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the NBER</h3> </div> <div class="home-left-rail__item clearfix"> <a class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image-link"href="/news/social-security-programs-and-retirement-around-world-effects-reforms-retirement-behavior"> <img class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image img-vertical-left" src="/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_vertical/public/2025-02/SocialSecurityEffectsReformsRetirementBehavior2.jpg?itok=o8irBAUQ" alt="Social Security Effects Reforms Retirement Behavior" width="295" height="440"> <figcaption class="home-promo-image-caption"></figcaption> </a> <h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-title" href="/news/social-security-programs-and-retirement-around-world-effects-reforms-retirement-behavior"> Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Effects of Reforms on Retirement Behavior </a> </h4> <p class="home-left-rail__item-type"> news article </p> <div class="home-left-rail_summary"> <p><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/axel_boersch-supan">Axel Börsch-Supan</a> and <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/courtney_coile">Courtney Coile</a>, editors.</p><p>Employment among older men and women has increased dramatically in recent years, reversing a downward trend in the closing decades of the twentieth century. <a href="https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/social-security-programs-and-retirement-around-world-effects-reforms-retirement-behavior">Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World: The Effects of Reforms on Retirement Behavior</a> examines how changing retirement incentives have reshaped labor force participation trends among older workers. </p><p>The chapters feature country-specific analyses for Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain,… </a></strong></b></em></i> </div> </div> <div class="home-left-rail__item clearfix"> <h4 class="tertiary-header__title"> A research summary from the monthly NBER Digest </h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image-link"href="/202502/digest/household-heat-pump-adoption-and-energy-use"> <img class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image img-horizontal" src="/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_horizontal/public/2025-01/w33036_0.jpg?itok=gOV5aXty" alt="Household Heat Pump Adoption and Energy Use Figure" width="2538" height="1813"> <figcaption class="home-promo-image-caption"></figcaption> </a> <h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-title" href="/202502/digest/household-heat-pump-adoption-and-energy-use"> Household Heat Pump Adoption and Energy Use </a> </h4> <p class="home-left-rail__item-type"> article </p> <div class="home-left-rail_summary"> <p></p><p>In <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w33036">Decarbonizing Heat: The Impact of Heat Pumps and a Time-of-Use Heat Pump Tariff on Energy Demand</a> (NBER Working Paper 33036), researchers <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/louise_bernard?page=1&perPage=50">Louise Bernard</a>, <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/andy_hackett?page=1&perPage=50">Andy Hackett</a>, <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/robert_metcalfe?page=1&perPage=50">Robert D. Metcalfe</a>, and <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/andrew_schein?page=1&perPage=50">Andrew Schein</a> study the impact of heat pumps, a low-carbon alternative to gas boilers, on household energy demand. They analyze data from Octopus Energy, a global energy supplier, focusing specifically on residential heat pump installations in the UK. Their data sample includes… </a></strong></b></em></i> </div> </div> <div class="home-left-rail__item clearfix"> <h4 class="tertiary-header__title"> From the NBER Reporter: Research, program, and conference summaries </h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image-link"href="/reporter/2024number4/working-group-report-market-design"> <img class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image img-horizontal" src="/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_horizontal/public/2025-01/Market%20Design_figure%201_Final%20updated%20for%20Debby.jpg?itok=PnNwcZcI" alt="Working Group Report: Market Design Figure" width="1269" height="906"> <figcaption class="home-promo-image-caption"></figcaption> </a> <h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-title" href="/reporter/2024number4/working-group-report-market-design"> Working Group Report: Market Design </a> </h4> <p class="home-left-rail__item-type"> article </p> <div class="home-left-rail_summary"> <p>The Market Design Working Group, established in 2009 under the leadership of Susan Athey and Parag Pathak, is a preeminent research forum in the field of market design. The working group meets annually, alternating between Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Palo Alto, California, to present research that bridges theoretical economics and practical applications, all focused on what <em>The Economist</em> aptly characterized as “an intelligently designed invisible hand.”<a href="#1"></a> Research in market design has been celebrated in academic circles, as evidenced by recognitions like the 2012 Nobel Prize for work on matching markets and the 2020 Nobel Prize for auction theory, and has also been instrumental in catalyzing tangible reforms in real-world institutions and markets.</p><p>One feature that sets market design apart… </a></strong></b></em></i> </div> </div> <div class="home-left-rail__item clearfix"> <h4 class="tertiary-header__title"> From the NBER Bulletin on Retirement and Disability </h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image-link"href="/brd/20244/health-inequality-and-economic-disparities-race-ethnicity-and-gender"> <img class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image img-horizontal" src="/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_horizontal/public/2025-01/NB23-11_figure_Final%20%282%29-01.jpg?itok=RjCY0WE6" alt="Health Inequality and Economic Disparities by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender figure" width="3501" height="2493"> <figcaption class="home-promo-image-caption"></figcaption> </a> <h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-title" href="/brd/20244/health-inequality-and-economic-disparities-race-ethnicity-and-gender"> Health Inequality and Economic Disparities by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender </a> </h4> <p class="home-left-rail__item-type"> article </p> <div class="home-left-rail_summary"> <p>In <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w32971">Health Inequality and Economic Disparities by Race, Ethnicity, and Gender</a> (NBER Working Paper 32971 an earlier version, NBER RDRC Paper NB23-11), <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/nicolo_russo">Nicolò Russo</a>, <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/rory_mcgee?page=1&perPage=50">Rory McGee</a>, <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/mariacristina_denardi">Mariacristina De Nardi</a>, <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/margherita_borella">Margherita Borella</a>, and <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/ross_abram">Ross Abram</a> use data from the Health and Retirement Study over the period 1996–2018 to evaluate measures of health inequality in middle age and the consequences of such health disparities. </p><p>They consider two health measures: self-reported health status, measured by the response to a survey question that asks individuals to rate their health as excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor, and...</p> </div> </div> <div class="home-left-rail__item clearfix"> <h4 class="tertiary-header__title"> From the NBER Bulletin on Health </h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image-link"href="/bh/20243/digital-health-technology-and-patient-outcomes"> <img class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image img-horizontal" src="/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_horizontal/public/2024-11/w32992.jpg?itok=9vVnvC20" alt="Digital Health Technology and Patient Outcomes Primary figure" width="2538" height="1813"> <figcaption class="home-promo-image-caption"></figcaption> </a> <h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-title" href="/bh/20243/digital-health-technology-and-patient-outcomes"> Digital Health Technology and Patient Outcomes </a> </h4> <p class="home-left-rail__item-type"> article </p> <div class="home-left-rail_summary"> <p>Digital health technologies, such as remote monitoring devices and telemedicine services, have attracted considerable interest due to their potential to reduce healthcare costs and improve patient outcomes. These innovations could, however, exacerbate health disparities if adoption rates are lower among underserved communities.</p><p>In <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w32992">Equity and Efficiency in Technology Adoption: Evidence from Digital Health</a> (NBER Working Paper 32992), researchers <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/itzik_fadlon">Itzik Fadlon</a>, <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/parag_agnihotri">Parag Agnihotri</a>, <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/christopher_longhurst">Christopher Longhurst</a>, and <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/ming_taiseale">Ming Tai-Seale</a> analyze a remote...</p> </div> </div> <div class="home-left-rail__item clearfix"> <h4 class="tertiary-header__title"> From the NBER Bulletin on Entrepreneurship </h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image-link"href="/be/20242/third-places-boost-local-economic-activity"> <img class="home-left-rail__item-promo-image img-horizontal" src="/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_feature_horizontal/public/2024-10/w32604_0.jpg?itok=oSWg8g9f" alt="“Third Places” Boost Local Economic Activity figure" width="2538" height="1813"> <figcaption class="home-promo-image-caption"></figcaption> </a> <h4> <a class="home-left-rail__item-title" href="/be/20242/third-places-boost-local-economic-activity"> “Third Places” Boost Local Economic Activity </a> </h4> <p class="home-left-rail__item-type"> article </p> <div class="home-left-rail_summary"> <p>Sociologists have argued that “third places” like cafés, which provide opportunities for individuals to socialize and exchange ideas outside of home and work, improve neighborhood life. But what about the relationship between such places and economic activity? In <a href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w32604">Third Places and Neighborhood Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Starbucks Cafés</a> (NBER Working Paper 32604), researchers <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/jinkyong_choi">Jinkyong Choi</a>, <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/jorge_guzman">Jorge Guzman</a>, and <a href="https://www.nber.org/people/mario_small">Mario L. Small</a> use data on US business registrations between 1990 and 2022 from the Startup Cartography Project to examine whether the opening of a Starbucks in a neighborhood with no previous cafés affects local entrepreneurship...</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="promo-grid__multi-promo"> <div class="page-subtitle"> <h3 class="page-subtitle__title">Featured Working Papers</h3> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-d1d5de073c392a5f5d781147d3122a492139b75e0ae3709b1c50c2decaaadc6f"> <div class="views-row"><div class="digest-card"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/papers/w33368"> <span>Valuing Solar Subsidies</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-02-14T12:00:00Z">February 14, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <p><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/bryan_bollinger"><span>Bryan Bollinger</span></a><span>, </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/kenneth_gillingham"><span>Kenneth Gillingham</span></a><span>, and </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/a._justin_kirkpatrick"><span>A. Justin Kirkpatrick</span></a><span> find that households in the bottom third of the wealth distribution discount the future payoffs from rooftop solar installations at a rate of about 15 percent per year, compared with 10 percent for those in the top third of the wealth distribution. </span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"><div class="digest-card"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/papers/w33362"> <span>Enclaves and Assimilation in the Age of Mass Migration: Evidence from Ethnic Catholic Churches</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-02-13T12:00:00Z">February 13, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <p><span>The opening of ethnic Catholic churches in the US created immigrant enclave neighborhoods in the early 20th century. </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/ran_abramitzky"><span>Ran Abramitzky</span></a><span>, </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/leah_boustan"><span>Leah Platt Boustan</span></a><span>, and </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/osea_giuntella"><span>Osea Giuntella</span></a><span> find that enclave residents experienced reduced earnings but strengthened communal ties.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"><div class="digest-card"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/papers/w33355"> <span>The Gilded Age and Beyond: The Persistence of Elite Wealth in American History</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-02-12T12:00:00Z">February 12, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <p><span>Over the period 1870 to 1930, 72 percent of the individuals who were recorded in the top 1 percent of the wealth distribution dropped out by ten years later, and less than 10 percent of the grand-children of those in the top 1 percent also reached the top 1 percent, </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/Priti_Kalsi"><span>Priti Kalsi</span></a><span> and </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/zach_ward"><span>Zachary Ward</span></a><span> find.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"><div class="digest-card"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/papers/w33334"> <span>Are Big Cities Important for Economic Growth?</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-02-11T12:00:00Z">February 11, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <p><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/matthew_turner"><span>Matthew Turner</span></a><span> and </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/david_weil"><span>David N. Weil</span></a><span> estimate that if the US had enforced a population limit of one million people per city beginning in 1900, national output in 2010 would have been 8 percent lower than its actual value.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-row"><div class="digest-card"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/papers/w33329"> <span>Immigrant Age at Arrival and the Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnic Identification among Mexican Americans</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-02-10T12:00:00Z">February 10, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <p><span>Mexicans who immigrated to the US as children are less likely to self-identify as Mexican or Hispanic than those who immigrated as adults, </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/brian_duncan"><span>Brian Duncan</span></a><span> and </span><a href="https://www.nber.org/people/stephen_trejo"><span>Stephen J. Trejo</span></a><span> find.</span></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><a class="link link--arrow" href="/nber-news/featured-working-papers-archive?page=1&perPage=50">View all</a></p> <div class="page-subtitle"> <h3 class="page-subtitle__title">In the News</h3> <div class="page-subtitle__summary"> <p><em>Recent citations of NBER research in the media<br><br> _______________________________________</em></p> </div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-bc7875cca1a0a8e129c78cef8e4e7ead497ac50c7cb70abc8330026205800742"> <div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable" data-href="https://fordhaminstitute.org/national/commentary/impact-advanced-education-underprivileged-boys"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="https://fordhaminstitute.org/national/commentary/impact-advanced-education-underprivileged-boys"> <span>The impact of advanced education on underprivileged boys</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-02-13T12:00:00Z">February 13, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__items"> <span class="digest-card__label"> Source: </span> <a href="https://fordhaminstitute.org/national/commentary/impact-advanced-education-underprivileged-boys">Fordham Institute</a> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <a href="/papers/w33282" aria-label="Read more about Can Gifted Education Help Higher-Ability Boys from Disadvantaged Backgrounds?">Read the research here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable" data-href="https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/health-employment-effects-employer-vaccination-mandates"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/health-employment-effects-employer-vaccination-mandates"> <span>The Health and Employment Effects of Employer Vaccination Mandates</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-02-05T12:00:00Z">February 5, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__items"> <span class="digest-card__label"> Source: </span> <a href="https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/health-employment-effects-employer-vaccination-mandates">Cato Institute</a> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <a href="/papers/w33072" aria-label="Read more about The Health and Employment Effects of Employer Vaccination Mandates">Read the research here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable" data-href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2025/01/study-finds-spike-in-adhd-cases-on-halloween/"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2025/01/study-finds-spike-in-adhd-cases-on-halloween/"> <span>Study finds spike in ADHD cases on Halloween - Harvard Gazette</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-01-31T12:00:00Z">January 31, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__items"> <span class="digest-card__label"> Source: </span> <a href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2025/01/study-finds-spike-in-adhd-cases-on-halloween/">news.harvard.edu</a> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <a href="/papers/w33232" aria-label="Read more about Halloween, ADHD, and Subjectivity in Medical Diagnosis">Read the research here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable" data-href="https://bostonglobe.com/2025/01/21/opinion/social-studies-myths-about-female-bosses-when-lawyers-were-no-help-value-gifted-education/?p1=Article_Recirc_InThisSection"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="https://bostonglobe.com/2025/01/21/opinion/social-studies-myths-about-female-bosses-when-lawyers-were-no-help-value-gifted-education/?p1=Article_Recirc_InThisSection"> <span>Social Studies: Myths about female bosses; when lawyers were of no help - The Boston Globe</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-01-22T12:00:00Z">January 22, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__items"> <span class="digest-card__label"> Source: </span> <a href="https://bostonglobe.com/2025/01/21/opinion/social-studies-myths-about-female-bosses-when-lawyers-were-no-help-value-gifted-education/?p1=Article_Recirc_InThisSection">bostonglobe.com</a> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <a href="/papers/w33282" aria-label="Read more about Can Gifted Education Help Higher-Ability Boys from Disadvantaged Backgrounds?">Read the research here</a>. </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable" data-href="https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/why-didnt-us-unemployment-rate-rise-end-world-war-ii"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/why-didnt-us-unemployment-rate-rise-end-world-war-ii"> <span>Why Didn't the US Unemployment Rate Rise at the End of World War II? - Cato Institute</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__date"> <span class="digest-card__label"> <time datetime="2025-01-15T12:00:00Z">January 15, 2025</time> </span> </div> <div class="digest-card__items"> <span class="digest-card__label"> Source: </span> <a href="https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/why-didnt-us-unemployment-rate-rise-end-world-war-ii">Cato Institute</a> </div> <div class="digest-card__summary"> <a href="/papers/w33041" aria-label="Read more about Why Didn't the U.S. Unemployment Rate Rise at the End of WWII?">Read the research here</a>. <a href="/digest/202412/trajectory-unemployment-after-world-war-ii" aria-label="Read more about The Trajectory of US Unemployment After World War II">Or a non-technical summary here</a>. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><a class="link link--arrow" href="/nber-news/nber-research-news">View all</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="promo-grid promo-grid--2-up"> <div class="promo-grid__promos"> <div class="book-list"> <h2 class="book-list__title">Research Projects</h2> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable " data-href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/7372-general-synthetic-control-framework-estimation-and-inference"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/7372-general-synthetic-control-framework-estimation-and-inference"> <span>A General Synthetic Control Framework of Estimation and Inference</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__items">Project</div> </div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable " data-href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/8505-state-social-policy-interventions-maternal-mental-health"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/8505-state-social-policy-interventions-maternal-mental-health"> <span>State Social Policy Interventions for Maternal Mental Health</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__items">Project</div> </div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable " data-href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/economics-digitization/8347-impact-ai-and-digitization-labor-markets-high-skill-workers"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/economics-digitization/8347-impact-ai-and-digitization-labor-markets-high-skill-workers"> <span>The Impact of AI and Digitization on Labor Markets for High-Skill Workers</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__items">Project</div> </div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable " data-href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/8771-climate-finance"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/8771-climate-finance"> <span>Climate Finance</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__items">Project</div> </div> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable " data-href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/8750-graduate-and-early-career-fellowships-fiscal-and-economic-effects-innovation-and-productivity"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/programs-projects/projects-and-centers/8750-graduate-and-early-career-fellowships-fiscal-and-economic-effects-innovation-and-productivity"> <span>Graduate and Early Career Fellowships, Fiscal and Economic Effects of Innovation and Productivity Policies</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__items">Project</div> </div> <div class="book-list__link"> <a href="/projects" class="link link--arrow">More NBER Research Projects</a> </div></div> <div class="book-list"> <h2 class="book-list__title">Conferences</h2> <div class="digest-card js-clickable-card is-clickable " data-href="/conferences/nber-corporate-associates-research-symposium-spring-2025"> <div class="digest-card__title"> <a href="/conferences/nber-corporate-associates-research-symposium-spring-2025"> <span>NBER Corporate Associates Research Symposium, Spring 2025</span> </a> </div> <div class="digest-card__items">Conference</div> <div class="digest-card__items"> <span class="digest-card__label"> Organizer(s): </span> <a href="/people/james_poterba" hreflang="en">James M. 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