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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobelova_cena_za_fyziológiu_alebo_lekárstvo,_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nobelova cena za fyziológiu alebo lekárstvo, 2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobelova_cena_za_fyziológiu_alebo_lekárstvo,_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vírus hepatitídy typu C</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhľad"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhľad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:HCV_EM_picture_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HCV_EM_picture_2.png/220px-HCV_EM_picture_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HCV_EM_picture_2.png/330px-HCV_EM_picture_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/HCV_EM_picture_2.png/440px-HCV_EM_picture_2.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Elektrónový mikrograf HCV, 50 nm</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:HCV_genome.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HCV_genome.png/343px-HCV_genome.png" decoding="async" width="343" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HCV_genome.png/515px-HCV_genome.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HCV_genome.png/686px-HCV_genome.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Štruktúra genónu HCV</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:HepC_replication.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HepC_replication.png/403px-HepC_replication.png" decoding="async" width="403" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HepC_replication.png/605px-HepC_replication.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HepC_replication.png/806px-HepC_replication.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Životný cyklus HCV</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Countries_Most_Affected_by_Hepatitis_C_in_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Countries_Most_Affected_by_Hepatitis_C_in_2019.png/352px-Countries_Most_Affected_by_Hepatitis_C_in_2019.png" decoding="async" width="352" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Countries_Most_Affected_by_Hepatitis_C_in_2019.png/528px-Countries_Most_Affected_by_Hepatitis_C_in_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Countries_Most_Affected_by_Hepatitis_C_in_2019.png/704px-Countries_Most_Affected_by_Hepatitis_C_in_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Prevalencia hepatitídy typu C</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vírus hepatitíd typu C</b> (<b>HCV</b>, <i>hepatitis C virus)</i> je pôvodca <a href="/wiki/Hepatit%C3%ADda_typu_C" title="Hepatitída typu C">hepatitídy typu C</a>. Vírus bol objavený v roku 1989 (ako non-A non-B hepatitída) a bol zaradený do čeľade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flaviviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flaviviridae (stránka neexistuje)">Flaviviridae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samostatný rod <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepacivirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hepacivirus (stránka neexistuje)">Hepacivirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genóm"><span id="Gen.C3.B3m"></span>Genóm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Genóm" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Genóm"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genóm HCV je RNA molekula s pozitívnou polaritou, i.e. nastáva okamžitá translácia na ribozóme za vzniku polyproteínu. RNA obsahuje 9600 nukleobáz, vzniknutý polyproteín má cca 3000 aminokyselín, ktorý je ďalej štiepený proteázami na 3 štruktúrne a 7 neštruktúrnych proteínov. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Genóm vírusu HCV má tri oblasti: </p> <ol><li>5´-nekódujúcu oblasť, ktorá obsahuje vnútorné vstupné miesto pre ribozómy (IRES).</li> <li>otvorený čítací rámec s 9600 nukleotidmi kódujúcimi prekurzorový polyproteín</li> <li>3´-nekódujúca oblasť, ktorá je významná pri preplikácii HCV.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>U HCV podľa úrovní genetickej zhody rozlišujeme: </p> <ul><li>genotypy (genetická zhoda 50 % - 70 %) HCV má 6 genotypov.</li> <li>subtypy (genetická zhoda 70 % - 80 %)</li> <li>kvázišpécie (genetická zhoda nad 80 %).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>V Severnej Amerike, Európe sa vyskytuje genotyp 1 a 3, menej genotyp 2. V severnej a strednej Afrike sa vyskytuje genotyp 4. V južnej Afrike sa vyskytuje genotyp 5. V juhovýchodnej Ázii sa vyskytuje genotyp 6.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genotypizácia HCV bola dôležitá v minulosti (pred zavenedím pangenotypických liečiv ako <a href="/wiki/Sofosbuvir" title="Sofosbuvir">sofosbuvir)</a> kvôli predikcii dĺžky liečby a určeniu pravdepodobnosti trvalej virologickej odpovede (SVR).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Životný_cyklus"><span id=".C5.BDivotn.C3.BD_cyklus"></span>Životný cyklus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Životný cyklus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Životný cyklus"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Životný cyklus HCV začína naviazaním virionu na receptor na povrchu cytoplazmatickej membrány. Receptor nie je známy, ako kadidátske molekuly boli navrhnuté: </p> <ul><li>tetraspanín CD81</li> <li>scavengerový receptor B I (CR B I)</li> <li>adhézne molekuly DC-SIGN alebo L-SIGN</li> <li>receptor pre lipoproteín s nízkou hustotou (LDL receptor)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Virion je po naviazaní na receptor internalizovaný endocytózou a uvolnený v cytoplazme.Nasleduje dekapsidácia, čím sa uvolní nahá RNA vírusu. Prebehne replikácia a translácia RNA na na sieti membrán z neštruktúrnych proteínov a proteínov hostiteľskej bunky, ktorá sa nazýva replikačný komplex, ktorý je lokalizovaný na perinukleárnych membránach v okolí jadra bunky.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obalenie nukleovej kyseliny proteínmi (kapsidácia genómu HCV) prebieha v endoplazmatickom retikule a v Golgiho aparáte, čím vznikne nukleokapsid, ktorý sa ako zrelý virion dostáva exocytózou vonku y bunky do medzibunkového priestoru.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prenos">Prenos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Prenos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Prenos"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vírus hepatitídy typu C sa prenáša <b>parenterálne</b> (krvou prenosné infekcie): </p> <ul><li>injekčná aplikácia drog - zdieľané ihly, striekačky a ďalšie parafrenálie potriesnené krvou infikovaného - je nutné používať <i>harm reduction</i> metódy: injikovať drogu vždy novou ihlou a striekačkou, použitú ihlu prekryť obalom, použitú strikačku s ihlou vymeniť v harm reduction centre za novú.</li> <li>tetovanie a piercing vykonávané za aseptických podmienok</li> <li>sexuálny kontakt s HCV-pozitívnou osobou (u sexuálnych praktík, pri ktorých môže dôjsť ku poraneniu a kontaktu s krvou: análny sex, BDSM etc.) HCV sa nepovažuje za sexuálne prenosnú chorobu. Bariérová ochrana (kondóm/pesar) predstavuje dostatočnú ochranu pred HCV.</li> <li>pred rokom 1992: prenos pri krvých transfúziách</li> <li>perinatálny prenos z matky na dieťa počas pôrodu</li> <li>pravidelná dialýza</li> <li>profesionálne riziko expozície HCV: virológovia, lekári, sestričky</li> <li>transplantácia orgánov a tkanív infikovaných HCV</li> <li>rodinný kontakt s osobou s HCV pri zdieľaní hygienických pomôcok (zdieľané žiletky na holenie, zdieľané holiace strojčeky, zdieľané zubné kefky).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobelova_cena_za_fyziológiu_alebo_lekárstvo,_2020"><span id="Nobelova_cena_za_fyziol.C3.B3giu_alebo_lek.C3.A1rstvo.2C_2020"></span>Nobelova cena za fyziológiu alebo lekárstvo, 2020</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Nobelova cena za fyziológiu alebo lekárstvo, 2020" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Nobelova cena za fyziológiu alebo lekárstvo, 2020"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg/407px-15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg" decoding="async" width="407" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg/611px-15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg/814px-15_Hegasy_Nobel_Prize_2020_HepC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Nobelova cena v roku 2020 udelená za objav vírusu hepatitídy typu C</figcaption></figure><p>Existenciu neznámeho vírusu, ktorý sa prenášal pri transfúziách, si uvedomil hematológ a vedúci sekcie infekčných chorôb v <i>National Institute of Health (NIH)</i> <b>Harvey J. Alter</b> (*1935) už v polovici 70. rokov 20. storočia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ako dôkaz, že hepatitída mala infekčnú etiopatogenézu, Alter vykonal transfúziu krvi z človeka s hepatitídou šimpanzovi. Pozoroval vývoj hepatitídy u šimpanza.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keďže nešlo o hepatitídu typu A, ani o hepatitídu typu B, nazval ju non-A-non-B hepatitída (NANBH). </p><p>Celosvetová snaha nájsť a opísať vírus spôsobujúci túto hepatitídu bol náročný hlavne z dôvodu, že v tej dobe ešte neexistovala polymerázová reťazová reakcia (PCR, <i>polymerase chain reaction</i>). Úspešný bol až <b>Michael Houghton</b>, ktorý pracoval pre kalifornskú firmu Chiron Corporation, ktorý z krvi infikovaných šimpanzov izoloval fragmenty DNA, pričom väčšina z nich bola DNA šimpanzov, nie vírusová nukleová kyselina. V práci s fragmentami mu pomohol Daniel W. Bradley z Centra pre kontrolu a prevenciu chorôb (CDC, <i>Centre for Disease Control & Prevention</i>) v Atlante, ktorý navrhol lepší šimpanzí modol na množenie vírusu. Houghtonovi sa podarilo "nájsť ihlu v kope sena" a našiel fragmenty, ktoré patrili vírusu HCV. Tieto fragmenty naklonoval a skúmal, či reagujú s protilátkami izolovanými z infikovaných pacientov. Týmto spôsobom Michael Houghton objavil nový vírus z čelade Flaviviridae, ktorý bol nazvaný vírus hepatitídy typu C, HCV.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Charles M. Rice</b> (pôsobiaci na Washingtonovej Unoverzite v St. Louis) dokázal, že nájdený flavivirus HCV naozaj spôsobuje hepatitítu typu C. Rice upravil vírus HCv tak, aby skrátil počiatok infekcie a urýchlil nástup hepatitídy. Takto upraveným vírusom infikoval šimpanzov a dokázal, že vírus HCV spôsobuje <a href="/wiki/Hepatit%C3%ADda_typu_C" title="Hepatitída typu C">hepatitídu typu C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencie">Referencie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Referencie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADrus_hepatit%C3%ADdy_typu_C&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Referencie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">i</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">GAŠPAROVIČ, Juraj. Etiológia a diagnostika HCV. <i>Trendy v hepatologii</i> (Bratislava: PharMedCOns), 2010-01-19, roč. 2, čís. 1/2010. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">SCHRÉTER, Ivan; KRISTIAN, Pavol. História vírusovej hepatitídy C. <i>Trend v hepatologii</i> (Bratislava: PharMedCons), 2010-01-19, roč. 2, čís. 1/2010, s. 4-8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/1337-9836">1337-9836</a>. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">URBÁNEK, P. Infekce virem hepatitdy C. <i>Remedia</i>, roč. 2005, čís. 15, s. 75-83. </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">PENIN, Fran�ois; DUBUISSON, Jean; REY, Felix A.. Structural biology of hepatitis C virus. <i>Hepatology</i>, 2004-01, roč. 39, čís. 1, s. 5–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20032">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2024-10-06]. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0270-9139">0270-9139</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.20032">10.1002/hep.20032</a>. (po anglicky)</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">d</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">RÁDL, Stanislav. <i>Příběhy spojené s objevy nových léčiv</i>. 1. vyd. Praha : VŠCHT, 2023. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/978-80-7592-165-9" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/978-80-7592-165-9">ISBN <span class="ISBN">978-80-7592-165-9</span></a></span>. S. 221-229. </cite></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Zdroj: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vírus_hepatitídy_typu_C&oldid=7938211">https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vírus_hepatitídy_typu_C&oldid=7938211</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kateg%C3%B3rie" title="Špeciálne:Kategórie">Kategória</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:V%C3%ADrusy" title="Kategória:Vírusy">Vírusy</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Dátum a čas poslednej úpravy tejto stránky: 30. október 2024, 18:11.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text je dostupný za podmienok <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 4.0 Unported</a>; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. 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