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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Somers_Isles_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formation of the Somers Isles Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Somers_Isles_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bermuda_as_a_company_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bermuda_as_a_company_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bermuda as a company colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bermuda_as_a_company_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Special:EditPage/Somers Isles Company">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Somers+Isles+Company%22">"Somers Isles Company"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Somers+Isles+Company%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Somers+Isles+Company%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Somers+Isles+Company%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Somers+Isles+Company%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Somers+Isles+Company%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Somers Isles Company</b> (fully, the <b>Company of the City of London for the Plantacion of The Somers Isles</b> or the <b>Company of The Somers Isles</b>) was formed in 1615 to operate the <a href="/wiki/English_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonial empire">English colony</a> of the Somers Isles, also known as <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, as a commercial venture. It held a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> for Bermuda until 1684, when it was dissolved, and <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> assumed responsibility for the administration of Bermuda as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">royal colony</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bermuda_under_the_Virginia_Company">Bermuda under the Virginia Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bermuda under the Virginia Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_supply_missions" title="Jamestown supply missions">Jamestown supply missions</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia,_New-England,_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg/200px-The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg/300px-The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg/400px-The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia%2C_New-England%2C_and_the_Summer_Isles_by_Captain_John_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3323" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/The_Generall_Historie_of_Virginia,_New-England,_and_the_Summer_Isles" title="The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles">The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles</a>", by <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_of_Jamestown" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith of Jamestown">Captain John Smith</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bermuda had been settled, inadvertently, in 1609 by the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">Virginia Company</a> when its flagship, <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a></i>, was wrecked on the reefs to its east.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Admiral of the company, <a href="/wiki/George_Somers" title="George Somers">Sir George Somers</a>, was at the helm as the ship fought a storm that had broken apart <a href="/wiki/Third_Supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Supply">a relief fleet</a> destined for <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>, the Virginian settlement established by the Company two years earlier. Somers had deliberately driven the ship onto the reefs to prevent its foundering, thereby saving all aboard.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settlers and seamen spent ten months in Bermuda while they built two new ships to continue the voyage to Jamestown. During the building, <i>Sea Venture'</i>s longboat was fitted with a mast and sent to find Jamestown. Neither it, nor its crew, was ever seen again. When <a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture"><i>Deliverance</i> and <i>Patience</i></a> set sail for Jamestown, they left several people behind, some to maintain Somers' claim to the islands for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, some dead. Those aboard the two ships included <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Gates">Sir Thomas Gates</a>, the military commander and future governor of Jamestown, <a href="/wiki/William_Strachey" title="William Strachey">William Strachey</a>, whose account of the wrecking may later have inspired <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tempest (play)">The Tempest</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a>, who would found Virginia's tobacco industry, and who left a wife and child buried in Bermuda. Rolfe would find a new bride in the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a> princess <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>. </p><p>Jamestown, and the sixty survivors of its original five hundred settlers, were found in such a poor state that it was decided to abandon the Jamestown settlement and return everyone to England. The timely <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_supply_missions" title="Jamestown supply missions">arrival of another relief fleet</a> under Thomas West from England granted the colony a reprieve. However, the food shortage was made more critical by the new arrivals. Somers returned to Bermuda on <i>Patience</i>, captained by his nephew, Matthew, to gather provisions for the Jamestown colony, but died on Bermuda in 1610. Matthew Somers was keen to receive his inheritance (Sir George and his wife were childless, but had raised his two nephews), and took <i>Patience</i> to Somers' hometown, <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a>, and not to Virginia. </p><p>When news reached England of the adventures of <i>Sea Venture'</i>s survivors, the royal charter of the Virginia Company was extended to include Bermuda on the 12th of March, 1612, at Westminster, with the archipelago granted by the Crown unto the <i>Treasurer and Company of Aduenturers and Planters of the Cittie of London for the first colony in Virginia</i>. The new colony was officially named <i>Virgineola</i>, although this was soon changed to <i>The Somers Isles</i> or <i>The Somers Islands</i> in honour of Sir George Somers. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor</a>, Richard Moore, arrived in 1612 with settlers, aboard <i>Plough</i>, to join those left behind by <i>Sea Venture</i>, <i>Patience</i>, and <i>Deliverance</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new settlers were primarily tenant farmers, who gave seven years of indentured servitude to the Company in exchange for the cost of transport. Although the primary industry was envisioned to be agriculture, the early Governors enthusiastically, if mostly unsuccessfully, attempted to develop other industries also. These included pearl diving (there are no pearls in Bermuda) and <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a>. The first two slaves to arrive in Bermuda, one black, one Native American, were brought in for their skills as pearl divers. </p><p>Free of the endemic warfare and other hardships which plagued the continental settlement, Bermuda thrived from the beginning, though it was never to be particularly profitable for its investors. Its population quickly surpassed that of Jamestown, and consideration was given to abandoning the North American continent and evacuating its settlers to Bermuda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_the_Somers_Isles_Company">Formation of the Somers Isles Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation of the Somers Isles Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Virginia Company ran Bermuda until 1613, when the colony was transferred to Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Wade_(English_politician)" title="William Wade (English politician)">William Wade</a> et cetera in exchange for £2,000, who then resigned it to the Crown in 1614. The Crown briefly administered the Colony directly before the adventurers (shareholders) of the Virginia Company formed a second company, the Somers Isles Company, to which Bermuda was transferred in 1615. The Virginia Company was dissolved in 1622, with the administration of its continental colony passing to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>. The Somers Isles Company, with its separate charter, continued to administer Bermuda for another six decades. </p><p>The original Adventurers of the Somers Isles Company listed in the letters patent were essentially the same as those of the Virginia Company. Major-General Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Lefroy" title="John Henry Lefroy">John Henry Lefroy</a>, Governor of Bermuda from 1871 to 1877, transcribed the list which was ordered by social rank, but commented that the original list began with Henry, Earl of Southampton:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Russell,_Countess_of_Bedford" title="Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford">Bedford, Lucie, Countess of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_2nd_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Devonshire">Cavendish, William, Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paget,_4th_Baron_Paget" title="William Paget, 4th Baron Paget">William, Lord Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">Pembroke, William, Earl of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wriothesley,_3rd_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton">Southampton, Henrie, Earl of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Aucher_(the_elder)" title="Anthony Aucher (the elder)">Auger (Aucher) Sir Anthoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Cranfield,_1st_Earl_of_Middlesex" title="Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex">Cranfield, Sir Lionel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Digges" title="Dudley Digges">Diggs, Sir Dudlie</a></li> <li>Grobham, Sir Richard</li> <li>Hide, Sir Lawrence</li> <li>Hogan, Sir Thomas</li> <li>Howard, Sir John</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mansell" title="Robert Mansell">Mansell, Sir Richard (Robert)</a></li> <li>Mericke, Sir John</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rich,_2nd_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick">Rich, Sir Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(died_1629)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Sandys (died 1629)">Sandys, Sir Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys_(died_1623)" title="Samuel Sandys (died 1623)">Sandys, Sir Samuel</a></li> <li>Smith, Sir Richard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smythe" title="Thomas Smythe">Smith, Sir Thomas</a></li> <li>Watts, Sir John</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Winwood" title="Ralph Winwood">Winwood, Sir Ralphe</a></li> <li>Caraway, William Esq.</li> <li>Chamberlaine, Richard Esq.</li> <li>Heydon, Jeremie Esq.</li> <li>Hide, Nicholas Esq.</li> <li>Martin, Richard Esq.</li> <li>Thorpe, George Esq.</li> <li>Walter, John Esq.</li> <li>Westenholm, John Esq.</li> <li>Wrath, John Esq.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Abbot" title="Maurice Abbot">Abbott, Maurice</a>, merchant</li> <li>Abby, Anthony</li> <li>Adderlie, William</li> <li>Anthonie, Charles, goldsmith</li> <li>Banks, John, mercer</li> <li>Barnard, John</li> <li>Barkeley, George, merchant</li> <li>Baron, Christopher</li> <li>Benson, Nicholas</li> <li>Bretton, John</li> <li>Bishop, Edward</li> <li>Brainfield, Arthur</li> <li>Campage, William, merchant</li> <li>Cartwright, Abraham</li> <li>Casewell, Richard</li> <li>Chamberlaine, Abraham</li> <li>Chamberlaine, George, merchant</li> <li>Church, Thomas</li> <li>Clitherow, Christopher</li> <li>Cotton, Allen</li> <li>Conell, Thomas</li> <li>Dawes, Abraham</li> <li>De Laurie, Gideon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Delbridge" title="John Delbridge">Delbridge, John</a></li> <li>Dike, John</li> <li>Ditchfield, Edward, salter</li> <li>Edwards, Richard</li> <li>Etheridge, George</li> <li>Exton, Nicholas</li> <li>Farrer, Nicholas, merchant</li> <li>Ffellgate, William</li> <li>Fletcher, John</li> <li>Fletcher, Edward</li> <li>Gearing, John</li> <li>Giles, Ffrancis</li> <li>Gore, Robert, merchant tailor</li> <li>Greenwell, William, merchant tailor</li> <li>Haleman, George</li> <li>Hamer, Ralphe, merchant taylor</li> <li>Harwood, Leonard</li> <li>Herne, John</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayward_(historian)" title="John Hayward (historian)">Heyward, John</a>, clarke</li> <li>Hinton, Anthonie, doctor of physicke</li> <li>Hodges, John</li> <li>Jacobson, Philip</li> <li>Jadwin, Thomas</li> <li>John, Thomas</li> <li>Johnson, Robert, grocer</li> <li>Kerell, John</li> <li>Kinge, Ralphe</li> <li>Leuis, Thomas</li> <li>Lukin, Edward</li> <li>Maplesdon, Richard</li> <li>Martin, Edward</li> <li>Mercer, Richard</li> <li>Nicholls, William</li> <li>Norcott, Thomas</li> <li>Offley, Robert, merchant</li> <li>Osborn, John</li> <li>Palmer, William</li> <li>Payne, William Esquire</li> <li>Phipps, Robert</li> <li>Poulson, Richard</li> <li>Prason, Hildebrand</li> <li>Quick, William</li> <li>Rich, George</li> <li>Roberts, Elias, merchant tailor</li> <li>Rogers, Richard</li> <li>Scott, Edmon</li> <li>Scott, George</li> <li>Shepheard, Matthew</li> <li>Smith, Cleophas</li> <li>Smith, George, grocer</li> <li>Smith, Robert</li> <li>Smith, Waren</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Speckard" title="Dorothy Speckard">Speckhardie, Abraham</a></li> <li>Swinow, George</li> <li>Tomlins, Richard</li> <li>Tymberdale, Henry</li> <li>Wale, Thomas</li> <li>Webb, Rice, haberdasher</li> <li>Webb, Thomas</li> <li>Webster, William</li> <li>Weld, John</li> <li>Welby, William, stationer</li> <li>West, John, grocer</li> <li>Wheatley, Thomas</li> <li>Woddall, John</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bermuda_as_a_company_colony">Bermuda as a company colony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bermuda as a company colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somers_Isles_Map_-_John_Speed_1676.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map by John Speed, 1676."><img alt="Map by John Speed, 1676." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Somers_Isles_Map_-_John_Speed_1676.jpg/200px-Somers_Isles_Map_-_John_Speed_1676.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Somers_Isles_Map_-_John_Speed_1676.jpg/300px-Somers_Isles_Map_-_John_Speed_1676.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Somers_Isles_Map_-_John_Speed_1676.jpg/400px-Somers_Isles_Map_-_John_Speed_1676.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>Map by John Speed, 1676.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of Bermuda was subdivided into eight equally sized <i>tribes</i>, later called <i>parishes</i>. These were named for shareholders in the Company, and were further divided (by <i>tribe roads</i>) into lots which equated to shares in the Company. The Company's return on investment came specifically from cash crops raised on that land. A ninth subdivision, now the easternmost parish, was <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Parish,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Parish, Bermuda">Saint George's</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Island, Bermuda">Saint George's Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._David%27s_Island,_Bermuda" title="St. David's Island, Bermuda">Saint David's Island</a>, part of the Main Island, and various smaller islands and islets around <a href="/wiki/Castle_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="Castle Harbour, Bermuda">Castle Harbour</a> (then known as Southampton Harbour) and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Harbour,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Harbour, Bermuda">Saint George's Harbour</a>. This area was held as <i>common</i>, or <i>King's</i> land, and was not subdivided for exploitation by the Company. This was where the capital, <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Saint George's Town</a> was located. The choice of this location followed the original settlement created by <i>Sea Venture</i> survivors, and was also determined by the two eastern harbours being the only ones then readily accessible to shipping. </p><p>A surveyor, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Norwood" title="Richard Norwood">Richard Norwood</a>, was hired to produce a survey of the colony, which also served as a census. This was completed in 1616, although he made later updates. In the process, he discovered that the total landmass of the eight commercial parishes was greater than originally estimated. His superior, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tucker_(Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Tucker (Governor)">Daniel Tucker</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor of Bermuda</a>, appropriated a choice piece of land, equivalent to the excess, for himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government">Local government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Company continued to appoint governors until its dissolution in 1684. In 1620, however, a colonial parliament was created, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Bermuda" title="House of Assembly of Bermuda">House of Assembly</a>. Suffrage was restricted to male land owners, and there was no upper house. An appointed council, composed primarily from the leading merchant families of the Colony, came to fill a role similar to both an upper house, and a cabinet, and often proved the true repository of power in Bermuda. </p><p>The immediate concern of the first governors was for the colony's protection from a feared Spanish or Dutch attack, and the building of fortifications, and the raising of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militias_1612-1815" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militias 1612-1815">militias</a>, was sustained throughout the company's administration, and beyond. A review of the colony's defences was carried out by <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_of_Jamestown" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith of Jamestown">Captain John Smith</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_and_immigration">Demographics and immigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics and immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1622_Richard_Norwood_Map_from_1616-1622_First_Survey_of_the_Somers_Isles_(alias_Bermuda).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1622_Richard_Norwood_Map_from_1616-1622_First_Survey_of_the_Somers_Isles_%28alias_Bermuda%29.jpg/220px-1622_Richard_Norwood_Map_from_1616-1622_First_Survey_of_the_Somers_Isles_%28alias_Bermuda%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1622_Richard_Norwood_Map_from_1616-1622_First_Survey_of_the_Somers_Isles_%28alias_Bermuda%29.jpg/330px-1622_Richard_Norwood_Map_from_1616-1622_First_Survey_of_the_Somers_Isles_%28alias_Bermuda%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1622_Richard_Norwood_Map_from_1616-1622_First_Survey_of_the_Somers_Isles_%28alias_Bermuda%29.jpg/440px-1622_Richard_Norwood_Map_from_1616-1622_First_Survey_of_the_Somers_Isles_%28alias_Bermuda%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>The map first published in 1622, from the 1616 to 1622 First Survey of the Somers Isles (alias Bermuda) by Richard Norwood, for the Company of the City of London for the Plantacion of The Somers Isles</figcaption></figure> <p>The immigration of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">European indentured servants</a> underpinned the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bermuda" title="Economy of Bermuda">Bermudian economy</a> during the Company's administration over the island, and this source of cheap labour meant that Bermuda never adopted a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">slavery-based economic system</a> which came to characterise other <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonies in the West Indies</a>. Though the majority of the Bermudian population was of <a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English descent</a>, a number of other ethnic groups were brought to Bermuda during the Company's administration; the first group being <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> indentured servants, with both groups primarily consisting of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> captured during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second group were <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> who were brought to Bermuda as <a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">slaves</a> after being <a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">sold into slavery</a> in the aftermath of various conflicts in <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">colonial New England</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>. The third group were <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Africa">Africans</a>; though a few were <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of colour</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish America</a>, the majority were imported by European slave traders as part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>. A rapid influx of Africans to Bermuda during the 17th century led to the white majority becoming uneasy, and resulted in the terms of indenture for African indentured servants to be raised from seven to ninety-nine years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–1651), Bermuda remained sympathetic towards the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> cause, perhaps due to the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> of the Somers Isles Company consisted primarily of wealthy members of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper-class</a>. Despite the Royalist defeat during the conflict, Bermuda was largely spared the effects and aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> victory. Supporters of the Parliamentarians in Bermuda, which like their counterparts in England were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> and anti-<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Episcopalian</a> demographic, were forced into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> by the Company administration, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Eleutheran_Adventurers" title="Eleutheran Adventurers">Eleutheran Adventurers</a> who settled on the island of <a href="/wiki/Eleuthera" title="Eleuthera">Eleuthera</a> in the <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_industry">Economy and industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Bermuda_Hog_Money.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Historic_Bermuda_Hog_Money.png/220px-Historic_Bermuda_Hog_Money.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Historic_Bermuda_Hog_Money.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>Coins minted by the Sommer Isles Company</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> remained the mainstay of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economy</a> under the Somers Isles Company. The primary cash crop was <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, but the quantity and quality produced were very poor. The <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda cedar">Bermuda cedar</a> boxes in which the tobacco was shipped to England were said to be worth more than their contents, and much of the tobacco was destroyed on arrival. The Colony also had little success with other export crops. Additionally, the several acres of arable land that had been cut from the forest meant that each farmer had only a very small area under cultivation, by comparison to the 50 acres (200,000 m<sup>2</sup>) granted to each settler in Virginia. Bermudian farmers had to raise as many as three crops a year in order to be economically viable. This meant that they could not allow fields to lie fallow, and the soil, already high in <a href="/wiki/Alkali#Alkaline_soil" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> and low in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (used by plants to form <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>), became depleted. By the 1620s, Virginia's tobacco exports were increasing, and newer English colonies in the West Indies were also emulating Bermuda by focusing on growing tobacco for export, with the result of drastically reducing the profitability of growing tobacco for Bermudian farmers. Bermudian farmers increasingly turned to growing food crops and rearing livestock, both to reduce their dependence on overpriced imports, and to sell to other colonies. This growing trade created a need for Bermudian-owned ships to deliver their exports. </p><p>Bermudians began to turn away from agriculture quite early, building boats and developing the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a> to pursue maritime trades. As the Company derived no income, except from tobacco sent to England aboard the company's magazine ships, it acted to stymie these activities. The building of vessels was banned without its license, and the first laws to protect the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda cedar">Bermuda cedar</a>, which were passed early in the seventeenth century, may have been intended more to restrict shipbuilding than to conserve the resource. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></div> <p>By the 1630s, the company had ceased sending Governors to Bermuda and began appointing a string of prominent Bermudians, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Sayle" title="William Sayle">William Sayle</a>, to the role. As few Adventurers actually settled in Bermuda, with their properties instead managed by poorer relatives or tenants, the local House of Assembly was necessarily elected without a property qualification, unlike the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons of England</a>. This meant it was far more concerned with the interests of the islanders, rather than the Adventurers in England. By the mid-17th century, with tobacco exports failing, many Adventurers in England eagerly cut their losses by selling their shares to the tenants who occupied. Bermudians quickly became the majority of landowners, but the Adventurers who remained in England maintained control of the company by barring any shareholder who did not personally attend meetings in England from the decision-making process. Many of those English shareholders belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> and anti-<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopalian</a> sects within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and sided with the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliamentarians</a> during the 1642–1651 <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>. Given the increasingly hostile relationship between Bermudians and the company, the majority of Bermudians sided with the Crown. With control of the military forces in Bermuda as well as the Assembly, the Royalists deposed the Company appointed Governor, Captain Thomas Turner, and elected John Trimigham in his stead. The colony's Independents, who sided with Parliament, were forced into exile, settling the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> under the Cromwell-loyalist <a href="/wiki/William_Sayle" title="William Sayle">William Sayle</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Eleutheran_Adventurers" title="Eleutheran Adventurers">Eleutheran Adventurers</a>. </p><p>The response of Parliament to what was characterised as the rebellion of Bermuda (and of other colonies, particularly Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a>) was the passage of <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_prohibiting_Trade_with_the_Barbadoes,_Virginia,_Bermuda_and_Antego" title="An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego">An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego</a> in October, 1650. This called for <i>due punishment [to be] inflicted upon the said Delinquents, do Declare all and every the said persons in Barbada's, Antego, Bermuda's and Virginia, that have contrived, abetted, aided or assisted those horrid Rebellions, or have since willingly joyned with them, to be notorious Robbers and Traitors, and such as by the Law of Nations are not to be permitted any maner of Commerce or Traffique with any people whatsoever; and do forbid to all maner of persons, Foreiners, and others, all maner of Commerce, Traffique and Correspondency whatsoever, to be used or held with the said Rebels in the Barbada's, Bermuda's, Virginia and Antego, or either of them.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Parliamentary privateers were authorised to act against English vessels trading with these colonies: <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">All Ships that Trade with the Rebels may be surprized. Goods and tackle of such ships not to be embezeled, till judgement in the Admiralty.; Two or three of the Officers of every ship to be examined upon oath.</i></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Parliament made preparations to invade the Royalist colonies, but the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> in 1651 was to engulf the British West Indies in war with France and Holland. A thousand miles distant, Bermuda was untouched by that war and reached a compromise with Parliament. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a>, Bermudians found they had a powerful ally in the Crown, which had its own interest in wresting control of the English Empire from corporations like the Somers Isles Company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revocation_of_charter_and_dissolution">Revocation of charter and dissolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revocation of charter and dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was worsening interference by the Company into the livelihoods of the islanders which led to its dissolution. A protest to the Crown resulting initially from the treatment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perient_Trott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perient Trott (page does not exist)">Perient Trott</a> and his heirs, but expanding to include the company's wider mismanagement of the colony, was directed to the Crown. This led to a lengthy court case in which the Crown championed Bermudians against the company. This resulted in the company's Royal Charter being revoked in 1684, and from then on the Crown assumed responsibility for appointing the Colony's governors (it first re-appointed the last company governor). Freed of the company's restraints, the local merchant class came to dominate and shape Bermuda's progress, as Bermudians abandoned agriculture en masse and turned to the sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">History of Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trading_companies" title="List of trading companies">List of trading companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">Virginia Company of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Discovery of The Barmudas, Sylvester Jordain</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, Hobson. <i>A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest</i>. Viking (2009) pp. 32–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bernews.com/2013/05/archaeological-team-returns-to-smiths-island/">"Archaeological Team Returns to Smith's Island"</a>. 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Team+Returns+to+Smith%27s+Island&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbernews.com%2F2013%2F05%2Farchaeological-team-returns-to-smiths-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomers+Isles+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefroy1981" class="citation book cs1">Lefroy, Sir John Henry (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89080098932&view=1up&seq=145"><i>Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515-1685, Volume I</i></a>. Bermuda: The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorials+of+the+Discovery+and+Early+Settlement+of+the+Bermudas+or+Somers+Islands+1515-1685%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Bermuda&rft.pub=The+Bermuda+Historical+Society+and+The+Bermuda+National+Trust+%28the+first+edition+having+been+published+in+1877%2C+with+funds+provided+by+the+Government+of+Bermuda%29%2C+printed+in+Canada+by+The+University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lefroy&rft.aufirst=Sir+John+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89080098932%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomers+Isles+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, James E. (1976). <i>Slavery in Bermuda</i>. Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0533020430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0533020430"><bdi>978-0533020430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Bermuda&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0533020430&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomers+Isles+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1976" class="citation book cs1">Smith, James E. (1976). <i>Slavery in Bermuda</i>. Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0533020430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0533020430"><bdi>978-0533020430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Bermuda&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0533020430&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomers+Isles+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRileyPeters2000" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Sandra; Peters, Thelma B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0966531027"><i>Homeward Bound: A History of the Bahama Islands to 1850 with a Definitive Study of Abaco in the American Loyalist Plantation Period</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>: Island Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0966531022" title="Special:BookSources/978-0966531022"><bdi>978-0966531022</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51540154">51540154</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homeward+Bound%3A+A+History+of+the+Bahama+Islands+to+1850+with+a+Definitive+Study+of+Abaco+in+the+American+Loyalist+Plantation+Period&rft.place=Miami%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Island+Research&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51540154&rft.isbn=978-0966531022&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Peters%2C+Thelma+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0966531027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASomers+Isles+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somers_Isles_Company&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Roots Web <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~bmuwgw/norwoodsurvey.html">Richard Norwood’s Survey of the Land and Landholder’s of Bermuda</a>.</li> <li>Bermuda Yellow Pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bermudayp.com/history.html">History of Bermuda</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Dan Byrnes. Com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danbyrnes.com.au/business/business9.html">The Business of Slavery - Chapter 9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chartered_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chartered_companies" title="Template:Chartered companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chartered_companies" title="Template talk:Chartered companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chartered_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chartered companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chartered_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">Chartered companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Company_of_Merchants" title="African Company of Merchants">African Company of Merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Company" title="Barbary Company">Barbary Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_American_Land_Company" title="British American Land Company">British American Land Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">British East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Company" title="Canada Company">Canada Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers of London">Company of Merchant Adventurers of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_to_New_Lands" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands">Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Scotland" title="Company of Scotland">Company of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Company" title="Eastern Archipelago Company">Eastern Archipelago Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastland_Company" title="Eastland Company">Eastland Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Company_(London)" title="Guinea Company (London)">Guinea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_and_Bristol_Company" title="London and Bristol Company">London and Bristol Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_British_Bank" title="Royal British Bank">Royal British Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">South Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Company" title="Sierra Leone Company">Sierra Leone Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somers Isles Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Company" title="South Australian Company">South Australian Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Company" title="Spanish Company">Spanish Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Company" title="Venice Company">Venice Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Company" title="Plymouth Company">Plymouth Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_American_Islands" title="Company of the American Islands">Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Habitants" title="Company of Habitants">Company of Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of One Hundred Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_du_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Compagnie du Sénégal">Senegal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburg African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa_Company" title="German East Africa Company">East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden_Company" title="Emden Company">Emden Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea_Company" title="German New Guinea Company">New Guinea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_West_African_Company" title="German West African Company">West African Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cacheu_and_Cape_Verde_Company" title="Cacheu and Cape Verde Company">Cacheu and Cape Verde Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o_Company" title="Grão Pará and Maranhão Company">Grão Pará and Maranhão Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_da_Guin%C3%A9" title="Casa da Guiné">Company of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">House of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezia_Company" title="Zambezia Company">Zambezia Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niassa_Company" title="Niassa Company">Niassa Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austrian and<br />Low Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantsche_Compagnie" title="Brabantsche Compagnie">Brabantsche Compagnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_East_India_Company" title="Austrian East India Company">Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Privileged_Oriental_Company" title="Imperial Privileged Oriental Company">Imperial Privileged Oriental Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland_Company" title="New Netherland Company">New Netherland Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Company" title="Ostend Company">Ostend Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_Verre" title="Compagnie van Verre">Compagnie van Verre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_De_Moucheron" title="Compagnie van De Moucheron">Compagnie van De Moucheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerse_Compagnie" title="Veerse Compagnie">Veerse Compagnie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Company_of_the_Philippines" title="Royal Company of the Philippines">Royal Company of the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swedish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Africa_Company" title="Swedish Africa Company">Swedish Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Levant_Company" title="Swedish Levant Company">Swedish Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_South_Company" title="Swedish South Company">Swedish South Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_West_India_Company" title="Swedish West India Company">Swedish West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Danish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Asiatic_Company" title="Danish Asiatic Company">Danish Asiatic Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_India_Company" title="Danish West India Company">Danish West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenland_Trading_Department" title="Royal Greenland Trading Department">Royal Greenland Trading Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Bermuda" title="Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda">Hurricane strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Railway" title="Bermuda Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Sloop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Somers" title="George Somers">George Somers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somers Isles Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Butler" title="Nathaniel Butler">Nathaniel Butler</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bermuda" title="Military of Bermuda">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Base_Command" title="Bermuda Base Command">Bermuda Base Command (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militias_1612%E2%80%931815" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militias 1612–1815">Militias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1612%E2%80%931687" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1612–1687">1612–1687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1687%E2%80%931813" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1687–1813">1687–1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1813">1813</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North American Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force,_Bermuda_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Royal Air Force, Bermuda (1939–1945)">RAF in Bermuda during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USN_Submarine_Base,_Ordnance_Island,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="USN Submarine Base, Ordnance Island, Bermuda">USN Submarine Base, Ordnance Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda_Volunteer/Territorial_Army_Units_1895%E2%80%931965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermuda Volunteer/Territorial Army Units 1895–1965 (page does not exist)">Volunteer/Territorial Army Units 1895–1965</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda" title="Coat of arms of Bermuda"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="925" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda" title="Geography of Bermuda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Institute_of_Ocean_Sciences" title="Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences">Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bermuda" title="List of islands of Bermuda">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_National_Trust" title="Bermuda National Trust">National Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spittal_Pond_Nature_Reserve" title="Spittal Pond Nature Reserve">Spittal Pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Environment of Bermuda">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bermuda">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion#Bermuda_onions" title="Sweet onion">Bermuda onion</a> (cultivated)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casuarina" title="Casuarina">Casuarina</a></i> (invasive)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeodendron_laneanum" title="Elaeodendron laneanum">Elaeodendron laneanum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Juniperus bermudiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum" title="Lilium longiflorum">Lilium longiflorum</a></i> (cultivated)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabal_bermudana" title="Sabal bermudana">Sabal bermudana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisyrinchium_bermudiana" title="Sisyrinchium bermudiana">Sisyrinchium bermudiana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bermuda">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_land_snail" title="Bermuda land snail">Bermuda land snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_petrel" title="Bermuda petrel">Bermuda petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rock_skink" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda rock skink">Bermuda rock skink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ground_dove" title="Common ground dove">Common ground dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_bluebird" title="Eastern bluebird">Eastern bluebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_catbird" title="Gray catbird">Gray catbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_kiskadee" title="Great kiskadee">Great kiskadee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">Northern cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-eyed_vireo" title="White-eyed vireo">White-eyed vireo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">White-tailed tropicbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-crowned_night_heron" title="Yellow-crowned night heron">Yellow-crowned night heron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bermuda" title="List of schools in Bermuda">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Berkeley_Institute" title="The Berkeley Institute">Berkeley Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbridge_Academy" title="Cedarbridge Academy">Cedarbridge Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_High_School" title="Bermuda High School">Bermuda HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Institute" title="Bermuda Institute">Bermuda Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltus_Grammar_School" title="Saltus Grammar School">Saltus Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Academy" title="Warwick Academy">Warwick Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_College" title="Bermuda College">Bermuda College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bermuda" title="Politics of Bermuda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bermuda" title="Elections in Bermuda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Police_Service" title="Bermuda Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bermuda">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bermuda" title="List of political parties in Bermuda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Premiers of Bermuda">Premiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bermuda" title="Economy of Bermuda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE Limited">ACE Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_dollar" title="Bermudian dollar">Bermudian dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Bank" title="Butterfield Bank">Butterfield Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity in Bermuda">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_Bermuda" title="HSBC Bank Bermuda">HSBC Bank Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Industrial_Union" title="Bermuda Industrial Union">Industrial Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Monetary_Authority" title="Bermuda Monetary Authority">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Public_Services_Association" title="Bermuda Public Services Association">Public Services Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Stock_Exchange" title="Bermuda Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bermuda" title="Transport in Bermuda">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XL_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="XL Capital">XL Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Society of Bermuda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Bermuda" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Bermuda">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Bermuda" title="Places of interest in Bermuda">Places of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Causeway,_Bermuda" title="The Causeway, Bermuda">The Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairmont_Hamilton_Princess" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fairmont Hamilton Princess">The Fairmont Hamilton Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Bermuda" title="Government House, Bermuda">Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton, Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Bermuda" title="List of lighthouses in Bermuda">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Bridge,_Bermuda" title="Somerset Bridge, Bermuda">Somerset Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Victoria Park, Hamilton, Bermuda">Victoria Park, Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bermuda">Communications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Broadcasting" title="Bermuda Broadcasting">Bermuda Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Bermuda" title="List of newspapers in Bermuda">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Bermuda" title="Postal codes in Bermuda">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bermuda" title="Television in Bermuda">TV stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bermuda" title="Culture of Bermuda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bermuda" title="Architecture of Bermuda">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda" title="Coat of arms of Bermuda">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_cuisine" title="Bermudian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombey" title="Gombey">Gombey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_kite" title="Bermuda kite">Kites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bermuda" title="Public holidays in Bermuda">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Day" title="Bermuda Day">Bermuda Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_and_recreation_in_Bermuda" title="Sports and recreation in Bermuda">Sports and recreation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Bermuda">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Bermuda" title="Anglican Church of Bermuda">Anglican Church of Bermuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity,_Bermuda" title="Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, Bermuda">Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hamilton_in_Bermuda" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda">Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Theresa_of_Lisieux" title="Cathedral of Saint Theresa of Lisieux">Cathedral of Saint Theresa of Lisieux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bermuda" title="Outline of Bermuda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bermuda-related_articles" title="Index of Bermuda-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bermuda" 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