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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bora–Witoto language of Brazil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Boran</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">northwestern Amazon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">independent family or <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Boran</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bora1262">bora1262</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguas_bora.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Linguas_bora.png/300px-Linguas_bora.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Linguas_bora.png 1.5x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Boran</b> (also known as Bora–Muinane, Bora–Muiname, Bóran, Miranyan, Miranya, Bórano) is a small language family, consisting of just two languages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boran_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two Boran languages are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Boran</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bora_language" title="Bora language">Bora</a> <small>(<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Bora–Miranya, Boro, Meamuyna)</small> of western <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas State</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muinane_language" title="Muinane language">Muinane</a> <small>(<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Bora Muinane, Muinane Bora, Muinani, Muename)</small> of southwestern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas Department</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Loukotka (1968) also lists <b>Nonuya</b>, spoken at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Cahuinari_River" title="Cahuinari River">Cahuinari River</a>, as a Boran language. Only a few words were documented.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Synonymy note:</b> </p> <ul><li>The name <i>Muiname</i> has been used to refer to the <i>Muinane language (Bora Muinane)</i> of the Boran family and also to the <i><a href="/wiki/Nipode_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipode language">Nipode language</a> (Witoto Muinane)</i> of the Witotoan family.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_relations">Genetic relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boran_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genetic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aschmann (1993) proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a <i><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></i> stock. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boran_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Choko_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Choko languages">Choko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guahibo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Guahibo languages">Guahibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukano_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukano languages">Tukano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witoto-Okaina_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Witoto-Okaina languages">Witoto-Okaina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak languages">Arawak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tupi_languages" title="Tupi languages">Tupi</a> language families due to contact in the <a href="/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Caquetá River">Caquetá River</a> basin region.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An automated computational analysis (<a href="/wiki/Automated_Similarity_Judgment_Program" title="Automated Similarity Judgment Program">ASJP</a> 4) by Müller et al. (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-ASJP-4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASJP-4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found lexical similarities with <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Resigaro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Resigaro language">Resigaro language</a> in particular) due to contact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boran_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bora_language" title="Bora language">Bora</a></th> <th>Imihitä</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Muinane_language" title="Muinane language">Muinane</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>one </th> <td>dzonére</td> <td>tenétogüné</td> <td>sánótro </td></tr> <tr> <th>two </th> <td>miniékeʔe</td> <td>mibákö</td> <td>minóke </td></tr> <tr> <th>head </th> <td>mée-níguoe</td> <td>mé-eníkoae</td> <td>nígai </td></tr> <tr> <th>eye </th> <td>ma-ádzik</td> <td>ma-átxe</td> <td>adíge </td></tr> <tr> <th>tooth </th> <td>mée-goaxé</td> <td>me-kuáxe</td> <td>ígaino </td></tr> <tr> <th>man </th> <td>guáxpi</td> <td>koaxpí</td> <td>gáife </td></tr> <tr> <th>water </th> <td>néspakio</td> <td>nögʔbögʔkó</td> <td>negfuáyu </td></tr> <tr> <th>fire </th> <td>köxögua</td> <td>kixúgua</td> <td>köxögai </td></tr> <tr> <th>sun </th> <td>nöʔögbwa</td> <td>nöxbá</td> <td>neʔegbua </td></tr> <tr> <th>maize </th> <td>öxeʔe</td> <td>öxehu</td> <td>bédya </td></tr> <tr> <th>jaguar </th> <td>oíbe</td> <td>ouíbe</td> <td>höku </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boran_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Bora–Muinane</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reconstruction of</th><td class="infobox-data">Boran languages</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Proto-Bora–Muinane reconstructions by Seifart and Echeverri (2015):<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-mainspace" style="; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Proto-Bora–Muinane reconstructions by Seifart and Echeverri (2015)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>no.</th> <th>gloss</th> <th>Proto-Bora-Muinane </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>tongue</td> <td>*nehe </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>mouth</td> <td>*i-hɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>lip</td> <td>*hɨni-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>tooth</td> <td>*iʔgai </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>nose</td> <td>*tɨhɨ-ʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>eye</td> <td>*aʤɨ-ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>ear</td> <td>*nɨ()-meeʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>head</td> <td>*niga-ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>forehead</td> <td>*ɨme-ku </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>hair</td> <td>*-hee- </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>beard</td> <td>*hɨkk() </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>chest</td> <td>*ppeeɨ-he </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>woman's breast</td> <td>*mɨppaino </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>abdomen</td> <td>*iiʔba </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>shoulder</td> <td>*hɨhe-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>arm</td> <td>*nokkɨ-gai </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>elbow</td> <td>*()o()i </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>hand</td> <td>*ʔutʦe </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>finger</td> <td>*ʔutʦe-gai </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>fingernail</td> <td>*ʔutʦe-gai-meeʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>knee</td> <td>*memu </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>foot</td> <td>*ttɨʔaai </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>toe</td> <td>*ttɨ-gaai </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>skin</td> <td>*meeʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>bone</td> <td>*bakkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>blood</td> <td>*tɨɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>heart</td> <td>*heebɨ-ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>lungs</td> <td>*βaβa-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>man</td> <td>*m()a-mɨnaa-ppi </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>man</td> <td>*gai-ppi </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>woman</td> <td>*gai-go </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>people</td> <td>*m()a-mɨnaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>husband</td> <td>*tahe </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>wife</td> <td>*taaba </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>father</td> <td>*giʔiru, kaani </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>mother</td> <td>*gaʔa-ro, *ʦeehɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>baby, infant</td> <td>*ʦeemono </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>old man</td> <td>*amia </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>water</td> <td>*nɨ-ppai()u </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>river</td> <td>*too-ʔi, *muuai </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>swamp</td> <td>*kaaha </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>fire</td> <td>*kɨɨhɨ-gai </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>ash</td> <td>*bai-giihɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>charcoal</td> <td>*kɨɨhɨgai- </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>firewood</td> <td>*kuu </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>sky</td> <td>*nikko-he </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>rain</td> <td>*niiha-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>sun</td> <td>*nɨʔba </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>moon</td> <td>*nɨʔba </td></tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td>star</td> <td>*meekɨrɨ-gai </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>day</td> <td>*kuuhe </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td>night</td> <td>*pokku </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>thunder</td> <td>*ʦitʦi </td></tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td>rainbow</td> <td>*tɨɨ-ʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>earth</td> <td>*hiinɨ-he </td></tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td>sand</td> <td>*n()gai-jɨʔai </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>house</td> <td>*ha </td></tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td>doorway</td> <td>*gooʔu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td>seat, stool</td> <td>*ikka-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>79</td> <td>mat</td> <td>*kɨga- </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>hammock</td> <td>*gaaiba </td></tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td>bed</td> <td>*kɨga- </td></tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td>cooking pot</td> <td>*giri-ʔʤu </td></tr> <tr> <td>83</td> <td>cultivated clearing</td> <td>*gaikkuʔai </td></tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td>village</td> <td>*kuumii </td></tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td>path, trail</td> <td>*hɨɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>86</td> <td>fish net</td> <td>*ʦ()nɨkuʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td>fish hook</td> <td>*piikkɨ-gai </td></tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td>steel axe</td> <td>*hɨgaa-he </td></tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td>knife</td> <td>*n()ʦ()-ga- </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>canoe</td> <td>*meeno </td></tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td>paddle</td> <td>*buʔdu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td>club</td> <td>*gai-ʔuɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td>spear</td> <td>*aamɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td>bow</td> <td>*tɨɨbu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td>arrow</td> <td>*tɨɨbu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td>blowgun</td> <td>*gitʦɨ-hɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puma_(species)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puma (species)">puma</a></td> <td>*tɨpai-ʔuu() </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillo</a></td> <td>*gooɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td>dog</td> <td>*ʔuuʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">red deer</a></td> <td>*niiβɨ-gai </td></tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td>bat</td> <td>*kikiih() </td></tr> <tr> <td>104</td> <td>otter</td> <td>*ʦukku </td></tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cebus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebus">cebus</a>, monkey</td> <td>*kɨʔʤiba </td></tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">spider monkey</a></td> <td>*kɨɨmɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">anteater</a></td> <td>*heehɨ, *tuuʔhe </td></tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paca" title="Paca">paca</a></td> <td>*takkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>111</td> <td>crocodile</td> <td>*niʔba, *m()ʔduba </td></tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td>iguana</td> <td>*maaina-ʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>115</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">collared peccary</a></td> <td>*mooni </td></tr> <tr> <td>116</td> <td><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">white-lipped peccary</a></td> <td>*paapaiba </td></tr> <tr> <td>117</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agouti</a></td> <td>*pattɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>118</td> <td>rat</td> <td>*giʔpo </td></tr> <tr> <td>119</td> <td>cat</td> <td>*miiʧii </td></tr> <tr> <td>120</td> <td>mouse</td> <td>*giʔpo </td></tr> <tr> <td>121</td> <td>tail</td> <td>*bu </td></tr> <tr> <td>122</td> <td>snake</td> <td>*hiinimo </td></tr> <tr> <td>123</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anaconda" title="Anaconda">anaconda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Water boa">water boa</a></td> <td>*buua, *iigai- </td></tr> <tr> <td>124</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a></td> <td>*taakaʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>125</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coral_snake" title="Coral snake">coral snake</a></td> <td>*ʧiraagai </td></tr> <tr> <td>126</td> <td>toad</td> <td>*hakuga, ()ɨɨriʔi, nihaga, mɨɨʔmeba, haakkɨba </td></tr> <tr> <td>128</td> <td>hummingbird</td> <td>*paaibe </td></tr> <tr> <td>129</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macaw" title="Macaw">macaw</a></td> <td>*heeβaa, *in()ʔai </td></tr> <tr> <td>130</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toucan" title="Toucan">toucan</a></td> <td>*nɨgo </td></tr> <tr> <td>133</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buzzard" title="Buzzard">buzzard</a></td> <td>*ainɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>134</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curassow" title="Curassow">curassow</a></td> <td>*kɨga- </td></tr> <tr> <td>136</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guan_(bird)" title="Guan (bird)">guan</a></td> <td>*peeka-he </td></tr> <tr> <td>137</td> <td>hen</td> <td>*ka()a()a </td></tr> <tr> <td>139</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranha</a></td> <td>*gaikku-he, *nitta </td></tr> <tr> <td>142</td> <td>flea</td> <td>*hɨɨku-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>143</td> <td>louse</td> <td>*gaaini-ʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>144</td> <td>mosquito</td> <td>*gaaihɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>145</td> <td>termite</td> <td>*maʔarɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>146</td> <td>ant</td> <td>*piimo </td></tr> <tr> <td>147</td> <td>spider</td> <td>*paaga- </td></tr> <tr> <td>148</td> <td>jigger (<i><a href="/wiki/Tunga_penetrans" title="Tunga penetrans">Tunga penetrans</a></i>)</td> <td>*niipahe </td></tr> <tr> <td>149</td> <td>bush</td> <td>*bahɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>150</td> <td>open grassland</td> <td>*namettɨhe, *ʦukkum()he </td></tr> <tr> <td>151</td> <td>hill</td> <td>*gahɨɨ, *baaɨɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>152</td> <td>tree</td> <td>*ɨmo-ʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>153</td> <td>leaf</td> <td>*aame </td></tr> <tr> <td>154</td> <td>tree leaf</td> <td>*-ʔaame </td></tr> <tr> <td>158</td> <td>root</td> <td>*ba(i)(k)ko- </td></tr> <tr> <td>159</td> <td>seed</td> <td>*batʦu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>160</td> <td>stick</td> <td>ɨmoo-ʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>161</td> <td>grass</td> <td>*ʦukkume-he </td></tr> <tr> <td>163</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> (bread)</td> <td>*máaʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>165</td> <td>tobacco</td> <td>*baino </td></tr> <tr> <td>166</td> <td>cotton</td> <td>*haʔdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>167</td> <td>gourd</td> <td>*duutu </td></tr> <tr> <td>168</td> <td>yam</td> <td>*kɨnii- </td></tr> <tr> <td>170</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annatto" title="Annatto">annatto</a></td> <td>*nooba-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>171</td> <td>chili pepper</td> <td>*dee-ʔuɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>172</td> <td>coca</td> <td>*hiibii- </td></tr> <tr> <td>173</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banisteriopsis_caapi" title="Banisteriopsis caapi">banisterium</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*bakko </td></tr> <tr> <td>174</td> <td>plantain</td> <td>*ɨhe- </td></tr> <tr> <td>175</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chonta_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonta palm">chonta palm</a></td> <td>*moomo </td></tr> <tr> <td>179</td> <td>salt</td> <td>*ɨmo </td></tr> <tr> <td>180</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">chicha</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Peach_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach palm">peach palm</a> fruits)</td> <td>*moomo-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>181</td> <td>one</td> <td>*ʦaa-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>182</td> <td>two</td> <td>*mi-no-kɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>185</td> <td>five</td> <td>*sa-ʔutʦe </td></tr> <tr> <td>191</td> <td>first</td> <td>*ttɨkkonɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>192</td> <td>last</td> <td>*niiʔnoo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>194</td> <td>drum</td> <td>*kɨɨmɨ-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>196</td> <td>ear ornament</td> <td>*nɨhɨ-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>197</td> <td>mask</td> <td>*maaʔnii </td></tr> <tr> <td>198</td> <td>medicine man</td> <td>*taabu-mɨnaa-ppi </td></tr> <tr> <td>199</td> <td>chief</td> <td>*aiβohɨɨ-bo </td></tr> <tr> <td>200</td> <td>I</td> <td>*uu </td></tr> <tr> <td>201</td> <td>thou</td> <td>*ɨɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>202</td> <td>he</td> <td>*aanɨɨ, *dii-bo </td></tr> <tr> <td>203</td> <td>she</td> <td>*aaimoo, *dii-go </td></tr> <tr> <td>204</td> <td>it</td> <td>*haa-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>205</td> <td>we</td> <td>*mɨɨʔai </td></tr> <tr> <td>206</td> <td>ye</td> <td>*amɨɨai </td></tr> <tr> <td>207</td> <td>they</td> <td>*dii-to </td></tr> <tr> <td>208</td> <td>my hand</td> <td>*tai-ʔutʦe </td></tr> <tr> <td>209</td> <td>thy hand</td> <td>*dii-ʔutʦe </td></tr> <tr> <td>210</td> <td>his hand</td> <td>*dii-bo-ʔutʦe </td></tr> <tr> <td>211</td> <td>our hands</td> <td>*mo-ʔutʦe-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>212</td> <td>your hands</td> <td>*amɨɨʔai ʔutʦe-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>213</td> <td>their hands</td> <td>*diito ʔutʦe-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>214</td> <td>my bow</td> <td>*tai-tɨɨbu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>215</td> <td>thy bow</td> <td>*dii-tɨɨbu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>216</td> <td>his bow</td> <td>*dii-bo tɨɨbu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>217</td> <td>our bow</td> <td>*mo-tɨɨbu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>218</td> <td>your bow</td> <td>*amɨɨʔai tɨɨbu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>219</td> <td>their bow</td> <td>*dii-to tɨɨbu-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>220</td> <td>big</td> <td>*mita-no, *giraa </td></tr> <tr> <td>221</td> <td>small</td> <td>*nume- </td></tr> <tr> <td>222</td> <td>cold</td> <td>*ʦɨɨku </td></tr> <tr> <td>223</td> <td>hot</td> <td>*aiguukku </td></tr> <tr> <td>224</td> <td>good</td> <td>*imi </td></tr> <tr> <td>225</td> <td>bad</td> <td>*imi-tɨ-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>226</td> <td>white</td> <td>*ʦeʦee </td></tr> <tr> <td>227</td> <td>black</td> <td>*kɨβo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>228</td> <td>go!</td> <td>*di-po </td></tr> <tr> <td>229</td> <td>come!</td> <td>*di-ʦaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>230</td> <td>eat!</td> <td>*matʧu </td></tr> <tr> <td>231</td> <td>drink!</td> <td>*d-aduu </td></tr> <tr> <td>232</td> <td>sleep!</td> <td>*kɨga </td></tr> <tr> <td>234</td> <td>front teeth, incisors</td> <td>*iiʔgai-noo </td></tr> <tr> <td>235</td> <td>tip of tongue</td> <td>*nehe-()-nih()kk() </td></tr> <tr> <td>236</td> <td>long hair</td> <td>*niiga </td></tr> <tr> <td>240</td> <td>lower arm</td> <td>*nokkɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>241</td> <td>wrist</td> <td>*ʔutʦe-kkohe </td></tr> <tr> <td>242</td> <td>lower leg</td> <td>*takki- </td></tr> <tr> <td>243</td> <td>body hair</td> <td>*iʔhee-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>244</td> <td>stomach</td> <td>*iiʔba </td></tr> <tr> <td>245</td> <td>intestines</td> <td>*iiʔba </td></tr> <tr> <td>246</td> <td>old woman</td> <td>*koomo-go </td></tr> <tr> <td>249</td> <td>corn field</td> <td>*gaikkuʔai, *-pagi </td></tr> <tr> <td>250</td> <td>stream</td> <td>*too-ʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>251</td> <td>pebbles</td> <td>*n()gai-ɨʔai </td></tr> <tr> <td>253</td> <td>path</td> <td>*hɨɨ()ai </td></tr> <tr> <td>255</td> <td>shelter</td> <td>*nɨɨh()-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>256</td> <td>this</td> <td>*hi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>257</td> <td>that</td> <td>*hoʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>258</td> <td>who</td> <td>*mɨ-, *ka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>260</td> <td>not</td> <td>*ʦaʔa, *-tɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>261</td> <td>all</td> <td>*pa-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>262</td> <td>many</td> <td>*mita- </td></tr> <tr> <td>263</td> <td>long</td> <td>*kaamo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>264</td> <td>bark</td> <td>*-meeʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>265</td> <td>flesh</td> <td>*ʔookuu, *duu </td></tr> <tr> <td>266</td> <td>blood</td> <td>*tɨɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>267</td> <td>grease</td> <td>*dɨɨrɨ-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>268</td> <td>egg</td> <td>*iiʔɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>269</td> <td>horn</td> <td>*-ttu </td></tr> <tr> <td>270</td> <td>feather</td> <td>*i-hee-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>271</td> <td>claw</td> <td>*ʔutʦe-gai-meeʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>272</td> <td>belly</td> <td>*iiʔba </td></tr> <tr> <td>273</td> <td>liver</td> <td>*iʔganoo </td></tr> <tr> <td>274</td> <td>drink</td> <td>*adu </td></tr> <tr> <td>275</td> <td>eat (non meat)</td> <td>*matʧu </td></tr> <tr> <td>276</td> <td>bite</td> <td>*eeʔdu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>277</td> <td>see</td> <td>*aittɨme </td></tr> <tr> <td>278</td> <td>hear</td> <td>*goobu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>279</td> <td>know</td> <td>*gaaha </td></tr> <tr> <td>280</td> <td>sleep</td> <td>*kɨga </td></tr> <tr> <td>281</td> <td>die</td> <td>*gihe-βo </td></tr> <tr> <td>282</td> <td>kill</td> <td>*gɨhe-βo-ʦu </td></tr> <tr> <td>283</td> <td>swim</td> <td>*itʦi </td></tr> <tr> <td>284</td> <td>fly</td> <td>*gaʔpo </td></tr> <tr> <td>285</td> <td>walk</td> <td>*ɨgo, *poo </td></tr> <tr> <td>286</td> <td>come</td> <td>*ʦaa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>290</td> <td>give</td> <td>*akkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>291</td> <td>say</td> <td>*hɨɨb()go, *noo </td></tr> <tr> <td>293</td> <td>mountain</td> <td>*gahɨɨ, *baaɨɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>294</td> <td>red</td> <td>*tɨ-ppai-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>295</td> <td>green</td> <td>*aittɨβa </td></tr> <tr> <td>296</td> <td>yellow</td> <td>*gi() </td></tr> <tr> <td>297</td> <td>full</td> <td>*gaʔpo </td></tr> <tr> <td>298</td> <td>new</td> <td>*boʔ-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>301</td> <td>name</td> <td>*momo </td></tr> <tr> <td>302</td> <td>how</td> <td>*mɨʔ()ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>305</td> <td>here</td> <td>*hi-noo-ri </td></tr> <tr> <td>306</td> <td>there</td> <td>*oo-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>307</td> <td>other</td> <td>*ʦi-ppi </td></tr> <tr> <td>309</td> <td>fog</td> <td>*tʦu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>310</td> <td>flow</td> <td>*niiβa </td></tr> <tr> <td>311</td> <td>sea</td> <td>*muuai </td></tr> <tr> <td>312</td> <td>wet</td> <td>*peepai-no, *maa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>313</td> <td>wash</td> <td>*nittɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>314</td> <td>worm</td> <td>*hɨʔba </td></tr> <tr> <td>316</td> <td>fur</td> <td>*iʔhe- </td></tr> <tr> <td>318</td> <td>saliva</td> <td>*hɨɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>319</td> <td>milk</td> <td>*mɨppaino-ppai()u </td></tr> <tr> <td>320</td> <td>with</td> <td>*-ma </td></tr> <tr> <td>321</td> <td>in</td> <td>*paino </td></tr> <tr> <td>322</td> <td>at</td> <td>*-βɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>323</td> <td>if</td> <td>*-ʔatʧiihɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>327</td> <td>child</td> <td>*ʦee-mo-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>328</td> <td>dark</td> <td>*kɨβo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>330</td> <td>wide</td> <td>*kare- </td></tr> <tr> <td>331</td> <td>narrow</td> <td>*iihe </td></tr> <tr> <td>334</td> <td>thick</td> <td>*peeme </td></tr> <tr> <td>335</td> <td>thin</td> <td>*ɨtʦi-, aini- </td></tr> <tr> <td>336</td> <td>short</td> <td>*baaʔr()-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>338</td> <td>dull</td> <td>*ʦɨɨʔhe-βa-tɨ-no </td></tr> <tr> <td>339</td> <td>sharp</td> <td>*ʦɨɨhe-βa </td></tr> <tr> <td>340</td> <td>dirty</td> <td>*hiinɨ-βa-, beeβa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>341</td> <td>rotten</td> <td>*tuukɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>342</td> <td>smooth</td> <td>*p()rɨɨkɨ-, *mooβa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>343</td> <td>straight</td> <td>*ʦa-tɨkko-βo </td></tr> <tr> <td>344</td> <td>correct</td> <td>*m()aa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>345</td> <td>left</td> <td>*nani- </td></tr> <tr> <td>346</td> <td>right</td> <td>*()m()a- </td></tr> <tr> <td>347</td> <td>old</td> <td>*ʦɨk()-, *koomo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>349</td> <td>pull</td> <td>*giiɨkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>351</td> <td>throw</td> <td>*piku </td></tr> <tr> <td>352</td> <td>hit</td> <td>*iʤaaju </td></tr> <tr> <td>353</td> <td>split</td> <td>*ga()er()- </td></tr> <tr> <td>354</td> <td>pierce</td> <td>*kapaitɨ-ɨ()ɨ-nɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>355</td> <td>dig</td> <td>*ʦooʔdi </td></tr> <tr> <td>356</td> <td>tie</td> <td>*ʦitʦɨ, *duʔhe-nɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>358</td> <td>fall</td> <td>*aak()()o- </td></tr> <tr> <td>359</td> <td>swell</td> <td>*huuri- </td></tr> <tr> <td>360</td> <td>think</td> <td>*etʦam()i- </td></tr> <tr> <td>361</td> <td>sing</td> <td>*matʦi-βa </td></tr> <tr> <td>362</td> <td>smell</td> <td>*hɨgikk(), *utʦu </td></tr> <tr> <td>365</td> <td>blow</td> <td>*ebaʦu-, buuʦu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>366</td> <td>fear</td> <td>*igi </td></tr> <tr> <td>367</td> <td>squeeze</td> <td>*aamɨ-ʦu </td></tr> <tr> <td>368</td> <td>hold</td> <td>*ikka </td></tr> <tr> <td>369</td> <td>down</td> <td>*giino, baa-ri </td></tr> <tr> <td>370</td> <td>up</td> <td>*kamo </td></tr> <tr> <td>371</td> <td>ripe</td> <td>*naamo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>372</td> <td>dust</td> <td>*-giihɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>373</td> <td>alive</td> <td>*buʔee- </td></tr> <tr> <td>374</td> <td>rope</td> <td>*gaaiba-ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>375</td> <td>year</td> <td>*pi(k)kaba </td></tr> <tr> <td>378</td> <td>diminutive</td> <td>*-g()ɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>379</td> <td>big river</td> <td>*muuai </td></tr> <tr> <td>380</td> <td>longhouse</td> <td>*baa-(ʔ)o-ha </td></tr> <tr> <td>382</td> <td>stone axe</td> <td>*hɨgaa-he </td></tr> <tr> <td>383</td> <td>machete</td> <td>*n()ʦ()ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>384</td> <td>deer</td> <td>*hiibai </td></tr> <tr> <td>385</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_macaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue macaw">macaw (blue)</a></td> <td>*in()ʔai </td></tr> <tr> <td>386</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conga_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Conga ant">ant (conga)</a></td> <td>*tɨɨp()-megai </td></tr> <tr> <td>387</td> <td>bitter manioc (plant)</td> <td>*peeka </td></tr> <tr> <td>388</td> <td>push</td> <td>?*ká()()()ʔaaku </td></tr> <tr> <td>389</td> <td>find</td> <td>*áittɨme </td></tr> <tr> <td>390</td> <td>get ill</td> <td>*dɨʔkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>391</td> <td>squeeze manioc dough</td> <td>*gáirɨɨʔaiɲɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>392</td> <td>germinate</td> <td>*ííno </td></tr> <tr> <td>394</td> <td>scream</td> <td>*kóóβádííkku, *gái()a </td></tr> <tr> <td>395</td> <td>keep</td> <td>*toomo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>398</td> <td>make</td> <td>*móónɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>401</td> <td>cry</td> <td>*taa </td></tr> <tr> <td>402</td> <td>order, command</td> <td>*gáʤúu, *táhɨɨʔba </td></tr> <tr> <td>403</td> <td>get wet</td> <td>*máa-, *péépai- </td></tr> <tr> <td>406</td> <td>manicuera, <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a></td> <td>*paikuumɨɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>407</td> <td>be born</td> <td>*pííβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>408</td> <td>urinate</td> <td>*níppai </td></tr> <tr> <td>410</td> <td>fart</td> <td>*nobú </td></tr> <tr> <td>412</td> <td>ask</td> <td>*díʤu </td></tr> <tr> <td>413</td> <td>taste</td> <td>*nɨtʦu </td></tr> <tr> <td>414</td> <td>stay</td> <td>*pítá() </td></tr> <tr> <td>417</td> <td>want</td> <td>*ím()-go-, gáihɨ-, káβa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>418</td> <td>grate</td> <td>*kaʦu </td></tr> <tr> <td>426</td> <td>alone</td> <td>*i()-ro </td></tr> <tr> <td>427</td> <td>dream</td> <td>*tɨga </td></tr> <tr> <td>429</td> <td>sweat</td> <td>*tugaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>431</td> <td>be hungry</td> <td>áih()ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>434</td> <td>itch</td> <td>*áhé </td></tr> <tr> <td>435</td> <td>roast</td> <td>*garééku, ʦúʔkúʦu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>437</td> <td>bring</td> <td>*ʦ()βa </td></tr> <tr> <td>440</td> <td>pay a visit</td> <td>*ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>441</td> <td>grassland</td> <td>*namettɨhe </td></tr> <tr> <td>442</td> <td>yesterday</td> <td>*ííhɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>444</td> <td>inside</td> <td>*paino </td></tr> <tr> <td>445</td> <td>soft, tender</td> <td>*paiβoo </td></tr> <tr> <td>446</td> <td>happy</td> <td>*im() </td></tr> <tr> <td>447</td> <td>bitter</td> <td>*paapai </td></tr> <tr> <td>448</td> <td>fast</td> <td>*góóβá </td></tr> <tr> <td>450</td> <td>blind</td> <td>*ái()ɨme-tɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>451</td> <td>dock, port</td> <td>*mɨkku </td></tr> <tr> <td>454</td> <td>face</td> <td>*ɨme </td></tr> <tr> <td>456</td> <td>basket</td> <td>*hɨβiiba </td></tr> <tr> <td>458</td> <td>foam</td> <td>?*hɨ()aʔʦ() </td></tr> <tr> <td>461</td> <td>middle</td> <td>*pééno </td></tr> <tr> <td>462</td> <td>thorn</td> <td>*hanoo-tto </td></tr> <tr> <td>463</td> <td>tall</td> <td>*káamo </td></tr> <tr> <td>464</td> <td>palm, <i><a href="/wiki/Oenocarpus_bataua" title="Oenocarpus bataua">Oenocarpus bataua</a></i></td> <td>*kúume </td></tr> <tr> <td>465</td> <td>medicine</td> <td>*táábú </td></tr> <tr> <td>467</td> <td>later on</td> <td>*buun() </td></tr> <tr> <td>468</td> <td>a lot</td> <td>*giraa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>469</td> <td>behind</td> <td>*dóhɨku </td></tr> <tr> <td>471</td> <td>full</td> <td>*gaʔpo </td></tr> <tr> <td>474</td> <td>peanuts</td> <td>*máʦakka </td></tr> <tr> <td>475</td> <td>yard, court (of <a href="/wiki/Maloca" title="Maloca">maloca</a>)</td> <td>*g()-ʔátʦ() </td></tr> <tr> <td>476</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crested_oropendola" title="Crested oropendola">crested oropendola</a></td> <td>*héékkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>477</td> <td>manioc starch drink</td> <td>*kaʔgɨnɨku </td></tr> <tr> <td>478</td> <td>arrive</td> <td>*gátʦe- </td></tr> <tr> <td>479</td> <td>oil</td> <td>*dɨɨrɨ-ba- </td></tr> <tr> <td>482</td> <td>sifter</td> <td>*níttɨ-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>484</td> <td>spicy</td> <td>*áiβo </td></tr> <tr> <td>489</td> <td>dancing festival</td> <td>*hɨɨbaimo </td></tr> <tr> <td>491</td> <td>manioc squeezer</td> <td>*gádameeʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>492</td> <td>mirror</td> <td>*méékɨme </td></tr> <tr> <td>494</td> <td>son</td> <td>*ʔatʧi </td></tr> <tr> <td>495</td> <td>we two</td> <td>*mɨʦi, *mɨpe </td></tr> <tr> <td>496</td> <td>you two</td> <td>*amɨʦi, *amɨpe </td></tr> <tr> <td>497</td> <td>they two (m.)</td> <td>*dii-t()-ʦi </td></tr> <tr> <td>498</td> <td>they two (f.)</td> <td>*dii-t()-pe </td></tr> <tr> <td>499</td> <td>her</td> <td>*i- </td></tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td>eat meat</td> <td>*duu </td></tr> <tr> <td>501</td> <td>weave</td> <td>*nɨɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>502</td> <td>lick</td> <td>*neheʔku </td></tr> <tr> <td>503</td> <td>healing blow</td> <td>*hɨbu </td></tr> <tr> <td>504</td> <td>downriver</td> <td>*aam()hɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>506</td> <td>wake up</td> <td>*aikko </td></tr> <tr> <td>507</td> <td>fireplace</td> <td>*kɨɨhɨgai </td></tr> <tr> <td>508</td> <td>sieve</td> <td>*níttɨba </td></tr> <tr> <td>509</td> <td>dancing beam</td> <td>*ʤari-ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>510</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chrysophyllum_cainito" title="Chrysophyllum cainito">caimito</a> fruit (<i><a href="/wiki/Pouteria_caimito" title="Pouteria caimito">Pouteria caimito</a></i>)</td> <td>*mɨʦééʦe </td></tr> <tr> <td>511</td> <td>palm, <i><a href="/wiki/Socratea_exorrhiza" title="Socratea exorrhiza">Socratea exorrhiza</a></i></td> <td>*háaʤa </td></tr> <tr> <td>512</td> <td>leaves that produce black color</td> <td>*kaatɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>513</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peach_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach palm">peach palm</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bactris_gasipaes" title="Bactris gasipaes">Bactris gasipaes</a></i>)</td> <td>*moomo </td></tr> <tr> <td>514</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cecropia" title="Cecropia">Cecropia</a></i> sp.</td> <td>*taaβi-ʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>515</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macambo" class="mw-redirect" title="Macambo">macambo</a> fruit (<i><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_bicolor" title="Theobroma bicolor">Theobroma bicolor</a></i>)</td> <td>*haaʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>518</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Inga_edulis" title="Inga edulis">Inga edulis</a></i></td> <td>*tɨɨʦi-ʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>519</td> <td>ceramic saucepan</td> <td>*hɨgo-ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>520</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pourouma_cecropiifolia" title="Pourouma cecropiifolia">uvilla</a> fruit (<i><a href="/wiki/Pourouma_cecropiaefolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pourouma cecropiaefolia">Pourouma cecropiaefolia</a></i>)</td> <td>*báaku </td></tr> <tr> <td>521</td> <td>rifle</td> <td>*áinɨ-hɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>522</td> <td>palm, <i><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_chambira" title="Astrocaryum chambira">Astrocaryum chambira</a></i></td> <td>*nehe </td></tr> <tr> <td>523</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umar%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Umarí">umarí</a> fruit (<i><a href="/wiki/Poraqueiba_sericea" title="Poraqueiba sericea">Poraqueiba sericea</a></i>)</td> <td>*niimɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>525</td> <td>edible ant</td> <td>*m()níiko </td></tr> <tr> <td>526</td> <td>avocado (<i><a href="/wiki/Persea_americana" class="mw-redirect" title="Persea americana">Persea americana</a></i>)</td> <td>*kúúhɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>527</td> <td>edible larvae</td> <td>*áppai-ku </td></tr> <tr> <td>529</td> <td>grater</td> <td>*kaʦu </td></tr> <tr> <td>530</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_flexuosa" title="Mauritia flexuosa">miriti</a> palm (<i><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_flexuosa" title="Mauritia flexuosa">Mauritia flexuosa</a></i>)</td> <td>*íno-ʔo </td></tr> <tr> <td>532</td> <td>pillars (of roundhouse)</td> <td>*-ʔakkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>533</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidocaryum_tenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepidocaryum tenue">Lepidocaryum tenue</a></i> palm (for thatching roofs)</td> <td>*háhe </td></tr> <tr> <td>534</td> <td>eat fruit</td> <td>*geen() </td></tr> <tr> <td>535</td> <td>chew coca</td> <td>*dooikkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>536</td> <td>feces</td> <td>*namo </td></tr> <tr> <td>539</td> <td>drown</td> <td>*mákká-nɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>541</td> <td>pull out</td> <td>*gáihúkku </td></tr> <tr> <td>542</td> <td>get scared</td> <td>*ígi </td></tr> <tr> <td>543</td> <td>shame</td> <td>*n()kúppé-go- </td></tr> <tr> <td>544</td> <td>dance</td> <td>*gaʔʦe </td></tr> <tr> <td>547</td> <td>hunt</td> <td>*taaβa </td></tr> <tr> <td>549</td> <td>cook</td> <td>*tɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>550</td> <td>catch</td> <td>*ɨkkɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>551</td> <td>tell, narrate</td> <td>*hɨɨb()go </td></tr> <tr> <td>553</td> <td>cut</td> <td>*βɨrɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>554</td> <td>shoot</td> <td>*ainɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>556</td> <td>get drunk</td> <td>*gírííká-βo- </td></tr> <tr> <td>557</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">woolly monkey</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lagothrix_lagotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagothrix lagotricha">Lagothrix lagotricha</a></i>)</td> <td>*kɨmɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>558</td> <td>sweet</td> <td>*naamo </td></tr> <tr> <td>560</td> <td>masculine (suffix)</td> <td>*-bo </td></tr> <tr> <td>562</td> <td>conjure</td> <td>*apiiʧu, *ʤɨɨ()a-nɨ </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boran_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoran+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolkesky2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica"><i>Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas</i></a> (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Estudo+arqueo-ecolingu%C3%ADstico+das+terras+tropicais+sul-americanas&rft.inst=University+of+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jolkesky&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+Pinho+de+Valhery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolinguistica.org%2Ftese%3Ajolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoran+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASJP-4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASJP-4_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip">ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seifart, Frank, & Echeverri, Juan Alvaro (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8642303">Proto Bora-Muinane</a>. <i>LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas</i>, 15(2), 279 - 311. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20396%2Fliames.v15i2.8642303">10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642303</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clics.clld.org/parameters/276#5/2.807/-74.072">Banisterium</a>. <i>Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boran_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). <i>Proto Witotoan</i>. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.</li> <li>Campbell, Lyle. (1997). <i>American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1">0-19-509427-1</a>.</li> <li>Echeverri, Juan Alvaro & Frank Seifart. (2016). <i>Proto-Witotoan: A re-evaluation of the distant genealogical relationship between the Boran and Witotoan linguistic families.</i></li> <li>Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), <i>Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages</i> (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3">0-292-70414-3</a>.</li> <li>Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), <i>Atlas of the world's languages</i> (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.</li> <li>Thiesen, W.; Thiesen, E. (1998). <i>Diccionario: Bora - Castellano, Castellano - Bora</i>. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 46). Pucallpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</li> <li>Walton, J. W.; Walton, J. P.; Pakky de Buenaventura, C. (1997). Diccionario bilingüe muinane-español, español-muinane. Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boran_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Bora-Muinane_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Bora-Muinane reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Bora-Muinane reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Proel: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/mundo/boran.htm">Sub-familia Bóran</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gule_language" title="Gule language">Gule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allentiac_language" title="Allentiac language">Allentiac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millcayac_language" title="Millcayac language">Millcayac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comechingon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comechingon language">Comechingon</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-bfvtr","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.460","walltime":"0.581","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2337,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":126436,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1529,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":41321,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 412.953 1 -total"," 27.01% 111.556 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.31% 88.015 1 Template:Language_families"," 19.42% 80.212 1 Template:Cite_book"," 15.93% 65.791 1 Template:Short_description"," 14.21% 58.675 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 13.53% 55.868 2 Template:Infobox"," 9.04% 37.327 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.69% 27.639 1 Template:Hlist"," 5.73% 23.657 4 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