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Oxidative Phosphorylation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electron_Transport_Chain_and_Oxidative_Phosphorylation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Iron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_molecules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_molecules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Surface molecules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_molecules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opa_Proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opa_Proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Opa Proteins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opa_Proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_IV_Pili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_IV_Pili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Type IV Pili </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_IV_Pili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipooligosaccharide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipooligosaccharide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Lipooligosaccharide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipooligosaccharide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antigenic_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigenic_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Antigenic variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigenic_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Phase variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival_of_gonococci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_of_gonococci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Survival of gonococci </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_of_gonococci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Genome </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genome subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horizontal_gene_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_gene_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Horizontal gene transfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_gene_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Disease </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disease-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Disease subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Symptoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Male" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Male </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Female </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neonates_(perinatal_infection)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neonates_(perinatal_infection)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Neonates (perinatal infection) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neonates_(perinatal_infection)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Infection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Laboratory diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Vaccine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antibiotic_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotic_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Antibiotic resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotic_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serum_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serum_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Serum resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serum_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Name origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonokokkus" title="Gonokokkus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gonokokkus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نيسرية بنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيسرية بنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonococ" title="Gonococ – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gonococ" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8A%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ναϊσσέρια της γονόρροιας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναϊσσέρια της γονόρροιας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A2" title="نایسریا گونوره‌آ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نایسریا گونوره‌آ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EA%B7%A0" title="임균 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="임균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="გონოკოკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გონოკოკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonokoks" title="Gonokoks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gonokoks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نيسريه بنيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيسريه بنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E8%8F%8C" title="淋菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="淋菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonokokk" title="Gonokokk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gonokokk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwoinka_rze%C5%BC%C4%85czki" title="Dwoinka rzeżączki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dwoinka rzeżączki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA" title="Гонококк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гонококк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonokokki" title="Gonokokki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gonokokki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonokocker" title="Gonokocker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gonokocker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Гонококкҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гонококкҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Гонокок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гонокок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" title="淋球菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="淋球菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bacterium</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)">Neisseria gonorrhoeae </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Gonococcal_urethritis_PHIL_4085_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gram-stain of gonococcal urethritis. Note distribution in neutrophils and presence of both intracellular and extracellular bacteria. (CDC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gonococcal_urethritis_PHIL_4085_lores.jpg/220px-Gonococcal_urethritis_PHIL_4085_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gonococcal_urethritis_PHIL_4085_lores.jpg/330px-Gonococcal_urethritis_PHIL_4085_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gonococcal_urethritis_PHIL_4085_lores.jpg/440px-Gonococcal_urethritis_PHIL_4085_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="2376" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-stain">Gram-stain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gonococcal_urethritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonococcal urethritis">gonococcal urethritis</a>. Note distribution in <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> and presence of both <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> bacteria. (<a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Neisseria" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betaproteobacteria" title="Betaproteobacteria">Betaproteobacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neisseriaceae" title="Neisseriaceae">Neisseriales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neisseriaceae" title="Neisseriaceae">Neisseriaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neisseria" title="Neisseria">Neisseria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">N. gonorrhoeae</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Neisseria gonorrhoeae <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Zopf" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf">Zopf</a> 1885) <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Benedetto_Antonio_Trevisan_de_Saint-L%C3%A9on" title="Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon">Trevisan</a> 1885<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Micrococcus der Gonorrhoe <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ludwig_Sigesmund_Neisser" title="Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser">Neisser</a> 1879<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Gonococcus neisseri <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Lindau" title="Arvid Lindau">Lindau</a> 1898</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Neisseria gonorrhoeae, also known as gonococcus (singular) or gonococci (plural), is a species of <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative">Gram-negative</a> <a href="/wiki/Diplococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplococci">diplococci</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> first isolated by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ludwig_Sigesmund_Neisser" title="Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser">Albert Neisser</a> in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-O'Donnell_2009-3">[3]</a> An obligate human pathogen, it primarily colonizes the mucosal lining of the urogenital tract; however, it is also capable of adhering to the mucosa of the nose,<a href="#cite_note-pmid37558089-4">[4]</a> pharynx, rectum, and <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid37711920-5">[5]</a> It causes the <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted</a> genitourinary infection <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> as well as other forms of gonococcal disease including disseminated gonococcemia, <a href="/wiki/Septic_arthritis" title="Septic arthritis">septic arthritis</a>, and gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. N. gonorrhoeae is <a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test" title="Oxidase test">oxidase</a> positive and a <a href="/wiki/Microaerophile" title="Microaerophile">microaerophile</a> that is capable of surviving <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytosis</a> and growing inside <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Culturing</a> it requires carbon dioxide supplementation and enriched agar (<a href="/wiki/Chocolate_agar" title="Chocolate agar">chocolate agar</a>) with various antibiotics (<a href="/wiki/Thayer%E2%80%93Martin_agar" title="Thayer–Martin agar">Thayer–Martin</a>). It exhibits <a href="/wiki/Antigenic_variation" title="Antigenic variation">antigenic variation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Pilus" title="Pilus">pili</a> and surface proteins that interact with the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O'Donnell_2009-3">[3]</a> Sexual transmission is through vaginal, anal, or oral sex.<a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2017-7">[7]</a> Sexual transmission may be prevented through the use of barrier protection.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-8">[8]</a> Perinatal transmission may occur during childbirth, though it is preventable through antibiotic treatment of the mother before birth and application of antibiotic eye gel on the eyes of the newborn.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-8">[8]</a> Gonococcal infections do not result in protective immunity; therefore, individuals may be infected multiple times. Reinfection is possible due to N. gonorrhoeae's ability to evade the immune system by varying its surface proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> Asymptomatic infection is common in both males and females.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Untreated infection may spread to the rest of the body (disseminated gonorrhea infection), especially the joints (septic arthritis). Untreated infection in women may cause <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">pelvic inflammatory disease</a> and possible infertility due to the resulting scarring.<a href="#cite_note-Lev13th2-11">[11]</a> Gonorrhoea is diagnosed through <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">cultures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram staining</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_test" title="Nucleic acid test">nucleic acid tests</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a>) of urine samples, urethral swabs, or cervical swabs.<a href="#cite_note-Ng_2005-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gonococcal_Infections_2018-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">Chlamydia</a> co-testing and testing for other STIs is recommended due to high rates of co-infection.<a href="#cite_note-Humana_Press_2012-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance_in_gonorrhea" title="Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea">Antibiotic resistance in N. gonorrhoeae</a> is a growing public health concern, especially given its propensity to develop resistance easily.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> This ability of N. gonorrhoeae to rapidly adapt to novel antimicrobial treatments has been seen several times since the 1930s, making numerous treatment plans obsolete. Some strains have exhibited resistance to the current ceftriaxone treatments.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microbiology">Microbiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Microbiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg/220px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg/330px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg/440px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_with_pus_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>A Gram stain of a urethral exudate showing typical intracellular Gram-negative diplococci, which is diagnostic for gonococcal urethritis<a href="#cite_note-pmid33929174-17">[17]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Neisseria" title="Neisseria">Neisseria</a> species are <a href="/wiki/Fastidious" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastidious">fastidious</a>, Gram-negative cocci (though some species are rod-shaped and occur in pairs or short chains) that require nutrient supplementation to grow in laboratory cultures.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> They are facultative intracellular pathogens, meaning they are able to persist and colonize within host cells but can also multiply outside the host cellular environment.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yeshanew_2018-21">[21]</a> They typically appear in pairs (diplococci), resembling the shape of coffee beans.<a href="#cite_note-Yeshanew_2018-21">[21]</a> Members of this genus do not form endospores and are nonmotile, with the exception of pathogenic species, which capable of moving using <a href="/wiki/Twitching_motility" title="Twitching motility">twitching motility</a>;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> most are also <a href="/wiki/Obligate_aerobe" title="Obligate aerobe">obligate aerobes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Of the 17 species that colonize humans, only two are pathogenic: N. gonorrhoeae, which causes gonorrhea, and <a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">N. meningitidis</a>, a leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial meningitis">bacterial meningitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid32534649-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_identification">Culture and identification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture and identification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png/220px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png/330px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png/440px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_01.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Thayer–Martin agar is selective for growth of Neisseria species. Further testing (oxidase, carbohydrate use and pcr) can be used to differentiate N. gonorrhoeae from N. meningitidis.q</figcaption></figure> N. gonorrhoeae can be isolated on <a href="/wiki/Thayer%E2%80%93Martin_agar" title="Thayer–Martin agar">Thayer–Martin agar</a> (or VPN) agar in an atmosphere enriched with 3-7% carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-Ng_2005-12">[12]</a> Thayer–Martin agar is a chocolate <a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">agar plate</a> (heated blood agar) containing nutrients and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antimicrobials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colistin" title="Colistin">colistin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nystatin" title="Nystatin">nystatin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim" title="Trimethoprim">trimethoprim</a>). This agar preparation facilitates the growth of Neisseria species while inhibiting the growth of contaminating bacteria and fungi. Martin Lewis and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_agar" title="New York City agar">New York City agar</a> are other types of selective chocolate agar commonly used for Neisseria growth.<a href="#cite_note-Ng_2005-12">[12]</a> N. gonorrhoeae is <a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test" title="Oxidase test">oxidase</a> positive (possessing cytochrome c oxidase) and <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a> positive (able to convert hydrogen peroxide to oxygen).<a href="#cite_note-Ng_2005-12">[12]</a> When incubated with the carbohydrates lactose, <a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">maltose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, N. gonorrhoeae will oxidize only the glucose.<a href="#cite_note-Ng_2005-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon">Carbon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Carbon">edit</a>]</div> Unlike other Neisseria species that can also metabolize maltose, N. gonorrhoeae is capable of using only glucose, pyruvate, and lactate as central carbon sources, and glucose is catabolized via both the <a href="/wiki/Entner%E2%80%93Doudoroff_pathway" title="Entner–Doudoroff pathway">Entner-Doudoroff</a> (ED) and <a href="/wiki/Pentose_phosphate_pathway" title="Pentose phosphate pathway">pentose phosphate</a> (PP) pathways,and the ED pathway is the primary oxidative method.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morse_1980-27">[27]</a> Use of these pathways is necessary as N. gonorrhoeae is incapable of glucose catabolism via the <a href="/wiki/Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway">Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas</a> (EMP) pathway due its lack of the phosphofructokinase (PFK) gene; however, the fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase enzyme is present to allow for <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> to occur.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a> Glucose is first metabolized through the ED pathway to produce pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the latter of which can then further metabolized by enzymes of the EMP pathway to yield another molecule of pyruvate.<a href="#cite_note-Morse_1974-28">[28]</a> The resultant pyruvate molecules are then converted into <a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a>, which can then be incorporated as a substrate for the <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle" title="Citric acid cycle">citric acid cycle</a> (CAC) to yield high-energy electron carriers that will be used by the <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chain</a> (ETC) for ATP production; however, the CAC is largely used for generating biosynthetic precursors rather than for catabolic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hebeler_1976-29">[29]</a> This is due in part to inhibited expression of several CAC enzymes in the presence of glucose, pyruvate, or lactate. These enzymes, namely <a href="/wiki/Citrate_synthase" title="Citrate synthase">citrate synthase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aconitase" title="Aconitase">aconitase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isocitrate_dehydrogenase" title="Isocitrate dehydrogenase">isocitrate dehydrogenase</a>, are needed for the incorporation of acetate. Instead, a partial CAC has been observed, where α-ketoglutarate is formed by <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase">glutamate dehydrogenase</a> or transamination of oxaloacetate and glutamate by <a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">aspartate aminotransferase</a> (yielding aspartate and α-ketoglutarate).<a href="#cite_note-Morse_1980-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hebeler_1976-29">[29]</a> The CAC then continues from there to yield oxaloacetate, which is an important precursor molecule for a number of biosynthetic pathways.<a href="#cite_note-Hebeler_1976-29">[29]</a> Another differentiating aspect of the gonococcal CAC is the lack of malate dehydrogenase, which is instead replaced by a membrane-bound malate:quinone-oxidoreductase that operates independently of NAD+ by directly transferring electrons to ubiquinone.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a> Conversely, acetyl-CoA that does not enter the CAC but enters the <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_acetyltransferase" title="Phosphate acetyltransferase">phosphotransacetylase</a>-<a href="/wiki/Acetate_kinase" title="Acetate kinase">acetate kinase</a> (PTA-AckA) pathway, where it can be converted into acetate by phosphorylation (to form acetyl phosphate and release coenzyme A) and dephosphorylation to form ATP.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> While this acetate can enter the CAC for further oxidation, this does not occur so long as other carbon sources such as glucose or lactate are present, in which case it is excreted from the cell or incorporated for lipid synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-Morse_1974-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> N. gonorrhoeae lack the <a href="/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle" title="Glyoxylate cycle">glyoxylate shunt</a>, preventing them from using acetate to form CAC intermediates to replenish the cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Morse_1974-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morse_1980-27">[27]</a> A significant portion of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate formed in gonococci is recycled via the gluconeogenic pathway to reform glucose 6-phosphate, as well as the intermediate fructose 6-phosphate. Both of these can then be used for pentose synthesis in the PP pathway via the oxidative and non-oxidative pathways, respectively, for subsequent nucleotide formation as well as energy production.<a href="#cite_note-Morse_1980-27">[27]</a> N. gonorrhoeae, like other pathogenic members of the genus Neisseria, are <a href="/wiki/Capnophile" title="Capnophile">capnophiles</a>, meaning they require higher-than-normal concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) to grow , either in the form of CO2 or bicarbonate (HCO3-) depending on the bacterial strain. This requirement must be met exogenously during the lag and stationary growth phases, though it appears to be met through high metabolic CO2 productions in the exponential phase. Assimilation of this CO2 in Neisseria species is done by <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a> and phosphoenolpyruvate enzymes in the periplasmic space and the cytoplasm, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Morse_1980-27">[27]</a> Lactate catabolism is also of particular importance for gonococci, both for pathogenicity and for growth.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a> External lactate is transported in to the cell via lactate permease (LctP).<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a> The N. gonorrhoeae genome encodes for three <a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">lactate dehydrogenase</a> (LDH) enzymes for that allow for metabolism of both L-lactate and D-lactate: a cytoplasmic <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NAD+</a>-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase (LdhA), which is responsible for and two membrane-bound LDHs, one specific to L-lactate (LldD) and the other specific to D-lactate (LdhD).<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atack_2014-32">[32]</a> The membrane-bound LDHs have been determined to be <a href="/wiki/Flavoprotein" title="Flavoprotein">flavoprotein</a>-containing respiratory enzymes that directly oxidize lactate to reduce <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q10" title="Coenzyme Q10">ubiquinone</a>. While these enzymes do not directly pump protons (H+ ions) into the periplasmic space, it is proposed that the reduction of ubiquinone by these enzymes is capable of feeding into the larger ETC.<a href="#cite_note-Atack_2014-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electron_Transport_Chain_and_Oxidative_Phosphorylation">Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation">edit</a>]</div> As an obligate human pathogen and a facultative anaerobic capnophile, Neisseria gonorrhoeae typically colonize mucosal surfaces in microaerobic environments, such as those in the genitourinary tract.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a> Growth in areas where oxygen concentrations are limited requires a terminal oxidase with a high affinity for oxygen; in gonococci, oxygen reduction is performed by a ccb3 -type cytochrome oxidase. In addition to aerobic respiration, gonococci can also perform anaerobic respiration via the reduction of nitrite (NO2) to nitric oxide (NO) as well as reduction of NO to nitrous oxide (N2O).<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li_2010-33">[33]</a> There are several enzymes that contribute electrons to the intramembranous ubiquinone pool, the first step in the ETC. These include the membrane bound LDHs (LldD and LdhD), <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_complex_I" title="Respiratory complex I">NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase</a> (aka NADH dehydrogenase; Nuo complex I), Na+-translocating NADH dehydrogenase (Nqr), <a href="/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase" title="Succinate dehydrogenase">succinate dehydrogenase</a> (SDH), and the membrane-bound NAD+-independent malate:quinone-oxidoreductase (MqR).<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a> Following the initial transfer of electrons to ubiquinone, proposed schematics for the organization of the gonococcal ETC suggest the electrons can be further passed down the chain by reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme_Q_%E2%80%93_cytochrome_c_reductase" title="Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase">cytochrome bc1 complex</a> or can be directly transferred to NO as a terminal electron acceptor by <a href="/wiki/Nitric-oxide_reductase" title="Nitric-oxide reductase">NO reductase</a> (NorB).<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aspholm_2010-34">[34]</a> In the case of the former, electrons can then be passed from the bc1 complex along two alternative pathways via the reduction of either cytochrome c4 or c5. Both of these cytochromes transfer electrons to the terminal cytochrome ccb3 oxidase for the reduction of O2 to form H2O under aerobic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li_2010-33">[33]</a> Gonococci are also reduce NO2 via an inducible outer membrane-attached copper-containing <a href="/wiki/Nitrite_reductase" title="Nitrite reductase">nitrite reductase</a> (AniA, a member of the NirK protein family) under anaerobic conditions, though this process has also been noted in microaerobic conditions as a means of supplementing growth.<a href="#cite_note-Aspholm_2010-34">[34]</a> This leads to the formation of NO that is subsequently reduced to N2O in a partial denitrification pathway.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li_2010-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aspholm_2010-34">[34]</a> The ccb3 oxidase of N. gonorrhoeae, dissimilarly to other members of the Neisseria genus, is a tri-heme protein that can transfer electrons not only to O2 (conserved across Neisseria species) but also to AniA for NO2 reduction. This is in addition to the typical process of receiving electrons transferred from cytochrome c5.<a href="#cite_note-Aspholm_2010-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The general purpose of the ETC is the formation of the electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (H+ or protons), resulting from concentration differences across the plasma membrane, needed to power ATP production in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In gonococci, movement of protons into the periplasmic space is accomplished by the Nuo complex I, the cytochrome bc1 complex, and cytochrome ccb3.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aspholm_2010-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Subsequently, ATP synthesis is performed by the <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">F1F0 ATP synthase</a>, a two-part protein complex present in gonococci as well as numerous other species across phylogenetic domains.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> This complex couples proton translocation back into the cytoplasm along its gradient with mechanical rotation to generate ATP.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron">Iron</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iron">edit</a>]</div> The general purpose of the ETC is the formation of the electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (H+ or protons), resulting from concentration differences across the plasma membrane, needed to power ATP production in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In gonococci, movement of protons into the periplasmic space is accomplished by the Nuo complex I, the cytochrome bc1 complex, and cytochrome ccb3.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aspholm_2010-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Subsequently, ATP synthesis is performed by the <a href="/wiki/ATP_synthase" title="ATP synthase">F1F0 ATP synthase</a>, a two-part protein complex present in gonococci as well as numerous other species across phylogenetic domains.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This complex couples proton translocation back into the cytoplasm along its gradient with mechanical rotation to generate ATP.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> To acquire the necessary iron, gonococci produce TonB-dependent transporters (TDTs) on the surface of their outer membrane that are able to directly extract iron, along with other metals, from their respective carrier proteins. Some of these include transferrin binding proteins A (TbpA) and B (TbpB), lactoferrin-binding proteins A (LbpA) and B (LbpB), and hemoglobin/hemoglobin-haptoglobin binding proteins HpuB and HpuA.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stoudenmire_2022-44">[44]</a> In addition to these proteins, gonococci are also capable of using <a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">siderophores</a>, or compounds that are capable of chelating iron in the environment, that are produced by other bacteria; however, gonococcal cells are incapable of synthesizing siderophores themselves. These xenosiderophores are taken up by the TDT FetA through the outer membrane and then brought into the cell by the fetBCDEF transporter system.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stoudenmire_2022-44">[44]</a> Along with the sequestration defence that can be further upregulated by host inflammation, humans also produce <a href="/wiki/Siderocalin" title="Siderocalin">siderocalins</a> that are able to chelate siderophores to as a further method of inhibiting pathogenic bacterial growth. These are sometimes ineffective against N. gonorrhoeae, which is able to colonize intracellularly, particularly in phagocytic cells such as <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and neutrophils. Increases in host intracellular iron also down regulates some of the intracellular pathogen-killing mechanisms; coincidentally, pathogenic Neisseria are able to alter several host cell mechanisms that ultimately allow the pathogen to take most of the available iron away from the host immune cell.<a href="#cite_note-Stoudenmire_2022-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_molecules">Surface molecules</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surface molecules">edit</a>]</div> On its surface, N. gonorrhoeae bears hair-like <a href="/wiki/Pilus" title="Pilus">pili</a>, surface proteins with various functions, and sugars called <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">lipooligosaccharide</a>. The pili mediate adherence, movement, and DNA exchange. The opacity-associated (Opa) proteins interact with the immune system, as do the <a href="/wiki/Porin_(protein)" title="Porin (protein)">porins</a>. Lipooligosaccharide is an <a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">endotoxin</a> that provokes an immune response. All of these are <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigenic</a> and exhibit <a href="/wiki/Antigenic_variation" title="Antigenic variation">antigenic variation</a>. The pili, Opa proteins, porins, and even the lipooligosaccharide have mechanisms to inhibit the immune response, making asymptomatic infection possible.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2004-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opa_Proteins">Opa Proteins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opa Proteins">edit</a>]</div> Phase-variable opacity-associated (Opa) adhesin proteins are used by N. gonorrhoeae as part of evading immune response in a host cell. At least 12 Opa proteins are known and the many variations of surface proteins make recognizing N. gonorrhoeae and mounting a defense by immune cells more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Opa proteins are in the outer membrane and facilitate a response when the bacteria interacts with a variety of host cells. These proteins bind to various epithelial cells, and allow N. gonorrhoeae to increase the length of infection as well as increase the amount of invasion into other host cells.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_IV_Pili">Type IV Pili</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Type IV Pili">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg/511px-Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="511" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg/767px-Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg/1022px-Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Neisseria gonorrhoeae use their type IV pili as a motility structure. These are the steps for the type IV pilus twitching motility mechanism.</figcaption></figure> Dynamic <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> protein filaments called <a href="/wiki/Type_IV_pilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Type IV pilus">type IV pili</a> allow N. gonorrhoeae to do many bacterial processes including adhesion to surfaces, transformation competence, twitching motility, and immune response evasions.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a> To enter the host the bacteria uses the pili to adhere to and penetrate mucosal surfaces. The pili are a pivotal <a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">virulence factor</a> for N. gonorrhoeae; without them, the bacterium is unable to promote colonization.<a href="#cite_note-Hu_2020-48">[48]</a> For motility, individual bacteria use their pili in a manner that resembles a grappling hook: first, they are extended from the cell surface and attach to a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a>. Subsequent pilus retraction drags the cell forward. The resulting movement is referred to as twitching motility. N. gonorrhoeae is able to pull 100,000 times its own weight,<a href="#cite_note-Merz_2000-49">[49]</a> and the pili used to do so are amongst the strongest biological motors known to date, exerting one <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">nanonewton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merz_2000-49">[49]</a> The PilF and PilT <a href="/wiki/ATPase" title="ATPase">ATPase</a> proteins are responsible for powering the extension and retraction of the type IV pilus, respectively. The adhesive functions of the gonococcal pilus play a role in <a href="/wiki/Microcolony" title="Microcolony">microcolony</a> aggregation and <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> formation. These pili are also used to avoid immune responses from the cell they are invading by having their type IV pili antigenically vary. The main pilus filament is replaced by variable DNA sequences very frequently.<a href="#cite_note-Green_2022-19">[19]</a> By doing this process rapidly, they are able to create a diversity of pili on their surface and evade the host cell's immune response.<a href="#cite_note-Hu_2020-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lipooligosaccharide">Lipooligosaccharide</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lipooligosaccharide">edit</a>]</div> Lipooligosaccharide is a low-weight version of lipopolysaccharide present on the surfaces of most other Gram-negative bacteria. It is a sugar (saccharide) side chain attached to lipid A (thus "lipo-") in the outer membrane coating the cell wall of the bacteria. The root "oligo" refers to the fact that it is a few sugars shorter than the typical lipopolysaccharide.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> As an endotoxin, it provokes inflammation. The shedding of lipooligosaccharide by the bacteria are sometimes responsible for issues associated with pelvic inflammatory disease.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> Although it functions primarily as an endotoxin, lipooligosaccharide may disguise itself with host <a href="/wiki/Sialic_acid" title="Sialic acid">sialic acid</a> and block initiation of the <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement cascade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antigenic_variation">Antigenic variation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antigenic variation">edit</a>]</div> N. gonorrhoeae evades the immune system through a process called <a href="/wiki/Antigenic_variation" title="Antigenic variation">antigenic variation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This process allows N. gonorrhoeae to recombine its genes and alter the <a href="/wiki/Antigenic_determinants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigenic determinants">antigenic determinants</a> that adorn its surface,<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> such as the Type IV pili.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Simply stated, the chemical composition of molecules are changed due to changes at the genetic level.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> N. gonorrhoeae is able to vary the composition of its pili and lipooligosaccharide. Of these, the pili exhibit the most antigenic variation due to chromosomal rearrangement.<a href="#cite_note-Lev13th2-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> The pilS gene is an example of this ability to rearrange, as its combination with the pilE gene is estimated to produce over 100 variants of the PilE protein.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> These changes allow for adjustment to local environmental differences at the site of infection, evasion of recognition by targeted antibodies, and inhibit the formation of an effective vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> In addition to gene rearrangement, it is also <a href="/wiki/Natural_competence" title="Natural competence">naturally competent</a>, meaning it can acquire extracellular DNA from the environment via its type IV pilus, specifically proteins PilQ and PilT.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> These processes allow N. gonorrhoeae to acquire and spread new genes, disguise itself with different surface proteins, and prevent the development of <a href="/wiki/Immunological_memory" title="Immunological memory">immunological memory</a> – an ability which has contributed to antibiotic resistance and impeded vaccine development.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_variation">Phase variation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phase variation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Phase_variation" title="Phase variation">Phase variation</a> is similar to antigenic variation, but instead of changes at the genetic level altering the composition of molecules, these genetic changes result in the activation or deactivation of a gene.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> Phase variation most often arises from a <a href="/wiki/Frameshift_mutation" title="Frameshift mutation">frameshift</a> in the expressed gene.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> The Opa proteins of N. gonorrhoeae rely strictly on phase variation.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> Every time the bacteria replicate, they may switch multiple Opa proteins on or off through <a href="/wiki/Slipped_strand_mispairing" title="Slipped strand mispairing">slipped-strand mispairing</a>. That is, the bacteria introduce frameshift mutations that bring genes in or out of frame. The result is that different Opa genes are translated every time.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> Pili are varied by antigenic variation, but also phase variation.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> Frameshifts occur in both the pilE and pilC genes, effectively turning off the expression of pili in situations when they are not needed, such as during intracellular colonization as opposed to extracellular mucosal cell surface adhesion.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival_of_gonococci">Survival of gonococci</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Survival of gonococci">edit</a>]</div> After gonococci invade and <a href="/wiki/Transcytosis" title="Transcytosis">transcytose</a> the host epithelial cells, they land in the submucosa, where neutrophils promptly consume them.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> The pili and Opa proteins on the surface may interfere with phagocytosis,<a href="#cite_note-Lev13th2-11">[11]</a> but most gonococci end up in neutrophils. The exudates from infected individuals contain many neutrophils with ingested gonococci. Neutrophils release an oxidative burst of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> in their phagosomes to kill the gonococci.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> However, a significant fraction of the gonococci can resist killing through the action of their <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> which breaks down reactive oxygen species and is able to reproduce within the neutrophil phagosomes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30627130-55">[55]</a> The bacterial RecA protein, which mediates repair of DNA damage, plays an important role in gonococcal survival.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> N. gonorrhoeae may replace DNA damaged in neutrophil phagosomes with DNA from neighboring gonococci.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The process in which recipient gonococci integrate DNA from neighboring gonococci into their genome is called transformation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27825443-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_Growth_on_New_York_City_Agar_Plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_Growth_on_New_York_City_Agar_Plate.jpg/220px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_Growth_on_New_York_City_Agar_Plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_Growth_on_New_York_City_Agar_Plate.jpg/330px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_Growth_on_New_York_City_Agar_Plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_Growth_on_New_York_City_Agar_Plate.jpg/440px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_Growth_on_New_York_City_Agar_Plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>The growth of N. gonorrhoeae colonies on New York City agar, a specialized and selective medium for gonococci</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome">Genome</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genome">edit</a>]</div> The genomes of several strains of N. gonorrhoeae have been sequenced. Most of them are about 2.1 Mb in size and encode 2,100 to 2,600 proteins (although most seem to be in the lower range).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> For instance, strain NCCP11945 consists of one circular chromosome (2,232,025 bp) encoding 2,662 predicted <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frames</a> (ORFs) and one <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a> (4,153 bp) encoding 12 predicted ORFs. The estimated coding density over the entire genome is 87%, and the average G+C content is 52.4%, values that are similar to those of strain FA1090. The NCCP11945 genome encodes 54 tRNAs and four copies of 16S-23S-5S rRNA operons.<a href="#cite_note-Chung2008-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horizontal_gene_transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Horizontal gene transfer">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a>, also termed lateral gene transfer, is the sharing of genetic information amongst living organisms.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This transmission of information is a driving force of antibiotic resistance in N. gonorrhoeae.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Spencer-Smith_2016-63">[63]</a> Studies have identified that N. gonorrhoeae has obtained methods of antimicrobial resistance by way of horizontal gene transfer from other Neisseria species including N. lactamica, N. macacae, and N. mucosa. <a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Transformation in N. gonorrhoeae is performed by the type IV pilus, where the DNA is bound and brought into the cell, followed by processing and homologous recombination.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Found in some genomes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the gonococcal genetic island (GGI), a <a href="/wiki/Genomic_island" title="Genomic island">genomic island</a> (GI) specific to gonococci, has been identified as a mobile genetic element that is horizontally acquired.<a href="#cite_note-Cehovin_2017-66">[66]</a> <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> GGI is involved with antimicrobial resistance, transmission of genetic information, and iron acquisition.<a href="#cite_note-Cehovin_2017-66">[66]</a> The genes within the gonococcal genetic island encode for the infamous <a href="/wiki/Type_IV_secretion_system" title="Type IV secretion system">type IV secretion system</a> (T4SS), which is responsible for DNA secretion and is essential for biofilm formation. <a href="#cite_note-Cehovin_2017-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2011, researchers at Northwestern University found evidence of a human DNA fragment in a N. gonorrhoeae genome, the first example of horizontal gene transfer from humans to a bacterial pathogen.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-anderson2011-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease">Disease</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Disease">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonorrhoea">Gonorrhoea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Symptoms">edit</a>]</div> Symptoms of infection with N. gonorrhoeae differ depending on the site of infection and many infections are asymptomatic independent of sex.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2004-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2017-7">[7]</a> Depending on the route of transmission, N. gonorrhoeae may cause infection of the throat (<a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">pharyngitis</a>) or infection of the anus/rectum (<a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">proctitis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lev13th2-11">[11]</a> Disseminated gonococcal infections can occur when N. gonorrhoeae enters the bloodstream, often spreading to the joints and causing a rash (dermatitis-arthritis syndrome).<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a> Dermatitis-arthritis syndrome results in joint pain (<a href="/wiki/Septic_arthritis" title="Septic arthritis">arthritis</a>), tendon inflammation (<a href="/wiki/Tenosynovitis" title="Tenosynovitis">tenosynovitis</a>), and painless non-<a href="/wiki/Pruritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritic">pruritic</a> (non-itchy) <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lev13th2-11">[11]</a> Disseminated infection and pelvic inflammatory disease in women tend to begin after <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menses</a> due to reflux during menses, facilitating spread.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a> In rare cases, disseminated infection may cause infection of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord (<a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>) or infection of the heart valves (<a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">endocarditis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Male">Male</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Male">edit</a>]</div> In symptomatic men, the primary symptom of genitourinary infection is urethritis – burning with urination (<a href="/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria">dysuria</a>), increased urge to urinate, and a <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a>-like (purulent) discharge from the penis. The discharge may be foul smelling.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a> If untreated, scarring of the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a> may result in difficulty urinating. Infection may spread from the urethra in the penis to nearby structures, including the testicles (<a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">epididymitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Orchitis" title="Orchitis">orchitis</a>), or to the prostate (<a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">prostatitis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lev13th2-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female">Female</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Female">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells_in_a_vaginal_swab_(Gram_stain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells_in_a_vaginal_swab_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg/220px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells_in_a_vaginal_swab_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells_in_a_vaginal_swab_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg/330px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells_in_a_vaginal_swab_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells_in_a_vaginal_swab_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg/440px-Neisseria_gonorrhoeae_and_pus_cells_in_a_vaginal_swab_%28Gram_stain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Gram stain of a vaginal swab showing gonococci (in pairs - arrow) inside polymorphonuclear granulocytes</figcaption></figure> In symptomatic women, the primary symptoms of genitourinary infection are increased vaginal discharge, burning with urination (<a href="/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria">dysuria</a>), increased urge to urinate, pain with intercourse, or menstrual abnormalities. <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a> results if N. gonorrhoeae ascends into the pelvic <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallopian tubes">fallopian tubes</a>). The resulting inflammation and scarring of the fallopian tubes can lead to infertility and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a> Pelvic inflammatory disease develops in 10 to 20% of the females infected with N. gonorrhoeae.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neonates_(perinatal_infection)">Neonates (perinatal infection)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neonates (perinatal infection)">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Perinatal_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal infection">perinatal infection</a>, the primary manifestation is infection of the eye (neonatal conjunctivitis or <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis" title="Neonatal conjunctivitis">ophthalmia neonatorum</a>) when the newborn is exposed to N. gonorrhoeae in the birth canal. The eye infection can lead to corneal scarring or perforation, ultimately resulting in blindness. If the newborn is exposed during birth, conjunctivitis occurs within 2–5 days after birth and is severe.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov-73">[73]</a> Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, once common in newborns, is prevented by the application of <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a> (antibiotic) gel to the eyes of babies at birth as a public health measure. Silver nitrate is no longer used in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sherris2-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transmission">edit</a>]</div> N. gonorrhoeae is most often transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal sex; nonsexual transmission is unlikely in adult infection.<a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2017-7">[7]</a> It can also be transmitted to a newborn during passage through the birth canal if the mother has an untreated genitourinary infection. Given the high rate of asymptomatic infection, it is recommended that pregnant women be tested for gonococcal infection prior to birth.<a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2017-7">[7]</a> Communal baths, shared towels or fabrics, rectal thermometers, and improper hand hygiene by caregivers have been identified as potential means of transmission in pediatric settings.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Traditionally, the bacterium was thought to move attached to spermatozoa, but this hypothesis did not explain female to male transmission of the disease. A recent study suggests that rather than "surf" on wiggling <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>, N. gonorrhoeae bacteria use pili to anchor onto proteins in the sperm and move through coital liquid.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2014-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infection">Infection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Infection">edit</a>]</div> Successful transmission is followed by adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a> found at the infected mucosal site by the bacterium's <a href="/wiki/Pilus" title="Pilus">type IV pili</a>. The pili's ability to attach and subsequently retract pulls N. gonorrhoeae towards the epithelial membrane at the surface of the mucosal cell.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> Post attachment, N. gonorrhoeae replicates its genome and divides to form <a href="/wiki/Microcolony" title="Microcolony">microcolonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> Gonococcal infection is sometimes aided by the membrane cofactor protein, CD46, as it has been known to act as a receptor for gonococcal pilus.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2004-45">[45]</a> Additionally, interaction with pili has been shown to cause cytoskeletal rearrangement of the host cell, further demonstrating that gonococcal pili engagement disrupts the response of the host cell and increases the likelihood of successful infection.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2004-45">[45]</a> During growth and colonization, N. gonorrhoeae stimulates the release of <a href="/wiki/Pro-inflammatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-inflammatory">pro-inflammatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemokine" title="Chemokine">chemokines</a> from host immune cells that result in the recruitment of <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> to the area.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocytic cells</a> typically take in foreign pathogens and destroy them, however, N. gonorrhoeae's ability to manipulate the host cell response allows the pathogen to survive within these immune cells and evade elimination.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laboratory_diagnosis">Laboratory diagnosis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Laboratory diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> The primary detection methods for Neisseria gonorrhoeae are <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_test" title="Nucleic acid test">nucleic acid amplification tests</a>, which are the most sensitive techniques available.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer_2020-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Other methods of detection include microscopy and culture.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer_2020-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Transmission is reduced by using latex barriers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dental_dam" title="Dental dam">dental dams</a>) during sex and by limiting sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-CDC-8">[8]</a> Condoms and dental dams should be used during oral and anal sex as well. Spermicides, vaginal foams, and douches are not effective methods for transmission prevention.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaccine">Vaccine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vaccine">edit</a>]</div> A vaccine against N. gonorrhoeae is becoming more necessary due to the growing incidence of cases, increasing <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a>, and its impact on reproductive health.<a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2-79">[79]</a> There are problems that have hampered vaccine development including: the absence of immunity post-infection, exclusively human hosts, and <a href="/wiki/Antigenic_variation" title="Antigenic variation">antigenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phase_variation" title="Phase variation">phase variation</a> of potential vaccine targets.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2024-80">[80]</a> Currently, there are several N. gonorrhoeae vaccines in development including an outer membrane vesicle vaccine.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2024-80">[80]</a> This includes the NGoXIM, the native OMV, and Bexsero/4CMenB vaccine candidates, which are all in the late clinical stages of development.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The creation of a vaccine for N. gonorrhoeae has several potential public health impacts. In one estimate, a vaccine for the heterosexual population given before sexual activity occurs showed that prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae could be reduced by up to 90% after 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2024-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> recommends a single dose of the injectable <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceftriaxone" title="Ceftriaxone">ceftriaxone</a>, as the first line of defense against gonococcal infections.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Individuals weighing less than 150 kg are typically prescribed a ceftriaxone concentration of 500 mg, while individuals who weigh over 150 kg are typically prescribed a dose of 1 g. Although ceftriaxone is not the only cephalosporin that has been effective at treating gonorrhoeae, it is the most advantageous.<a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2-79">[79]</a> In the event of a cephalosporin allergy, the CDC recommends a dual treatment of <a href="/wiki/Gentamicin" title="Gentamicin">gentamicin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">azithromycin</a>. Each drug should be administered as a single dose, with the gentamicin entering intramuscularly at a concentration of 240 mg, along with 2 g of azithromycin taken orally.<a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2-79">[79]</a> If an individual is not allergic to cephalosporins but ceftriaxone is unavailable, an alternative treatment is a single dose of 800 mg cefixime consumed orally.<a href="#cite_note-www.cdc.gov_2-79">[79]</a> In all of these cases, combination therapy and co-treatment for chlamydia is recommended, as simultaneous infections are common.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antibiotic_resistance">Antibiotic resistance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Antibiotic resistance">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance_in_gonorrhea" title="Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea">Antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea</a> was first identified in the 1940s. Gonorrhea was treated with penicillin, but doses had to be progressively increased to remain effective. By the 1970s, penicillin-and tetracycline-resistant gonorrhea emerged in the Pacific Basin. These resistant strains then spread to Hawaii, California, the rest of the United States, Australia and Europe. Fluoroquinolones were the next line of defense, but soon resistance to this antibiotic emerged, as well. Since 2007, standard treatment has been third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone, which are considered to be our "last line of defense".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-blog.advocatesaz.org-85">[85]</a> Recently, a high-level ceftriaxone-resistant strain of gonorrhea called H041 was discovered in Japan. Lab tests found it to be resistant to high concentrations of ceftriaxone, as well as most of the other antibiotics tested. Within N. gonorrhoeae, genes exist that confer resistance to every single antibiotic used to cure gonorrhea, but thus far they do not coexist within a single gonococcus. However, because of N. gonorrhoeae's high affinity for horizontal gene transfer, antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea is seen as an emerging public health threat.<a href="#cite_note-blog.advocatesaz.org-85">[85]</a> Prior to 2007, <a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolone">fluoroquinolones</a> were a common treatment recommendation for gonorrhoeae. The CDC stopped suggesting these systemic bacterial agents once a resistant strain of N. gonorrhoeae emerged in the United States. The removal of fluoroquinolones as a potential treatment left <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a> as the only viable antimicrobial option for gonorrhea treatment. Wary of further gonococcal resistance, the CDC's recommendations shifted in 2010 to a dual therapy strategy--cephalosporin with either <a href="/wiki/Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">azithromycin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a>. Despite these efforts, resistant N. gonorrhoeae had been reported in five continents by 2011, further limiting treatment options and recommendations. Antimicrobial resistance is not universal and N. gonorrhoeae strains in the United States continue to respond to a combination regimen of <a href="/wiki/Ceftriaxone" title="Ceftriaxone">ceftriaxone</a> and azithromycin.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35015033-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serum_resistance">Serum resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Serum resistance">edit</a>]</div> As a Gram negative bacterium, N. gonorrhoeae requires defense mechanisms to protect itself against the <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement system</a> (or complement cascade), whose components are found with human <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards_2004-45">[45]</a> There are three different pathways that activate this system however, they all result in the activation of complement protein 3 (C3).<a href="#cite_note-Janeway_Jr_2001-87">[87]</a> A cleaved portion of this protein, <a href="/wiki/C3b" title="C3b">C3b</a>, is deposited on pathogenic surfaces and results in <a href="/wiki/Opsonin" title="Opsonin">opsonization</a> as well as the downstream activation of the <a href="/wiki/Complement_membrane_attack_complex" title="Complement membrane attack complex">membrane attack complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Janeway_Jr_2001-87">[87]</a> N. gonorrhoeae has several mechanisms to avoid this action.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> As a whole, these mechanisms are referred to as serum resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_origin">Name origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Name origin">edit</a>]</div> Neisseria gonorrhoeae is named for Albert Neisser, who isolated it as the causative agent of the disease gonorrhea in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Donnell_2009-3">[3]</a> Galen (130 AD) coined the term "gonorrhea" from the Greek gonos which means "seed" and rhoe which means "flow".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> Thus, gonorrhea means "flow of seed", a description referring to the white penile discharge, assumed to be semen, seen in male infection.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> In 1878, Albert Neisser isolated and visualized N. gonorrhoeae diplococci in samples of pus from 35 men and women with the classic symptoms of genitourinary infection with gonorrhea – two of whom also had infections of the eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> In 1882, Leistikow and Loeffler were able to grow the organism in culture.<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> Then in 1883, Max Bockhart proved conclusively that the bacterium isolated by Albert Neisser was the causative agent of the disease known as gonorrhea by inoculating the penis of a healthy man with the bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> The man developed the classic symptoms of gonorrhea days after, satisfying the last of <a href="/wiki/Koch%27s_postulates" title="Koch's postulates">Koch's postulates</a>. Until this point, researchers debated whether syphilis and gonorrhea were manifestations of the same disease or two distinct entities.<a href="#cite_note-Singal-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> One such 18th-century researcher, John Hunter, tried to settle the debate in 1767<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a> by inoculating a man with pus taken from a patient with gonorrhea. He erroneously concluded that syphilis and gonorrhea were indeed the same disease when the man developed the copper-colored rash that is classic for syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-Janeway_Jr_2001-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singal-89">[89]</a> Although many sources repeat that Hunter inoculated himself,<a href="#cite_note-Janeway_Jr_2001-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> others have argued that it was in fact another man.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> After Hunter's experiment other scientists sought to disprove his conclusions by inoculating other male physicians, medical students,<a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> and incarcerated men with gonorrheal pus, who all developed the burning and discharge of gonorrhea. One researcher, Ricord, took the initiative to perform 667 inoculations of gonorrheal pus on patients of a mental hospital, with zero cases of syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2016-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quillin_2018-15">[15]</a> Notably, the advent of penicillin in the 1940s made effective treatments for gonorrhea available.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEuzébyParte" class="citation web cs1">Euzéby JP, Parte AC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/neisseria">"Genus Neisseria"</a>. List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 7 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=List+of+Prokaryotic+Names+with+Standing+in+Nomenclature+%28LPSN%29&rft.atitle=Genus+Neisseria&rft.aulast=Euz%C3%A9by&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Parte%2C+AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flpsn.dsmz.de%2Fgenus%2Fneisseria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeisseria+gonorrhoeae" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeisser1879" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neisser A (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/centralblattfrd25unkngoog#page/n503/mode/1up">"Ueber eine der Gonorrhoe eigentümliche Micrococusform"</a> [About a micrococus form peculiar to gonorrhea]. Centralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften (in German). 17 (28): 497–500.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centralblatt+f%C3%BCr+die+medizinischen+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=Ueber+eine+der+Gonorrhoe+eigent%C3%BCmliche+Micrococusform&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=497-500&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Neisser&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcentralblattfrd25unkngoog%23page%2Fn503%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeisseria+gonorrhoeae" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Donnell_2009-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Donnell_2009_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Donnell_2009_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Donnell_2009_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'DonnellGelone2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell JA, Gelone SP (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNlRYSC9gScC&q=Galen+coined+the+term+gonorrhea&pg=PA43">"Bacterial Cause of PID: Gonorrhoeae"</a>. 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Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0159-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0159-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-0159-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bacterial+Cause+of+PID%3A+Gonorrhoeae&rft.btitle=Pelvic+Inflammatory+Disease&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0159-0&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Gelone%2C+SP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNlRYSC9gScC%26q%3DGalen%2Bcoined%2Bthe%2Bterm%2Bgonorrhea%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeisseria+gonorrhoeae" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid37558089-4"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid37558089_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInabaAizawaKataokaSaitoh2023" class="citation journal cs1">Inaba S, Aizawa Y, Kataoka S, Saitoh A (December 2023). "Purulent nasal discharge due to gonococcal nasopharyngitis in a neonate". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 29 (12): 1164–1166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jiac.2023.08.005">10.1016/j.jiac.2023.08.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37558089">37558089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Infection+and+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Purulent+nasal+discharge+due+to+gonococcal+nasopharyngitis+in+a+neonate&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1164-1166&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jiac.2023.08.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37558089&rft.aulast=Inaba&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Aizawa%2C+Y&rft.au=Kataoka%2C+S&rft.au=Saitoh%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeisseria+gonorrhoeae" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid37711920-5"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid37711920_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahapureSingh2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mahapure K, Singh A (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10498933">"A Review of Recent Advances in Our Understanding of Neisseria gonorrhoeae"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cureus" title="Cureus">Cureus</a>. 15 (8): e43464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.43464">10.7759/cureus.43464</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10498933">10498933</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37711920">37711920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cureus&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Recent+Advances+in+Our+Understanding+of+Neisseria+gonorrhoeae&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e43464&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10498933%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37711920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7759%2Fcureus.43464&rft.aulast=Mahapure&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Singh%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10498933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeisseria+gonorrhoeae" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_6-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanRay2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. 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Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2 (2): 110–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25259%2FJSSTD_4_2020">10.25259/JSSTD_4_2020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2582-3175">2582-3175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Skin+and+Sexually+Transmitted+Diseases&rft.atitle=Gonorrhea%3A+Historical+outlook&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-114&rft.date=2020-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25259%2FJSSTD_4_2020&rft.issn=2582-3175&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Predesh+Parasseril&rft.au=Vivekanandan%2C+Vatsan&rft.au=Sobhanakumari%2C+Kunjumani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjsstd.org%2Fgonorrhea-historical-outlook%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPenicillin%2520became%2520the%2520mainstay%2520of%2Ca%2520cure%2520rate%2520of%252098%2525.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeisseria+gonorrhoeae" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria_gonorrhoeae&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q131129" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q131129">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodar" class="citation web cs1">Todar K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/neisseria.html">"Pathogenic Neisseriae: Gonorrhea, Neonatal Ophthalmia and Meningococcal Meningitis"</a>. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Todar%27s+Online+Textbook+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Pathogenic+Neisseriae%3A+Gonorrhea%2C+Neonatal+Ophthalmia+and+Meningococcal+Meningitis&rft.aulast=Todar&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textbookofbacteriology.net%2Fneisseria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeisseria+gonorrhoeae" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218059-overview">Gonorrhea</a> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=485">"Neisseria gonorrhoeae"</a>. NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 485.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI+Taxonomy+Browser&rft.atitle=Neisseria+gonorrhoeae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FBrowser%2Fwwwtax.cgi%3Fmode%3DInfo%26id%3D485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeisseria+gonorrhoeae" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=10470&submit=Search">Type strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template talk:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With epidermal involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li>Tinea (<a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gonococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without epidermal involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li>Erythema (<a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_ab_igne" title="Erythema ab igne">Ab igne</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudomonadota-associated_Gram-negative_bacterial_infections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Template:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Template talk:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudomonadota-associated_Gram-negative_bacterial_infections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a>-associated <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacterial infection">Gram-negative bacterial infections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria" title="Alphaproteobacteria">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiales" title="Rickettsiales">Rickettsiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiaceae" title="Rickettsiaceae">Rickettsiaceae</a>/ (<a href="/wiki/Rickettsiosis" title="Rickettsiosis">Rickettsioses</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_typhi" title="Rickettsia typhi">Rickettsia typhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murine_typhus" title="Murine typhus">Murine typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_prowazekii" title="Rickettsia prowazekii">Rickettsia prowazekii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_fever" title="Spotted fever">Spotted fever</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsii" title="Rickettsia rickettsii">Rickettsia rickettsii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_conorii" title="Rickettsia conorii">Rickettsia conorii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boutonneuse_fever" title="Boutonneuse fever">Boutonneuse fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_japonica" title="Rickettsia japonica">Rickettsia japonica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_sibirica" title="Rickettsia sibirica">Rickettsia sibirica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_australis" title="Rickettsia australis">Rickettsia australis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_honei" title="Rickettsia honei">Rickettsia honei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_africae" title="Rickettsia africae">Rickettsia africae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_parkeri" title="Rickettsia parkeri">Rickettsia parkeri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii">Rickettsia aeschlimannii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection">Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Mite#Clinical_significance" title="Mite">Mite-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_akari" title="Rickettsia akari">Rickettsia akari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientia_tsutsugamushi" title="Orientia tsutsugamushi">Orientia tsutsugamushi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Flea#Fleas_as_a_vector" title="Flea">Flea-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_felis" title="Rickettsia felis">Rickettsia felis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Anaplasmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaplasmataceae">Anaplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis" title="Ehrlichiosis">Ehrlichiosis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anaplasma_phagocytophilum" title="Anaplasma phagocytophilum">Anaplasma phagocytophilum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis" title="Human granulocytic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytic anaplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaplasmosis" title="Anaplasmosis">Anaplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_chaffeensis" title="Ehrlichia chaffeensis">Ehrlichia chaffeensis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_ewingii" title="Ehrlichia ewingii">Ehrlichia ewingii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Hyphomicrobiales" title="Hyphomicrobiales">Hyphomicrobiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Brucellaceae" title="Brucellaceae">Brucellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brucella_abortus" title="Brucella abortus">Brucella abortus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bartonella" title="Bartonella">Bartonellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartonellosis" title="Bartonellosis">Bartonellosis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bartonella_henselae" title="Bartonella henselae">Bartonella henselae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_quintana" title="Bartonella quintana">Bartonella quintana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Either B. henselae or B. quintana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_bacilliformis" title="Bartonella bacilliformis">Bartonella bacilliformis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion%27s_disease" title="Carrion's disease">Carrion's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betaproteobacteria" title="Betaproteobacteria">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Neisseriaceae" title="Neisseriaceae">Neisseriales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_disease" title="Meningococcal disease">Meningococcal disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterhouse%E2%80%93Friderichsen_syndrome" title="Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome">Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_septicaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcal septicaemia">Meningococcal septicaemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue">ungrouped:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eikenella_corrodens" title="Eikenella corrodens">Eikenella corrodens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kingella_kingae" title="Kingella kingae">Kingella kingae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum" title="Chromobacterium violaceum">Chromobacterium violaceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Burkholderiales" title="Burkholderiales">Burkholderiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomallei">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei" title="Burkholderia mallei">Burkholderia mallei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex" title="Burkholderia cepacia complex">Burkholderia cepacia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordetella_pertussis" title="Bordetella pertussis">Bordetella pertussis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bordetella_parapertussis" title="Bordetella parapertussis">Bordetella parapertussis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">Pertussis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria" title="Gammaproteobacteria">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae" title="Enterobacteriaceae">Enterobacteriales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test#OX−" title="Oxidase test">OX−</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac+" title="MacConkey agar">Lac+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella pneumoniae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis" title="Klebsiella granulomatis">Klebsiella granulomatis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_oxytoca" title="Klebsiella oxytoca">Klebsiella oxytoca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Enterotoxigenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroinvasive_Escherichia_coli" title="Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli">Enteroinvasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli">Enterohemorrhagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4">O104:H4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic-uremic syndrome">Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_aerogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobacter aerogenes">Enterobacter aerogenes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_cloacae" title="Enterobacter cloacae">Enterobacter cloacae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Slow" title="MacConkey agar">Slow/weak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serratia_marcescens" title="Serratia marcescens">Serratia marcescens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serratia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratia infection">Serratia infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_koseri" title="Citrobacter koseri">Citrobacter koseri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_freundii" title="Citrobacter freundii">Citrobacter freundii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac−" title="MacConkey agar">Lac−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_sulfite_agar" title="Bismuth sulfite agar">H2S+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">Typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever" title="Paratyphoid fever">Paratyphoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue">H2S−</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shigella_dysenteriae" title="Shigella dysenteriae">Shigella dysenteriae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_sonnei" title="Shigella sonnei">sonnei</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_flexneri" title="Shigella flexneri">flexneri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_boydii" title="Shigella boydii">boydii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery" title="Bacillary dysentery">Bacillary dysentery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis" title="Proteus mirabilis">Proteus mirabilis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Proteus_vulgaris" title="Proteus vulgaris">Proteus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_enterocolitica" title="Yersinia enterocolitica">Yersinia enterocolitica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yersiniosis" title="Yersiniosis">Yersiniosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis" title="Yersinia pseudotuberculosis">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_scarlet-like_fever" title="Far East scarlet-like fever">Far East scarlet-like fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae" title="Pasteurellaceae">Pasteurellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus" title="Haemophilus">Haemophilus</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">H. influenzae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_meningitis" title="Haemophilus meningitis">Haemophilus meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_purpuric_fever" title="Brazilian purpuric fever">Brazilian purpuric fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi" title="Haemophilus ducreyi">H. ducreyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_parainfluenzae" title="Haemophilus parainfluenzae">H. parainfluenzae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pasteurella_multocida" title="Pasteurella multocida">Pasteurella multocida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillus" title="Actinobacillus">Actinobacillus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillosis" title="Actinobacillosis">Actinobacillosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Aggregatibacter_actinomycetemcomitans" title="Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans">Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Legionellales" title="Legionellales">Legionellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Legionella_longbeachae" title="Legionella longbeachae">Legionella longbeachae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii" title="Coxiella burnetii">Coxiella burnetii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Thiotrichales" title="Thiotrichales">Thiotrichales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">Tularemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Vibrionaceae" title="Vibrionaceae">Vibrionaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_parahaemolyticus" title="Vibrio parahaemolyticus">Vibrio parahaemolyticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_alginolyticus" title="Vibrio alginolyticus">Vibrio alginolyticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesiomonas_shigelloides" title="Plesiomonas shigelloides">Plesiomonas shigelloides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadales" title="Pseudomonadales">Pseudomonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_infection" title="Pseudomonas infection">Pseudomonas infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acinetobacter_baumannii" title="Acinetobacter baumannii">Acinetobacter baumannii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae" title="Xanthomonadaceae">Xanthomonadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenotrophomonas_maltophilia" title="Stenotrophomonas maltophilia">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacteriaceae" title="Cardiobacteriaceae">Cardiobacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacterium_hominis" title="Cardiobacterium hominis">Cardiobacterium hominis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Aeromonadales" title="Aeromonadales">Aeromonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_hydrophila" title="Aeromonas hydrophila">Aeromonas hydrophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_veronii" title="Aeromonas veronii">Aeromonas veronii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection">Aeromonas infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">ε</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Campylobacterales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterales" title="Campylobacterales">Campylobacterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">Campylobacteriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">Gastric cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cinaedi" title="Helicobacter cinaedi">Helicobacter cinaedi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis">Helicobacter cellulitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BacDive" title="BacDive">BacDive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/10470">10470</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4655M">4655M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/974457">974457</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3220217">3220217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/570711">570711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11068173">11068173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=964012">964012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/neisseria-gonorrhoeae">neisseria-gonorrhoeae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=485">485</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/04128909-4755-468c-8633-e0c5eea2276c">04128909-4755-468c-8633-e0c5eea2276c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=286811">286811</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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