CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Culture of Rwanda - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fa51b401-1096-45ff-816a-55ce0a98d431","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Culture_of_Rwanda","wgTitle":"Culture of Rwanda","wgCurRevisionId":1253552913,"wgRevisionId":1253552913,"wgArticleId":28995700,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with excerpts","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Culture of Rwanda"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Culture_of_Rwanda","wgRelevantArticleId":28995700,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3007371","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled": false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/800px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/640px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Culture of Rwanda - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Culture_of_Rwanda rootpage-Culture_of_Rwanda skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Culture+of+Rwanda" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Culture+of+Rwanda" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Culture+of+Rwanda" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Culture+of+Rwanda" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arts and crafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Housing Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Rwanda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Ruanda" title="Cultura de Ruanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Ruanda" title="Cultura de Ruanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Ruanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_du_Rwanda" title="Culture du Rwanda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture du Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuco_nyarwanda" title="Umuco nyarwanda – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuco nyarwanda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolontsaina_ao_Roanda" title="Kolontsaina ao Roanda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolontsaina ao Roanda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3007371#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Culture_of_Rwanda" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rwanda"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Culture_of_Rwanda" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Culture_of_Rwanda" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&oldid=1253552913" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Culture_of_Rwanda&id=1253552913&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCulture_of_Rwanda"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCulture_of_Rwanda"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Rwanda" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3007371" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Rwanda" title="Category:Rwanda">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Rwanda</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/150px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/225px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/300px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rwandan_history" title="Timeline of Rwandan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Rwanda" title="List of kings of Rwanda">kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_residents_of_Rwanda" title="List of colonial residents of Rwanda">Colonial residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine" title="Ruzagayura famine">Ruzagayura famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_Gitarama" title="Coup of Gitarama">Coup of Gitarama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugesera_invasion" title="Bugesera invasion">Bugesera invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda" title="Ethnic groups in Rwanda">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Rwanda">Art</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Rwanda">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Rwanda">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Rwanda">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Rwanda">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Rwanda">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Rwanda" title="Sport in Rwanda">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Rwanda" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Rwanda">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Rwanda">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Rwanda">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Template:Culture of Rwanda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Template talk:Culture of Rwanda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Rwanda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of Rwanda</b> is varied. Unlike many other countries in Africa, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> has been a unified state since precolonial times, populated by the <a href="/wiki/Banyarwanda" title="Banyarwanda">Banyarwanda</a> people who share a single language and cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eleven regular national holidays are observed throughout the year, with others occasionally inserted by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The week following Genocide Memorial Day on 7 April is designated an official week of mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Saturday of each month is <i><a href="/wiki/Umuganda" title="Umuganda">umuganda</a></i>, a national day of <a href="/wiki/Community_service" title="Community service">community service</a>, during which most normal services close down.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Music and dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Music of Rwanda</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg/200px-Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg/300px-Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg/400px-Rwanda_IntoreDancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Rwandan <i>Intore</i> dancers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_dance_in_Rwanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Traditional_dance_in_Rwanda.jpg/220px-Traditional_dance_in_Rwanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Traditional_dance_in_Rwanda.jpg/330px-Traditional_dance_in_Rwanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Traditional_dance_in_Rwanda.jpg/440px-Traditional_dance_in_Rwanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Traditional dance in Rwanda</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> are an integral part of Rwandan ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt29_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt29-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous traditional dance is <i><a href="/wiki/Intore" title="Intore">Intore</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a highly choreographed routine consisting of three components - the <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, performed by women; the dance of heroes, performed by men, and the <a href="/wiki/Drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Drums">drums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, music is transmitted orally with styles varying between the social groups. Drums are of great importance, the royal drummers having enjoyed high status within the court of the <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Rwanda">mwami</a></i>. Drummers usually play together in groups of seven or nine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt29_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt29-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rwanda has a growing popular <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">music industry</a>, influenced by East African, Congolese and American music. The most popular genres are <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>, often blended with <a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">ragga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular local artists include <i>The Ben</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Meddy" title="Meddy">Meddy</a></i>, both of whom have won awards,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recent artists like <a href="/wiki/Miss_Shanel" title="Miss Shanel">Miss Shanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitoko">Kitoko</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riderman_(rapper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riderman (rapper) (page does not exist)">Riderman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Close" title="Tom Close">Tom Close</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_James_(singer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King James (singer) (page does not exist)">King James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mani_Martin" title="Mani Martin">Mani Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knowless_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowless (singer)"> Knowless</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charly_na_Nina_(singers)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charly na Nina (singers) (page does not exist)"> Charly na Nina</a> and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan cuisine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teke_bottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Teke_bottle.JPG/200px-Teke_bottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Teke_bottle.JPG/300px-Teke_bottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Teke_bottle.JPG/400px-Teke_bottle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> is drunk from containers such as this at rituals and ceremonies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rwandan cuisine is based on local <a href="/wiki/Staple_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple foods">staple foods</a> produced by the traditional <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>. Historically, it has varied among the country's different ethnic groups. Rwandan staples include <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantains</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Ibitoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibitoke">ibitoke</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">pulses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet potatoes">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> (manioc). Many Rwandans do not eat <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> more than a few times a month. For those who live near lakes and have access to fish, <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> is popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Adekunle81_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adekunle81-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, thought to have been introduced to Rwanda by German and Belgian <a href="/wiki/Second_European_colonization_wave_(19th_century%E2%80%9320th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second European colonization wave (19th century–20th century)">colonialists</a>, is now also very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Adekunle13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adekunle13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</a> (or <i>ubugali</i>) is a paste made from cassava or <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and water, to form a <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>-like consistency that is eaten throughout East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Auzias74_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auzias74-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isombe (page does not exist)">Isombe</a></i> is made from mashed cassava leaves and served with dried fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Adekunle13_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adekunle13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lunch is usually a <a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">buffet</a> known as <i>melange</i>, consisting of the above staples and possibly meat. <a href="/wiki/Brochette" class="mw-redirect" title="Brochette">Brochette</a> is the most popular food when eating out in the evening, usually made from <a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">goat</a>, but sometimes <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt66_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt66-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural areas, many bars have a brochette seller responsible for tending and <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">slaughtering</a> the goats, skewering and <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecuing</a> the meat, and serving it with grilled bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a>, particularly in a fermented form called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikivuguto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikivuguto (page does not exist)">ikivuguto</a></i>, is a common drink throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other drinks include a traditional beer called <i><a href="/wiki/Urwagwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwagwa">urwagwa</a></i>, made from <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> or bananas, which features in traditional rituals and ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Adekunle13_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adekunle13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial beers brewed in Rwanda include <a href="/wiki/Primus_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Primus beer">Primus</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtzig_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mützig beer">Mützig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amstel_Brewery" title="Amstel Brewery">Amstel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Auzias74_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auzias74-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_crafts">Arts and crafts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arts and crafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Rwanda" title="Art in Rwanda">Art in Rwanda</a></div> <p>Traditional arts and crafts are produced throughout the country, although most originated as functional items rather than purely for decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt31_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt31-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woven baskets and bowls are especially common.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The south east of Rwanda is noted for <a href="/wiki/Imigongo" title="Imigongo">imigongo</a>, a unique cow dung art, whose history dates back to when the region was part of the independent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gisaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gisaka (page does not exist)">Gisaka</a> kingdom. The dung is mixed with natural soils of various colours and painted into patterned ridges, forming geometric shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_facial_and_animal_paints_on_display_in_Kigali_in_Rwanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="image of Women facial and animal paints on display in Kigali in Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Women_facial_and_animal_paints_on_display_in_Kigali_in_Rwanda.jpg/220px-Women_facial_and_animal_paints_on_display_in_Kigali_in_Rwanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Women_facial_and_animal_paints_on_display_in_Kigali_in_Rwanda.jpg/330px-Women_facial_and_animal_paints_on_display_in_Kigali_in_Rwanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Women_facial_and_animal_paints_on_display_in_Kigali_in_Rwanda.jpg/440px-Women_facial_and_animal_paints_on_display_in_Kigali_in_Rwanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Women facial and animal paints on display in Kigali in Rwanda</figcaption></figure> <p>Other art and crafts include pottery/ceramic, painting and wood carving are made mostly by artist students from Ecole d'Art de Nyundo, the unique school of art Rwanda had from 1959 until today, wherever they are another different institutions who are trying to train visual and audio arts in this days.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt31_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt31-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quantity of housing production is still low and its cost does not match the purchasing power of the majority. Most urban residents still access housing through informal practices, because the formal sector cannot offer housing access schemes which cater to all. </p><p>A number of circumstances result in the situation where most housing developments address only a minority of customers, among whom demand has not even been saturated yet. </p><p>Currently, while Kigali hosts about half of the urban population in Rwanda, a Housing Market Study for Kigali (2012-22) estimates that total housing needs (2012-22) reach 458,256 units, of which 344,068 are newly to be constructed. Broken down to different purchasing powers, this was translated to: </p><p>-43,436 units for social housing (12.6%); - 186,163 units for affordable housing (54.1%); - 112,867 units for mid-range housing (32.8%); and - 1,601 units for premium housing (0.5%), for Kigali alone. </p><p>Countrywide, the demand has not been thoroughly researched yet and studies are in preparation; it is estimated double of the total need in Kigali. </p><p>The achievements of the recent years relate to improved participation in planning, openness to the use of local materials in construction, and the equal acknowledgement of tenure rights. Risen awareness, small scale research, and project trials in the housing sector have contributed to this. The improvement of neighbourhood planning and of the general urban planning framework is underway, which provides for consistency in planning and development management. </p><p>Despite the constraints which still exist in housing finance, lending conditions have improved through the introduction of longer credit terms, slightly reducing interest rates, a larger and more accessible variety in terms of down-payment options, and improvements in the accessibility of the building permitting system in relation to mortgage rules (National Housing Policy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing_Development">Housing Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Housing Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibikoresho_gakondo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ibikoresho_gakondo.jpg/220px-Ibikoresho_gakondo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ibikoresho_gakondo.jpg/330px-Ibikoresho_gakondo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ibikoresho_gakondo.jpg/440px-Ibikoresho_gakondo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>material</figcaption></figure> <p>The Government engages in partnerships for housing development for a sustainable, mixed-use housing neighbourhood development based on a PPP model first tested in 2008 when 250 low cost houses were built, which among other innovations made local materials bankable. An estimated 22,000 housing units are currently in different stages of preparation, to be developed by the private sector with government support. </p><p>There is a 2-fold strategy to 1) trigger large scale investment into affordable housing and create competition by using the identified and available land, and 2) trigger and facilitate medium- to smallscale investment into affordable housing through collaborative development schemes, which would enable small landholders, participate in development in form of cooperatives or as investment shareholders. </p><p>The local production of construction material is gradually being increased, e.g. local production of cement, of improved and environmentally friendlier bricks, and new, innovative and home-made solutions for structural and non-structural walling materials. See attached photo. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibikoresho_gakondo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ibikoresho_gakondo1.jpg/220px-Ibikoresho_gakondo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ibikoresho_gakondo1.jpg/330px-Ibikoresho_gakondo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ibikoresho_gakondo1.jpg/440px-Ibikoresho_gakondo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>material</figcaption></figure> <p>The Housing Sector and the Construction Industry are continuously growing in Rwanda. The Construction Industry plays an important role in the development strategy of any country that goes beyond its share in national output. Many writers have referred to its effect on employment creation, others to its multiplier effects in the national economy. </p><p>It is the great flexibility of construction activity in adjusting to different framework conditions that makes this particular sector of the economy a major contributor to the process of economic growth and development (Lopes et al., 2002). see attached growth curve Aligned with our national program and strategies, Vision 2020, Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy II (EDPRSII), Urban and Rural Settlement Sector Strategic Plan (2012/13-17/18), the role of the Ministry in the sector is to establish policies, strategies and program that will ensure that: </p><p>- The safety and the general welfare of its population is prioritized; </p><p>- The development of the sector contributes to the national economic growth; </p><p>- The land is used efficiently; </p><p>- Energy efficiency and environmentally friendly construction is encouraged; </p><p>- The local production of construction material is facilitated; and </p><p>- The private sector is empowered to drive the sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_film">Literature and film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rwanda does not have a long history of written <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, but there is a strong oral tradition ranging from <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> to <a href="/wiki/Folk_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk stories">folk stories</a>. In particular the pre-colonial royal court developed traditions of <i><a href="/wiki/Ibitekerezo" title="Ibitekerezo">ibitekerezo</a></i> (epic musical poetry), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubucurabwenge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubucurabwenge (page does not exist)">ubucurabwenge</a></i> (royal genealogies typically recited at coronation ceremonies), and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibisigo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibisigo (page does not exist)">ibisigo</a></i> (royal poems).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the country's moral values and details of history have been passed down through the generations. The most famous Rwandan literary figure was <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Kagame" title="Alexis Kagame">Alexis Kagame</a> (1912–1981), who carried out and published research into the oral tradition as well as writing his own poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradt29_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradt29-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rwandan Genocide resulted in the emergence a literature of witness accounts, essays and fiction by a new generation of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Sehene" title="Benjamin Sehene">Benjamin Sehene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Mfuranzima" title="Fred Mfuranzima">Fred Mfuranzima</a>. </p><p>A number of films have been produced about the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe">Golden Globe</a> nominated <i><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Rwanda" title="Hotel Rwanda">Hotel Rwanda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Shooting_Dogs" title="Shooting Dogs">Shooting Dogs</a></i>, which was filmed in Rwanda itself, and featured survivors in the cast.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Languages of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_writers_(by_country)#Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African writers (by country)">List of writers from Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunyaza" title="Kunyaza">Kunyaza</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prunier (1995), p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Embassy of Rwanda in Sudan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs and Booth (2006), p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGahindiro2008" class="citation news cs1">Gahindiro, John (2008-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202112533/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?13550&a=6830">"Making "Umuganda" More Useful"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Times_(Rwanda)" title="The New Times (Rwanda)">The New Times</a></i>. Kigali. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?13550&a=6830">the original</a> on 2014-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Making+%22Umuganda%22+More+Useful&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft.aulast=Gahindiro&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fnews%2Fviews%2Farticle_print.php%3F13550%26a%3D6830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt29-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt29_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt29_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt29_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs and Booth (2006), p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/208809">"The story behind the Intore dance"</a>. <i>The New Times | Rwanda</i>. 2017-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times+%7C+Rwanda&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+the+Intore+dance&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fsection%2Fread%2F208809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rwanda Direct</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbabazi2008" class="citation news cs1">Mbabazi, Linda (2008-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140135/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?14178&a=6255&icon=Print">"Hip Hop Dominating Music Industry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Times_(Rwanda)" title="The New Times (Rwanda)">The New Times</a></i>. Kigali. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?14178&a=6255&icon=Print">the original</a> on 2014-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Hip+Hop+Dominating+Music+Industry&rft.date=2008-05-11&rft.aulast=Mbabazi&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fnews%2Fviews%2Farticle_print.php%3F14178%26a%3D6255%26icon%3DPrint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mbabazi (II)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adekunle81-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adekunle81_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adekunle (2007), p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adekunle13-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adekunle13_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adekunle13_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adekunle13_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adekunle (2007), p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auzias74-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auzias74_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auzias74_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Auzias (2007), p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt66-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradt66_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs and Booth (2006), p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnyango2010" class="citation news cs1">Anyango, Gloria I. (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422184112/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=2784&week=5">"The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Times_(Rwanda)" title="The New Times (Rwanda)">The New Times</a></i>. Kigali. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?a=2784&week=5">the original</a> on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=The+Barbecue+Chef+who+masters+his+roast&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.aulast=Anyango&rft.aufirst=Gloria+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fnews%2Findex.php%3Fa%3D2784%26week%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNzabuheraheza2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nzabuheraheza, François Dominicus (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajfand.net/Volume5/No2/commentaryDominicus.html">"Milk Production and Hygiene in Rwanda"</a>. <i>African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development</i>. <b>5</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1684-5374">1684-5374</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Food%2C+Agriculture%2C+Nutrition+and+Development&rft.atitle=Milk+Production+and+Hygiene+in+Rwanda&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1684-5374&rft.aulast=Nzabuheraheza&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Dominicus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajfand.net%2FVolume5%2FNo2%2FcommentaryDominicus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt31-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt31_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt31_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs and Booth (2006), p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West (?), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs and Booth (2006), pp. 243-244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adekunle (2007), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilmo2006" class="citation news cs1">Milmo, Cahal (2006-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515084039/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-471825.html">"Flashback to terror: Survivors of Rwandan genocide watch screening of Shooting Dogs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/flashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-471825.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Flashback+to+terror%3A+Survivors+of+Rwandan+genocide+watch+screening+of+Shooting+Dogs&rft.date=2006-03-29&rft.aulast=Milmo&rft.aufirst=Cahal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fflashback-to-terror-survivors-of-rwandan-genocide-watch-screening-of-shooting-dogs-471825.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdekunle2007" class="citation book cs1">Adekunle, Julius (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC"><i>Culture and Customs of Rwanda</i></a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313331770" title="Special:BookSources/9780313331770"><bdi>9780313331770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Rwanda&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313331770&rft.aulast=Adekunle&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0FC40EQujwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuzias2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Auzias, Dominique (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TyMs5XGSIzQC"><i>Rwanda</i></a> (in French). Paris: Petit Futé. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-2037-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7469-2037-8"><bdi>978-2-7469-2037-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Petit+Fut%C3%A9&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8&rft.aulast=Auzias&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTyMs5XGSIzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggsBooth2006" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Philip; Booth, Janice (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC"><i>Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-180-7"><bdi>978-1-84162-180-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda+%E2%80%93+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-180-7&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Booth%2C+Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2Sq4S3P5fQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrunier1995" class="citation book cs1">Prunier, Gérard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYIJcrgzgQ0C"><i>The Rwanda Crisis, 1959–1994: History of a Genocide</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-243-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-243-4"><bdi>978-1-85065-243-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rwanda+Crisis%2C+1959%E2%80%931994%3A+History+of+a+Genocide&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-243-4&rft.aulast=Prunier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYIJcrgzgQ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Rwanda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Rwanda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture of Rwanda">Culture of Rwanda</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rwanda_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rwanda_topics" title="Template:Rwanda topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rwanda_topics" title="Template talk:Rwanda topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rwanda_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rwanda topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rwanda_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Rwanda-related_articles" title="Index of Rwanda-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rwandan_history" title="Timeline of Rwandan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Rwanda" title="List of kings of Rwanda">kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_residents_of_Rwanda" title="List of colonial residents of Rwanda">Colonial residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine" title="Ruzagayura famine">Ruzagayura famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_Gitarama" title="Coup of Gitarama">Coup of Gitarama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugesera_invasion" title="Bugesera invasion">Bugesera invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Rwanda" title="List of cities in Rwanda">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Rwanda" title="List of ecoregions in Rwanda">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Rwanda" title="List of lakes of Rwanda">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Rwanda" title="National parks of Rwanda">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Rwanda" title="List of volcanoes in Rwanda">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Rwanda" title="Wildlife of Rwanda">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda" title="Politics of Rwanda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda" title="Elections in Rwanda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Rwanda" title="Foreign relations of Rwanda">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rwanda" title="Human rights in Rwanda">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Rwanda">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Rwanda" title="Law enforcement in Rwanda">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Defence_Force" title="Rwanda Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Rwanda)" title="Senate (Rwanda)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Rwanda)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization_in_Rwanda" title="Decentralization in Rwanda">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rwanda" title="List of political parties in Rwanda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Rwanda" title="List of presidents of Rwanda">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Rwanda" title="Vice President of Rwanda">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rwanda" title="Prime Minister of Rwanda">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Rwanda" title="National Bank of Rwanda">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Rwanda" title="Mining in Rwanda">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Stock_Exchange" title="Rwanda Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rwanda" title="Transport in Rwanda">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Rwanda" title="Category:Society of Rwanda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Rwanda" title="Demographics of Rwanda">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Rwanda" title="Ethnic groups in Rwanda">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality_in_Rwanda" title="Gender equality in Rwanda">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Rwanda" title="Health in Rwanda">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Rwanda" title="Healthcare in Rwanda">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Rwanda" title="Human trafficking in Rwanda">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Rwanda" title="Prostitution in Rwanda">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Rwanda" title="Water supply and sanitation in Rwanda">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_literature" title="Rwandan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Rwanda">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Rwanda" title="Public holidays in Rwanda">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Rwanda" title="Sport in Rwanda">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Rwanda" title="Outline of Rwanda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Rwanda-related_articles" title="Index of Rwanda-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rwanda" title="Category:Rwanda">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria" title="Culture of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Angola" title="Culture of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Botswana" title="Culture of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Culture of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burundi" title="Culture of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cameroon" title="Culture of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cape_Verde" title="Culture of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Djibouti" title="Culture of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Culture of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eritrea" title="Culture of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eswatini" title="Culture of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gabon" title="Culture of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ghana" title="Culture of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Culture of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liberia" title="Culture of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Libya" title="Culture of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Madagascar" title="Culture of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mali" title="Culture of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mauritius" title="Culture of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Morocco" title="Culture of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mozambique" title="Culture of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Namibia" title="Culture of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Niger" title="Culture of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Africa" title="Culture of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Sudan" title="Culture of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tanzania" title="Culture of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Togo" title="Culture of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia" title="Culture of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uganda" title="Culture of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Culture of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somaliland" title="Culture of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Melilla">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mayotte" title="Culture of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Western_Sahara" title="Culture of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&oldid=1253552913">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&oldid=1253552913</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Rwanda" title="Category:Culture of Rwanda">Culture of Rwanda</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 16:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Rwanda&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-xp7cn","wgBackendResponseTime":119,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.521","walltime":"0.690","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3206,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":87169,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10449,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":50,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":66827,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 597.916 1 -total"," 28.99% 173.306 1 Template:Culture_of_Rwanda"," 28.47% 170.221 1 Template:Culture_of_region"," 28.12% 168.143 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 19.41% 116.031 1 Template:Rwanda_topics"," 19.33% 115.584 1 Template:Country_topics"," 18.86% 112.739 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.90% 83.125 4 Template:Cite_news"," 8.51% 50.865 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.41% 50.256 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.306","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6742272,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mczm2","timestamp":"20241123233056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Culture of Rwanda","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culture_of_Rwanda","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3007371","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3007371","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-09-29T21:00:55Z","dateModified":"2024-10-26T16:11:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg","headline":"pattern of human activity and symbolism associated with Rwanda and its people"}</script> </body> </html>