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href="https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid" id="main-content"> <div id="page-content">   <div class="banner">  <h1 class="short">Actinium</h1> <span class="element-item2 actinoid metal inner-transition" aria-hidden="true"><span class="symbol2">Ac</span><span class="number">89</span><span class="weight">227</span></span>  </div>   <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li class="active"><a href="#about" id="tab1" role="tab" aria-controls="about" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About Actinium</a></li> <li><a href="#properties" id="tab2" role="tab" aria-controls="properties" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#isotopes" id="tab3" role="tab" aria-controls="isotopes" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Isotopes</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="content"> <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane active" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Actinium</h2> <img src="images_graphics/element-bohr-models/actinium-bohr-model.jpg" alt="Actinium Bohr" width="200" height="200" class="image-left" /> <p>Actinium, a silver-white metallic element, is the namesake of the actinides group in the periodic table, a series of elements known for their radioactivity. Due to its radioactive nature and relative scarcity on Earth, actinium has not historically enjoyed many commercial or industrial uses or applications; however, that may be changing with ongoing scientific research into both <a href="Bio-Medical.html">medicine</a> and <a href="space-industry.html">spacecraft power systems</a>.</p> <p>The element was discovered in 1899 by French chemist André-Louis Debierne, who made his discovery by isolating residue left by Marie and Pierre Curie in their extraction of <a href="radium.html">radium</a> from <a href="uu.htm">uranium</a> ore. In fact, actinium is so scarce, only 0.2 mg of the element can be extracted from one ton of uranium ore. Because of this scarcity, the element is usually obtained by irradiating a radium isotope (<sup>226</sup>Ra) with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. The resulting actinium then becomes a neutron source of its own, and can be used for targeted radiation therapy in cancer treatments. It is currently becoming a preferred element in <a href="Bio-Medical.html">medical research</a> for this purpose due to its high radioactivity – roughly 150 times that of radium. This high radioactivity is also attractive to spacecraft designers, who may pursue actinium as the active element in future radioisotope thermoelectric generators.</p> <p>Actinium rapidly oxidizes in the presence of oxygen and moisture, and it is in this state where the vast majority of its chemical compounds occur. The oxide of <sup>227</sup>Ac pressed with <a href="be.html">beryllium</a>, often referred to as AcBe, is also an efficient neutron source with the activity exceeding that of the standard <a href="am.html">americium</a>-beryllium and <a href="radium.html">radium</a>-beryllium pairs. AcBe-based neutron probes are used to measure water presence and density in soil, in neutron radiography, and in other radiochemical testing applications. Though these compounds are readily achievable in the laboratory, they are typically used solely for research purposes with few commercial applications. </p> <p>The only naturally occurring isotope of actinium is <sup>227</sup>Ac. Thirty-six radioisotopes of actinium have been identified, all with half-lives ranging from 69 ns at the shortest (for <sup>217</sup>Ac) to 21.77 years at the longest (<sup>227</sup> Ac). Due to its convenient half-life attributes, the presence of <sup>227</sup>Ac in oceanic waters is utilized as an estimate to model and calculate vertical mix rates. Over time, actinium decays into <a href="th.html">thorium</a> and <a href="francium.html">francium</a>, with beta decay dominating over alpha decay by a factor of roughly 71:1. </p> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="properties" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2"> <h2>Actinium Properties</h2> <p><img src="actinium-bohr.jpg" alt="Actinium Bohr Model" width="200" height="200" class="image-left"> <strong>Actinium</strong> is an F-Block, Period 7 element. The number of electrons in each of Actinium's shells is 2,8,18,32,18,9,2 and its electron configuration is [Rn] 6d<sup>1</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup>. <img src="actinium.png" alt="Actinium" width="108" height="91" class="image-right"> The actinium atom has a radius of 195 pm. In its elemental form, CAS 7440-34-8, actinium has a silvery-white appearance. Actinium is a radioactive metal that rapidly reacts rapidly with oxygen when exposed to air, forming a white coating of actinium oxide which prevents further oxidation. Actinium is found naturally in uranium ores. It rarely occurs as a free element in the earth’s crust. It is more frequently produced in the lab, largely for use as a radiation source. Actinium was first noted as a new element by a French chemist, André-Louis Debierne, in 1899. It was discovered again as an independent element in 1902 by German chemist Friedrich Oskar Giesel.</p><p>Actinium information, including properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. </p> <div id="table-wrapper"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion2"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#general-properties">General Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="general-properties"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="symbol">Symbol:</th> <td>Ac</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-number">Atomic Number:</th> <td>89</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-weight">Atomic Weight:</th> <td>227</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="element-category">Element Category:</th> <td>Actinide</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="group-period-block">Group, Period, Block:</th> <td>n/a, 7, f</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="color">Color:</th> <td>silvery white</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="other-names">Other Names:</th> <td>Attinio</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#physical-properties">Physical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="physical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse"> <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="melting-point">Melting Point:</th> <td>1050 °C, 1922°F, 1323.15 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="boiling-point">Boiling Point:</th> <td>3200 °C, 5792 °F, 3473.15 K</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density">Density:</th> <td>10060 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="liquid-density">Liquid Density @ Melting Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="density-20-degrees-C">Density @ 20°C:</th> <td>10.07 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="solid-density">Density of Solid:</th> <td>10070 kg·m<sup>3</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="specific-heat">Specific Heat:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="superconductivity-temperature">Superconductivity Temperature:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="triple-point">Triple Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="critical-point">Critical Point:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="fusion-heat">Heat of Fusion (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>14</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vaporization-heat">Heat of Vaporization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>400</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomization-heat">Heat of Atomization (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>):</th> <td>406</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-conductivity">Thermal Conductivity:</th> <td>12 W·m<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="thermal-expansion">Thermal Expansion:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electrical-resistivity">Electrical Resistivity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="tensile-strength">Tensile Strength:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="molar-heat-capacity">Molar Heat Capacity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="youngs-modulus">Young's Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="shear-modulus">Shear Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="bulk-modulus">Bulk Modulus:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="poisson-ratio">Poisson Ratio:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mohs-hardness">Mohs Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="vickers-hardness">Vickers Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="brinell-hardness">Brinell Hardness:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="speed-of-sound">Speed of Sound:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electronegativity">Pauling Electronegativity:</th> <td>1.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="sanderson-electronegativity">Sanderson Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allerd-rochow-electronegativity">Allred Rochow Electronegativity:</th> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mulliken-jaffe-electronegativity">Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="allen-electronegativity">Allen Electronegativity:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pauling-electropositivity">Pauling Electropositivity:</th> <td>2.9</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="reflectivity">Reflectivity (%):</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="refractive-index">Refractive Index:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#chemical-properties">Chemical Properties<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div id="chemical-properties" class="panel-collapse collapse">  <table class="properties-table table"> <tr> <th id="electrons">Electrons:</th> <td>89</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="protons">Protons:</th> <td>89</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="neutrons">Neutrons:</th> <td>139</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-configuration">Electron Configuration:</th> <td>[Rn] 6d<sup>1</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius">Atomic Radius:</th> <td>215 pm</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="atomic-radius-non-bonded">Atomic Radius,<br /> non-bonded (Å):</th> <td>2.47</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius">Covalent Radius:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="covalent-radius-non-bonded">Covalent Radius (Å):</th> <td>2.01</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="van-der-waals-radius">Van der Waals Radius:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="oxidation-states">Oxidation States:</th> <td>3 (neutral oxide)</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="phase">Phase:</th> <td>Solid</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="crystal-structure">Crystal Structure:</th> <td>Cubic</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="magnetic-ordering">Magnetic Ordering:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="electron-affinity">Electron Affinity (kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup>)</th> <td>33.77</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="1-ionization">1<sup>st</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>499 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="2-ionization">2<sup>nd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>1170 kJ·mol<sup>-1</sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th id="3-ionization">3<sup>rd</sup> Ionization Energy:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion3"> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#identifiers">Identifiers<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="identifiers"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="cas-number">CAS Number:</th> <td>7440-34-8</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="ec-number">EC Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="mdl-number">MDL Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="beilstein-number">Beilstein Number:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="smile-id">SMILES Identifier:</th> <td>[Ac]</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-id">InChI Identifier:</th> <td>InChI=1S/Ac</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="inchi-key">InChI Key:</th> <td>QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="pubchem-cid">PubChem CID:</th> <td>23965</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="chemspider-id">ChemSpider ID:</th> <td>22404</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#abundance">Abundance<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="abundance"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th class="abundance" id="earth-total">Earth - Total:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="mercury-total">Mercury - Total:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="venus-total">Venus - Total:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-weight">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-seawater-atoms">Earth - Seawater (Oceans), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-weight">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-earth-crust-atoms">Earth - Crust (Crustal Rocks), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-weight">Sun - Total, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-sun-atoms">Sun - Total, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-weight">Stream, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-stream-atoms">Stream, ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-weight">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-meterorite-carbonaceous-atoms">Meterorite (Carbonaceous), ppb by atoms:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-weight">Typical Human Body, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-human-body-atoms">Typical Human Body, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-weight">Universe, ppb by weight:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="abundance" id="abundance-universe-atoms">Universe, ppb by atom:</th> <td>N/A</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default properties-panel"> <div class="panel-heading active-collapsible"> <a data-toggle="collapse" class="activate-panel" href="#history">History<span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span></a> </div> <div class="panel-collapse collapse" id="history"> <table class="table properties-table" > <tr> <th id="discovered">Discovered By:</th> <td>André-Louis Debierne</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="discovery-date">Discovery Date:</th> <td>1899</td> </tr> <tr> <th id="first-isolation">First Isolation:</th> <td>Carl Gustaf Mosander (1839)</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="isotopes" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3"> <h2>Actinium Isotopes</h2> <p>Actinium has no stable isotopes.</p> <table class="isotopes-table"> <tr> <th scope="col" id="nuclide">Nuclide</th> <th scope="col" id="mass">Isotopic Mass</th> <th scope="col" id="half-life">Half-Life</th> <th scope="col" id="decay">Mode of Decay</th> <th scope="col" id="nuclear-spin">Nuclear Spin</th> <th scope="col" id="magnetic-moment">Magnetic Moment</th> <th scope="col" id="binding-energy">Binding Energy (MeV)</th> <th scope="col" id="natural-abundance">Natural Abundance<br /> (% by atom)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>206</sup>Ac</th> <td>206.01450(8)</td> <td>25(7) ms</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>(3+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1555.03</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>207</sup>Ac</th> <td>207.01195(6)</td> <td>31(8) ms [27(+11-6) ms]</td> <td>a to <sup>203</sup>Fr</td> <td>9/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1563.11</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>208</sup>Ac</th> <td>208.01155(6)</td> <td>97(16) ms [95(+24-16) ms]</td> <td>a to <sup>204</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>208</sup>Ra</td> <td>(3+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1571.19</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>209</sup>Ac</th> <td>209.00949(5)</td> <td>92(11) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>205</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>209</sup>Ra</td> <td>(9/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1588.59</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>210</sup>Ac</th> <td>210.00944(6)</td> <td>350(40) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>206</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>210</sup>Ra</td> <td>7+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1596.66</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>211</sup>Ac</th> <td>211.00773(8)</td> <td>213(25) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>207</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>211</sup>Ra</td> <td>9/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1604.74</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>212</sup>Ac</th> <td>212.00781(7)</td> <td>920(50) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>208</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>212</sup>Ra</td> <td>6+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1612.82</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>213</sup>Ac</th> <td>213.00661(6)</td> <td>731(17) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>209</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>213</sup>Ra</td> <td>(9/2-)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1620.9</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>214</sup>Ac</th> <td>214.006902(24)</td> <td>8.2(2) s</td> <td>a to <sup>210</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>214</sup>Ra</td> <td>(5+)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1628.98</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>215</sup>Ac</th> <td>215.006454(23)</td> <td>0.17(1) s</td> <td>a to <sup>211</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>215</sup>Ra</td> <td>9/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1637.06</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>216</sup>Ac</th> <td>216.008720(29)</td> <td>0.440(16) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>212</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>216</sup>Ra</td> <td>(1-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1645.14</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>217</sup>Ac</th> <td>217.009347(14)</td> <td>69(4) ns</td> <td>a to <sup>213</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>217</sup>Ra</td> <td>9/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1653.22</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>218</sup>Ac</th> <td>218.01164(5)</td> <td>1.08(9) µs</td> <td>a to <sup>214</sup>Fr</td> <td>(1-)#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1651.98</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>219</sup>Ac</th> <td>219.01242(5)</td> <td>11.8(15) µs</td> <td>a to <sup>215</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>219</sup>Ra</td> <td>9/2-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1660.06</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>220</sup>Ac</th> <td>220.014763(16)</td> <td>26.36(19) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>216</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>220</sup>Ra</td> <td>(3-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1668.14</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>221</sup>Ac</th> <td>221.01559(5)</td> <td>52(2) ms</td> <td>a to <sup>217</sup>Fr</td> <td>9/2-#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1676.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>222</sup>Ac</th> <td>222.017844(6)</td> <td>5.0(5) s</td> <td>a to <sup>218</sup>Fr; ß<sup>+</sup> to <sup>222</sup>Ra</td> <td>1-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1684.29</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>223</sup>Ac</th> <td>223.019137(8)</td> <td>2.10(5) min</td> <td>a to <sup>219</sup>Fr; EC to <sup>223</sup>Ra</td> <td>(5/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1692.37</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>224</sup>Ac</th> <td>224.021723(4)</td> <td>2.78(17) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>224</sup>Th; a to <sup>220</sup>Fr; EC to <sup>224</sup>Ra</td> <td>0-</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1691.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>225</sup>Ac</th> <td>225.023230(5)</td> <td>10.0(1) d</td> <td>a to <sup>221</sup>Fr</td> <td>(3/2-)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1699.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>226</sup>Ac</th> <td>226.026098(4)</td> <td>29.37(12) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>226</sup>Th; a to <sup>222</sup>Fr; EC to <sup>226</sup>Ra</td> <td>(1)(-#)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1707.29</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>227</sup>Ac</th> <td>227.0277521(26)</td> <td>21.772(3) y</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>227</sup>Th; a to <sup>224</sup>Fr</td> <td>3/2-</td> <td>1.1</td> <td>1715.37</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>228</sup>Ac</th> <td>228.0310211(27)</td> <td>6.15(2) h</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>228</sup>Th</td> <td>3+</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1714.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>229</sup>Ac</th> <td>229.03302(4)</td> <td>62.7(5) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>229</sup>Th</td> <td>(3/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1722.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>230</sup>Ac</th> <td>230.03629(32)</td> <td>122(3) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>230</sup>Th</td> <td>(1+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1730.29</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>231</sup>Ac</th> <td>231.03856(11)</td> <td>7.5(1) min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>231</sup>Th</td> <td>(1/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1738.37</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>232</sup>Ac</th> <td>232.04203(11)</td> <td>119(5) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>232</sup>Th</td> <td>(1+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1737.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>233</sup>Ac</th> <td>233.04455(32)#</td> <td>145(10) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>233</sup>Th</td> <td>(1/2+)</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1745.21</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>234</sup>Ac</th> <td>234.04842(43)#</td> <td>44(7) s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>234</sup>Th</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1753.29</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>235</sup>Ac</th> <td>235.05123(38)#</td> <td>40# s</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>235</sup>Th</td> <td>1/2+#</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1752.05</td> <td>-</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"> <sup>236</sup>Ac</th> <td>236.05530(54)#</td> <td>2# min</td> <td>ß<sup>-</sup> to <sup>236</sup>Th</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>1760.13</td> <td>-</td> </tr> </table> 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