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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Fuelwood consumption patterns by semi-nomadic pastoralist community and its implication on conservation of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India | Energy, Ecology and Environment</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Fuelwood consumption patterns by semi-nomadic pastoralist community and its implication on conservation of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Energy, Ecology and Environment - The local folk of Himalaya have natural coexistence with the forests and depend on these bounty natural resources for their livelihood. The present study was..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40974"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="40974"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Fuelwood consumption patterns by semi-nomadic pastoralist community and its implication on conservation of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Energy, Ecology and Environment 2016 2:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2016-12-24"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2016 Joint Center on Global Change and Earth System Science of the University of Maryland and Beijing Normal University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2016 Joint Center on Global Change and Earth System Science of the University of Maryland and Beijing Normal University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The local folk of Himalaya have natural coexistence with the forests and depend on these bounty natural resources for their livelihood. The present study was carried out on semi-nomadic pastoralist for the study of forest use patterns. The main source of livelihood was found to be homogeneous (pastoralism) within each settlement. The study records 26 tree species preferred for fuelwood consumption. Overall average fuelwood consumption was 20.09&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.7&nbsp;kg&nbsp;day−1&nbsp;family−1. The average per capita fuelwood consumption was 2.77&nbsp;kg&nbsp;day−1. Average fuelwood consumption by very large families is significantly higher than small families. The principal component analysis explain lopping, extraction and anthropogenic activities for biomass extraction as a major factor of disturbance in forests. We also examined the present forest wood consumption rate and its implications in terms of potential deforestation and emission of greenhouse gases. The findings in the paper could form the basis for designing appropriate technologies and management policies in the region."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2363-8338"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Energy, Ecology and Environment"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2016-12-24"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="2"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="49"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="59"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2016 Joint Center on Global Change and Earth System Science of the University of Maryland and Beijing Normal University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Energy, Ecology and Environment"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Energ. Ecol. Environ."/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Joint Center on Global Change and Earth System Science of the University of Maryland and Beijing Normal University"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2363-8338"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Fuelwood consumption patterns by semi-nomadic pastoralist community and its implication on conservation of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="2"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2017/02"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2016/12/24"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="49"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="59"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Article"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7"/> <meta name="size" content="254748"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The local folk of Himalaya have natural coexistence with the forests and depend on these bounty natural resources for their livelihood. The present study w"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Hussain, Aatif"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Dasgupta, Sabyasachi"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Bargali, H. S."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Environment, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Ecology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Energy, general"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Ethnobot Leafl; citation_title=Medicinal plant diversity and their conservation status in Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Campus, Dehradun; citation_author=BS Adhikari, MM Babu, PL Saklani, GS Rawat; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=46-83; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Arnold M, Köhlin G, Persson R, Shepherd G (2003) Fuelwood revisited: what has changed in the last decade? Bogor Barat, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). 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S."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The Corbett Foundation, Ramnagar, India"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2017/02/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Fuelwood consumption patterns by semi-nomadic pastoralist community and its implication on conservation of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India - Energy, Ecology and Environment"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The local folk of Himalaya have natural coexistence with the forests and depend on these bounty natural resources for their livelihood. The present study was carried out on semi-nomadic pastoralist for the study of forest use patterns. The main source of livelihood was found to be homogeneous (pastoralism) within each settlement. The study records 26 tree species preferred for fuelwood consumption. Overall average fuelwood consumption was 20.09 ± 0.7 kg day−1 family−1. The average per capita fuelwood consumption was 2.77 kg day−1. Average fuelwood consumption by very large families is significantly higher than small families. The principal component analysis explain lopping, extraction and anthropogenic activities for biomass extraction as a major factor of disturbance in forests. We also examined the present forest wood consumption rate and its implications in terms of potential deforestation and emission of greenhouse gases. 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The present study was carried out on semi-nomadic pastoralist for the study of forest use patterns. The main source of livelihood was found to be homogeneous (pastoralism) within each settlement. The study records 26 tree species preferred for fuelwood consumption. Overall average fuelwood consumption was 20.09 ± 0.7 kg day−1 family−1. The average per capita fuelwood consumption was 2.77 kg day−1. Average fuelwood consumption by very large families is significantly higher than small families. The principal component analysis explain lopping, extraction and anthropogenic activities for biomass extraction as a major factor of disturbance in forests. We also examined the present forest wood consumption rate and its implications in terms of potential deforestation and emission of greenhouse gases. The findings in the paper could form the basis for designing appropriate technologies and management policies in the region.","datePublished":"2016-12-24T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2016-12-24T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"49","pageEnd":"59","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7","keywords":["Van Gujjars","Settlements","Fuelwood consumption","Species preference","Fuelwood sources","Principle component analysis","Environment","general","Ecology","Energy"],"image":[],"isPartOf":{"name":"Energy, Ecology and Environment","issn":["2363-8338","2363-7692"],"volumeNumber":"2","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Joint Center on Global Change and Earth System Science of the University of Maryland and Beijing Normal University","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Aatif Hussain","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-7773","affiliation":[{"name":"HNB Garhwal University","address":{"name":"Department of Forestry and NR, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, India","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"aatifm217@gmail.com","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Sabyasachi Dasgupta","affiliation":[{"name":"HNB Garhwal University","address":{"name":"Department of Forestry and NR, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, India","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"H. 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Bargali","affiliation":[{"name":"The Corbett Foundation","address":{"name":"The Corbett Foundation, Ramnagar, India","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol 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data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Fuelwood consumption patterns by semi-nomadic pastoralist community and its implication on conservation of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span 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class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-9598-7773</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Sabyasachi-Dasgupta-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Sabyasachi-Dasgupta-Aff1" data-author-search="Dasgupta, Sabyasachi">Sabyasachi Dasgupta</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-H__S_-Bargali-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-H__S_-Bargali-Aff2" data-author-search="Bargali, H. S.">H. S. Bargali</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>3822 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>14 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The local folk of Himalaya have natural coexistence with the forests and depend on these bounty natural resources for their livelihood. The present study was carried out on semi-nomadic pastoralist for the study of forest use patterns. The main source of livelihood was found to be homogeneous (pastoralism) within each settlement. The study records 26 tree species preferred for fuelwood consumption. Overall average fuelwood consumption was 20.09 ± 0.7 kg day<sup>−1</sup> family<sup>−1</sup>. The average per capita fuelwood consumption was 2.77 kg day<sup>−1</sup>. Average fuelwood consumption by very large families is significantly higher than small families. The principal component analysis explain lopping, extraction and anthropogenic activities for biomass extraction as a major factor of disturbance in forests. We also examined the present forest wood consumption rate and its implications in terms of potential deforestation and emission of greenhouse gases. The findings in the paper could form the basis for designing appropriate technologies and management policies in the region.</p></div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10457-021-00728-1/MediaObjects/10457_2021_728_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10457-021-00728-1?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s10457-021-00728-1">Fuelwood species diversity and consumption pattern in the homegardens from foothills of Indian Eastern Himalayas </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">31 January 2022</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11842-021-09487-4/MediaObjects/11842_2021_9487_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11842-021-09487-4?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/s11842-021-09487-4">Forest Provisioning Services Use Pattern: A Case Study from Renuka Forest Division, Western Himalaya </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">17 June 2021</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3Aplaceholder%2Fimages/placeholder-figure-springernature.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11629-016-4145-6?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/s11629-016-4145-6">Effect of traditional management practices on woody species composition and structure in montane subtropical forests of Meghalaya, Northeast India </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">04 August 2017</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732390271, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=40974" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">1 </span>Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>The term biomass encompasses all energy forms derived from organic fuels of biological origins. Biomass accounts for approximately 14% of total energy used globally and it is the largest energy source for the three-quarters of the world’s population who live in developing countries (Günhan et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Günhan MB, Besikduzu A, Turkey T, Balat M, Osman H, Cad Y, Kat PA (2005) Biomass energy in the world, use of biomass and potential trends. Energy Sources 27(10):931–940. doi:
 10.1080/00908310490449045
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e334">2005</a>). In India, rural households depend to a large extent on locally available resources collected from the forests to meet their domestic energy needs. Firewood is the most attractive among the various forms of biomass and occupies a predominant place in the rural energy budget (Kataki and Konwer <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Kataki R, Konwer D (2002) Fuelwood characteristics of indigenous tree species of north-east India. Biomass Bioenergy 22(6):433–437" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e337">2002</a>). The people of the Himalayan region have been fulfilling their energy needs almost entirely from forests (Bhatt and Sachan <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Bhatt BP, Sachan MS (2004) Firewood consumption along an altitudinal gradient in mountain villages of India. Biomass Bioenergy 27:69–75" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e340">2004</a>). Fuel wood has been identified as one of the most significant causes of forest decline in many developing countries (Malik et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Malik ZA, Bhat JA, Bhatt AB (2014) Forest resource use pattern in Kedarnath wildlife sanctuary and its fringe areas (a case study from Western Himalaya, India). Energy Policy. doi:
 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.016
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e343">2014</a>). Firewood accounts for over 54% of all global harvests per annum, suggesting a significant forest loss (Osei <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1993" title="Osei WY (1993) Wood fuel and deforestation-answers for a sustainable environment. J Environ Manag 37:51–62" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e346">1993</a>; Wahab et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Wahab M, Ahmed M, Khan N (2008) Phytosociology and dynamics of some pine forests of Afghanistan. Pak J Bot 40(3):1071–1079" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e350">2008</a>). The intense use of forest resource has put woody species in different regions of the world at risk (Dahdouh-Guebas et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Dahdouh-Guebas F, Mathenge C, Kairo JG, Koedam N (2000) Utilization of mangrove wood products around Mida Creek (Kenya) amongst subsistence and commercial users. Econ Bot 54:513–527" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e353">2000</a>; Medeiros et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Medeiros P, de Almeida Santos AL, Da Silva TC, Albuquerque UP (2011) Pressure indicators of wood resource use in an Atlantic forest area, northeastern Brazil. Environ Manag 47:410–424" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e356">2011</a>; Walters <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Walters BB (2005) Patterns of local wood use and cutting of Philippine mangrove forests. Econ Bot 59:66–76" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e359">2005</a>). In various studies, it has been found that countries with large rural populations make greater use of wood for heat and cooking fuel (Miah et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Miah D, Ahmed R, Uddin MB (2003) Biomass fuel use by the rural households in Chittagong region, Bangladesh. Biomass Bioenergy 24:277–283" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e362">2003</a>; Moran-Taylor and Taylor <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Moran-Taylor MJ, Taylor MJ (2010) Land and leña: linking transnational migration, natural resources, and the environment in Guatemala. Popul Environ 32:198–215" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e365">2010</a>; Ogunkunle and Oladele <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Ogunkunle ATJ, Oladele FA (2004) Ethnobotanical study of fuelwood and timber wood consumption and replenishment in Ogbomoso, Oyo satate, Nigeria. Environ Monit Assess 91:223–236" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e369">2004</a>). Bio-energy is therefore nested at the intersection of three of the world’s great challenges—energy security, climate change and poverty reduction—and has received an enormous amount of attention in the past few years (FAO <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="FAO (2007) A review of the current state of bioenergy development in G8 + 5 countries. 
 www.fao.orgS
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e372">2007</a>). This scenario calls for proper biomass planning, especially in the Himalaya, as almost 90% energy demand is met with biomass resources (Sharma et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Sharma CM, Gairola S, Kumar M, Rawat YS, Bagwari HK (2009) Resource utilization in village ecosystem of temperate zone of Garhwal Himalaya. Indian J Agrofor 11(2):94–100" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e375">2009</a>).</p><p>On the other hand without access to modern energy resources, communities are dependent on traditional biomass such as fuelwood, charcoal and animal waste for cooking and heating (Kaygusuz <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Kaygusuz K (2011) Energy services and energy poverty for sustainable rural development. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:936–947" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e381">2011</a>). Due to low connectivity with the urban areas of the country, poor socio-economic conditions, sky-rocketing prices and limited supply, the commercial energy component formed only 1.41% of the total, comprising of kerosene and electricity (Bhatt and Sachan <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Bhatt BP, Sachan MS (2004) Firewood consumption along an altitudinal gradient in mountain villages of India. Biomass Bioenergy 27:69–75" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e384">2004</a>; Kumar <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2005" title="Kumar P (2005) Natural resource policy: some related issues. In: Dewan ML, Bahadur J (eds) Uttaranchal vision and action programme. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e387">2005</a>). The rapid growth of population as well as decreasing forest areas have led to depletion of fuelwood resources around localities, causing fuelwood shortage which has a direct impact on the poor, such as extending fuelwood collection time, increasing fuelwood prices, and putting into risk a basic human need (International Energy Agency <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="International Energy Agency (2006) Energy for cooking in developing countries. World energy outlook 2006. International Energy Agency, Paris" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e390">2006</a>; Arnold et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Arnold JEM, Köhlin G, Persson R (2006) Woodfuels, livelihoods, and policy interventions: changing perspectives. World Dev 34(3):596–611" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e393">2006</a>).</p><p>According to Kanagawa and Nakata (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Kanagawa M, Nakata T (2007) Analysis of the energy access improvement and its socio-economic impacts in rural areas of developing countries. Ecol Econ 62(2):319–329" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e399">2007</a>), fuelwood consumption not only increase the direct payments of rural households, but valuable time and effort is devoted to fuelwood collection, resulting in loss of the opportunity for collectors to improve their education and engage in income-generating activities. Unsustainable fuelwood collection and inefficient conversion technology have serious implications for the environment (Arnold et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Arnold M, Köhlin G, Persson R, Shepherd G (2003) Fuelwood revisited: what has changed in the last decade? Bogor Barat, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Occasional Paper No. 39" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e402">2003</a>; Chen et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Chen L, Heerink N, Berg MVD (2006) Energy consumption in rural China: a household model for three villages in Jiangxi Province. Ecol Econ 58(2):407–420" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e405">2006</a>). Burning fuelwood produces large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), but the emissions from fuelwood consumption are considered as carbon neutral if fuelwood is harvested sustainably. Due to incomplete and inefficient combustion, fuelwood use may not be carbon neutral because carbon is released in other forms, including methane, nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons, which have more global warming potential (GWP) than CO<sub>2</sub> (Smith et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Smith KR, Uma R, Kishore VVN, Zhang J, Joshi V, Khalil MAK (2000) Greenhouse implications of household stoves: an analysis for India. Annu Rev Energy Environ 25(1):741–763" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e413">2000</a>). In Asia, for instance, production of these incompletely combusted gases account for 4.5% of total biomass fuel carbon emissions, which are equivalent to 23% of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions on a 20-year global warming potential basis (Lefevre et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1997" title="Lefevre T, Todoc J, Timilsina G (1997) The role of wood energy in Asia. FAO, Forestry Department, Wood Energy Today for Tomorrow (WETT), Regional Studies, Working Paper FOPW/97/2, Rome" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e418">1997</a>).</p><p>Various studies had been conducted by different authors on the fuelwood consumption pattern in the Himalayan region on migratory villages in Uttarkashi district (Awasti et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Awasti A, Uniyal SK, Rawat GS, Rajvanshi A (2003) Forest resource availability and its use by the migratory villages of Uttarkashi, Garhwal Himalaya (India). For Ecol Manag 174:13–24" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e424">2003</a>), along altitudinal gradients in Garhwal Himalaya (Bhatt and Sachan <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Bhatt BP, Sachan MS (2004) Firewood consumption along an altitudinal gradient in mountain villages of India. Biomass Bioenergy 27:69–75" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e427">2004</a>), Northeast India (Bhatt and Sachan <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Bhatt BP, Sachan MS (2004) Firewood consumption along an altitudinal gradient in mountain villages of India. Biomass Bioenergy 27:69–75" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e430">2004</a>), Pindar basin (Sati <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Sati VP (2008) Traditional intra-montane mobility in Garhwal Himalaya: a survey of subsistence practices in the Pindar basin, Uttaranchal. Singap J Trop Geogr 29:173–185" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR66" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e433">2008</a>), Himachal Pradesh (Prasad et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2001" title="Prasad R, Maithel S, Mirza A (2001) Renewable energy technologies for fuelwood conservation in the Indian Himalayan Region. Sustain Dev 9:103–108" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e436">2001</a>; Sharma et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Sharma RK, Sankhayan PL, Hofstad O (2008) Forest biomass density, utilization and production dynamics in a western Himalayan watershed. J For Res 19(3):171–180" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR67" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e440">2008</a>) and Tehri district in Uttaranchal (Negi et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Negi AK, Bhatt BP, Todaria NP (1999) Local population impacts on the forests of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Environmentalist 19:293–303" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e443">1999</a>). The issue as such has been addressed invariably, but there has been almost no attempt to analyse the fuelwood consumption by semi-nomadic pastoralist’s community <i>“Van Gujjars”</i>, unmindful of the resource availability and the possible consequences with particular reference to the Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR). <i>Van Gujjars</i> make extensive collection of fuelwood for cooking purposes. Therefore, the present work focuses on the socio-economic conditions, utilization patterns of fuelwood species, consumption and usage patterns and preference of woody species (trees and shrubs) and so on. We examined the occurrence of regionally specific ecological indicators that encompassed several aspects of human activities. In addition, we evaluated the annual rate of deforestation and evaluated the rate of emission of green house gases as result of burning of firewood.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Materials and methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2 </span>Materials and methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.1 </span>Site description</h3><p>The study was conducted in <i>Van Gujjar</i> settlements (<i>Khatta’s</i>) located in and around the CTR, Uttarakhand, India (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab1">1</a>). The CTR is situated at the foothills of the Western Himalayas in the civil district of Nanital and Pauri Garhwal in Uttarakhand, India. The area of CTR extends from 78°39′40″E to 79°09′23″E longitude and 29°48′N to 29°23′32″N latitude. The area of the CTR is 1288.32 km<sup>2</sup>. The altitude of CTR ranges between 385 and 1100 m asl. The park receives about 1500 mm to 1600 mm of rainfall mainly during the monsoon though some winter rain always occurs. The temperature ranges between 4 °C in winter to 42 °C during the summer season. The park represents the amalgamation of culture in western Himalayan foothills, and displays amazing landscapes and diverse flora and fauna. The vegetation consists mostly of dry and moist deciduous forests dominated by Sal (<i>Shorea robusta</i>), scrub savannah and alluvial grasslands.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Location of <i>Van Gujjar’s</i> settlements in and around CTR</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.2 </span>Semi-nomadic pastoral community (Van Gujjars)</h3><p>The <i>Van Gujjars</i> (“<i>Van</i>” meaning “forest” in Hindi) live in the lower sub-Himalayan parts of Uttarakhand State and are one of the most important migratory tribes of the Himalayas. The <i>Van Gujjars</i> follow Islamic religion and have their distinct culture and traditions (Hussain et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016a" title="Hussain A, Dasgupta S, Bargali HS (2016a) Conservation perceptions and attitudes of semi-nomadic pastoralist towards relocation and biodiversity management: a case study of Van Gujjars residing in and around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Environ Dev Sustain 18:57–72. doi:
 10.1007/s10668-015-9621-6
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1411">2016a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Hussain A, Negi AK, Singh RK, Aziem S, Iqbal K, Pala NA (2016b) Comparative study of fuelwood consumption by semi-nomadic pastoral community and adjacent villagers around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Indian For 142:574–581" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1414">b</a>). Their main occupation is herding goats, sheep and buffaloes as the primary source of income. They live in close proximity to forest environment along with their herds inside the forest area. The members stay around the CTR in traditional huts, which are locally known as <i>deras</i>, which are built from the forest material such as wood, bamboo and grass for thatching purposes and the making of roofs over clearings in the forest (Hussain et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2014" title="Hussain A, Dasgupta S, Bargali HS (2014) Case of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) population decline: role of semi-nomadic pastoralist community (Van Gujjars) in their conservation. Int J Conserv Sci 5:493–502" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1421">2014</a>). Most of the families are isolated from urban centres (Hussain et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Hussain A, Bargali HS, Dasgupta S, Gore K (2012) Demography, perception and impact of traditional pastoralists (Van Gujjars) on biotic resources of Corbett Tiger Reserve and the adjoining forest divisions. H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar, Garhwal and The Corbett Foundation, Ramnagar, Uttarakhand. Report submitted to Uttarakhand State forest department" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1424">2012</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">2.3 </span>Data collection and analysis</h3><p>An extensive field survey was carried out to study the fuelwood consumption pattern among the selected community. In order to carry out survey permission was first taken and research project was explained to local authorities and residents. A preliminary survey was conducted through semi-structured questionnaires. In selected settlements, all the households were surveyed. The heads of respective family were interviewed to determine their socio-economic status in terms of land holdings, income source, number of animals owned and the status of their employment. The families surveyed were chosen to include equal representation from all economic classes and family sizes. The sequence of selection was from households to different family sizes and income groups. The family size was categorized as per the number of individuals in the households as small (1–4), medium (5–7), large (8–10) and very large (>10). The income groups was categorized into five income groups as group 1 (G1): <1 lakh INR; group 2 (G2): 1–2 lakh INR; group 3 (G3): 2–3 lakh INR; group 4 (G4): 3–4 lakh INR; and group 5 (G5): >4 lakh INR. To understand the pressure on individual forest tree species, the respondents were asked to specify their preferences for fuelwood. The identification of major fuelwood species was mainly based on interviews, informal discussions and observations following Martin (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Martin GJ (1995) Ethnobotany—a methods manual. Earthscan Publishers Ltd, London, p 268" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1435">1995</a>). The quantity of fuelwood collection was estimated over a period of 24 h using a weight survey method (Mitchell <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1979" title="Mitchell R (1979) An analysis of Indian Agroeco System Inter Print New Delhi, India" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1438">1979</a>). Traditionally, the wood lot was weighed and left in the kitchen to be burnt and the actual fuelwood consumption was measured following 24 h. Fuelwood consumption per capita per day was calculated on the basis of total fuelwood consumed by a family, divided by the total number of family members as described by Gupta et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1997" title="Gupta RK, Pathania MS, Gupta T (1997) A study on fuel consumption pattern in Himachal Pradesh: a case study. Range Manag Agrofor 18(2):181–188" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1441">1997</a>).The questionnaire used to collect the information was translated into local dialect Gojri and Urdu.</p><p>Ecological survey was carried out to quantify the degree of forest disturbance from various livelihood activities according to Karanth et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Karanth KK, Curran LM, Reuning-Scherer JD (2006) Village size and forest disturbance in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. Western Ghats. India. Biol Conserv 128(2):147–157" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1447">2006</a>). Empirical field data on ecological indicators of forest use and disturbance variables were collected along one hundred twenty-one transects (four transects per settlement) that began at random starting points at the edge of each settlement and radiated outwards in four directions according to Karanth et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2006" title="Karanth KK, Curran LM, Reuning-Scherer JD (2006) Village size and forest disturbance in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. Western Ghats. India. Biol Conserv 128(2):147–157" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1450">2006</a>) and Hussain et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Hussain A, Bargali HS, Dasgupta S, Gore K (2012) Demography, perception and impact of traditional pastoralists (Van Gujjars) on biotic resources of Corbett Tiger Reserve and the adjoining forest divisions. H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar, Garhwal and The Corbett Foundation, Ramnagar, Uttarakhand. Report submitted to Uttarakhand State forest department" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1453">2012</a>). Each transect was 0.5 km in length, and ecological data were collected at twenty-five sampling points measured 20 m apart. At each point (5 × 5 m quardat), the following habitat disturbance variables were measured: cut poles, lopped trees, felled trees, fire signs, remnants of branches and leaves, lopped regeneration, cattle presence and clear patch presence. These variables encompass all of the visible signs of disturbance seen around these settlements. For analysis, factor analysis was used to explore the relationship between various disturbance variables. In factor analysis, the factor loadings for the data of various disturbance parameters were extracted using principal components analysis (PCA). Annual rate of deforestation and rate of emission of greenhouse gases per year as a result of burning of fuelwood were evaluated following Tahir et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Tahir SNA, Rafique M, Alaamer AS (2010) Biomass fuel burning and its implications: deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions in Pakistan. Environ Pollut 158(2010):2490–2495" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e1456">2010</a>).</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3 </span>Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec7"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.1 </span>Socio-economic profile of respondent households</h3><p>Family size and education status play an important role in planning and proper utilization of fuelwood. Household size ranged from 2 to 18 persons, and average household size was found to be 7.2 members (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab2">2</a>). According to family size classes, 18.8% belonged to the small household category, while 12.4% were in the very large category. The overall illiteracy rate was found to be 0%, hence are totally dependent on forests. The main source of livelihood is homogeneous (pastoralism) within each settlement; individual families were dependent on a great variety of different occupations for their livelihood (labour/pastoralism). Majority of respondents (49.7%) indicated pastoralism as their primary source of livelihood. They are also earning their livelihood from combining pastoralism with agriculture (21.2%), pastoralism with daily wage labourers (12.6%) and pastoralism with agriculture and daily wage labour (9.1%). Some people have completely given away their traditional pastoralist nature. They were earning their livelihood from daily wage labour (5.9%), agriculture with daily wage labour (0.9%) and agriculture (0.3%) alone. The average annual income per household varied among the settlements. The lowest average annual income (149644 ± 132331 INR) was found in small households, whereas the highest annual income was estimated to be 453,455 ± 297,437 INR for very large households. The overall annual income was recorded as 78072970 ± 194,286.5 INR (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab2">2</a>). There were no clear land rights given to the <i>Van Gujjar’s.</i> There was no uniform policy deciding the permission of forest department to grow fodder or crops. Depending on the temporary arrangements they manage to grow crops on certain amount of land.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 General characteristics of respondent households (<i>n</i> = 430)</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Animal husbandry is an important source of income. Most of the families (95.99%) owned livestock. The total Adult Cattle Unit (ACU) holding in all settlements was about 7574, with average ACU of 23.21 ± 9.48 per household. The livestock are generally dependent on grazing and lopping in adjacent forests, which indicates that forests provide fodder and bedding material for livestock. Majority houses are of traditional type, which are built from forest materials. It was observed that 97.35% of respondents were living in thatched roof with mud wall house, indicating that people do not feel settled in the area, and is indicative of the legal restriction preventing permanent construction. Households cook their food on traditional mud architecture chullahs (stove). The reason behind this large proportion of traditional mud architecture stove users in the area is the easy accessibility of fuelwood and non-availability of any cost effective and readily accessible alternative. Thus, it is evident, that <i>Van Gujjars</i> are totally dependent on the adjacent forest divisions for their basic requirements, because they have no clear land rights, jobless, uneducated and low socio-economic status.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.2 </span>Preferred firewood species and their availability</h3><p>Fuelwood was the most common and primary source of energy due to its easy availability from the nearby forest, free commodity, low socio-economic status and lack of alternative source of energy. On the completion of survey, 21 tree species were identified as the preferred firewood species. Almost all households reported some plant species preferences for fuelwood use for daily consumption (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab3">3</a>). The principal criterion employed by them to determine their preferred species was that species possessed good fuel characteristics such as high calorific value, produces less smoke and also had enough wood hardness. Some of them never select tree species for fuelwood and collect all species which are available in their collection area. This may be the reason, why there is a larger number of tree species used for fuel ( Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab3">3</a>).</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Preferred firewood plant species used by <i>Van Gujjars</i> </b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p> <i>Van Gujjars</i> travel considerable distance and spent much time in fuelwood collection. Irrespective of the distance, collection of fuelwood is a necessity for them because there are no alternative sources of energy for cooking and heating. The time devoted to firewood collection was not quantitatively analysed, but was qualitatively evaluated based on personal communication. <i>Van Gujjars</i> travel considerable distances (2–4 km) and spent time ranging from a few hours to more than half a day to collect preferred fuelwood. The practice of gathering is related to other tasks performed by residents and is associated with reducing the frequency of trips and performing other important tasks. These walks were conducted mostly by adults, although in some cases by all family members, so both genders had contact with the resource. The dry season was the best season for the gathering of firewood. They store large collections of the gathered fuelwood near their settlements for the winter and monsoon season when the need is greater.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.3 </span>Energy consumption pattern</h3><p>In the present study, 100% of families used wood as the main source of energy for cooking and heating purposes, which reflects very high dependency on fuelwood. Fuelwood consumption varied in different household in each settlement. The average fuel wood consumption was recorded as 20.09 ± 0.7 kg day<sup>−1</sup> family<sup>−1</sup>, and in terms of average per capita fuel wood consumption, it was about 2.77 kg day<sup>−1</sup>. The total annual fuelwood consumption was recorded as 2493.169 tonnes. The total numbers of members collecting fuelwood were found to be 443 individuals per day, and average number of members collecting fuelwood per household per day was found to be 1.30 ± 0.0019 members. The percentage of families using other sources of energy for lighting materials was kerosene oil (90.25%) and solar lanterns (64.5%). Average kerosene used (litre/household/month) was found to be 1.45 ± 1.05 L.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.4 </span>Energy consumption by household size</h3><p>Fuelwood consumption varied in various family size classes. It was found that maximum numbers of households were in medium-sized families (123 households) and minimum in very large-sized families (42 households). The results reveal that lower average fuelwood consumption (16.12 ± 3.29 kg day<sup>−1</sup> family<sup>−1</sup>) was found in small families, while the highest average consumption (26.11 ± 7.00 kg day<sup>−1</sup> family<sup>−1</sup>) was found in very large families (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab4">4</a>). According to a one-way ANOVA, statistical analysis of fuelwood consumption shows a significant difference between small, medium, large and very large families at the 0.05 level of significance (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab4">4</a>).</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-4"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab4" data-test="table-caption">Table 4 Fuelwood consumption by household size (Mean ± SE)</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/tables/4" aria-label="Full size table 4"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>Based on the household average, average consumption per capita is 1013.69 kg year<sup>−1</sup> with an average minimum of 718.86 kg year<sup>−1</sup> in very large families and average maximum of 1735.85 kg year<sup>−1</sup> in small families. This clearly indicates that fuelwood consumption rates per capita decrease when household size increases. Therefore, households of larger family sizes tend to consume less fuelwood per capita compared with smaller families. Same trend has been followed for the consumption of kerosene per capita with average consumption per capita minimum in very large families (1.48 L year<sup>−1</sup>) and maximum in small families (4.31 L year<sup>−1</sup>). The average consumption per capita of kerosene in medium and large families is 2.95 and 2.09 L year<sup>−1</sup>. This means that larger family households consume fuelwood and kerosene more efficiently than smaller ones.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec11"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.5 </span>Energy consumption by income groups</h3><p>Energy consumption in different localities and different parts of the country has a variable relationship with socio-economic factors. In this section, five income groups (INR) were formed as group 1 (G1): <1 lakh (86 households); group 2 (G2): 1–2 lakh (105 households); group 3 (G3): 2–3 lakh (70 households); group 4 (G4): 3–4 lakh (36 households); and group 5 (G5): >4 lakh (43 households). It is clear that only a few households were in the groups with higher incomes. The results showed that higher average consumption (22.53 kg day<sup>−1</sup> family<sup>−1</sup>) was found in higher income group (G5), while as lower average fuelwood consumption (19.23 kg day<sup>−1</sup> family<sup>−1</sup>) was found in the lower income group (G1) (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab5">5</a>). It has been found that there is less variation of average fuelwood consumption in different income groups. The less variation may be due to no use of the alternative source of energy for cooking purpose. According to a one-way ANOVA analysis, there is no statistically significant difference in average fuelwood consumption in income groups G1, G2 and G3 (<i>p</i> > 0.05). But the average fuelwood consumption of G4 and G5 income groups is significantly different from that of other income groups at the 0.05 level of significance (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab5">5</a>). In case of kerosene, the maximum average household consumption was found in higher income group G5 (1.72 L month<sup>−1</sup>) and minimum in lower income group G1 (1.31 L month<sup>−1</sup>). The average household kerosene consumption in G2, G3 and G4 were found to be 1.38, 1.47 and 1.52 L month<sup>−1</sup> (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab6">6</a>). </p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-5"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab5" data-test="table-caption">Table 5 Fuelwood consumption by income groups (Mean ± SE)</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/tables/5" aria-label="Full size table 5"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-6"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab6" data-test="table-caption">Table 6 Standardized loading of various disturbance parameters around settlements</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/tables/6" aria-label="Full size table 6"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec12"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.6 </span>Anthropogenic pressure on the forests</h3><p>The preferred tree species were found to be indiscriminately lopped for fodder and fuelwood extraction. Major forms of anthropogenic disturbances observed in these forests were cut poles, lopped trees, felled trees, fire signs, remnants of branches and leaves, lopped regeneration, cattle presence and clear patch presence (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab7">7</a>). The correlation matrix among disturbance variables suggested substantial inter-relationships among many of the measured variables. Because the habitat disturbance variables were all highly correlated with each other, principal component analysis was used to derive a habitat disturbance variables. Eigenvalue analysis suggested that five-principal component be retained as a measure of habitat disturbance. The values of Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy (0.63) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (176.71) suggest that it is significant for analysis. Component matrix of disturbance parameter variables showed that five-principal components were retained as a measure of habitat disturbance which accounted for 71.9% variation. In the principal component I, two (2) disturbance parameters were loaded heavily on component and variables included lopped trees (0.78) followed by remnant of branches and leaves (0.76). This component explains lopping for fuelwood and fodder as a factor of disturbance in the study area. Principal component II shows that two (2) disturbance parameters were loaded heavily on component and disturbance variables included felled trees (0.85) and cut poles (0.76). This component explains extraction of fuelwood as a factor of disturbance in the study area. Principal component III, IV and V shows only one disturbance parameters loaded heavily on each components, and variables included presence of cattle frequency (0.78) followed by presence of clear patch frequency (0.93) and presence of fire sign frequency (0.78). These components explains anthropogenic disturbance for resource extraction as a factor of disturbance in the study area. Principal component coefficients were of relatively similar magnitude for all disturbance variables (only lopped regeneration appeared to be less influential (Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab6">6</a>). This suggested that the various manifestations of disturbance around the settlements occurred consistently together. Hence, it is evident from the study, that tree species were indiscriminately lopped for fodder and fuelwood extraction. So, forests in the close proximity of settlements are degrading faster due to biomass extraction.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-7"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab7" data-test="table-caption">Table 7 Ecological status of biotic pressure</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/tables/7" aria-label="Full size table 7"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec13"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">3.7 </span>Deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions</h3><p>The fuelwood species due to their easy accessibility and varied utility values were mostly affected due to over exploitation. The respondents mostly use low-efficiency traditional chullahs for cooking purpose. The incomplete combustion of fuelwood in traditional chullah leads to high consumption of fuelwood and may release emission of various green house gasses. The study revealed that the total annual quantity of fuelwood consumed by the <i>Van Gujjars</i> was found to be 2493.16 t dm. As a result, the observed total deforested wood was recorded as 1312.19 m<sup>3</sup>. Due to combustion of this fuelwood the emission of different gases are given in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#Tab8">8</a>.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-8"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab8" data-test="table-caption">Table 8 Computed amount of GHGs release in the atmosphere</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7/tables/8" aria-label="Full size table 8"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> </div></div></section><section data-title="Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec14-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec14"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">4 </span>Discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec14-content"><p>In developing countries, the main objective of the establishment of protected areas has been, until recently, to preserve important natural features and unique habitats. In the context of changing human population, socio-economic and environmental conditions, in which rural communities are operating, it is important to develop a method of predicting patterns of fuel wood consumption. In the study area, the mean household size is 7.24 persons per household which is higher than the assessed values for the communities living in the hilly parts of Uttarakhand state and 5.3 persons for the whole country (Census of India <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Official Home Page of Census of India (2011) 
 http://www.censusindia.gov.in
 
 . Retrieved July 11, 2011" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4544">2011</a>). The reason behind their larger families is supported by the fact that large families have an economic impact because of the need for labour for pastoralism. About 98.5% of households admitted that they use fuelwood as source of cooking fuel, that is quite high as compared to 77% reported by NSSO (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="NSSO (2007–2008) Energy Used by Indian Households. Report No. 530. New Delhi: Department of Statistics" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4547">2007</a>–2008) and recently reported 64% for the whole country (Das and Srinivasan <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Das D, Srinivasan R (2012) Income levels and transition of cooking fuel among rural poor in India. Energy Sci Technol 4(2):85–91" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4550">2012</a>). In <i>Van Gujjar</i> community, both genders had contact with the resource. In research studies conducted in other regions, the practice of gathering has shown differences regarding gender (Tabuti et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Tabuti JRS, Dhillion SS, Lye KA (2003) Firewood use in Bulgamogi County, Uganda: species selection, harvesting and consumption patterns. Biomass Bioenergy 25(6):581–596" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR72" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4556">2003</a>; Ramos et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Ramos MA, Medeiros P, Santos de Almeida AL, Patriota FAL, Albuquerque UP (2008) Use and knowledge of fuelwood in an area of Caatinga vegetation in NE Brazil. Biomass Bioenergy 32(6):510–517" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4560">2008</a>). All of the households cook their food on <i>kutcha chulha.</i> The reason behind this large proportion of <i>kutcha chulha</i> users in the area is the easy accessibility of fuelwood and non-availability of any cost effective and readily accessible alternative. Therefore, any strategy for the development of the region necessarily will need to focus to change this situation. The literacy rate and employment of the <i>Van Gujjars</i> are very low. Therefore, to alleviate their socio-economic conditions, they should be supported with better educational and employment opportunities (Gaur <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Gaur RD (2007) An integrated vision of science and society in Uttarakhand. Samaj Vigyan Shodh Patrika, 207–213" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4572">2007</a>).</p><p>Communities living in the Himalayas have developed an age old tradition of selectively using a wide variety of forest resources for firewood based on their quality and availability (Rai et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Rai YK, Chettri N, Sharma E (2002) Fuelwood value index of woody tree species from forests of Mamlay watershed, South Sikkim, India. For Trees Livelihoods 12:209–219" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4578">2002</a>). Many of the preferred and higher quality species are under pressure, leading to changes in species compositions and forest succession patterns (Chettri et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Chettri N, Sharma E, Deb DC, Sundriyal RC (2002) Impact of firewood extraction on tree structure, regeneration and wood biomass productivity in a trekking corridor of the Sikkim Himalaya. Mt Res Dev 22(2):150–158" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4581">2002</a>). In current study, they preferred 21 tree species for fuelwood purposes. Trees were indiscriminately lopped for fodder and cut down for fuelwood extraction (Hussain et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Hussain A, Bargali HS, Dasgupta S, Gore K (2012) Demography, perception and impact of traditional pastoralists (Van Gujjars) on biotic resources of Corbett Tiger Reserve and the adjoining forest divisions. H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University) Srinagar, Garhwal and The Corbett Foundation, Ramnagar, Uttarakhand. Report submitted to Uttarakhand State forest department" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4584">2012</a>). The <i>Van Gujjars</i> preference for fuelwood species depends upon the hardness of wood and durability of embers. These criteria coincide with research studies which identify the inherent combustion properties of woods, i.e. hardness, heat potential, durability of embers, as recorded for other species in other regions (Chettri et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Chettri N, Sharma E, Deb DC, Sundriyal RC (2002) Impact of firewood extraction on tree structure, regeneration and wood biomass productivity in a trekking corridor of the Sikkim Himalaya. Mt Res Dev 22(2):150–158" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4590">2002</a>; Ramos et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2008" title="Ramos MA, Medeiros P, Santos de Almeida AL, Patriota FAL, Albuquerque UP (2008) Use and knowledge of fuelwood in an area of Caatinga vegetation in NE Brazil. Biomass Bioenergy 32(6):510–517" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4594">2008</a>; Bhatt and Tomar <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Bhatt BP, Tomar JMS (2002) Firewood properties of some Indian mountain tree and shrub species. Biomass Bioenergy 23(4):257–260" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4597">2002</a>). It would be interesting to conduct combustion analysis on the preferred species, comparing results with the characteristics perceived by residents, thus evaluating traditional ecological knowledge. According to some respondents, selection of tree species for fuel is arbitrary based on the easy availability. This type of selection for fuelwood is also reported by Top et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Top N, Mizoue N, Kai S, Nakao T (2004) Variation in woodfuel consumption patterns in response to forest availability in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. Biomass and Bioenergy 27(1):57–68" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4600">2004</a>) in Cambodia.</p><p>The present study showed that fuelwood consumption by <i>Van Gujjars</i> ranged from 4 to 36 kg/household/day. The average per capita fuel wood consumption was recorded as 2.77 kg/day. However, the value are higher than the ones reported for southern India (1.9–2.2 kg/capita/day) by Reddy (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1981" title="Reddy AKN (1981) An Indian village agricultural ecosystem case study of Ungra village. Part II. Discussion. Biomass 1:77–88" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4609">1981</a>), the Himalayan range of Nepal (1.23 kg/capita/day) by Mahat et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1987" title="Mahat TBS, Grigffin DM, Shepherd KP (1987) Human impact on some forest of the middle hills of Nepal. Part 4: a detailed study in Southeast Sindhu Palanchock and Northeast Kabhere Palanchock. Mt Res Dev 7:114–134" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4612">1987</a>), for southern and south-eastern Asian countries (1.7–2.5 kg/capita/day) by Dovovan (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1981" title="Dovovan DG (1981) Fuel wood how much do we need?. Institute of Current World Affairs, Hanover, p 22" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4615">1981</a>), for Himalayan villages 1.53 kg/capita/day by Bartwal (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1987" title="Bartwal PS (1987) Fuel wood consumption pattern in rural areas—a case study. J Trop For 3:136–141" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4618">1987</a>), 1.26–1.95 kg/capita/day by Mishra et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1988" title="Mishra NM, Mahendra AK, Ansari MY (1988) Pilot survey of fuel consumption in rural areas. Indian For 114(1):57–62" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4622">1988</a>), 0.76–1.21 kg/capita/day by Saksena et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1995" title="Saksena S, Prasad R, Joshi V (1995) Time allocation and fuel usage in three villages of the Garhwal Himalaya, India. Mt Res Dev 15:57–67" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4625">1995</a>) and 1.00–2.72 kg/capita/day by Sharma et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Sharma CM, Gairola S, Kumar M, Rawat YS, Bagwari HK (2009) Resource utilization in village ecosystem of temperate zone of Garhwal Himalaya. Indian J Agrofor 11(2):94–100" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4628">2009</a>), Hussain et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2013" title="Hussain A, Iqbal K, Pala NA, Bhat JA, Todaria NP (2013) Van panchyats in Uttarakhand Himalaya—lessons for conservation and sustainable utilization of forest resources. Int J Environ Biol 3:208–217" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4631">2013</a>) and, respectively. The earlier researchers as mentioned above reported average fuelwood consumption of 20–25 kg/household/day, while in case of <i>Van Gujjar,</i> it was 20.09 kg/household/day. The average fuelwood consumption reported by Awasti et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Awasti A, Uniyal SK, Rawat GS, Rajvanshi A (2003) Forest resource availability and its use by the migratory villages of Uttarkashi, Garhwal Himalaya (India). For Ecol Manag 174:13–24" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4637">2003</a>) in Garhwal Himalaya was 14.65 kg/household/day. All India average of fuelwood consumption in rural areas as per Centre for Development Finance (CDF) (Source: <a href="http://www.householdenergy.in">www.householdenergy.in</a>) comes to be 121.19 kg per month (i.e. 4.06 kg/household/day) which shows that the fuelwood consumption in the study area is quite high. The average energy consumption for all India in rural areas was 79.98 MJ/kg day<sup>−1</sup> family<sup>−1</sup>, but the average energy consumption of Van Gujjars was found quite high as 395.77 MJ/kg day<sup>−1</sup> family<sup>−1</sup>.</p><p>Song et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Song N, Aguilar FX, Shifley SR, Goerndt ME (2012) Factors affecting wood energy consumption by U.S. households. Energy Econ 34(2):389–397" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4659">2012</a>), Rosas-Flores and Gálvez (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Rosas-Flores JA, Gálvez DM (2010) What goes up: recent trends in Mexican residential energy use? Energy 35:2596–2602" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4662">2010</a>), Hussain et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016a" title="Hussain A, Dasgupta S, Bargali HS (2016a) Conservation perceptions and attitudes of semi-nomadic pastoralist towards relocation and biodiversity management: a case study of Van Gujjars residing in and around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Environ Dev Sustain 18:57–72. doi:
 10.1007/s10668-015-9621-6
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4665">2016a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Hussain A, Negi AK, Singh RK, Aziem S, Iqbal K, Pala NA (2016b) Comparative study of fuelwood consumption by semi-nomadic pastoral community and adjacent villagers around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Indian For 142:574–581" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4668">b</a>), Rao and Reddy (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2007" title="Rao MN, Reddy BS (2007) Variations in energy use by Indian households: an analysis of micro level data. Energy 32(2):143–153" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4671">2007</a>) indicate that household energy consumption is influenced by several factors, such as income, family size, household land ownership, educational level and local availability. Pachauri et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2004" title="Pachauri S, Mueller A, Kemmler A, Spreng D (2004) On measuring energy Poverty in Indian households. World Dev 32(12):2083–2104" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4675">2004</a>) reported that households with low incomes use more non-commercial energy than households with high income level, but this trend was not followed by current study. In current study, it may be concluded that socio-economic condition has no or less effect on fuelwood consumption. The reason may that local communities are totally dependent on forests with no use of alternative source of energy. Other forms of commercial energy are beyond the reach of ordinary people because of poor socio-economic conditions, lack of communication, high prices and limited supply in inaccessible mountain areas (Chettri et al. <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2002" title="Chettri N, Sharma E, Deb DC, Sundriyal RC (2002) Impact of firewood extraction on tree structure, regeneration and wood biomass productivity in a trekking corridor of the Sikkim Himalaya. Mt Res Dev 22(2):150–158" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4678">2002</a>). This is consistent with the study conducted by Song et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2012" title="Song N, Aguilar FX, Shifley SR, Goerndt ME (2012) Factors affecting wood energy consumption by U.S. households. Energy Econ 34(2):389–397" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4681">2012</a>) in the USA, Rosas-Flores and Gálvez (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2010" title="Rosas-Flores JA, Gálvez DM (2010) What goes up: recent trends in Mexican residential energy use? Energy 35:2596–2602" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4684">2010</a>) in Mexico and Miah et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2009" title="Miah MD, Al Rashid H, Shin MY (2009) Wood fuel use in the traditional cooking stoves in the rural floodplain areas of Bangladesh: a socio-environmental perspective. Biomass Bioenergy 33(1):70–78" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4687">2009</a>) in Bangladesh who state that family size has a significant impact on the amount of fuelwood consumption per family. Large families consume more fuelwood both because they have more workers to collect fuelwood and because they have more mouths to feed. Khuman et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2011" title="Khuman YSC, Pandey R, Rao KS (2011) Fuelwood consumption patterns in Fakot watershed, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand. Energy 36:4769–4776" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4690">2011</a>) in Uttarakhand in India report that the household size is inversely proportional to per capita fuelwood consumption at micro level. This interesting reduction in per capita fuelwood consumption with an increase in number of persons in the household has also been observed by Ramachandra et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2000" title="Ramachandra TV, Subramania DK, Joshi NV, Gunaga SV, Harikantra RB (2000) Domestic energy consumption patterns in Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka State, India. Energy Convers Manag 41:775–831" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4694">2000</a>) and Hussain et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016a" title="Hussain A, Dasgupta S, Bargali HS (2016a) Conservation perceptions and attitudes of semi-nomadic pastoralist towards relocation and biodiversity management: a case study of Van Gujjars residing in and around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Environ Dev Sustain 18:57–72. doi:
 10.1007/s10668-015-9621-6
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4697">2016a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Hussain A, Negi AK, Singh RK, Aziem S, Iqbal K, Pala NA (2016b) Comparative study of fuelwood consumption by semi-nomadic pastoral community and adjacent villagers around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Indian For 142:574–581" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4700">b</a>). The result of this study is also consistent with the results of research conducted by Top et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2003" title="Top N, Mizoue N, Kai S (2003) Woodfuel consumption rates and flow in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. J For Plan 9:17–24" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4703">2003</a>), Hussain et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2016a" title="Hussain A, Dasgupta S, Bargali HS (2016a) Conservation perceptions and attitudes of semi-nomadic pastoralist towards relocation and biodiversity management: a case study of Van Gujjars residing in and around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Environ Dev Sustain 18:57–72. doi:
 10.1007/s10668-015-9621-6
 
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4706">2016a</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference b" title="Hussain A, Negi AK, Singh RK, Aziem S, Iqbal K, Pala NA (2016b) Comparative study of fuelwood consumption by semi-nomadic pastoral community and adjacent villagers around Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. Indian For 142:574–581" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4709">b</a>), Bhat et al. (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2015" title="Bhat JA, Hussain A, Malik ZA, Todaria NP (2015) Fuelwood consumption of dhabas (temporary hotels) along an altitudinal gradient in a pilgrim and tourist affected protected area of Western Himalaya. J Sustain For. doi:
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(<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Marufu L, Ludwig J, Andreae MO, Lelieveld J, Helas G (1999) Spatial and temporal variation in domestic biofuel consumption rates and pattern in Zimbabwe: implication for atmospheric trace gas emission. Biomass Bioenergy 16:311–332" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4722">1999</a>) in Zimbabwe, Mahapatra and Mitchell (<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1999" title="Mahapatra AK, Mitchell CP (1999) Biofuel consumption, deforestation, and farm level tree growing in rural India. 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Energy 23:887–898" href="/article/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d126660793e4732">1998</a>) in Nigeria.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec15-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec15"><span class="c-article-section__title-number">5 </span>Conclusion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec15-content"><p>Deprived socio-economic status and inaccessibility of the area are major factors responsible for the high dependence on nearby forest areas. The findings also reveal that the unavailability of preferred fuelwood species near settlements would force residents to disperse too far and lead to more disturbances of forests. Therefore, option could be to decrease their dependency on the forest by providing alternative sources of energy. Policy should be framed for mass scale afforestation programme of suitable firewood plant species in the less used, barren areas to bridge the gap between the demand and supply. The fuelwood consumption leading the emission of GHGs appears to be very small; however, it may have cumulative effect on climate change in near future. The potential solution of this problem could be reduction in anthropogenic effect on forests, sustainable fuelwood harvesting and mass scale afforestation for reducing pressure on forests. Renewable energy will play a major role in meeting future energy needs, in a sustainable way, in particular in rural India; this sector has, therefore, to be promoted. Wasteland constitutes a major part of country which should be developed into woody vegetations to meet the future demands of fuelwood and timber. The information obtained from the present study on fuel wood consumption pattern could form the basis for designing appropriate technologies and management policies for energy plantations in the region.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Adhikari BS, Babu MM, Saklani PL, Rawat GS (2010) Medicinal plant diversity and their conservation status in Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Campus, Dehradun. 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Sincere thanks are also due to the Forest Department officials for their kind support and cooperation. We are also thankful to the <i>Van Gujjars</i> of the study area for their cooperation during data collection.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Forestry and NR, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Aatif Hussain & Sabyasachi Dasgupta</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">The Corbett Foundation, Ramnagar, Uttarakhand, India</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">H. S. Bargali</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Aatif-Hussain-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Aatif Hussain</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Aatif%20Hussain" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Aatif%20Hussain" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Aatif%20Hussain%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Sabyasachi-Dasgupta-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Sabyasachi Dasgupta</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Sabyasachi%20Dasgupta" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Sabyasachi%20Dasgupta" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Sabyasachi%20Dasgupta%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-H__S_-Bargali-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">H. S. Bargali</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=H.%20S.%20Bargali" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=H.%20S.%20Bargali" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22H.%20S.%20Bargali%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:aatifm217@gmail.com">Aatif Hussain</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Fuelwood%20consumption%20patterns%20by%20semi-nomadic%20pastoralist%20community%20and%20its%20implication%20on%20conservation%20of%20Corbett%20Tiger%20Reserve%2C%20India&author=Aatif%20Hussain%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs40974-016-0050-7&copyright=Joint%20Center%20on%20Global%20Change%20and%20Earth%20System%20Science%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Maryland%20and%20Beijing%20Normal%20University%20and%20Springer-Verlag%20Berlin%20Heidelberg&publication=2363-7692&publicationDate=2016-12-24&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Hussain, A., Dasgupta, S. & Bargali, H.S. Fuelwood consumption patterns by semi-nomadic pastoralist community and its implication on conservation of Corbett Tiger Reserve, India. <i>Energ. Ecol. Environ.</i> <b>2</b>, 49–59 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2015-11-12">12 November 2015</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Revised<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-12-09">09 December 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-12-11">11 December 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-12-24">24 December 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2017-02">February 2017</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0050-7</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" 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