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id="toc-Comparative_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Comparative table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcription_vs._transliteration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcription_vs._transliteration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transcription vs. transliteration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcription_vs._transliteration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Tiberian_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Tiberian_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use of Tiberian principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_of_Tiberian_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use of Tiberian principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Tiberian_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_transliteration_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_transliteration_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Additional transliteration principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_transliteration_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanitzaci%C3%B3_de_l%27hebreu" title="Romanització de l'hebreu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romanització de l'hebreu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_de_l%27h%C3%A9breu" title="Transcription de l'hébreu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transcription de l'hébreu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisasi_bahasa_Ibrani" title="Latinisasi bahasa Ibrani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latinisasi bahasa Ibrani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ליטון של עברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליטון של עברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitteratio_linguae_Hebraicae" title="Translitteratio linguae Hebraicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Translitteratio linguae Hebraicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_hebraico" title="Romanização do hebraico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romanização do hebraico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0branicenin_romanizasyonu" title="İbranicenin romanizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbranicenin romanizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E6%96%87%E5%98%85%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="希伯來文嘅羅馬字拼音方案 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希伯來文嘅羅馬字拼音方案" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transcription of Hebrew into the Latin alphabet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">This article is about the transcription of Hebrew into the Roman alphabet used by English. For the transcription of English into Hebrew script, see <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">Hebraization of English</a>. For the phonetic transcription of Hebrew, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Help:IPA/Hebrew</a>. For Wikipedia's romanization conventions, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Hebrew)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Hebrew)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Hebrew)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha_savuja_ha_palestini_title.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ha_savuja_ha_palestini_title.gif/400px-Ha_savuja_ha_palestini_title.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ha_savuja_ha_palestini_title.gif/600px-Ha_savuja_ha_palestini_title.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ha_savuja_ha_palestini_title.gif/800px-Ha_savuja_ha_palestini_title.gif 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Title of the romanized Hebrew newspaper <i>ha Savuja ha Palestini</i>, shows part of the romanization method of <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Avi" title="Itamar Ben-Avi">Itamar Ben-Avi</a>. 1929.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> with optional <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vowel diacritics</a>. The <b>romanization of Hebrew</b> is the use of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> to <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterate</a> Hebrew words. </p><p>For example, the Hebrew name spelled <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span>‎ ("Israel") in the Hebrew alphabet can be romanized as <i><strong>Yisrael</strong></i> or <i><strong>Yiśrāʼēl</strong></i> in the Latin alphabet. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> includes any use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Hebrew words. Usually, it is to identify a Hebrew word in a non-Hebrew language that uses the Latin alphabet, such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and so on. <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> uses an alphabet to represent the letters and sounds of a word spelled in another alphabet, whereas <a href="/wiki/Orthographic_transcription" title="Orthographic transcription">transcription</a> uses an alphabet to represent the sounds only. Romanization can refer to either. </p><p>To go the other way, that is from English to Hebrew, see <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">Hebraization of English</a>. Both Hebraization of English and Romanization of Hebrew are forms of transliteration. Where these are formalized these are known as "transliteration systems", and, where only some words, not all, are transliterated, this is known as "transliteration policy". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="When_to_transliterate">When to transliterate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: When to transliterate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></div> <p>Transliteration assumes two different <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">script systems</a>. The use of a French word in English without translation, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a></i>, is <em>not</em> transliteration. On the other hand, the use of a Hindi word in English, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a></i> (originally <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">खाकी</span></span>), <em>is</em> transliteration. Transliteration of a foreign word into another language is usually the exception to translation, and often occurs when there is something distinctive about the word in the original language, such as a <a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniqueness" title="Uniqueness">uniqueness</a>, religious, cultural or political significance, or it may occur to add local flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the cases of Hebrew transliteration into English, many Hebrew words have a long history of transliteration, for example <a href="/wiki/Amen" title="Amen">Amen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephod" title="Ephod">ephod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim" title="Urim and Thummim">Urim and Thummim</a> have traditionally been transliterated, not translated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms were in many cases also first transliterated into Greek and Latin before English. </p><p>Different publishers have different transliteration policies. For example <a href="/wiki/ArtScroll" title="ArtScroll">ArtScroll</a> publications generally transliterate more words relative to sources such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> 1911 or <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a> texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_transliterate">How to transliterate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: How to transliterate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> standards or systems for Hebrew-to-English; no one system has significant common usage across all fields. Consequently, in general usage there are often no hard and fast rules in Hebrew-to-English transliteration, and many transliterations are an approximation due to a lack of equivalence between the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabets</a>. Conflicting systems of transliteration often appear in the same text, as certain Hebrew words tend to associate with certain traditions of transliteration. For example, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For Hanukkah at the synagogue Beith Sheer Chayyim, Isaac donned his talis that Yitzchak sent him from Bet Qehila in Tsfat, Israel.</p></blockquote> <p>This text includes instances of the same word transliterated in different ways: The Hebrew word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בית</span>‎ is transliterated as both <i>Beith</i> and <i>Bet</i>. </p><p>These discrepancies in transliterations of the same word can be traced to discrepancies in the transliterations of individual Hebrew letters, reflecting not only different traditions of transliteration into different languages that use Latin alphabets, but also the fact that different pronunciation styles exist for the same letters in Israel (e.g. mainstream secular pronunciations used in the media versus Mizrahi, Arab, or Orthodox Ashkenazi colloquial pronunciations). For example, <i>Hanukkah</i> and <i>Chayyim</i> are transliterated with different initial letter combinations, although in Hebrew both begin with the letter <a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎</a>; the use of "ch" reflects German / Yiddish influence and pronunciation, whereas the "h" or "ḥ" may indicate a softer pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎</a> as in ancient <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi Hebrew</a>. Similarly, the Hebrew letter <a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎</a> is transliterated as <i>th</i> in the word <i>Beith</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew"><i>s</i></a> in the word <a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit"><i>talis</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew"><i>t</i></a> in the word <i>Bet</i>, even though it is the same letter in all three words in Hebrew. The Hebrew letter <a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎</a> is transliterated as <i>c</i> in <i>Isaac</i>, <i>k</i> in <i>Yitzchak</i>, and <i>q</i> in <i>Qehila</i>. Finally, the Hebrew letter <a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ</span>‎</a> is transliterated variously as <i>s</i> (in <i>Isaac</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title=""Issac" is not not a transliteration but rather the English equivalent (April 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Romanization_of_Hebrew#Dubious" title="Talk:Romanization of Hebrew">discuss</a></i>]</sup>), <i>tz</i> (in <i>Yitzchak</i>), and <i>ts</i> (in <i>Tsfat</i>), again reflecting different traditions of spelling or pronunciation. These inconsistencies make it more difficult for the non-Hebrew-speaking reader to recognize related word forms, or even to properly pronounce the Hebrew words thus transliterated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_instances">Historic instances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historic instances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Special:EditPage/Romanization of Hebrew">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of Hebrew occurred with the contact between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>. It was influenced by earlier <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>. For example, the name of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a> (63 BCE) was apparently derived from the Greek words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰούδα</span></span> (Iouda) and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰουδαία</span></span> (Ioudaia). These words can be seen in Chapter 1 of <a href="/wiki/Esdras" title="Esdras">Esdras</a> (Ezra) in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> into Greek. The Greek words in turn are transliterations of the Hebrew word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יהודה</span>‎ (<i>Yehuda</i>) that we now know adapted in English as the names <a href="/wiki/Judah_(surname)" title="Judah (surname)">Judah</a>, Judas and Jude. </p><p>In the 1st century, <a href="/wiki/Satire_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Satire XIV">Satire 14</a> of Juvenal uses the Hebraic words <i>sabbata</i>, <i>Iudaicum</i>, and <i>Moyses</i>, apparently adopted from the Greek. </p><p>The 4th-century and 5th-century Latin translations of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> romanize its proper names. The familiar Biblical names in English are derived from these romanizations. The <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, of the early 5th century, is considered the first direct Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible. Apart from names, another term that the Vulgate romanizes is the <a href="/wiki/Technical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical terminology">technical term</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzer</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ממזר</span>‎). </p><p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, some Jews promoted the use of romanization instead of Hebrew script in hopes of helping more people learn Hebrew. One such promoter was Ithamar Ben Yehuda, or <a href="/wiki/Ittamar_Ben_Avi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ittamar Ben Avi">Ittamar Ben Avi</a> as he styled himself. His father <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliezer Ben Yehuda">Eliezer Ben Yehuda</a> raised him to be the first modern native speaker of Hebrew. In 1927 Ben-Avi published the biography <i>Avi</i> in romanized Hebrew (now listed in the online catalog of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_and_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish National and University Library">Jewish National and University Library</a>). However, the innovation did not catch on. </p><p>Political activist <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Betar_(youth_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (youth movement)">Betar</a>, and Chief <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Rabbi Kook</a>, also expressed their support for the reform of Hebrew script using Latin letters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Special:EditPage/Romanization of Hebrew">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giwatajjim066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giwatajjim066.jpg/220px-Giwatajjim066.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giwatajjim066.jpg/330px-Giwatajjim066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giwatajjim066.jpg/440px-Giwatajjim066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Road signs in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> and romanized Hebrew transliteration</figcaption></figure> <p>Romanized Hebrew can be used to present Hebrew terminology or text to anyone who is not familiar with the Hebrew script. Many Jewish prayer books in the diaspora include supplementary romanization for some or all of the Hebrew-language congregational prayers. </p><p>Romanized Hebrew is also used for Hebrew-language items in library catalogs and Hebrew-language place names on maps. In Israel, most catalogs and maps use the Hebrew script, but romanized maps are easily available and road signs include romanized names. Some Hebrew speakers use romanization to communicate when using internet systems that have poor support for the Hebrew alphabet. Frequently, Romanized Hebrew is also used in music scores, in part because music is written left-to-right and Hebrew is written right-to-left. </p><p>Standard romanizations exist for these various purposes. However, non-standard romanization is widely seen, even on some Israeli street signs. The standards are not generally taught outside of their specific organizations and disciplines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Traditional, scholarly</b>: <a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">ISO 259</a>:1984; <a href="/wiki/ISO_259-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 259-2">ISO 259-2</a>:1994 (simplified); <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a> (SBL) Handbook of Style</li> <li><b>National</b>: for example: <ul><li><i>Rules of Transcription: Romanization of Hebrew</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>, 1957. Updated and augmented with a simplified version, 2000. Replaced by a new system altogether in 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_31636" title="DIN 31636">DIN 31636</a>, the German standard.</li> <li>Standard of Poland «<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska_Norma" class="extiw" title="pl:Polska Norma">Polska Norma</a> "Transliteracja alfabetu hebrajskiego PN-74 / N-01211"»,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to SBL.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscroll#Transliteration_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Artscroll § Transliteration system</a></li> <li><b>Bibliographic data</b>: ANSI Z39.25-1975; <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">ALA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">LC</a> Romanization Tables (1991) and their book <i>Hebraica Cataloging</i> (1987), with <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> (1972–1993) as an authority on names and common terms. Library of Congress Authorities is an online database that records and sources the forms of subjects, names, and titles that the Library of Congress uses.</li> <li><b>Geographic names</b>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">BGN</a>/PCGN 1962 (US and UK), approximately equivalent to <a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a> 1977 (United Nations), as both are based on the Academy of the Hebrew Language recommendations. However, BGN provides more and somewhat different specific recommendations. The GEONet Names Server is an authoritative online database that lists BGN names and assists with font character availability and conventional forms of names.</li> <li><b>Phonemic</b>: <a href="/wiki/ISO_259-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 259-3">ISO/FDIS 259-3:1999</a> (not an adopted standard)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparative_table">Comparative table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparative table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table is a breakdown of each letter in the Hebrew alphabet, describing its name or names, and its <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> values used in academic work. If two glyphs are shown for a consonant, then the left-most glyph is the final form of the letter (or right-most glyph if your browser does not support right-to-left text layout). The conventions here are <a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">ISO 259</a>, the UNGEGN system based on the old-fashioned Hebrew Academy system,<sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_UN_Romanization_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_UN_Romanization-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the modern common informal <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> transcription. In addition, an <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> pronunciation is indicated—historical (<a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>) for ISO 259, prescribed for Hebrew Academy, and in practice for Israeli. For the vowels further down, the letters ח and ט are used as symbolic anchors for vowel symbols, but should otherwise be ignored. </p><p>For the letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ גּ דּ כּ פּ תּ</span>‎ with <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> in ISO 259 Classical Hebrew and by the Hebrew Academy standard, they are transcribed as single graphemes (b g d k p t) at the beginnings of words, after other consonants, and after <a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shewa</a> ְ  or ẖatafim ֱ  ֲ  ֳ . In almost every other situation, they are transcribed as double letters (bb gg dd kk pp tt). This does not apply to common Israeli Hebrew transliteration, where there are no double consonants. </p><p>The letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א ה</span>‎ at the ends of words without additional <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">niqqud</a> are silent and not transliterated. The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ at the end of a word with ẖolam ֹ  is also silent and not transliterated. The letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ at the end of a word after ẖiriq ִ  is also silent and not transliterated. The situation of the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎ at the end of a word after ẕere ֵ  or seggol ֶ  is more complicated, as they are silent in Classical Hebrew and in Hebrew Academy prescription and not transliterated in those systems, but they form diphthongs (ei) in Israeli Hebrew—see the vowels and diphthongs sections further down. In any event, the shewa naẖ is placed between two adjacent consonants in all situations; if there is not even a shewa naẖ between consonants, then the first of the two consonants is silent and not transliterated—this is usually one of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א ו י</span>‎, but even occasionally <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ and rarely <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎ (in the name <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יִשָּׂשכָר</span>‎ <a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a>) are encountered silent in this fashion. In Israeli Hebrew transcription, a vowel before yud at the end of a word or before yud then shewa naẖ inside a word, is transcribed as a diphthong (ai oi ui)—see the diphthongs section further down. </p><p>In Classical Hebrew transliteration, vowels can be long (gāḏōl), short (qāṭān) or ultra short (ḥăṭep̄), and are transliterated as such. Ultra short vowels are always one of šəwā nāʻ ְ , ḥăṭep̄ səḡōl ֱ , ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ ֲ  or ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ ֳ . Šəwā ְ  is <i>always</i> always šəwā nāʻ (pronounced) if it is immediately after the word's first consonant, or after a consonant after a long vowel and before another pronounced consonant—otherwise, šəwā is realized as šəwā nāḥ (silent). The vowels ṣērē ֵ  and ḥōlem ֹ  are always long in all situations. The vowels ḥīreq ִ , səḡōl ֶ , páṯaḥ ַ , qāmeṣ ָ , qibbūṣ ֻ  and šūreq <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וּ</span>‎  are always long if they are the stressed syllable, or if they are in a syllable before only one consonant and another vowel, and in these cases they are transliterated as long. If they are unstressed and before a double consonant or a consonant cluster, or in the word's final <i>unstressed</i> syllable, then they are always short and transliterated as short. But if a vowel carries an accent ֫  or a meteg ֽ , then it is always long—a meteg in particular is often used in places where a vowel is long but not necessarily the word's stressed syllable. Lastly, there are exceptional circumstances when long vowels—even ṣērē and ḥōlem—may not force a following šəwā to become šəwā nāʻ, including for example names such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גֵּרְשֹׁם</span>‎ <a href="/wiki/Gershom" title="Gershom">Gēršōm</a> (not Gērəšōm as it might seem), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר</span>‎ <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Bēlšaṣṣạr</a> (not Bēləšaṣṣạr) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צִֽקְלַג</span>‎ <a href="/wiki/Ziklag" title="Ziklag">Ṣīqlạḡ</a> (not Ṣīqəlạḡ). Some of these seem to be learned exceptions, and most words under the same circumstances have šəwā nāʻ as expected, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נָֽצְרַת</span>‎ <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nāṣərạṯ</a> (not Nāṣrạṯ). (This is <i>all</i> moot in Israeli Hebrew, where, as already mentioned, <a href="/wiki/Shva_nach" class="mw-redirect" title="Shva nach">shva nach</a> tends to opportunistically replace <a href="/wiki/Shva_na" class="mw-redirect" title="Shva na">shva na</a> where comfortable, so <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נָֽצְרַת</span>‎ is Natzrat not Natzerat, etc.) </p><p>For the vowel qamaẕ ָ, whether the vowel is long or short in Classical Hebrew affects the pronunciation in Academy or Israeli Hebrew, even though vowel length is not phonemic in those systems, and the difference is transliterated accordingly. Qamaẕ qatan when short is /o/, except when at the end of a word when not before a final consonant, in which case it is /a/. Qamaẕ gadol is <i>usually</i> /a/, but in rare situations in Classical Hebrew it can be treated as a long open /ọ/, which although pronounced identically to /ā/ (both were <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span>), this a/o distinction is clearly made in the pronunciation of Academy and Israeli Hebrew, and is thus transliterated. </p><p>If any word ends with one of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הַּ חַ עַ</span>‎, then the vowel pataẖ is pronounced <i>before</i> the consonant, not after as it is written, and so the <i>transliterated</i> sequence is <span class="nowrap">⟨ah⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨aẖ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨aʻ⟩</span>, etc. </p><p>In certain rare words that are meant to begin with two consecutive consonants even in Classical Hebrew, an invisible səḡōl qāṭān vowel is pronounced before the two consonants in Classical Hebrew and is so transcribed, because Classical words may not begin with more than one consonant. This rule does not apply to Academy and Israeli Hebrew, where consonant clusters are more tolerated. For example, the word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שְׁתַּ֫יִם</span>‎ ("two") would appear as štáyim, but is actually ʼeštáyim.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="where is the glottal stop and "eh" sound coming from? (April 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Romanization_of_Hebrew#Dubious" title="Talk:Romanization of Hebrew">discuss</a></i>]</sup> However, it remains simply shtayim in Academy and Israeli Hebrew. </p><p>In 2006, the Hebrew Academy replaced their 1953 transliteration rules with new rules, and these were adopted as a United Nations standard in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Report_on_UN_Romanization_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report_on_UN_Romanization-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, migration to the new transliteration standard is still underway, and many signs and documents still use the 1953 conventions. The new 2006 rules attempt to more closely follow Israeli Hebrew vowel habits (such as the collapse of many shva na), but stop short of adopting most of the informal transliteration patterns. It still transliterates the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞j]</span> as <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span>, and it still transliterates separate <span class="nowrap">⟨ẖ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨kh⟩</span> in all cases. It is unspecific about rules governing the transliteration of phonemes not traditionally native to Hebrew. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table">Table</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Symbol </th> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">Common Israeli </th> <th colspan="4">Hebrew Academy </th> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">ISO 259 </th> <th colspan="4">SBL Handbook of Style<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2006 </th> <th colspan="2">1953 </th> <th colspan="2">Academic </th> <th colspan="2">General Purpose </th></tr> <tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Translit. </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Translit. </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Translit. </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Translit. </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Translit. </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Translit. </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td>alef </td> <td>'<sup id="cite_ref-note_syl_br_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_syl_br-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">.</span> </td> <td>alef </td> <td>'<sup id="cite_ref-note_syl_br_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_syl_br-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>alef </td> <td>ʼ<sup id="cite_ref-note_init_omit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_init_omit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ʾālep̄ </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td> <td>ʾālep̄ </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td>alef </td> <td>' or omit </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Beth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth (letter)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td>vet </td> <td>v </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> </td> <td>vet </td> <td>v </td> <td>vet </td> <td>v </td> <td>ḇēṯ </td> <td>ḇ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">bêt </td> <td>ḇ </td> <td rowspan="3">bet </td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">bet </td> <td rowspan="2">b </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">bet </td> <td>b </td> <td rowspan="2">bet </td> <td>b </td> <td>bēṯ </td> <td>b </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">b </td> <td rowspan="2">b </td></tr> <tr> <td>bb </td> <td>bb </td> <td>bēṯ ḥāzāq </td> <td>bb </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bb]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">gimel </td> <td rowspan="3">g </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">gimel </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="3">gimel </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td>ḡīmel </td> <td>ḡ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">gîmel </td> <td>ḡ </td> <td rowspan="3">gimel </td> <td>gh </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גּ</span>‎ </td> <td>gīmel </td> <td>g </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td></tr> <tr> <td>gg </td> <td>gg </td> <td>gīmel ḥāzāq </td> <td>gg </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡɡ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_loan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_loan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>jimel </td> <td>j </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> </td> <th colspan="2">  </th> <td>ǧimel </td> <td>ǧ </td> <th colspan="7">  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">dalet </td> <td rowspan="3">d </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">dalet </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="3">dalet </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td>ḏāleṯ </td> <td>ḏ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">dālet </td> <td>ḏ </td> <td rowspan="3">dalet </td> <td>dh </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דּ</span>‎ </td> <td>dāleṯ </td> <td>d </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td></tr> <tr> <td>dd </td> <td>dd </td> <td>dāleṯ ḥāzāq </td> <td>dd </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dd]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_foreign_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_foreign-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dhalet </td> <td>dh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> </td> <th colspan="2">  </th> <td>ḏalet </td> <td>ḏ </td> <th colspan="7">  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">hei </td> <td rowspan="2">h </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">he </td> <td rowspan="2">h </td> <td rowspan="2">he </td> <td>h<sup id="cite_ref-note_final_omit_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_final_omit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">hē </td> <td rowspan="2">h </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">hê </td> <td rowspan="2">h </td> <td rowspan="2">he </td> <td rowspan="2">h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">vav </td> <td rowspan="2">v (w)<sup id="cite_ref-note_w_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_w-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]<span class="wrap"> </span>([w])</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_w_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_w-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">vav </td> <td>v </td> <td rowspan="2">waw </td> <td>w </td> <td>wāw </td> <td>w </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]<span class="wrap"> </span>[(w)]</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_w_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_w-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">wāw </td> <td rowspan="2">w </td> <td rowspan="2">vav </td> <td rowspan="2">v or w </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וּ</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_vav_dgusha_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_vav_dgusha-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>vv </td> <td>ww </td> <td>wāw ḥāzāq </td> <td>ww </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[vv]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">zayin </td> <td rowspan="2">z </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">zayin </td> <td>z </td> <td rowspan="2">zayin </td> <td>z </td> <td>záyin </td> <td>z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">zayin </td> <td rowspan="2">z </td> <td rowspan="2">zayin </td> <td rowspan="2">z </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">זּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>zz </td> <td>zz </td> <td>záyin ḥāzāq </td> <td>zz </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zz]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_loan_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_loan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>zhayin </td> <td>zh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> </td> <th colspan="2">  </th> <td>žayin </td> <td>ž </td> <th colspan="7">  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td>chet </td> <td>ch, kh, h </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> </td> <td>ẖet </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td>ẖet </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td>ḥēṯ </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> </td> <td>ḥêt </td> <td>ḥ </td> <td>khet </td> <td>h or kh </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">tet </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">tet </td> <td>t </td> <td rowspan="2">tet </td> <td>t </td> <td>ṭēṯ </td> <td>ṭ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">ṭêt </td> <td rowspan="2">ṭ </td> <td rowspan="2">tet </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>tt </td> <td>tt </td> <td>ṭēṯ ḥāzāq </td> <td>ṭṭ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤtˤ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">yud </td> <td rowspan="2">y, i<sup id="cite_ref-note_i_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_i-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">yud </td> <td>y </td> <td rowspan="2">yud </td> <td>y </td> <td>yōḏ </td> <td>y </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">yôd </td> <td rowspan="2">y </td> <td rowspan="2">yod </td> <td rowspan="2">y </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>yy </td> <td>yy </td> <td>yōḏ ḥāzāq </td> <td>yy </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jj]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ך כ</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td>chaf </td> <td>ch, kh </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> </td> <td>khaf </td> <td>kh </td> <td>khaf </td> <td>kh </td> <td>ḵāp̄ </td> <td>ḵ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">kāp </td> <td>ḵ </td> <td rowspan="3">kaf </td> <td>kh </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ךּ כּ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">kaf </td> <td rowspan="2">c, k </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">kaf </td> <td>k </td> <td rowspan="2">kaf </td> <td>k </td> <td>kāp̄ </td> <td>k </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">k </td> <td rowspan="2">k </td></tr> <tr> <td>kk </td> <td>kk </td> <td>kāp̄ ḥāzāq </td> <td>kk </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kk]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">lamed </td> <td rowspan="2">l </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">lamed </td> <td>l </td> <td rowspan="2">lamed </td> <td>l </td> <td>lāmeḏ </td> <td>l </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">lāmed </td> <td rowspan="2">l </td> <td rowspan="2">lamed </td> <td rowspan="2">l </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">לּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>ll </td> <td>ll </td> <td>lāmeḏ ḥāzāq </td> <td>ll </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ll]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ם מ</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">mem </td> <td rowspan="2">m </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">mem </td> <td>m </td> <td rowspan="2">mem </td> <td>m </td> <td>mēm </td> <td>m </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">mêm </td> <td rowspan="2">m </td> <td rowspan="2">mem </td> <td rowspan="2">m </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>mm </td> <td>mm </td> <td>mēm ḥāzāq </td> <td>mm </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mm]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ן נ</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">nun </td> <td rowspan="2">n </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">nun </td> <td>n </td> <td rowspan="2">nun </td> <td>n </td> <td>nūn </td> <td>n </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">nûn </td> <td rowspan="2">n </td> <td rowspan="2">nun </td> <td rowspan="2">n </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>nn </td> <td>nn </td> <td>nūn ḥāzāq </td> <td>nn </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nn]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">samech </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">samekh </td> <td>s </td> <td rowspan="2">samekh </td> <td>s </td> <td>sāmeḵ </td> <td>s </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">sāmek </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td> <td rowspan="2">samek </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>ss </td> <td>ss </td> <td>sāmeḵ ḥāzāq </td> <td>ss </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ss]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td>ayin </td> <td>'<sup id="cite_ref-note_syl_br_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_syl_br-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">-</span> </td> <td>ayin </td> <td>'<sup id="cite_ref-note_syl_br_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_syl_br-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ʻayin </td> <td>ʻ </td> <td>ʿáyin </td> <td>ʿ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> </td> <td>ʿayin </td> <td>ʿ </td> <td>ayin </td> <td>' or omit </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ף פ</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td>fei </td> <td>f </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> </td> <td>fe </td> <td>f </td> <td>fe </td> <td>f </td> <td>p̄ē </td> <td>p̄ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">pê </td> <td>p̄ </td> <td rowspan="3">pe </td> <td>f </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ףּ פּ</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_pe_hazak_sofit_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_pe_hazak_sofit-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">pei </td> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">pe </td> <td>p </td> <td rowspan="2">pe </td> <td>p </td> <td>pē </td> <td>p </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">p </td> <td rowspan="2">p </td></tr> <tr> <td>pp </td> <td>pp </td> <td>pē ḥāzāq </td> <td>pp </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pp]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ץ צ</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">tzadi </td> <td rowspan="2">tz, ts </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">tsadi </td> <td rowspan="2">ts </td> <td rowspan="2">ẕadi </td> <td>ẕ </td> <td>ṣāḏē </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">ṣādê </td> <td rowspan="2">ṣ </td> <td rowspan="2">tsade </td> <td rowspan="2">ts </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>ẕẕ </td> <td>ṣāḏē ḥāzāq </td> <td>ṣṣ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤsˤ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ץ׳ צ׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_loan_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_loan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>tshadi </td> <td>tsh, ch </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span> </td> <th colspan="2">  </th> <td>čadi </td> <td>č </td> <th colspan="7">  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">kuf </td> <td rowspan="2">c, k </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">kuf </td> <td>k </td> <td rowspan="2">quf </td> <td>q </td> <td>qōp̄ </td> <td>q </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">qôp̄ </td> <td rowspan="2">q </td> <td rowspan="2">qof </td> <td rowspan="2">q </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">קּ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>kk </td> <td>qq </td> <td>qōp̄ ḥāzāq </td> <td>qq </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qq]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">reish </td> <td rowspan="2">r </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">resh </td> <td>r </td> <td rowspan="2">resh </td> <td>r </td> <td>rēš </td> <td>r </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">rêš </td> <td rowspan="2">r </td> <td rowspan="2">resh </td> <td rowspan="2">r </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רּ</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_foreign_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_foreign-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>rr </td> <td>rr </td> <td>rēš ḥāzāq </td> <td>rr </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀʀ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׁ</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">shin </td> <td rowspan="2">sh </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">shin </td> <td rowspan="2">sh </td> <td rowspan="2">shin </td> <td rowspan="2">sh </td> <td>šīn </td> <td>š </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">šîn </td> <td rowspan="2">š </td> <td rowspan="2">shin </td> <td rowspan="2">sh </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שּׁ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>šīn ḥāzāq </td> <td>šš </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃʃ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׂ</span>‎</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">sin </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">sin </td> <td>s </td> <td rowspan="2">sin </td> <td>s </td> <td>śīn </td> <td>ś </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">śîn </td> <td rowspan="2">ś </td> <td rowspan="2">sin </td> <td rowspan="2">s </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שּׂ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>ss </td> <td>ss </td> <td>śīn ḥāzāq </td> <td>śś </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ss]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3">tav </td> <td rowspan="3">t </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">tav </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td rowspan="3">taw </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td>ṯāw </td> <td>ṯ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">tāw </td> <td>ṯ </td> <td rowspan="3">tav </td> <td>th </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תּ</span>‎ </td> <td>tāw </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td> <td rowspan="2">t </td></tr> <tr> <td>tt </td> <td>tt </td> <td>tāw ḥāzāq </td> <td>tt </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tt]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_foreign_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_foreign-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>thav </td> <td>th </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> </td> <th colspan="2">  </th> <td>ṯaw </td> <td>ṯ </td> <th colspan="7">  </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Forms used only in transliterations of Arabic </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_foreign_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_foreign-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">ḫāʾ</a> </td> <td>ḫ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> </td> <th colspan="11">  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_foreign_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_foreign-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">ẓāʾ</a> </td> <td>ẓ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðˤ]<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[zˤ]</span> </td> <th colspan="11">  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע׳ ר׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_foreign_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_foreign-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0ayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ġayn">ġayn</a> </td> <td>ġ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[ʁ]</span> </td> <th colspan="11">  </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ץ׳ צ׳</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_foreign_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_foreign-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">ḍād</a> </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dˤ]</span> </td> <th colspan="11">  </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טְ</span>‎ </td> <td>shva nach </td> <th colspan="2">  </th> <td>shva naẖ </td> <th>  </th> <td>shewa naẖ </td> <th>  </th> <td>šəwā nāḥ </td> <th colspan="2">  </th> <td rowspan="2">vocal šĕwăʾ </td> <td rowspan="2">ĕ </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>shva na </td> <td>e<sup id="cite_ref-note_shva_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_shva-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞]</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_shva_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_shva-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>shva na </td> <td>e<sup id="cite_ref-note_shva_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_shva-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>shewa naʻ </td> <td>e </td> <td>šəwā nāʻ </td> <td>ə </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ̆]<span class="wrap"> </span><br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ɛ̆]<span class="wrap"> </span><br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ĕ]<span class="wrap"> </span><br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ĭ]<span class="wrap"> </span><br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ɔ̆]<span class="wrap"> </span><br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ŏ]<span class="wrap"> </span><br /><span class="wrap"> </span>[ŭ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֱ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>chataf segol </td> <td>e </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞]</span> </td> <td>ẖataf seggol </td> <td>e </td> <td>ẖataf seggol </td> <td>e </td> <td>ḥăṭep̄ səḡōl </td> <td>ĕ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ̆]</span> </td> <td>ḥāṭēp sĕgŏl </td> <td>ĕ </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֲ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>chataf patach </td> <td>a </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span> </td> <td>ẖataf pataẖ </td> <td>a </td> <td>ẖataf pataẖ </td> <td>a </td> <td>ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ </td> <td>ă </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ̆]</span> </td> <td>ḥāṭēp pataḥ </td> <td>ă </td> <td>khatef patakh </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חֳ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>chataf kamatz </td> <td>o </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞]</span> </td> <td>ẖataf kamats </td> <td>o </td> <td>ẖataf qamaẕ </td> <td>o </td> <td>ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ </td> <td>ŏ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̆]</span> </td> <td>ḥāṭēp qāmeṣ </td> <td>ŏ </td> <td>khatef qamets </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טִ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">chirik </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">ẖirik </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td rowspan="2">ẖiriq </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td> <td>ḥīreq qāṭān </td> <td>i </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> </td> <td>short ḥîreq </td> <td>i </td> <td>short hireq </td> <td rowspan="2">i </td></tr> <tr> <td>ḥīreq gāḏôl </td> <td>ī </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span> </td> <td>long ḥîreq </td> <td>ī </td> <td>long hireq </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טֵ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>tzeire </td> <td rowspan="3">e </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞]</span> </td> <td>tsere </td> <td rowspan="3">e </td> <td>ẕere </td> <td rowspan="3">e </td> <td>ṣērē </td> <td>ē </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> </td> <td>ṣērê </td> <td>ē </td> <td>tsere </td> <td rowspan="3">e </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טֶ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">segol </td> <td rowspan="2">seggol </td> <td rowspan="2">seggol </td> <td>səḡōl qāṭān </td> <td>e </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">sĕgōl </td> <td rowspan="2">e </td> <td rowspan="2">segol </td></tr> <tr> <td>səḡōl gāḏōl </td> <td>é, ẹ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טַ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">patach </td> <td rowspan="3">a </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ä]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">pataẖ </td> <td rowspan="3">a </td> <td rowspan="2">pataẖ </td> <td rowspan="3">a </td> <td>páṯaḥ qāṭān </td> <td>a </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">pataḥ </td> <td rowspan="2">a </td> <td rowspan="2">patakh </td> <td rowspan="3">a </td></tr> <tr> <td>páṯaḥ gāḏōl </td> <td>á, ạ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טָ</span>‎ </td> <td>kamatz gadol </td> <td>kamats gadol </td> <td>qamaẕ gadol </td> <td rowspan="2">qāmeṣ gāḏôl </td> <td>ā </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span> </td> <td>qāmeṣ </td> <td>ā </td> <td>qamets </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">kamatz katan </td> <td rowspan="3">o </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">kamats katan </td> <td rowspan="3">o </td> <td rowspan="2">qamaẕ qatan </td> <td rowspan="3">o </td> <td>ọ </td> <td rowspan="2">qāmeṣ ḥāṭûp </td> <td rowspan="2">o </td> <td rowspan="2">qamets khatuf </td> <td rowspan="3">o </td></tr> <tr> <td>qāmeṣ qāṭān </td> <td>o </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טֹ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>cholam </td> <td>ẖolam </td> <td>ẖolam </td> <td>ḥōlem </td> <td>ō </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> </td> <td>ḥōlem </td> <td>ō </td> <td>holem </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טֻ</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2">kubutz </td> <td rowspan="4">u </td> <td rowspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">kubbuts </td> <td rowspan="4">u </td> <td rowspan="2">qubbuẕ </td> <td rowspan="4">u </td> <td>qibbūṣ qāṭān </td> <td>u </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td> <td>short qibbûṣ </td> <td>u </td> <td>short qibbuts </td> <td rowspan="4">u </td></tr> <tr> <td>qibbūṣ gāḏōl </td> <td>ū </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> </td> <td>long qibbûṣ </td> <td>ū </td> <td>long qibbuts </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טוּ</span>‎</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_vav_dgusha_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_vav_dgusha-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">shuruk </td> <td rowspan="2">shuruk </td> <td rowspan="2">shuruq </td> <td>šūreq qāṭān </td> <td>u </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">šûreq </td> <td rowspan="2">û </td> <td rowspan="2">shureq </td></tr> <tr> <td>šūreq gāḏōl </td> <td>ū </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Other Vowels </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וֹ</span>‎</span> </td> <th colspan="10">  </th> <td>full ḥōlem </td> <td>ô </td> <td>full holem </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טִי</span>‎</span> </td> <th colspan="10">  </th> <td>ḥîreq yôd </td> <td>î </td> <td>hireq yod </td> <td>i </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טָה</span>‎ </td> <th colspan="10">  </th> <td>final qāmeṣ hê </td> <td>â </td> <td>final qamets he </td> <td>ah </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Israeli Diphthongs </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טֵי</span>‎</span> </td> <td>tzeire yud </td> <td rowspan="2">ei </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̞j]</span> </td> <td>tsere </td> <td rowspan="2">e </td> <td>ẕere </td> <td rowspan="2">e </td> <td>ṣērē </td> <td>ē </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> </td> <td>ṣērê yôd </td> <td rowspan="2">ê </td> <td>tsere yod </td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טֶי</span>‎</span> </td> <td>segol yud </td> <td>seggol </td> <td>seggol </td> <td>səḡōl </td> <td>e, é, ẹ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ(ː)]</span> </td> <td>sĕgōl yôd </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טַי טַיְ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>patach yud </td> <td rowspan="2">ai </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[äj]</span> </td> <td>pataẖ yud </td> <td rowspan="2">ay </td> <td>pataẖ yud </td> <td rowspan="2">ay </td> <td>páṯaḥ yōḏ </td> <td>ay, áy, ạy </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ(ː)j]</span> </td> <td>pataḥ yôd </td> <td>ai </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em" rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טָי טָיְ</span>‎ </td> <td>kamatz gadol yud </td> <td>kamats gadol yud </td> <td>qamaẕ gadol yud </td> <td rowspan="2">qāmeṣ yōḏ </td> <td rowspan="2">āy, oy, ọy </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ(ː)j]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">qāmeṣ yôd </td> <td rowspan="2">āi </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>kamatz katan yud </td> <td rowspan="2">oi </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̞j]</span> </td> <td>kamats katan yud </td> <td rowspan="2">oy </td> <td>qamaẕ qatan yud </td> <td rowspan="2">oy </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טֹי טֹיְ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>cholam yud </td> <td>ẖolam yud </td> <td>ẖolam yud </td> <td>ḥōlem yōḏ </td> <td>ōy </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oːj]</span> </td> <td>ḥōlem yôd </td> <td>ōi </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טֻי טֻיְ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>kubutz yud </td> <td rowspan="2">ui </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uj]</span> </td> <td>kubbuts yud </td> <td rowspan="2">uy </td> <td>qubbuẕ yud </td> <td rowspan="2">uy </td> <td>ḥōlem yōḏ </td> <td rowspan="2">uy, ūy </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u(ː)j]</span> </td> <td>qibbûṣ yôd </td> <td>ui </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size: 200%; line-height:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טוּי טוּיְ</span>‎</span> </td> <td>shuruk yud </td> <td>shuruk yud </td> <td>shuruq yud </td> <td>šūreq yōḏ </td> <td>šûreq yôd </td> <td>ûi </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Notes">Notes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_syl_br-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_syl_br_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_syl_br_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_syl_br_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_syl_br_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Functions only as a syllable break in Israeli Hebrew. So, when transcribed, is omitted everywhere except in circumstances where omission would be ambiguous, such as immediately after consonants or between vowels.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_init_omit-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_init_omit_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omitted at the beginnings of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_loan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_loan_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_loan_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_loan_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For phonemes in <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> or their <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivations</a>. These are not used in Classical Hebrew, so are omitted from the ISO 259 columns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_foreign-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_foreign_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_foreign_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_foreign_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_foreign_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_foreign_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_foreign_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_foreign_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebrew-letter transliterations of foreign phonemes (used only for the transliterition of <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper names</a> or foreign language texts, never in native words or <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_final_omit-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_final_omit_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omitted at the ends of words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_w-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_w_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_w_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_w_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rarely, <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> or their <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivations</a> contain the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>, which <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">standardly</a> is spelled with "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎", indistinguishably from "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎" denoting <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-transliteration_rules_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transliteration_rules-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non-standard distinguishing ways of spelling exist, such as "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו׳</span>‎" or word-initial "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וו</span>‎" (see <a href="/wiki/Vav_(letter)#Pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vav (letter)">orthographic variants of vav</a>), but their usage is not consistent. Therefore, correctly romanizing the "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎" as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> cannot rely on <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> but rather on lexical knowledge, e.g. "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">דַּאַוִין</span>‎" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D3%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05DF"><sup>Morfix</sup></a> → "da'awín", "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָּאֲוִיר</span>‎" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morfix.mako.co.il/default.aspx?q=%u05D1%u05D0%u05D5%u05D5%u05D9%u05E8"><sup>Morfix</sup></a> → "ba'avír".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_vav_dgusha-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_vav_dgusha_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_vav_dgusha_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">Shuruk</a> and "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎" with a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> look identical ("<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וּ</span>‎") and are only distinguishable through the fact that in text with <a href="/wiki/Nikud" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikud">nikud</a>, "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎" with a <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> will normally be attributed a vocal point in addition, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׁוּק</span>‎, ("a market"), trans. "shuk" (the "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וּ</span>‎" denotes a <a href="/wiki/Shuruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruk">shuruk</a>) as opposed to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שִׁוֵּק</span>‎ ("to market"), trans. "shivék" (the "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וּ</span>‎" denotes a vav with <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a>). In the word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שִׁוּוּק</span>‎ ("marketing"), trans. "shivúk", the first ("<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וּ</span>‎") denotes a vav with dagesh, the second a shuruk, being the vocal point attributed to the first.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_i-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_i_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usually written as <i>i</i> after a vowel and either before a consonant or syllable break or at the end of a word.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_pe_hazak_sofit-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_pe_hazak_sofit_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pe hazak sofit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ףּ</span>‎ is found once in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> 30:6)]]. But <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ף</span>‎ is never used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> in Modern Hebrew, with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ</span>‎ being used in all positions, including word-finally.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_shva-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_shva_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_shva_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_shva_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Israeli Hebrew typically demotes shva na to silent shva nach in situations where it can be comfortably omitted in common speech, creating consonant clusters that would otherwise not be permitted in older varieties of Hebrew. In situations where this happens, the shva is typically not transliterated at all, or is at most transliterated with an apostrophe (') – see <a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shva</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription_vs._transliteration">Transcription vs. transliteration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transcription vs. transliteration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different purposes call for different choices of romanization. One extreme is to make a phonetic transcription of one person's speech on one occasion. </p><p>In Israel, a pronunciation known as General Israeli Hebrew or Standard Hebrew is widely used and documented. For Israeli speech and text where linguistic groups are not at issue, romanization can use a phonetic transcription according to Standard Hebrew pronunciation. However, there are many Israeli groups with differing pronunciations of Hebrew and differing social priorities. </p><p>An attempt to devise a more general system of romanization is complicated by the long and varied history of the Hebrew language. Most Hebrew texts can be appropriately pronounced according to several different systems of pronunciation, both traditional and modern. Even today, it is customary to write Hebrew using only consonants and <a href="/wiki/Matres_lectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres lectionis">matres lectionis</a>. There was no way to indicate vowels clearly in Hebrew writing until the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>. Since an earlier time, multiple geographically separated communities have used Hebrew as a language of literature rather than conversation. </p><p>One system of assigning and indicating pronunciation in Hebrew, the <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>, is broadly authoritative for Hebrew text since the end of the Second Temple period (Sáenz-Badillos, page xi). It is possible to accommodate the pronunciations of different communities by transliterating the Tiberian vocalization without attempting to transcribe a specific phonetic pronunciation. </p><p>Notable varieties of Hebrew for which Tiberian vocalization is not suitable are the Hebrew of the Qumran community (as known from the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>) and of the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritans</a>. For romanizations of Samaritan pronunciation, it is advisable to take quotations directly from a Samaritan edition of the Hebrew Bible, which has approximately 6,000 textual variations from Jewish editions. </p><p>It is appropriate to focus only on the consonantal spelling when discussing unusually structured words from ancient or medieval works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_Tiberian_principles">Use of Tiberian principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Use of Tiberian principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a></div> <p>The Tiberian vocalization was devised in order to add indications of pronunciation to the consonantal text of the Hebrew Bible, without changing the consonantal text. It was intended for experts in Biblical Hebrew grammar and morphology. </p><p>Transliterations usually avoid the typographically complex marks that are used in Tiberian vocalization. They also attempt to indicate vowels and syllables more explicitly than Tiberian vocalization does. Therefore a technical transliteration requires the use of Tiberian principles, as mentioned below, rather than simply representing the Tiberian symbols. Many transliteration standards require a thorough knowledge of these principles, yet they usually do not provide practical details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>There are seven basic vowels.</li> <li>A vowel may be long, short, or ultrashort.</li> <li>The vowel "shva" may be sounded (shva na) or silent (shva nach).</li> <li>Consonants that have been used historically to indicate vowels, the "matres lectionis", are no substitute for proper vowel marks.</li> <li>The vowel "kamets" may have its usual sound (kamets gadol – long "a") or a different sound (kamets katan – short "o").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Six consonants (beth, gimel, daleth, kaph, pe, and tav) can be hard or soft. To be specific, they are pronounced either as <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> ("spirantized"). For example, the letter bet can be pronounced as "b" or "v". Tiberian vocalization marks a hard consonant with a <i><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> kal</i> (in the Hebrew term) or <i>lene</i> (Latin). A soft consonant lacks a <i>dagesh kal</i>, and is sometimes explicitly marked using <i><a href="/wiki/Rafe_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafe (diacritic)">rafe</a></i>, an overbar. Transliterations sometimes also use an overbar or underbar to mark a soft consonant. (In Modern Sephardic Hebrew, however, only three consonants—bet, kaph, and pe—retain the hard–soft distinction. In the Ashkenazic style of pronunciation, the soft tav is sounded as "s".)</li> <li>A letter that looks like shin may be that letter (when marked with a shin dot) or the letter sin (when marked with a sin dot).</li> <li>Most consonants can undergo <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>. Tiberian vocalization marks gemination with a <i>dagesh hazak</i> (in the Hebrew term) or <i>forte</i> (Latin), which looks the same as <i>dagesh kal</i>.</li> <li>A consonant that is normally silent (most often he) may be sounded if it is a root consonant or possessive ending. Tiberian vocalization marks such a consonant using a mapiq, which looks like a dagesh.</li> <li>A silent vav may be used to hold a holem vowel, but sometimes a vav with holem has consonant value.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_transliteration_principles">Additional transliteration principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Additional transliteration principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A further complication is that the Roman alphabet does not have as many letters for certain sounds found in the Hebrew alphabet, and sometimes no letter at all. Some romanizations resolve this problem using additional non-Tiberian principles: </p> <ul><li>The two letters that represent a stop may be written using the forward and backward quote marks, or similar marks.</li> <li>Certain consonants are considered "emphatic" (the consonants <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט צ ק ח ע</span>‎), due to being pronounced traditionally toward the back of the mouth. They may be transliterated distinctively by using an underdot.</li> <li>The letter "vav" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎) was once pronounced like English "w", in contrast to its current pronunciation identical to the letter "vet" (the soft letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎).</li> <li>The Karmeli transcription (see link at bottom of page) creates additional letters based on similar Hebrew or Cyrillic letters to represent the sounds that lack Roman letters.</li></ul> <p>Finally, for ease of reading it is common to apply certain principles foreign to Hebrew: </p> <ul><li>Use a hyphen between common prefixes or suffixes and a romanized word.</li> <li>Capitalize the first letter of a proper name, but not its prefixes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is the phrase "<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/Shalom_aleichem" title="Shalom aleichem">שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם</a></span></span>" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ʃaˈloːm<span class="wrap"> </span>ʕaleːˈxem]</a></span>, "Peace be upon you") in various transliteration systems.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>System(s) </th> <th>Transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <td>Artscroll </td> <td>sholōm alaychem </td></tr> <tr> <td>Artscroll Sephardic </td> <td>shalom alẹchem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">Braille ASCII</a> </td> <td>%<LOM $3L/#*EM </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brill Simple </td> <td>shalom ‘ᵃleikhem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> Romanisation </td> <td>shalom ‘aleicem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Romanisation </td> <td>schalom alechem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_259#ISO_259-2" title="ISO 259">ISO 259-2</a> </td> <td>šalŵm ʿaleykem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_259#ISO_259-3" title="ISO 259">ISO 259-3</a> </td> <td>šalom ˁaleikem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillisation">Cyrillisation</a> </td> <td>шало́м алейхэ́м </td></tr> <tr> <td>SBL Academic </td> <td>šālôm ʿălêk̲em </td></tr> <tr> <td>SBL General </td> <td>shalom alekhem </td></tr> <tr> <td>Simplified Ashkenazi </td> <td>sholom aleichem </td></tr> <tr> <td>Simplified Modern Israeli </td> <td>shalom aleichem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> Romanisation </td> <td>shalóm aleijém </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> traditional romanisation </td> <td><i>Sāluōm Alēichem</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">Hebraization of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Help:IPA/Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_alphabets_in_Morse_code#Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Other alphabets in Morse code">Other alphabets in Morse code#Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization of Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">Romanization of Yiddish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Cargill, <i>Athenian Settlements of the Fourth Century B.C.</i> (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09991-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09991-3">978-90-04-09991-3</a>, p. xiii: ‘In relation to Greek words other than personal names, the main issue is deciding <i>when</i> to transliterate, i.e., when to employ an Anglicized Greek word rather than translating the Greek word into English. My tendency is “when in doubt, transliterate”, . . .’</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exodus p. 152 Henry Leopold Ellison – 1982 "THE PRIESTLY GARMENTS II Exodus 28:1–43 (cont'd) THE EPHOD (28:5 14) We have no means of giving a definitive meaning to 'ephod', the English being simply a transliteration of the Hebrew."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rh-xnQEACAAJ">"Transliteracja alfabetu hebrajskiego PN-74/N-01211"</a>. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteracja+alfabetu+hebrajskiego+PN-74%2FN-01211&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drh-xnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report_on_UN_Romanization-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Report_on_UN_Romanization_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report_on_UN_Romanization_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_he.pdf">"Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names"</a>, Compiled by the UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems Version 4.0, February 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715200933if_/http://wwwlibe.ces.org.tw:80/library/download/The%20SBL%20Handbook%20of%20style.pdf#page=38"><i>The SBL Handbook of Style</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Second ed.). Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature. 2014. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589839649" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589839649"><bdi>978-1589839649</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwlibe.ces.org.tw:80/library/download/The%20SBL%20Handbook%20of%20style.pdf#page=38">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SBL+Handbook+of+Style&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=26-28&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1589839649&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwlibe.ces.org.tw%3A80%2Flibrary%2Fdownload%2FThe%2520SBL%2520Handbook%2520of%2520style.pdf%23page%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transliteration_rules-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transliteration_rules_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf">Announcements of the Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015060444/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/LAT-HEB.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alittlehebrew.com/transliterate/">"Automatic Hebrew Transliteration"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automatic+Hebrew+Transliteration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falittlehebrew.com%2Ftransliterate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSáenz-Badillos2000" class="citation book cs1">Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (2000) [1993]. <i>A History of the Hebrew Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55634-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55634-1"><bdi>0-521-55634-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-55634-1&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1enz-Badillos&rft.aufirst=Angel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418191355/http://www.livius.org/di-dn/diaspora/rome.html">"The Jewish diaspora: Rome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/di-dn/diaspora/rome.html">the original</a> on April 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+diaspora%3A+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fdi-dn%2Fdiaspora%2Frome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unboundbible.org/index.cfm?method=unbound.welcome">"Parallel texts of Ezra in various languages"</a>. <i>Unbound Bible</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unbound+Bible&rft.atitle=Parallel+texts+of+Ezra+in+various+languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unboundbible.org%2Findex.cfm%3Fmethod%3Dunbound.welcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuvenal" class="citation web cs1">Juvenal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/juvenal/14.shtml">"Satire 14"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Latin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Latin Library">The Latin Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Satire+14&rft.pub=The+Latin+Library&rft.au=Juvenal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fjuvenal%2F14.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nostradamus.net/transliteration.htm">"Transliteration"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transliteration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nostradamus.net%2Ftransliteration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span> Excellent, lively summary of issues and options for transliteration of Hebrew.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArenstein2018" class="citation web cs1">Arenstein, Benjamin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2016/06/Arenstein-Benjamin-Thesis.pdf">"Scripted History: Hebrew Romanization in Interwar British Mandate Palestine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Columbia University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scripted+History%3A+Hebrew+Romanization+in+Interwar+British+Mandate+Palestine&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Arenstein&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.columbia.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F20%2F2016%2F06%2FArenstein-Benjamin-Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhgrammar.com">The entire Hebrew bible transliterated in two different formats</a>, Matthew Anstey</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gibberish.co.il/transliterate.html">Transliteration between Hebrew and Standard English or ISO 259</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402042742/http://gibberish.co.il/transliterate.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/magazine/features/hebrish-or-engbrew">Hebrish or Engbrew</a>", Talya Halkin in <i>The Jerusalem Post</i> (July 6, 2006).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_he.pdf">United Nations romanization of Hebrew</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/cataloging/hebraicateam/Hebraica%20Cataloging/chap1.htm">ALA/LC romanization of Hebrew</a></li> <li>Society of Biblical Literature, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715200933if_/http://wwwlibe.ces.org.tw:80/library/download/The%20SBL%20Handbook%20of%20style.pdf#page=38">SBL Handbook of Style 2nd edition (archived)</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbl-site.org/publications/SBLHandbookofStyle.aspx">SBL Handbook of Style 2nd edition</a>, </i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/pubs/SBLHSsupp2015-02.pdf">Student Supplement for the SBL Handbook of Style, Second edition</a><i>.</i></li> <li>Transliterated text of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarot</a> are available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://bible.ort.org/">http://bible.ort.org/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305105515/http://bible.ort.org/">Archived</a> 2011-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> pronunciation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stav.org.il/karmeli/">The Karmeli Alphabet</a> (Romanization developed in Israel that uses extra invented letters).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alittlehebrew.com/transliterate">Automatic Hebrew Transliteration (Hebrew-Braille, English, Finnish, German, IPA, Russian and Spanish</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanization" title="Template:Romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanization" title="Template talk:Romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By publisher (for several languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization" title="Yale romanization">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language or writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Romanization of Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao" title="Romanization of Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Maldivian" title="Romanisation of Maldivian">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Telugu" title="Romanisation of Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&oldid=1252038601">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Hebrew&oldid=1252038601</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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