different interpretations, and emphasised to differing extents, by different groups within the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Darracq-2008_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darracq-2008-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, some basic commonalities are visible in the policy and ideological preferences of the organisation's mainstream. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-racialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</a></div> <p>The ANC is committed to the ideal of <a href="/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">non-racialism</a> and to opposing "any form of racial, tribalistic or ethnic exclusivism or chauvinism".<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017a_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2005_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Democratic_Revolution">National Democratic Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National Democratic Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1969 <a href="/wiki/Morogoro_Conference" title="Morogoro Conference">Morogoro Conference</a> committed the ANC to a "national democratic revolution [which] – destroying the existing social and economic relationship – will bring with it a correction of the historical injustices perpetrated against the indigenous majority and thus lay the basis for a new – and deeper <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalist</a> – approach".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the movement's intellectuals, the concept of the National Democratic Revolution (NDR) was a means of reconciling the anti-apartheid and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">anti-colonial</a> project with a second goal, that of establishing domestic and international socialism – the ANC is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-socialistinternational_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialistinternational-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its close partner the SACP traditionally conceives itself as a <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguard party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2005_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, and as implied by the 1969 document, NDR doctrine entails that the transformation of the domestic political system (national struggle, in <a href="/wiki/Joe_Slovo" title="Joe Slovo">Joe Slovo</a>'s phrase) is a precondition for a socialist revolution (class struggle).<sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2005_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept remained important to ANC intellectuals and strategists after the end of apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the pursuit of the NDR is one of the primary objectives of the ANC as set out in its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017a_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017a-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the Freedom Charter, the ambiguity of the NDR has allowed it to bear varying interpretations. For example, whereas SACP theorists tend to emphasise the anti-capitalist character of the NDR, some ANC policymakers have construed it as implying the empowerment of the black majority even within a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">market-capitalist</a> scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2005_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_interventionism">Economic interventionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economic interventionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:18%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We must develop the capacity of government for strategic intervention in social and economic development. We must increase the capacity of the public sector to deliver improved and extended public services to all the people of South Africa. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– 1994 <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></cite></div> </div> <p>Since 1994, consecutive ANC governments have held a strong preference for a significant degree of <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">state intervention in the economy</a>. The ANC's first comprehensive articulation of its post-apartheid economic policy framework was set out in the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a> (RDP) document of 1994, which became its electoral manifesto and also, under the same name, the flagship policy of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela's government</a>. The RDP aimed both to redress <a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">the socioeconomic inequalities</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and apartheid, and to promote <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a>; state intervention was judged a necessary step towards both goals.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-1994_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-1994-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the state was to intervene in the economy through three primary channels: <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_South_Africa" title="Land reform in South Africa">a land reform programme</a>; a degree of <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a>, through industrial and trade policy; and state investments in infrastructure and the provision of basic services, including health and education.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-1994_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-1994-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seekings-2015_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekings-2015-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the RDP was abandoned in 1996, these three channels of state economic intervention have remained mainstays of subsequent ANC policy frameworks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neoliberal_turn">Neoliberal turn</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neoliberal turn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki#Economic_policy" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki § Economic policy</a></div> <p>In 1996, Mandela's government replaced the RDP with the <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_programmes_in_South_Africa#Growth,_Employment_and_Redistribution_(GEAR)" title="Social welfare programmes in South Africa">Growth Employment and Redistribution</a> (GEAR) programme, which was maintained under President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>, Mandela's successor. GEAR has been characterised as a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> policy,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was disowned by both COSATU and the SACP.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some analysts viewed Mbeki's economic policy as undertaking the uncomfortable macroeconomic adjustments necessary for long-term growth,<sup id="cite_ref-Butler-2005_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others – notably <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bond" title="Patrick Bond">Patrick Bond</a> – viewed it as a reflection of the ANC's failure to implement genuinely radical transformation after 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debate about ANC commitment to <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a> on a socialist scale has continued: in 2013, the country's largest trade union, the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Metalworkers_of_South_Africa" title="National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa">National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa</a>, withdrew its support for the ANC on the basis that "the working class cannot any longer see the ANC or the SACP as its class allies in any meaningful sense".<sup id="cite_ref-NUMSA_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUMSA-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is evident, however, that the ANC never embraced <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">free-market capitalism</a>, and continued to favour a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>: even as the debate over GEAR raged, the ANC declared itself (in 2004) a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> party,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was at that time presiding over phenomenal expansions of its <a href="/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment" title="Black Economic Empowerment">black economic empowerment</a> programme and the <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_programmes_in_South_Africa" title="Social welfare programmes in South Africa">system of social grants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bundy-2016_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bundy-2016-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Developmental_state">Developmental state</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Developmental state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> As its name suggests, the RDP emphasised state-led development – that is, a <a href="/wiki/Developmental_state" title="Developmental state">developmental state</a> – which the ANC has typically been cautious, at least in its rhetoric, to distinguish from the neighbouring concept of a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2007_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2007-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bundy-2016_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bundy-2016-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seekings-2015_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekings-2015-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-2000s, during Mbeki's second term, the notion of a developmental state was revived in South African political discourse when the national economy worsened;<sup id="cite_ref-Seekings-2015_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekings-2015-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/53rd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="53rd National Conference of the African National Congress">2007 National Conference</a> whole-heartedly endorsed developmentalism in its policy resolutions, calling for a state "at the centre of a mixed economy... which leads and guides that economy and which intervenes in the interest of the people as a whole".<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2007_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2007-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed developmental state was also central to the ANC's campaign in the <a href="/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election" title="2009 South African general election">2009 elections</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Seekings-2015_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekings-2015-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remains a central pillar of the policy of the current government, which seeks to build a "capable and developmental" state.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this regard, ANC politicians often cite China as an aspirational example.<sup id="cite_ref-Duarte-2018_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duarte-2018-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A discussion document ahead of the ANC's 2015 National General Council proposed that:</p><blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">China['s] economic development</a> trajectory remains a leading example of the triumph of humanity over adversity. The exemplary role of the collective leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party of China</a> in this regard should be a guiding lodestar of our own struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radical_economic_transformation">Radical economic transformation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Radical economic transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>'s presidency, an ANC faction aligned to Zuma pioneered a new policy platform referred to as radical economic transformation (RET). Zuma announced the new focus on RET during his February 2017 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(South_Africa)" title="State of the Nation Address (South Africa)">State of the Nation</a> address,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later that year, explaining that it had been adopted as ANC policy and therefore as government policy, defined it as entailing "fundamental change in the structures, systems, institutions and patterns of ownership and control of the economy, in favour of all South Africans, especially the poor".<sup id="cite_ref-Paton-2017_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paton-2017-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguments for RET were closely associated with the rhetorical concept of <a href="/wiki/White_monopoly_capital" title="White monopoly capital">white monopoly capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudin-2017_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudin-2017-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/54th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="54th National Conference of the African National Congress">54th National Conference</a> in 2017, the ANC endorsed a number of policy principles advocated by RET supporters, including their proposal to pursue <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_South_Africa" title="Land reform in South Africa">land expropriation</a> without compensation as a matter of national policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cilliers-2019_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cilliers-2019-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_and_relations">Foreign policy and relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign policy and relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black-Palestinian_solidarity" title="Black-Palestinian solidarity">Black-Palestinian solidarity</a></div> <p>The ANC has long had close ties with China and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), with the CCP having supported ANC's struggle of apartheid since 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the two parties signed a memorandum of understanding to train ANC members in China.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Cyril Ramaphosa and the ANC have not condemned the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, and have faced criticism from opposition parties,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public commentators,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> academics,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civil society organisations,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and former ANC members<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to this. The ANC youth wing has meanwhile condemned sanctions against Russia and denounced NATO's eastward expansion as "fascistic".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officials representing the ANC Youth League acted as international observers for Russia's <a href="/wiki/2022_annexation_referendums_in_Russian-occupied_Ukraine" title="2022 annexation referendums in Russian-occupied Ukraine">staged referendum</a> to annex Ukrainian territory conquered during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2024 ANC Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Fikile_Mbalula" title="Fikile Mbalula">Fikile Mbalula</a> attend a "forum on combating Western neocolonialism"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosted by Russia, thereby drawing further criticism for the party's perceived support for Russia's invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ANC had received large donations from the Putin linked Russian oligarch <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a>, whilst the party's investment arm, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_House_(company)" title="Chancellor House (company)">Chancellor House</a>, has a joint investment with Vekselberg in a South African manganese mine.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_and_media">Symbols and media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Symbols and media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_African_National_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The tricolour flag of the ANC.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_and_logo">Flag and logo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Flag and logo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The logo of the ANC incorporates a spear and shield – symbolising the historical and ongoing struggle, armed and otherwise, against colonialism and racial oppression – and a wheel, which is borrowed from the 1955 Congress of the People campaign and therefore symbolises a united and non-racial movement for freedom and equality.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The logo uses the same colours as the ANC flag, which comprises three horizontal stripes of equal width in black, green and gold. The black symbolises the native people of South Africa; the green represents the land of South Africa; and the gold represents the country's mineral and other natural wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black, green and gold <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour (flag)">tricolour</a> also appeared on the flag of the <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu" title="KwaZulu">KwaZulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">bantustan</a> and appears on the flag of the ANC's rival, the IFP; and all three colours appear in the post-apartheid <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Africa" title="Flag of South Africa">South African national flag</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1996, the ANC Department of Political Education has published the quarterly <i>Umrabulo</i> political discussion journal; and <i><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></i>, a weekly online newsletter, was launched in 2001 to offset the alleged bias of the press.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, since 1972, it has been traditional for the ANC president to publish annually a so-called January 8 Statement: a reflective letter sent to members on 8 January, the anniversary of the organisation's founding.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In earlier years, the ANC published a range of <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodicals</a>, the most important of which was the monthly journal <i>Sechaba</i> (1967–1990), printed in the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> and banned by the apartheid government.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ANC's <a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a> also gained a wide audience during apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amandla">Amandla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Amandla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Amandla_(power)" title="Amandla (power)">Amandla ngawethu</a>", or the <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a> variant "Matla ke arona", is a common rallying call at ANC meetings, roughly meaning "<a href="/wiki/Power_to_the_people_(slogan)" title="Power to the people (slogan)">power to the people</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ANC-2017_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-2017-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also common for meetings to sing so-called struggle songs, which were sung during anti-apartheid meetings and in MK camps. In the case of at least two of these songs – <i><a href="/wiki/Dubul%27_ibhunu" title="Dubul' ibhunu">Dubula ibhunu</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Umshini_wami" title="Umshini wami">Umshini wami</a></i> – this has caused controversy in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversy">Criticism and controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ANC has received criticism from both internal and external sources. Internally Mandela publicly criticized the party, following the conclusion of his presidency, for ignoring instances of corruption and mismanagement, whilst allowing for the growth of a culture of racial and ideological intolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption_controversies">Corruption controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Corruption controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption in South Africa</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">South African Arms Deal</a></div> <p>The most prominent corruption case involving the ANC relates to a series of bribes paid to companies involved in the ongoing R55 billion <a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal saga</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Schabir_Shaik_trial" title="Schabir Shaik trial">resulted in</a> a long term jail sentence to then Deputy President <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>'s legal adviser <a href="/wiki/Schabir_Shaik" title="Schabir Shaik">Schabir Shaik</a>. Zuma, the former South African President, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges" title="Jacob Zuma corruption charges">was charged with</a> fraud, bribery and corruption in the Arms Deal, but the charges were subsequently withdrawn by the <a href="/wiki/National_Prosecuting_Authority" title="National Prosecuting Authority">National Prosecuting Authority</a> of South Africa due to their delay in prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ANC has also been criticised for its subsequent abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(South_Africa)" title="Scorpions (South Africa)">Scorpions</a>, the multidisciplinary agency that investigated and prosecuted organised crime and corruption, and was heavily involved in the investigation into Zuma and Shaik. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Yengeni" title="Tony Yengeni">Tony Yengeni</a>, in his position as chief whip of the ANC and head of the Parliaments defence committee has recently been named as being involved in bribing the German company <a href="/wiki/ThyssenKrupp" title="ThyssenKrupp">ThyssenKrupp</a> over the purchase of four corvettes for the SANDF.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other corruption issues in the 2000s included the sexual misconduct and criminal charges of <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_West_Local_Municipality" title="Beaufort West Local Municipality">Beaufort West</a> municipal manager <a href="/wiki/Truman_Prince" title="Truman Prince">Truman Prince</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Oilgate" title="Oilgate">Oilgate</a> scandal, in which millions of Rand in funds from a state-owned company were funnelled into ANC coffers.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ANC has also been accused of using government and civil society to fight its political battles against opposition parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a>. The result has been a number of complaints and allegations that none of the political parties truly represent the interests of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in the "<a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a>" Campaign which became very prominent during elections.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> reported on the killings of ANC corruption whistleblowers.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During an address on 28 October 2021, former president Thabo Mbeki commented on the history of corruption within the ANC. He reflected that Mandela had already warned in 1997 that the ANC was attracting individuals who viewed the party as "a route to power and self-enrichment." He added that the <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">ANC leadership</a> "did not know how to deal with this problem."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a lecture on 10 December, Mbeki reiterated concerns about "careerists" within the party, and stressed the need to "purge itself of such members".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2024, the <a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a> in association with <a href="/wiki/AmaBhungane" title="AmaBhungane">amaBhungane</a> showed in documents that R200 million in the ANC's election fund was siphoned off to the church of controversial archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bheki_Lukhele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bheki Lukhele (page does not exist)">Bheki Lukhele</a> in Eswatini; the Chief Financial Officer of the ANC, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bongani_Mahlalela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bongani Mahlalela (page does not exist)">Bongani Mahlalela</a> along with the Ambassador of Eswatini to Belgium, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibusisiwe_Mngomezulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sibusisiwe Mngomezulu (page does not exist)">Sibusisiwe Mngomezulu</a>, were implicated in the scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condemnation_over_Secrecy_Bill">Condemnation over Secrecy Bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Condemnation over Secrecy Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_State_Information_Bill" title="Protection of State Information Bill">Protection of State Information Bill</a></div> <p>In late 2011 the ANC was heavily criticised over the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_State_Information_Bill" title="Protection of State Information Bill">Protection of State Information Bill</a>, which opponents claimed would improperly restrict the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-du_Plessis-2011_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-du_Plessis-2011-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposition to the bill included otherwise ANC-aligned groups such as <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">COSATU</a>. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and other Nobel laureates <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a>, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> have expressed disappointment with the bill for not meeting standards of constitutionality and aspirations for freedom of information and expression.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_Marikana_killings">Role in the Marikana killings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Role in the Marikana killings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marikana_massacre" title="Marikana massacre">Marikana massacre</a></div> <p>The ANC have been criticised for its role in failing to prevent 16 August 2012 massacre of Lonmin miners at Marikana in the Northwest. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> allege that Police Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Riah_Phiyega" title="Riah Phiyega">Riah Phiyega</a> and Police Minister <a href="/wiki/Nathi_Mthethwa" title="Nathi Mthethwa">Nathi Mthethwa</a> gave the go ahead for the police action against the miners on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commissioner Phiyega of the ANC came under further criticism as being insensitive and uncaring when she was caught smiling and laughing during the <a href="/wiki/Farlam_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Farlam Commission">Farlam Commission</a>'s video playback of the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> announced that he could no longer bring himself to vote for the ANC, as it was no longer the party that he and Nelson Mandela fought for. He stated that the party had lost its way, and was in danger of becoming a corrupt entity in power.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_mismanagement">Financial mismanagement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Financial mismanagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since at least 2017, the ANC has encountered significant problems related to financial mismanagement. According to a report filed by the former treasurer-general <a href="/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize" title="Zweli Mkhize">Zweli Mkhize</a> in December 2017, the ANC was technically <a href="/wiki/Insolvency" title="Insolvency">insolvent</a> as its liabilities exceeded its assets.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These problems continued into the second half of 2021. By September 2021, the ANC had reportedly amassed a debt exceeding R200-million, including over R100-million owed to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Revenue_Service" title="South African Revenue Service">South African Revenue Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in May 2021, the ANC failed to pay monthly staff salaries on time. Having gone without pay for three consecutive months, workers planned a strike in late August 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the ANC initiated a <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> campaign to raise money for staff salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 2021, its Cape Town staff was approaching their fourth month without salaries, while medical aid and provident fund contributions had been suspended in various provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-lud1_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lud1-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party has countered that the Political Party Funding Act, which prohibits anonymous contributions, has dissuaded some donors who previously injected money for salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-teb1_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teb1-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_capture">State capture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: State capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zondo_Commission" title="Zondo Commission">Zondo Commission</a></div> <p>In January 2018, then-President Jacob Zuma established the <a href="/wiki/Zondo_Commission" title="Zondo Commission">Zondo Commission</a> to investigate allegations of <a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">state capture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">corruption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> in the public sector.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following four years, the Commission heard testimony from over 250 witnesses and collected more than 150,000 pages of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several extensions, the first part of the final three-part report was published on 4 January 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report found that the ANC, including Zuma and his political allies, had benefited from the extensive corruption of state enterprises, including the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Revenue_Service" title="South African Revenue Service">South African Revenue Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also found that the ANC "simply did not care that state entities were in decline during state capture or they slept on the job – or they simply didn't know what to do."<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_national_election_2014_ANC_vote_by_ward.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/South_Africa_national_election_2014_ANC_vote_by_ward.svg/220px-South_Africa_national_election_2014_ANC_vote_by_ward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/South_Africa_national_election_2014_ANC_vote_by_ward.svg/330px-South_Africa_national_election_2014_ANC_vote_by_ward.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/South_Africa_national_election_2014_ANC_vote_by_ward.svg/440px-South_Africa_national_election_2014_ANC_vote_by_ward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of votes cast for the ANC in the 2014 election, by ward. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#edf8e9; color:black;"> </span> 0–20%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bae4b3; color:black;"> </span> 20–40%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#74c476; color:black;"> </span> 40–60%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#31a354; color:black;"> </span> 60–80%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006d2c; color:white;"> </span> 80–100%</div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-africa-anc-percent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/South-africa-anc-percent.svg/250px-South-africa-anc-percent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/South-africa-anc-percent.svg/375px-South-africa-anc-percent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/South-africa-anc-percent.svg/500px-South-africa-anc-percent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The ANC's performance by region in the <a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election" title="2024 South African general election">2024 South African general election</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly_elections">National Assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: National Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th><b>Result</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> </td> <td>12,237,655 </td> <td>62.65% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">252 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 63%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 252 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">ANC–<a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a> coalition government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_South_African_general_election" title="1999 South African general election">1999</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> </td> <td>10,601,330 </td> <td>66.35% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">266 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">ANC–<a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a> coalition government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_South_African_general_election" title="2004 South African general election">2004</a> </th> <td>10,880,915 </td> <td>69.69% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">279 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 70%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election" title="2009 South African general election">2009</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> </td> <td>11,650,748 </td> <td>65.90% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">264 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 66%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_general_election" title="2014 South African general election">2014</a> </th> <td>11,436,921 </td> <td>62.15% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">249 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 62%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_South_African_general_election" title="2019 South African general election">2019</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> </td> <td>10,026,475 </td> <td>57.50% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">230 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 58%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Majority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election" title="2024 South African general election">2024</a> </th> <td>6,459,683 </td> <td>40.18%<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">159 / 400</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 40%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 71 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">ANC–<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">DA</a>–<a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance" title="Patriotic Alliance">PA</a>–<a href="/wiki/Good_(political_party)" title="Good (political party)">GOOD</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">PAC</a>–<a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">VF+</a>–<a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Movement" title="United Democratic Movement">UDM</a>–<a href="/wiki/Rise_Mzansi" title="Rise Mzansi">RISE</a> coalition government </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From 2024, seats in the National Assembly are determined by a combination of the national ballot, and the nine regional ballots. Only the national ballot figures are shown here.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Council_of_Provinces_elections">National Council of Provinces elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: National Council of Provinces elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th><b>Result</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">60 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 60 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">ANC–<a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a> governing majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_South_African_general_election" title="1999 South African general election">1999</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">63 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: Green; width: 70%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">ANC–<a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a> governing majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_South_African_general_election" title="2004 South African general election">2004</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">65 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 72%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing supermajority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election" title="2009 South African general election">2009</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">62 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 69%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing supermajority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_general_election" title="2014 South African general election">2014</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">60 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 67%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing supermajority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_South_African_general_election" title="2019 South African general election">2019</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">54 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 60%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Governing majority </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_South_African_general_election" title="2024 South African general election">2024</a> </th> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 90</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #006600; width: 48%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">ANC–<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">DA</a>–<a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">IFP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance" title="Patriotic Alliance">PA</a>–<a href="/wiki/Good_(political_party)" title="Good (political party)">GOOD</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">PAC</a>–<a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">VF+</a>–<a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Movement" title="United Democratic Movement">UDM</a>–<a href="/wiki/Rise_Mzansi" title="Rise Mzansi">RISE</a> coalition government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_legislatures">Provincial legislatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Provincial legislatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election<sup id="cite_ref-dash_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dash-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North-West</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994</a> </th> <td>84.35 </td> <td>48/56 </td> <td>76.65 </td> <td>24/30 </td> <td>57.60 </td> <td>50/86 </td> <td>32.23 </td> <td>26/81 </td> <td>91.63 </td> <td>38/40 </td> <td>80.69 </td> <td>25/30 </td> <td>83.33 </td> <td>26/30 </td> <td>49.74 </td> <td>15/30 </td> <td>33.01 </td> <td>14/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1999_South_African_general_election" title="1999 South African general election">1999</a> </th> <td>73.80 </td> <td>47/63 </td> <td>80.79 </td> <td>25/30 </td> <td>67.87 </td> <td>50/73 </td> <td>39.38 </td> <td>32/80 </td> <td>88.29 </td> <td>44/49 </td> <td>84.83 </td> <td>26/30 </td> <td>78.97 </td> <td>27/33 </td> <td>64.32 </td> <td>20/30 </td> <td>42.07 </td> <td>18/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_South_African_general_election" title="2004 South African general election">2004</a> </th> <td>79.27 </td> <td>51/63 </td> <td>81.78 </td> <td>25/30 </td> <td>68.40 </td> <td>51/73 </td> <td>46.98 </td> <td>38/80 </td> <td>89.18 </td> <td>45/49 </td> <td>86.30 </td> <td>27/30 </td> <td>80.71 </td> <td>27/33 </td> <td>68.83 </td> <td>21/30 </td> <td>45.25 </td> <td>19/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2009_South_African_general_election" title="2009 South African general election">2009</a> </th> <td>68.82 </td> <td>44/63 </td> <td>71.10 </td> <td>22/30 </td> <td>64.04 </td> <td>47/73 </td> <td>62.95 </td> <td>51/80 </td> <td>84.88 </td> <td>43/49 </td> <td>85.55 </td> <td>27/30 </td> <td>72.89 </td> <td>25/33 </td> <td>60.75 </td> <td>19/30 </td> <td>31.55 </td> <td>14/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_general_election" title="2014 South African general election">2014</a> </th> <td>70.09 </td> <td>45/63 </td> <td>69.85 </td> <td>22/30 </td> <td>53.59 </td> <td>40/73 </td> <td>64.52 </td> <td>52/80 </td> <td>78.60 </td> <td>39/49 </td> <td>78.23 </td> <td>24/30 </td> <td>67.39 </td> <td>23/33 </td> <td>64.40 </td> <td>20/30 </td> <td>32.89 </td> <td>14/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_South_African_general_election" title="2019 South African general election">2019</a> </th> <td>68.74 </td> <td>44/63 </td> <td>61.14 </td> <td>19/30 </td> <td>50.19 </td> <td>37/73 </td> <td>54.22 </td> <td>44/80 </td> <td>75.49 </td> <td>38/49 </td> <td>70.58 </td> <td>22/30 </td> <td>61.87 </td> <td>21/33 </td> <td>57.54 </td> <td>18/30 </td> <td>28.63 </td> <td>12/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2024" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2024">2024</a><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>62.16</td> <td>45/73 </td> <td>51.87</td> <td>16/30 </td> <td>34.76</td> <td>28/80 </td> <td>16.99</td> <td>14/80 </td> <td>73.30</td> <td>48/64 </td> <td>51.31</td> <td>27/51 </td> <td>57.73</td> <td>21/38 </td> <td>49.34</td> <td>15/30 </td> <td>19.55</td> <td>8/42 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_elections">Municipal elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Municipal elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Change </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/South_African_municipal_elections,_1995%E2%80%9396" class="mw-redirect" title="South African municipal elections, 1995–96">1995–96</a> </th> <td align="right">5,033,855 </td> <td align="right">58% </td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2000 South African municipal elections">2000</a> </th> <td align="right">None released </td> <td align="right">59.4% </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2006_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2006 South African municipal elections">2006</a> </th> <td align="right">17,466,948 </td> <td align="right">66.3% </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2011_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2011 South African municipal elections">2011</a> </th> <td align="right">16,548,826 </td> <td align="right">61.9% </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2016_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2016 South African municipal elections">2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-iec_summary_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iec_summary-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td align="right">21,450,332 </td> <td align="right">55.7% </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_municipal_elections" title="2021 South African municipal elections">2021</a> </th> <td align="right">14,531,908 </td> <td align="right">47.5% </td> <td align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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Ebrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">United Democratic Front</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper2022" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Paddy (18 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/politics/2022-12-18-existential-crisis-anc-membership-drops-by-more-than-one-third-in-five-years/">"Existential crisis-ANC membership drops by more than one third in five years"</a>. <i>Mail and Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mail+and+Guardian&rft.atitle=Existential+crisis-ANC+membership+drops+by+more+than+one+third+in+five+years&rft.date=2022-12-18&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Paddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Fpolitics%2F2022-12-18-existential-crisis-anc-membership-drops-by-more-than-one-third-in-five-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africaelects.com/south-africa/">"South Africa • Africa Elects"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+%E2%80%A2+Africa+Elects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricaelects.com%2Fsouth-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248962779">"How Democratic is the African National Congress? | Request PDF"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cyril+Ramaphosa+chosen+to+lead+South+Africa%27s+ruling+ANC+party&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fdec%2F18%2Fcyril-ramaphosa-chosen-to-lead-south-africas-ruling-anc-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCele2021" class="citation news cs1">Cele, S'thembile (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-04/anc-support-falls-below-50-for-first-time-in-south-african-vote">"ANC Support Falls Below 50% for First Time in South African Vote"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=ANC+Support+Falls+Below+50%25+for+First+Time+in+South+African+Vote&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Cele&rft.aufirst=S%27thembile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-11-04%2Fanc-support-falls-below-50-for-first-time-in-south-african-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/nx-s1-4987616/south-africa-election-results">"In a historic election, South Africa's ANC loses majority for the first time"</a>. NPR. 1 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+a+historic+election%2C+South+Africa%27s+ANC+loses+majority+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2024-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F06%2F01%2Fnx-s1-4987616%2Fsouth-africa-election-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChothiaKupembaPlett-Usher2024" class="citation news cs1">Chothia, Farouk; Kupemba, Danai Kesta; Plett-Usher, Barbra (14 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8007w4vqveo">"ANC and DA agree on South Africa unity government"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ANC+and+DA+agree+on+South+Africa+unity+government&rft.date=2024-06-14&rft.aulast=Chothia&rft.aufirst=Farouk&rft.au=Kupemba%2C+Danai+Kesta&rft.au=Plett-Usher%2C+Barbra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc8007w4vqveo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodge-1983-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lodge-1983_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodge-1983_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodge-1983_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1983" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, Tom (1983). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+protest+before+1950&rft.btitle=Black+Politics+in+South+Africa+Since+1945&rft.pages=1-32&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86975-152-7&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAY5tmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler-2012_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler-2012_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler-2012_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler-2012_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2012" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Anthony (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WHziM0wtGgkC"><i>The Idea of the ANC</i></a>. Jacana Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4314-0578-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4314-0578-7"><bdi>978-1-4314-0578-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231044500/https://books.google.com/books?id=WHziM0wtGgkC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+the+ANC&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4314-0578-7&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWHziM0wtGgkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suttner-2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suttner-2012_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suttner-2012_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suttner-2012_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suttner-2012_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Suttner, Raymond (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23255615">"The African National Congress centenary: a long and difficult journey"</a>. <i>International Affairs</i>. <b>88</b> (4): 719–738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01098.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01098.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23255615">23255615</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227212113/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23255615">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+African+National+Congress+centenary%3A+a+long+and+difficult+journey&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=719-738&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23255615%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2012.01098.x&rft.aulast=Suttner&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23255615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark-2016_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkWorger2016" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Nancy L.; Worger, William H. (2016). <i>South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid</i> (3rd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12444-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12444-8"><bdi>978-1-138-12444-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883649263">883649263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Apartheid&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883649263&rft.isbn=978-1-138-12444-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nancy+L.&rft.au=Worger%2C+William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anc1912.org.za/policy-documents-1949-38th-national-conference-programme-of-action-statement-of-policy-adopted/">"38th National Conference: Programme Of Action: Statement of Policy Adopted"</a>. <i>African National Congress</i>. 17 December 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227180035/https://www.anc1912.org.za/policy-documents-1949-38th-national-conference-programme-of-action-statement-of-policy-adopted/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+National+Congress&rft.atitle=38th+National+Conference%3A+Programme+Of+Action%3A+Statement+of+Policy+Adopted&rft.date=1949-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anc1912.org.za%2Fpolicy-documents-1949-38th-national-conference-programme-of-action-statement-of-policy-adopted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodge-1983a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lodge-1983a_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1983" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, Tom (1983). "The creation of a mass movement: strikes and defiance, 1950-1952". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AY5tmwEACAAJ"><i>Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945</i></a>. Ravan Press. pp. 33–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86975-152-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86975-152-7"><bdi>978-0-86975-152-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231044556/https://books.google.com/books?id=AY5tmwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+creation+of+a+mass+movement%3A+strikes+and+defiance%2C+1950-1952&rft.btitle=Black+Politics+in+South+Africa+Since+1945&rft.pages=33-66&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86975-152-7&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAY5tmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodge-1983b-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lodge-1983b_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1983" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, Tom (1983). "African political organisations, 1953-1960". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AY5tmwEACAAJ"><i>Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945</i></a>. Ravan Press. pp. 67–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86975-152-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86975-152-7"><bdi>978-0-86975-152-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=African+political+organisations%2C+1953-1960&rft.btitle=Black+Politics+in+South+Africa+Since+1945&rft.pages=67-90&rft.pub=Ravan+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86975-152-7&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAY5tmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis-1991-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis-1991_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis-1991_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Stephen (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/722941">"The ANC in Exile"</a>. <i>African Affairs</i>. <b>90</b> (360): 439–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098442">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9909">0001-9909</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/722941">722941</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226235211/https://www.jstor.org/stable/722941">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+ANC+in+Exile&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=360&rft.pages=439-447&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0001-9909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F722941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a098442&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F722941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANC-1997-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANC-1997_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfrican_National_Congress1997" class="citation book cs1">African National Congress (1997). "Appendix: ANC structures and personnel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/submit/anc2.htm#Appendix%201"><i>Further submissions and responses by the African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation</i></a>. Pretoria: Department of Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214114223/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/hrvtrans/submit/anc2.htm#Appendix%201">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+ANC+structures+and+personnel&rft.btitle=Further+submissions+and+responses+by+the+African+National+Congress+to+questions+raised+by+the+Commission+for+Truth+and+Reconciliation&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice&rft.date=1997&rft.au=African+National+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.za%2Ftrc%2Fhrvtrans%2Fsubmit%2Fanc2.htm%23Appendix%25201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis-2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis-2013_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2013" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Stephen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdlMAgAAQBAJ"><i>External Mission: The ANC in Exile, 1960–1990</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933061-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933061-4"><bdi>978-0-19-933061-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231044551/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdlMAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=External+Mission%3A+The+ANC+in+Exile%2C+1960%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933061-4&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdlMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens-2019-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens-2019_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevens-2019_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2019" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Simon (1 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz030">"The Turn to Sabotage by The Congress Movement in South Africa"</a>. <i>Past & Present</i> (245): 221–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz030">10.1093/pastj/gtz030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1814%2F75043">1814/75043</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Turn+to+Sabotage+by+The+Congress+Movement+in+South+Africa&rft.issue=245&rft.pages=221-255&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1814%2F75043&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtz030&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fpastj%252Fgtz030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houston-2004-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Houston-2004_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoustonRalinala2004" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Gregory; Ralinala, Rendani Moses (2004). 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style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langalibalele_Dube" title="John Langalibalele Dube">John Langalibalele Dube</a> (1912–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefako_Makgatho" title="Sefako Makgatho">Sefako Makgatho</a> (1917–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Richard_Mahabane" title="Zacharias Richard Mahabane">Zacharias Richard Mahabane</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tshangana_Gumede" title="Josiah Tshangana Gumede">Josiah Tshangana Gumede</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixley_ka_Isaka_Seme" title="Pixley ka Isaka Seme">Pixley ka Isaka Seme</a> (1930–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Richard_Mahabane" title="Zacharias Richard Mahabane">Zacharias Richard Mahabane</a> (1937–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bitini_Xuma" title="Alfred Bitini Xuma">Alfred Bitini Xuma</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moroka" title="James Moroka">James Moroka</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a> (1952–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (2007–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">Deputy President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rubusana" title="Walter Rubusana">Walter Rubusana</a> (1912–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1952–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1958–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (2007–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mabuza" title="David Mabuza">David Mabuza</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mashatile" title="Paul Mashatile">Paul Mashatile</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">Secretary-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a> (1912–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selope_Thema" title="Selope Thema">Selope Thema</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Msane" title="Saul Msane">Saul Msane</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li>Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Mweli_Skota" title="TD Mweli Skota">TD Mweli Skota</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._J._Khaile" title="E. J. Khaile">E. J. Khaile</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mdolomba" title="Elijah Mdolomba">Elijah Mdolomba</a> (1930–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Calata" title="James Calata">James Calata</a> (1936–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duma_Nokwe" title="Duma Nokwe">Duma Nokwe</a> (1958–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baphethuxolo_Nzo" title="Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo">Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo</a> (1969–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwede_Mantashe" title="Gwede Mantashe">Gwede Mantashe</a> (2007–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Magashule" title="Ace Magashule">Ace Magashule</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikile_Mbalula" title="Fikile Mbalula">Fikile Mbalula</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Conference of the African National Congress"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">National Conferences</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morogoro_Conference" title="Morogoro Conference">Morogoro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="48th National Conference of the African National Congress">48th</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="49th National Conference of the African National Congress">49th</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="50th National Conference of the African National Congress">50th</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="51st National Conference of the African National Congress">51st</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">52nd</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="53rd National Conference of the African National Congress">53rd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="54th National Conference of the African National Congress">54th</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="55th National Conference of the African National Congress">55th</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%">Structure and wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Working_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Working Committee of the African National Congress">National Working Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Executive_Committees_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="Provincial Executive Committees of the African National Congress">Provincial Executive Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League" title="African National Congress Women's League">ANC Women's League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Veterans%27_League" title="African National Congress Veterans' League">ANC Veterans' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthuli_House" title="Luthuli House">Luthuli House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rivonia_Trial" title="Little Rivonia Trial">Little Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mahlangu_Freedom_College" title="Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College">Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Allied organisations</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template:South Africa political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template talk:South Africa political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Africa political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a><br /><small>(with number of seats held)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African National Congress</a> (159)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> (87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_weSizwe_(political_party)" title="UMkhonto weSizwe (political party)">uMkhonto weSizwe</a> (58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a> (39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> (17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance" title="Patriotic Alliance">Patriotic Alliance</a> (9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActionSA" title="ActionSA">ActionSA</a> (6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="African Christian Democratic Party">African Christian Democratic Party</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Movement" title="United Democratic Movement">United Democratic Movement</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Mzansi" title="Rise Mzansi">Rise Mzansi</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Transformation_Movement" title="African Transformation Movement">African Transformation Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jama-ah" title="Al Jama-ah">Al Jama-ah</a> (2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">National Council of Provinces</a><br /><small>(with number of seats held)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">African National Congress</a> (54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> (20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a> (11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> (2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communist and socialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Content_Movement" title="African Content Movement">African Content Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Organisation" title="Azanian People's Organisation">Azanian People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Bolsheviks Party of South Africa">Bolsheviks Party of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Ambassadors" title="National People's Ambassadors">National People's Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Workers_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party (South Africa)">Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_International_Vanguard_Party" title="Workers International Vanguard Party">Workers International Vanguard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_and_Socialist_Party" title="Workers and Socialist Party">Workers and Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Congress_(South_Africa)" title="United Congress (South Africa)">United Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social democratic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="African Congress of Democrats">African Congress of Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Democratic_Change" title="African Democratic Change">African Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Alliance_of_Social_Democrats" title="Afrikan Alliance of Social Democrats">Afrikan Alliance of Social Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agang_South_Africa" title="Agang South Africa">Agang South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(South_African_political_party)" title="Congress of the People (South African political party)">Congress of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Freedom_Party" title="National Freedom Party">National Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_Africans_Unity" title="Power of Africans Unity">Power of Africans Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Africanist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Convention" title="African People's Convention">African People's Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abantu_Batho_Congress" title="Abantu Batho Congress">Abantu Batho Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_First_Land_First" title="Black First Land First">Black First Land First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Movement" title="Pan Africanist Movement">Pan Africanist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Muslim_Party" title="Africa Muslim Party">Africa Muslim Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Muslim_Congress" title="Cape Muslim Congress">Cape Muslim Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatriots_of_South_Africa" title="Compatriots of South Africa">Compatriots of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Front" title="Minority Front">Minority Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coloured_Congress" title="National Coloured Congress">National Coloured Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal and libertarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Capitalist Party of South Africa">Capitalist Party of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Congress" title="Democratic Liberal Congress">Democratic Liberal Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Free Democrats (South Africa)">Free Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agrarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Warriors_of_Maruleng" title="Civic Warriors of Maruleng">Civic Warriors of Maruleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Land Party (South Africa)">Land Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hope4SA" title="Hope4SA">#Hope4SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Party (South Africa)">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Political_Movement" title="Christian Political Movement">Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Emancipation_Forum" title="Economic Emancipation Forum">Economic Emancipation Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Governance_Movement" title="Kingdom Governance Movement">Kingdom Governance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="United Christian Democratic Party">United Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_People_First" title="Uniting People First">Uniting People First</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmentalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Green Party of South Africa">Green Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single issue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Security_Congress" title="African Security Congress">African Security Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Are_Possible_(political_party)" title="All Things Are Possible (political party)">All Things Are Possible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Transformation_for_All" title="Alliance for Transformation for All">Alliance for Transformation for All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagga_Party" title="Dagga Party">Dagga Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Service_Delivery" title="Forum for Service Delivery">Forum for Service Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Africa_Party" title="New South Africa Party">New South Africa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dudula" title="Operation Dudula">Operation Dudula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendum_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Referendum Party (South Africa)">Referendum Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Maintenance_and_Estate_Beneficiaries_Association" title="South African Maintenance and Estate Beneficiaries Association">South African Maintenance and Estate Beneficiaries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Forward" title="Women Forward">Women Forward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local issues and regionalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_Residents_Association" title="Better Residents Association">Better Residents Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence_Party" title="Cape Independence Party">Cape Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabalorivhuwa_Patriotic_Front" title="Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front">Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazankulu_Liberation_Congress" title="Gazankulu Liberation Congress">Gazankulu Liberation Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo_Gemeenskap_Party" title="Karoo Gemeenskap Party">Karoo Gemeenskap Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP16_Civic_Movement" title="MAP16 Civic Movement">MAP16 Civic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaaslike_Besorgde_Inwoners" title="Plaaslike Besorgde Inwoners">Plaaslike Besorgde Inwoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterkspruit_Civic_Association" title="Sterkspruit Civic Association">Sterkspruit Civic Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Covenant" title="African Covenant">African Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Independent_Congress" title="African Independent Congress">African Independent Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Revelation_Congress" title="International Revelation Congress">International Revelation Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_South_Africa" title="National Party South Africa">National Party South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afrikaner nationalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Self-determination_Party" title="Afrikaner Self-determination Party">Afrikaner Self-determination Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">Herstigte Nasionale Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" title="National Conservative Party of South Africa">National Conservative Party of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African traditionalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Mantungwa_Community" title="African Mantungwa Community">African Mantungwa Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance_Unity_Party" title="African Renaissance Unity Party">African Renaissance Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikwankwetla_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa">Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Front_(South_Africa)" title="National People's Front (South Africa)">National People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Freedom_Party" title="National Religious Freedom Party">National Religious Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Congress_of_Traditional_Authorities" title="South African National Congress of Traditional Authorities">South African National Congress of Traditional Authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncategorised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Change_Academy" title="African Change Academy">African Change Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Congress_for_Transformation" title="African Congress for Transformation">African Congress for Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Movement" title="African People's Movement">African People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Citizens_for_Change" title="Alliance of Citizens for Change">Alliance of Citizens for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Independent Party (South Africa)">Democratic Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_(political_party)" title="Good (political party)">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Civic_Organisation_of_South_Africa" title="Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa">Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_Independent_Civic_Organisation" title="The Peoples Independent Civic Organisation">The Peoples Independent Civic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_for_Change_(South_Africa)" title="People's Movement for Change (South Africa)">People's Movement for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Political_Party" title="South African Political Party">South African Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Rainbow_Alliance" title="South African Rainbow Alliance">South African Rainbow Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_National_Party" title="Spectrum National Party">Spectrum National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Sugar_South_Africa" title="Team Sugar South Africa">Team Sugar South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Independent_Movement" title="United Independent Movement">United Independent Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiluva" title="Xiluva">Xiluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximoko_Party" title="Ximoko Party">Ximoko Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Azania" title="Socialist Party of Azania">Socialist Party of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socialist and social democratic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">New Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Independent_Front" title="United Independent Front">United Independent Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberal and progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">Democratic Party (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">Democratic Party (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">Democratic Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Reform Party (South Africa)">Democratic Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">Federal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">Independent Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">Progressive Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">Progressive Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">South African Business Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Congress" title="South African Democratic Congress">South African Democratic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">Union Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Christian Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Front_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Front (South Africa)">Christian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christen_Party/Christian_Party" title="Christen Party/Christian Party">Christen Party/Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">Federation of Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">Herenigde Nasionale Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">National Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">National People's Party (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(South_Africa)" title="National Union (South Africa)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">New Republic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(South_African_political_party)" title="Solidarity (South African political party)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Eenheidsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging">Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">Afrikaner Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Conservative Party (South Africa)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_National_(South_Africa)" title="Front National (South Africa)">Front National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">National Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">Purified National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">South African Gentile National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">Ciskei National Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_It_Straight_and_Simple_Party" title="Keep It Straight and Simple Party">Keep It Straight and Simple Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_Aboriginal_and_Others_Movement" title="Khoisan Aboriginal and Others Movement">Khoisan Aboriginal and Others Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="National Alliance (South Africa)">National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Democratic Convention (South Africa)">National Democratic Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National People's Party (South Africa)">National People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Justice_Congress" title="Peace and Justice Congress">Peace and Justice Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-death_Penalty_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Pro-death Penalty Party (South Africa)">Pro-death Penalty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">Transkei National Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Party" title="Ubuntu Party">Ubuntu Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Universal Party (South Africa)">Universal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_Liberation_Movements_of_Southern_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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of Southern Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/15px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/23px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Red_stylized_fist.svg/30px-Red_stylized_fist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="663" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ANC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Democratic_Party" title="Botswana Democratic Party">BDP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chama_Cha_Mapinduzi" title="Chama Cha Mapinduzi">CCM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola"><img alt="Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ZANU%E2%80%93PF" title="ZANU–PF">ZANU–PF</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fist.svg/15px-Fist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fist.svg/23px-Fist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fist.svg/30px-Fist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1596" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template talk:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="Politics of the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)#Law_and_government" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng#Law_and_government" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal#Law_and_government" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Limpopo" title="Politics of Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)#Law_and_government" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Cape" title="Politics of the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Political movements in South Africa">Political<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_South_Africa" title="Federalism in South Africa">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template:South Africa political parties">South Africa political parties</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AfriForum" title="AfriForum">AfriForum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikanerbond" title="Afrikanerbond">Afrikanerbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a> (AWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Traditional_Leaders_of_South_Africa" title="Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa">Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa</a> (CONTRALESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Students" title="Congress of South African Students">Congress of South African Students</a> (COSAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlife_Africa" title="Earthlife Africa">Earthlife Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Left_(South_Africa)" title="Keep Left (South Africa)">Keep Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanya_College" title="Khanya College">Khanya College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">Koeberg Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Equality_Project" title="Lesbian and Gay Equality Project">Lesbian and Gay Equality Project</a> (LGEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">People Against Gangsterism and Drugs</a> (PAGAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Liberal_Students%27_Association" title="South African Liberal Students' Association">South African Liberal Students' Association</a> (SALSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students_Congress" title="South African Students Congress">South African Students Congress</a> (SASCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative" title="The South African Wine Initiative">South African Wine Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabalaza_Anarchist_Communist_Front" title="Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front">Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front</a> (ZACF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_unions_in_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Trade unions in South Africa navbox">South Africa trade unions</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Education" title="Equal Education">Equal Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Park_Backyarders" title="Mandela Park Backyarders">Mandela Park Backyarders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Suffering,_Oppression_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty">People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty</a> (PASSOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Alliance" title="Poor People's Alliance">Poor People's Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landless_Peoples_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless Peoples Movement">Landless Peoples Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_The_City" title="Reclaim The City">Reclaim the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Coalition_(South_Africa)" title="Social Justice Coalition (South Africa)">Social Justice Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Unemployed_Peoples%27_Movement" title="South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement">Unemployed Peoples' Movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:SA_law" title="Template:SA law">South African law</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_in_South_Africa" title="Alternative media in South Africa">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania#South_Africa" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Don%27t)_touch_me_on_my_studio" title="(Don't) touch me on my studio">(Don't) touch me on my studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proudly_South_African" title="Proudly South African">Proudly South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">Rainbow nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaming in South Africa">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenderpreneur" title="Tenderpreneur">Tenderpreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyi-toyi" title="Toyi-toyi">Toyi-toyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnFreedom_Day" title="UnFreedom Day">UnFreedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monopoly_capital" title="White monopoly capital">White monopoly capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungovernability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungovernability">Ungovernability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Indian sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li></ul></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amandla_(power)" title="Amandla (power)">Amandla Ngawethu!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubul%27_ibhunu" title="Dubul' ibhunu">"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Settler,_One_Bullet" title="One Settler, One Bullet">One Settler, One Bullet</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each_one_teach_one" title="Each one teach one">"Each One, Teach One"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and<br />periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African_Communist" title="African Communist">African Communist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amandla_(magazine)" title="Amandla (magazine)">Amandla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biko_(book)" title="Biko (book)">Biko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Write_What_I_Like" title="I Write What I Like">I Write What I Like</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Long Walk to Freedom">Long Walk to Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molotov_Cocktail_(magazine)" title="Molotov Cocktail (magazine)">Molotov Cocktail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!_(book)" title="No Land! No House! No Vote! (book)">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-toll_(South_Africa)" title="E-toll (South Africa)">e-tolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">Farm attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_brokering" title="Labour brokering">Labour brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_occupations_in_South_Africa" title="List of land occupations in South Africa">Land occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">Legacies of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindela_Repatriation_Centre" title="Lindela Repatriation Centre">Lindela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">Phala Phala robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_assassinations_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa">Political assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest in South Africa">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shack_fires_in_South_Africa" title="Shack fires in South Africa">Shack fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_South_Africa" title="Terrorism in South Africa">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)#Post_1994_use" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Politics of South Africa">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post-<br />apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident"><i>Lady R</i> incident</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and<br />social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and<br />terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_Africa_topics" title="Template talk:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Africa" title="Timeline of South Africa">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_South_Africa" title="List of years in South Africa">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaditshwene" title="Kaditshwene">Kaditshwene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Republic">Transvaal Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Democratic South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Military history of South Africa">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_South_Africa" title="Biodiversity of South Africa">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa" title="Climate of South Africa">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Africa" title="Climate change in South Africa">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_South_Africa" title="Districts of South Africa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_South_Africa" title="List of earthquakes in South Africa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_South_Africa" title="List of estuaries of South Africa">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_of_South_Africa" title="List of forests of South Africa">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_Africa" title="List of islands of South Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_South_Africa" title="List of lakes of South Africa">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_South_Africa" title="List of mountain ranges of South Africa">Mountain ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South African municipalities">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of South Africa">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_South_Africa" title="List of populated places in South Africa">Populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Africa" title="Provinces of South Africa">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Africa" title="List of rivers of South Africa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_South_Africa" title="Wildlife of South Africa">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_South_Africa" title="Courts of South Africa">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign relations of South Africa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Human rights in South Africa">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_South_Africa" title="Law enforcement in South Africa">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifespan_timeline_of_presidents_of_South_Africa" title="Lifespan timeline of presidents of South Africa">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">State security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa" title="Agriculture in South Africa">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_South_Africa" title="Banking in South Africa">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_South_Africa" title="List of companies of South Africa">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_South_Africa" title="Foreign trade of South Africa">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality in South Africa">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_South_Africa" title="Mining industry of South Africa">Mining industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">Rand <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_South_Africa" title="State-owned enterprises of South Africa">State-owned enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSE_Limited" title="JSE Limited">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Africa" title="Tourism in South Africa">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Africa" title="Transport in South Africa">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_South_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in South Africa">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">Wealth inequality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Society of South Africa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_South_Africa" title="Cannabis in South Africa">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_South_Africa" title="Disability in South Africa">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Africa" title="Health in South Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_South_Africa" title="Immigration to South Africa">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Intersex rights in South Africa">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_invasion_in_South_Africa" title="Land invasion in South Africa">Land invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_South_Africa" title="Slum clearance in South Africa">Slum clearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Africa" title="Smoking in South Africa">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in South Africa">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of South Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_art" title="South African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_South_Africa" title="Homelessness in South Africa">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in South Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_South_Africa" title="National symbols of South Africa">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Africa" title="Public holidays in South Africa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Africa" title="Sport in South Africa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Africa">World Heritage Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_in_South_Africa" title="List of heritage sites in South Africa">heritage sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Africa" title="Demographics of South Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu peoples in South Africa">South African Bantu-speaking peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Ndebele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedi_people" title="Pedi people">Pedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_people" title="Swazi people">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda_people" title="Venda people">Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">Whites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese South African">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Africa" title="Outline of South Africa">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:South_Africa" title="Category:South Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136634124">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/115480-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80119817">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11989826k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11989826k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35001627">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText 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