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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Bahasa</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Enklave+dan+eksklave&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Pantau</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Sunting</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Dialihkan dari <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Enklave">Enklave</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26810368/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <p><b>Enklave</b> dan <b>eksklave</b> merupakan istilah dalam <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografi_politik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografi politik">geografi politik</a> yang merujuk pada wilayah negara atau daerah dalam wilayah suatu negara, yang memiliki ciri "diskontinuitas teritorial", yaitu wilayah tersebut terpisah dan/atau terkurung di wilayah negara lain. Untuk lebih jelasnya, enklave dan eksklave memiliki perbedaan mendasar sebagai berikut.</p> <ul> <li><i>Enklave</i> atau <i>daerah kantong</i> adalah suatu negara atau daerah dalam wilayah suatu negara yang terkurung seluruhnya dalam wilayah suatu negara asing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raton_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Raton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Eksklave</i> adalah daerah dalam wilayah suatu negara yang secara geografis terpisah sepenuhnya dipisahkan dari daerah utama wilayah negara tersebut oleh wilayah-wilayah dari satu atau beberapa negara asing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Websters_p4972_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Websters_p4972-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="theader" style="text-align:"> Diagram eksplikatif atas diskontinuitas teritorial: <i>Enklave</i> dan <i>eksklave</i> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berkas:Enclave_exclave_diagram.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Enclave_exclave_diagram.svg/300px-Enclave_exclave_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Enclave_exclave_diagram.svg/450px-Enclave_exclave_diagram.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Enclave_exclave_diagram.svg/600px-Enclave_exclave_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1500"></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Wilayah (berupa negara, negara bagian, provinsi, kabupaten, kota, dll.) yang berbeda diwakili oleh warna dan huruf yang berbeda, sedangkan daerah yang terpisah dari wilayah yang sama diwakili oleh warna dan huruf yang sama, dengan nomor yang berbeda ditambahkan ke setiap daerah yang lebih kecil dari wilayah itu (bagian utama hanya diberi huruf tanpa angka). <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r19202607">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#f3a7b5; color:black;"> </span> A: <ul> <li>memiliki 5 <i>eksklave</i> (A1, A2, A3, A4, dan A5): mustahil untuk bepergian dari daerah utama ke daerah-daerah eksklave di wilayah A dengan hanya melalui wilayah A semata; sementara: <ul> <li>A1 dan A2 bukanlah <i>enklave</i>: keduanya tidak dikelilingi oleh wilayah suatu entitas asing tunggal;</li> <li>A1 adalah <i>semieksklave</i> atau <i>semienklave</i>: sebagian dari daerah ini memiliki perbatasan maritim yang tidak mengelilingi daerah tersebut;</li> <li>A2 merupakan <i>eksklave</i> dari A: terpisah dari A;</li> <li>A3 adalah <i>enklave</i>: daerah ini dikelilingi seluruhnya oleh wilayah <i>B</i>;</li> <li>A4 dan A5 adalah <i>kontraenklave</i> atau <i>enklave tingkat 2</i>: daerah yang termasuk wilayah A yang berada di dalam enklave E;</li> </ul></li> <li>memiliki 1 <i>enklave</i> (E): wilayah asing yang seluruhnya berada di dalam wilayah A;</li> <li>memiliki 1 <i>kontrakontraenklave</i> atau <i>enklave tingkat 3</i> (E1).</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#fed720; color:black;"> </span> B: <ul> <li>memiliki 2 <i>enklave</i> (A3 dan D).</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#75be3b; color:black;"> </span> C: <ul> <li>tidak memiliki enklave dan eksklave.</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#e87c2d; color:black;"> </span> D: <ul> <li>merupakan <i>daerah enklave</i>: tidak memiliki enklave dan eksklave, tetapi seluruh wilayahnya berada di dalam wilayah suatu entitas asing tunggal (B).</li> </ul></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r19202607"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#8855ec; color:white;"> </span> E: <ul> <li>merupakan <i>daerah enklave</i>: berada di dalam wilayah A;</li> <li>memiliki 2 <i>enklave</i> (A4 dan A5), yang merupakan <i>kontraenklave</i> untuk wilayah A;</li> <li>memiliki 1 <i>kontraenklave'</i> (E1), yang merupakan <i>kontrakontraenklave</i> bila dilihat dari sudut pandang A dan berada di dalam wilayah A5.</li> </ul></li> </ul> Dalam istilah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topologi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Topologi">topologi</a>, A dan E merupakan (himpunan) <i>permukaan takterhubung</i>, lalu B, C, dan D adalah <i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruang_terhubung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruang terhubung">permukaan terhubung</a></i>. Namun, C dan D juga merupakan <i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruang_terhubung_sederhana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruang terhubung sederhana">permukaan terhubung sederhana</a></i>, sedangkan B bukan (karena B memiliki "genus 2", yaitu jumlah "lubang" pada B). </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Beberapa negara memiliki wilayah yang terputus atau terpisah di wilayah negara lain yang, tergantung cirinya, dapat disebut daerah enklave dan/atau eksklave. Daerah-daerah tersebut umumnya tercipta karena adanya alasan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sejarah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sejarah">historis</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politik">politis</a> atau <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografi">geografis</a> yang melatarbelakanginya. Misalnya, penjanjian perdamaian antara dua negara yang bertikai, perjanjian pembagian wilayah oleh negara-negara kolonial, serta perebutan suatu daerah dalam perang.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Daftar isi</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Penggunaan"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Penggunaan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Enklave"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Enklave</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eksklave"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Eksklave</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Istilah_terkait"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Istilah terkait</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Semienklave_dan_semieksklave"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Semienklave dan semieksklave</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tingkat_nasional_dan_subnasional"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tingkat nasional dan subnasional</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kontraenklave"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Kontraenklave</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Peneksklave"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Peneksklave</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Enklave_etnik"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Enklave etnik</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ekstrateritorialitas"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Ekstrateritorialitas</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lihat_juga"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Lihat juga</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Daftar"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Daftar</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Referensi"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Referensi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pustaka"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Pustaka</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pranala_luar"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Pranala luar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Penggunaan">Penggunaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Istilah "enklave" berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Prancis, yaitu <i>enclave</i>, yang merupakan turunan dari kata kerja <i>enclaver</i> (1283), dari <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> sehari-hari <i>inclavare</i> (menutup dengan kunci). Kata <i>enclave</i> pertama kali muncul pada pertengahan abad ke-15 dan pada awalnya merupakan istilah hukum properti yang menunjukkan situasi sebidang tanah atau pekarangan yang dikelilingi oleh tanah-tanah yang dimiliki oleh pemilik yang berbeda, sementara tanah tersebut tidak dapat digarap secara praktis dan memadai mengenakan "beban" pada pekarangan sekitarnya (seperti melintasi tanah orang lain atau mengalirkan air melewati tanah orang lain).<sup id="cite_ref-LGR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LGR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara hukum, ini menciptakan kondisi "pengabdian pekarangan" (<i>servituut</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bagi tanah di sekeliling yang dimiliki oleh orang lain. Dokumen diplomatik yang pertama kali memuat kata <i>enclave</i> adalah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Italia_1521%E2%80%931526?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perang Italia 1521–1526">Perjanjian Madrid</a>, yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-Melamid2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melamid2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:61</sup></span> Kata tersebut menjadi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jargon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jargon">jargon</a> diplomasi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Inggris">berbahasa Inggris</a> pada tahun 1868.</p> <p>Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, istilah <i>enclave</i> juga mulai digunakan untuk merujuk pada tanah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keresidenan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keresidenan">keresidenan</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabupaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabupaten">kabupaten</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fief">fief</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Komune">komune</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kota_praja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kota praja">kota praja</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paroki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paroki">paroki</a>, dan lain-lain yang dikelilingi oleh wilayah asing. Kata tersebut akhirnya diserap ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa-bahasa lainnya untuk merujuk pada konsep yang sama, meskipun istilah lokal terus digunakan. Di India, kata <i>pocket</i> "kantong" sering digunakan sebagai sinonim untuk enklave (seperti "<i>pocket</i> distrik Puducherry").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sejarah administrasi Britania Raya, enklave subnasional biasanya disebut "<i>detachments</i>" atau "<i>detached parts</i>", sementara enklave nasional disebut "<i>detached districts</i>" atau "<i>detached dominions</i>". Dalam sejarah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eklesiologi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eklesiologi">gerejawi</a> Inggris, enklave subnasional disebut "<i>peculiars</i>" (lihat juga Royal Peculiar).</p> <p>Istilah "eksklave" merupakan perluasan makna dari kata enklave yang digunakan dalam dunia modern.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Enklave">Enklave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Enklave" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><i>Enklave</i> dalam pengertian luas berarti wilayah suatu entitas (berupa <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negara">negara</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara_bagian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negara bagian">negara bagian</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daerah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daerah">daerah</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinsi">provinsi</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kota">kota</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distrik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Distrik">distrik</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabupaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabupaten">kabupaten</a>, dll.) yang terperangkap seluruhnya di dalam wilayah suatu entitas "tunggal" asing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, enklave secara umum biasanya merujuk pada bagian suatu negara (atau negara bagian) yang terkurung dalam wilayah negara asing. Untuk membedakannya dengan jenis-jenis enklave lainnya, enklave terkait sering disebut juga <i>enklave sejati</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EV2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EV2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:10</sup></span> Contoh enklave sejati adalah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%BCsingen_am_Hochrhein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Büsingen am Hochrhein">Büsingen am Hochrhein</a> milik <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> dan Campione d'Italia milik <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italia">Italia</a>, kedua-duanya merupakan enklave di dalam wilayah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swiss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swiss">Swiss</a>.</p> <p>Enklave juga dapat merujuk pada negara yang seluruhnya terperangkap di dalam negara lain. Negara semacam ini disebut juga <i>negara enklave</i>. Saat ini, hanya terdapat 3 negara enklave di dunia, yaitu <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatikan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatikan">Vatikan</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Marino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> merupakan negara enklave di wilayah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italia">Italia</a>, serta <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lesotho?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> merupakan negara enklave di wilayah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika_Selatan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrika Selatan">Afrika Selatan</a>.</p> <p>Definisi "wilayah" suatu negara dalam enklave mencakup baik wilayah darat maupun wilayah perairan.<sup id="cite_ref-Melamid_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Melamid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:60</sup></span> Khusus untuk wilayah perairan, enklave tersebut disebut juga <i>enklave maritim</i> (jika wilayah perairan berupa laut teritorial) atau <i>enklave lakustrin</i> (jika berupa danau).<sup id="cite_ref-EV2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EV2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:10</sup></span> Hanya ada beberapa enklave maritim sejati yang berada di Afrika, Australia, dan Amerika.</p> <p>Enklave terkadang juga merujuk pada wilayah yang dikelilingi oleh "sebagian" wilayah suatu negara lain, meskipun pengertian tersebut tidak tepat karena enklave umumnya harus terkurung seluruhnya di dalam entitas "tunggal".<sup id="cite_ref-Raton_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Raton-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Eksklave">Eksklave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Eksklave" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berkas:Eksklave.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/4/4a/Eksklave.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 256px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/4/4a/Eksklave.png" data-width="256" data-height="200" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> D adalah eksklave dari B, tetapi bukan merupakan enklave. </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berkas:Enklave.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/9/91/Enklave.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 256px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/9/91/Enklave.png" data-width="256" data-height="200" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> C adalah eksklave dari B dan enklave untuk A. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Seperti halnya dengan enklave, <i>eksklave</i> dalam pengertian luas adalah bagian dari wilayah suatu entitas (berupa <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negara">negara</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara_bagian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negara bagian">negara bagian</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daerah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daerah">daerah</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinsi">provinsi</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kota">kota</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distrik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Distrik">distrik</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabupaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabupaten">kabupaten</a>, dll.) yang secara geografis terpisahkan sepenuhnya dari daerah utama entitas tersebut oleh wilayah-wilayah dari satu atau beberapa entitas asing,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara jika entitas terkait adalah negara (atau <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara_bagian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negara bagian">negara bagian</a>), eksklave semacam itu disebut juga <i>eksklave sejati</i>. Contoh eksklave sejati ialah:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nakhichevan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhichevan">Nakhichevan</a>, yang berbatasan dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turki">Turki</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>, adalah eksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azerbaijan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baarle-Hertog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baarle-Hertog">Baarle-Hertog</a>, yang merupakan kumpulan eksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> yang tersebar-sebar di wilayah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belanda">Belanda</a>.</li> <li>Dalam negara <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a>, empat <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emirat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirat">keamiran</a> (emirat) memiliki lima eksklave sejati: <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran_Dubai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran Dubai">Dubai</a> (Hatta), <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran_Ajman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran Ajman">Ajmān</a> (Masfut dan Manama), <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran_Ras_al-Khaimah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran Ras al-Khaimah">Ras al-Khaimah</a> (bagian selatan dari dua bagian keamiran yang tidak bersebelahan), and <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran_Sharjah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran Sharjah">Sharjah</a> (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nahwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nahwa">Nahwa</a>, yang juga merupakan enklave sejati tingkat nasional dan kontraenklave di <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oman">Oman</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ll%C3%ADvia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Llívia">Llívia</a> adalah eksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanyol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a> dan enklave untuk <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>.</li> <li>Campione d'Italia adalah eksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italia">Italia</a> dan enklave untuk <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swiss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swiss">Swiss</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%BCsingen_am_Hochrhein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Büsingen am Hochrhein">Büsingen am Hochrhein</a> adalah eksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman">Jerman</a> dan enklave untuk <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swiss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swiss">Swiss</a>. Jarak terpendek dari perbatasan Büsingen ke daerah utama di wilayah Jerman hanya sekitar 700 meter.</li> <li>Pulau Likoma and Chizumulu di <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danau_Malawi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danau Malawi">Danau Malawi</a> adalah eksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malawi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> dan enklave untuk wilayah perairan darat (danau) <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mozambik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mozambik">Mozambik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shohimardon adalah ekslave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uzbekistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> dan enklave untuk <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tajikistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.</li> <li>Sarvan adalah eksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tajikistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> dan enklave untuk <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uzbekistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.</li> <li>Vorukh adalah eksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tajikistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> dan enklave untuk <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirgistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirgistan">Kirgistan</a>.</li> </ul> <p>Banyak daerah eksklave, meskipun tidak semuanya, yang juga merupakan daerah enklave, karena suatu daerah eksklave dapat berbatasan dengan banyak negara.<sup id="cite_ref-YRY_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-YRY-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nakhichevan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakhichevan">Nakhchivan</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azerbaijan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, misalnya, adalah contoh eksklave yang bukan enklave (karena daerah tersebut berbatasan dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turki">Turki</a>, dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Istilah_terkait">Istilah terkait</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Istilah terkait" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Berikut ini merupakan beberapa variasi dari enklave dan eksklave yang secara definitif bukan merupakan enklave dan eksklave sejati.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Semienklave_dan_semieksklave">Semienklave dan semieksklave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Semienklave dan semieksklave" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Semienklave</i> dan <i>semieksklave</i> adalah daerah yang hampir menjadi enklave atau eksklave jika bukan karena daerah tersebut memiliki, tetapi tidak dikelilingi oleh, akses <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut">laut</a> yang menjadi bagian dari wilayah suatu daerah.<sup id="cite_ref-YRY_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-YRY-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:116</sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-EV_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EV-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:12–14</sup></span> Konsep perbatasan di wilayah laut tidak sama dengan konsep perbatasan darat (yang juga mencakup perairan darat seperti <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sungai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sungai">sungai</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danau">danau</a>), sehingga konsep enklave dan eksklave tidak dapat diterapkan sepenuhnya di daerah dengan garis <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pesisir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pesisir">pesisir</a>. Seperti halnya enklave dan eksklave, semienklave dapat berbentuk sebagai suatu negara merdeka yang berdaulat, sedangkan semieksklave sejati selalu menjadi bagian dari suatu negara berdaulat (seperti <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oblast_Kaliningrad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oblast Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-YRY_14-2" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-YRY-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Konsep semienklave pada negara sebenarnya lebih kompleks daripada yang terlihat. Vinokurov (2007) menyatakan, "secara teknis, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanada">Kanada</a> juga berbatasan hanya dengan satu negara asing, tetapi mereka tidak tertutup menurut artian <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografi">geografis</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politik">politik</a>, atau <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekonomi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekonomi">ekonomi</a>. Mereka memiliki akses yang luas ke <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perairan_internasional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perairan internasional">perairan internasional</a>. Pada saat yang sama, ada negara-negara yang masih 'tertutup' oleh wilayah negara asing, meskipun memiliki akses laut."<sup id="cite_ref-EV_15-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EV-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:14</sup></span> Oleh karena itu, pengertian negara semienklave umumnya menggunakan prinsip kuantitatif, yaitu "batas darat harus lebih panjang dari garis pesisirnya". Dengan demikian, suatu negara diklasifikasikan sebagai semienklave berdaulat jika berbatasan dengan satu negara saja, dan batas daratnya lebih panjang dari garis pesisirnya.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_15-2" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EV-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:14, 20–22</sup></span> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monako?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monako">Monako</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gambia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a> adalah contoh negara semienklave. Negara semienklave semacam itu juga disebut <i>negara pesisir</i>.</p> <p>Berbeda dengan konsep negara semienklave, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Evgeny_Vinokurov&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Evgeny Vinokurov (halaman belum tersedia)">Vinokurov</a> menyebutkan bahwa "tidak ada kriteria kuantitatif serupa yang dibutuhkan untuk mendefinisikan semienklave dan semieksklave bukan negara berdaulat."<sup id="cite_ref-EV_15-3" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EV-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:14, 26</sup></span> Contoh daerah bukan negara yang merupakan semienklave dan semieksklave adalah sebagai berikut.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oe-Cusse_Ambeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oe-Cusse Ambeno">Oe-Cusse Ambeno</a>, sebuah distrik <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timor_Leste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a> di <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulau_Timor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulau Timor">Pulau Timor</a> bagian utara, adalah semieksklave bagi Timor Leste dan semienklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinsi_Nusa_Tenggara_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur">Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alaska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, salah satu <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara_bagian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negara bagian">negara bagian</a> di Amerika Serikat, adalah wilayah diskontinuitas teritorial terbesar di dunia, yaitu semienklave untuk Kanada terpisah dari <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerika_Serikat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> oleh wilayah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oblast_Kaliningrad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oblast Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, sebuah <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oblast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oblast">oblast</a> Rusia di pesisir <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Baltik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> yang berbatasan dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polandia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polandia">Polandia</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>, adalah daerah semieksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. Akses laut dari daratan utama Rusia dimungkinkan dari <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankt-Peterburg">Sankt Peterburg</a> melalui <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teluk_Finlandia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teluk Finlandia">Teluk Finlandia</a>, tanpa melewati wilayah negara lain.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceuta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, di pesisir <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Tengah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Tengah">Laut Tengah</a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>, adalah semienklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maroko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maroko">Maroko</a> dan semieksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanyol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daerah_Temburong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daerah Temburong">Temburong</a>, sebuah "daerah" (distrik) di Brunei Darussalam, adalah semienklave bagi Malaysia dan semieksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>, meskipun daerah tersebut dengan wilayah utama Brunei masih terhubung oleh laut. Jembatan Temburong menghubungkan Temburong dengan daratan utama Brunei.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kokkina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kokkina">Kokkina</a>, sebuah desa <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siprus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siprus">Siprus</a> di dalam negara <i>de facto</i> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Turki_Siprus_Utara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Turki Siprus Utara">Siprus Utara</a> di pantai <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Tengah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Tengah">Laut Tengah</a>, adalah semienklave bagi Siprus Utara dan semieksklave bagi Republik Siprus.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinsi_Cabinda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinsi Cabinda">Provinsi Cabinda</a>/Kabinda, sebuah provinsi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angola">Angola</a> di barat daya <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> di pantai <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a>, yang sebelumnya disebut Kongo Portugis, adalah semieksklave bagi Angola yang berbatasan dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo">Republik Demokratik Kongo</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Kongo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik Kongo">Republik Kongo</a>. Cabinda terpisah dari daratan utama Angola karena dibagi oleh akses laut Republik Demokratik Kongo satu-satunya.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guyana_Prancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guyana Prancis">Guyana Prancis</a>, salah satu <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jajahan_seberang_laut_Prancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jajahan seberang laut Prancis">Departemen Seberang Laut Prancis</a> di <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerika_Selatan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>, adalah semieksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>, yang berbatasan darat dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suriname?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brasil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brasil">Brasil</a>, dan terletak di pantai <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samudra Atlantik">Samudra Atlantik</a>.</li> <li>Wilayah bagian selatan dari <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabupaten_Dubrovnik-Neretva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabupaten Dubrovnik-Neretva">Dubrovnik-Neretva</a>, sebuah kabupaten <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kroasia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kroasia">Kroasia</a>, merupakan semieksklave bagi Kroasia yang berbatasan dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. Wilayah ini terpisah dari wilayah utama Kroasia karena dibagi oleh Kota Neum, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia dan Herzegovina</a>. The <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Ragusa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik Ragusa">Republik Ragusa</a> dahulu menghibahkan kota ini kepada <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kesultanan Utsmaniyah</a> karena negara tersebut tidak mau berbatasan darat dengan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Venesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik Venesia">Republik Venesia</a>. Sekarang, kota tersebut diwariskan kepada negara Bosnia dan Herzegovina. Jembatan Pelješac Bridge menghubungkan daerah semiexclave ini dengan wilayah utama.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> Dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarawak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, sebuah negara bagian di pantai utara <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalimantan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> adalah semienklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> dan semieksklave bagi <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tingkat_nasional_dan_subnasional">Tingkat nasional dan subnasional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Tingkat nasional dan subnasional" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Istilah enklave dan eksklave umum digunakan baik untuk tingkat nasional (negara) dan tingkat subnasional. Untuk tingkat subnasional, entitas asing terkait merupakan negara dengan kedaulatan terbatas, seperti <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara_bagian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negara bagian">negara bagian</a> atau <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran">keamiran</a>. Contohnya adalah empat <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emirat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirat">keamiran</a> di <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a> yang memiliki lima eksklave sejati: <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran_Dubai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran Dubai">Dubai</a> (Hatta), <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran_Ajman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran Ajman">Ajmān</a> (Masfut dan Manama), <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran_Ras_al-Khaimah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran Ras al-Khaimah">Ras al-Khaimah</a> (bagian selatan dari dua bagian keamiran yang tidak bersebelahan), and <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keamiran_Sharjah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keamiran Sharjah">Sharjah</a> (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nahwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nahwa">Nahwa</a>, yang juga merupakan enklave sejati tingkat nasional dan kontraenklave di <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oman">Oman</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kontraenklave">Kontraenklave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Kontraenklave" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Kontraenklave</i> atau <i>enklave tingkat dua</i> adalah enklave dari suatu negara yang berada di dalam suatu daerah negara asing yang juga merupakan enklave di dalam negara pertama. Enklave semacam ini yang masih ada hingga sekarang adalah:</p> <ul> <li>Kotamadya <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baarle-Nassau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baarle-Nassau">Baarle-Nassau</a> milik <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> yang memiliki tujuh eksklave di dalam dua eksklave Kotamadya <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baarle-Hertog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baarle-Hertog">Baarle-Hertog</a> milik <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgia">Belgia</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nahwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nahwa">Nahwa</a> milik <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uni_Emirat_Arab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uni Emirat Arab">Uni Emirat Arab</a> yang berada di dalam <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madha">Madha</a>, yang merupakan eksklave <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oman">Oman</a> di wilayah UEA.</li> </ul> <p>Sebelumnya, terdapat juga skema "enklave di dalam enklave di dalam enklave" yang disebut <i>kontrakontraenklave</i> atau <i>enklave tingkat tiga</i>. Daerah tersebut merupakan bagian dari <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave_India%E2%80%93Bangladesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enklave India–Bangladesh">enklave India–Bangladesh</a>, yang kemudian dihapuskan dengan adanya revisi pakta perbatasan yang diadakan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangladesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> pada tahun 2015.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Peneksklave">Peneksklave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Peneksklave" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><i>Peneksklave</i> adalah daerah dalam wilayah suatu negara yang hanya dapat dimasuki dengan melintasi wilayah negara lain, khususnya jika menggunakan kendaraan beroda.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Robinson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:283</sup></span> Peneksklave juga terkadang disebut sebagai eksklave fungsional atau eksklave praktis.<sup id="cite_ref-EV_15-4" class="reference"><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EV-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap"><sup>:31</sup></span> Banyak peneksklave yang terbentuk karena daerah utama dan daerah lainnya terbagi oleh perairan teritorial mereka sendiri (tidak dikelilingi oleh perairan teritorial negara lain), seperti <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Point_Roberts,_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Point Roberts, Washington">Point Roberts di Washington</a> dan Northwest Angle di <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minnesota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerika_Serikat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>. Ada pula daerah peneksklave yang terbentuk karena kondisi medan di darat yang membatasi keduanya, misalnya ketika pegunungan yang membagi kedua wilayah membuat suatu wilayah tidak dapat diakses dari wilayah lain suatu negara jika tidak melalui wilayah asing. Contoh yang paling sering digunakan adalah Kleinwalsertal, suatu lembah yang menjadi bagian <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vorarlberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, Austria, yang hanya dapat diakses melalui sebelah utara daerah ini yang menjadi wilayah administratif <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Enklave_etnik">Enklave etnik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Enklave etnik" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Enklave etnik adalah komunitas suatu <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelompok_etnik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kelompok etnik">kelompok etnis</a> yang berkumpul di dalam suatu wilayah yang didominasi oleh kelompok etnis lain. <i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghetto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghetto">Ghetto</a></i>, <i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japantown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japantown">Japantown</a></i>, <i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrio">Barrio</a></i>, dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pecinan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pecinan">pecinan</a> adalah contohnya. Daerah-daerah ini mungkin memiliki bahasa, budaya, dan sistem ekonomi yang terpisah tetapi secara administratif daerah ini dikuasai dan mengikuti hukum pemerintahan setempat.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ekstrateritorialitas">Ekstrateritorialitas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Ekstrateritorialitas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Artikel utama: <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekstrateritorialitas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekstrateritorialitas">Ekstrateritorialitas</a> </div> <p><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perwakilan_diplomatik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perwakilan diplomatik">Perwakilan diplomatik</a>, seperti <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perwakilan_diplomatik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perwakilan diplomatik">kedutaan besar</a> dan <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konsul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konsul">konsulat</a>, serta <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pangkalan_militer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pangkalan militer">pangkalan militer</a>, biasanya dikecualikan dari yurisdiksi negara setempat, sehingga hukum dari negara setempat yang menjadi tempat perwakilan tersebut berada biasanya tidak berlaku di tanah yang dimiliki oleh perwakilan tersebut. Pengecualian dari hukum negara setempat ini disebut <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekstrateritorialitas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekstrateritorialitas">ekstrateritorialitas</a>. Meskipun tampak seperti enklave, area dan bangunan yang menikmati hak-hak ekstrateritorialitas ini bukanlah enklave, karena dalam semua kasus negara setempat tetap mempertahankan kedaulatan penuh atas tanah tersebut.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Barle&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Barle (halaman belum tersedia)">Baarle</a></li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baarle-Hertog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baarle-Hertog">Baarle-Hertog</a></li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baarle-Nassau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baarle-Nassau">Baarle-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aneksasi_tiang_bendera&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aneksasi tiang bendera (halaman belum tersedia)">Aneksasi tiang bendera</a></li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara_pedalaman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara pedalaman">Negara pedalaman</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Daftar">Daftar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Daftar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daftar_negara_yang_hanya_berbatasan_dengan_satu_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daftar negara yang hanya berbatasan dengan satu negara">Daftar negara yang hanya berbatasan dengan satu negara</a></li> <li><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Daftar_enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Daftar enklave dan eksklave (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar enklave dan eksklave</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span> Arti kata <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/enklave">enklave</a></i> dalam situs web <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</a> oleh <i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badan_Pengembangan_dan_Pembinaan_Bahasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa">Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kementerian_Pendidikan,_Kebudayaan,_Riset,_dan_Teknologi_Republik_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia">Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia</a></i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Raton-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Raton_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Raton_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Raton, Pierre (1958). "Les enclaves". <i>Annuaire Français de Droit International</i>. <b>4</b>: 186. <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.3406%252Fafdi.1958.1373">10.3406/afdi.1958.1373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annuaire+Fran%C3%A7ais+de+Droit+International&rft.atitle=Les+enclaves&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=186&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fafdi.1958.1373&rft.aulast=Raton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span> Arti kata <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/eksklave">eksklave</a></i> dalam situs web <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</a> oleh <i><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badan_Pengembangan_dan_Pembinaan_Bahasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa">Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa</a>, <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kementerian_Pendidikan,_Kebudayaan,_Riset,_dan_Teknologi_Republik_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia">Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia</a></i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Websters_p4972-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Websters_p4972_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Exclave". <i>Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language</i>. 1989. hlm. 497.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exclave&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Encyclopedic+Unabridged+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=497&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-LGR-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-LGR_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Grand Robert, <i>Dictionnaire de la Langue Française</i>, 2001, vol. III, p. 946.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/keberlakuan-hak-servituut-lt5038bd0a38584">Definisi Hak Servituut (Pengabdian Pekarangan) dan Penerapannya</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Melamid2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melamid2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Melamid, Alexander (1968). "Enclaves and Exclaves". Dalam Sills, David. <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i>. <b>5</b>. The Macmillan Company & Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enclaves+and+Exclaves&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company+%26+Free+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Melamid&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224165814/http://www.jobresultsnic.in/2014/12/bsnl-recruitment-2014-2015-apply-for.html">"Government Jobs in BSNL : 01 Jobs Opening"</a>. jobresultsnic.in. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.jobresultsnic.in/2014/12/bsnl-recruitment-2014-2015-apply-for.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+Jobs+in+BSNL+%3A+01+Jobs+Opening&rft.pub=jobresultsnic.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jobresultsnic.in%2F2014%2F12%2Fbsnl-recruitment-2014-2015-apply-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-EV2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EV2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EV2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vinokurov, Evgeny (2007). <i>The Theory of Enclaves</i>. Lexington Books, Lanham, MD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Enclaves&rft.pub=Lexington+Books%2C+Lanham%2C+MD&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Vinokurov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Melamid-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Melamid_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Melamid (1968). <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i>. <b>5</b>. The Macmillan Company & Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company+%26+Free+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Melamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first1=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last1=</code> di Editors list (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ataa.org/reference/occupation_az.html">"Assembly of Turkish American Associations"</a>. Ataa.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assembly+of+Turkish+American+Associations&rft.pub=Ataa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ataa.org%2Freference%2Foccupation_az.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://people.exeter.ac.uk/nsaa201/UAE%2520Federal%2520Boundaries.pdf">The Federal Boundaries of the United Arab Emirates</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223003558/http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/attractions/the_attraction.asp?AttractionsID%3D8">"Malawi Tourism Guide"</a>. MalawiTMC. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/attractions/the_attraction.asp?AttractionsID%3D8">versi asli</a> tanggal 2015-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2017-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malawi+Tourism+Guide&rft.pub=MalawiTMC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.malawitourism.com%2Fpages%2Fattractions%2Fthe_attraction.asp%3FAttractionsID%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-YRY-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-YRY_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-YRY_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-YRY_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yuri (2013). "The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region". <i>Baltic Region</i>. <b>2</b>: 113–123. <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.5922%252F2079-8555-2013-2-11">10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltic+Region&rft.atitle=The+concepts+of+enclave+and+exclave+and+their+use+in+the+political+and+geographical+characteristic+of+the+Kaliningrad+region&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=113-123&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5922%2F2079-8555-2013-2-11&rft.aulast=Rozhkov-Yuryevsky&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-EV-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EV_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EV_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EV_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EV_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EV_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vinokurov, Evgeny (2007). <i>The Theory of Enclaves</i>. Lexington Books, Lanham, MD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Enclaves&rft.pub=Lexington+Books%2C+Lanham%2C+MD&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Vinokurov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vinokurov (2007)</i>, p. 29"</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enklave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Robinson_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Robinson, G. W. S. (September 1959). "Exclaves". <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>49</b> (3, [Part 1]): 283–295. <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x</a>. <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2561461">2561461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Exclaves&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3%2C+%5BPart+1%5D&rft.pages=283-295&rft.date=1959-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2561461&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Pustaka">Pustaka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Pustaka" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><cite class="citation journal">Robinson, G. W. S. (September 1959). "Exclaves". <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>49</b> (3, [Part 1]): 283–295. <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x</a>. <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2561461">2561461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Exclaves&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3%2C+%5BPart+1%5D&rft.pages=283-295&rft.date=1959-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2561461&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Vinokurov, Evgeny (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739124031/A-Theory-of-Enclaves"><i>A Theory of Enclaves</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7391-2403-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7391-2403-1">978-0-7391-2403-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Enclaves&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2403-1&rft.aulast=Vinokurov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowman.com%2FISBN%2F9780739124031%2FA-Theory-of-Enclaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AEnklave+dan+eksklave" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://id-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Enklave_dan_eksklave&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>sunting</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ibrg.info/palmberg/enclaves.htm">Enklave di seluruh dunia, oleh Rolf Palmberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://geosite.jankrogh.com">Geosite, oleh Jan S. Krogh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hiddeneurope.co.uk/tangled-territories-european-exclaves-and-enclaves">"Tangled Territories" tahun 2005, artikel ulasan tentang eksklave dan enklave di Eropa yang diterbitkan di majalah <i>Hidden Europe</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/baarle.htm">Situs Baarle oleh Barry Smith</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vinokurov.info/a-theory-of-enclaves/">Teori Enklave, oleh Evgeny Vinokurov - perlakuan ekonomi dan politik yang komprehensif terhadap enklave dan eksklave</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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</div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Bahasa</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A9_%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A9" title="الحبيسة والمستحاطة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحبيسة والمستحاطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_y_exclave" title="Enclave y exclave – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enclave y exclave" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engklabo_asin_eksklabo" title="Engklabo asin eksklabo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Engklabo asin eksklabo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259B%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25B2_%25E0%25A6%2593_%25E0%25A6%258F%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AD" title="ছিটমহল ও এক্সক্লেভ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছিটমহল ও এক্সক্লেভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clofan_ac_allglofan" title="Clofan ac allglofan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clofan ac allglofan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enklave_og_eksklave" title="Enklave og eksklave – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Enklave og eksklave" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF_%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B9_%25CE%25B1%25CF%2580%25CE%25BF%25CF%2583%25CF%2580%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25BC%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF_%25CE%25AD%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Περίκλειστο και αποσπασμένο έδαφος – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περίκλειστο και αποσπασμένο έδαφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Enclave and exclave" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_y_exclave" title="Enclave y exclave – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enclave y exclave" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2585_%25D9%2588_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="درون‌بوم و برون‌بوم – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درون‌بوم و برون‌بوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_et_exclave" title="Enclave et exclave – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enclave et exclave" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iadhtag_agus_eilean-ranntair" title="Iadhtag agus eilean-ranntair – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iadhtag agus eilean-ranntair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%259C%25D7%25A2%25D7%25AA" title="מובלעת – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מובלעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4:%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%2594%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BF:%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="अंत:क्षेत्र और बहि:क्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंत:क्षेत्र और बहि:क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkl%25C3%25A1v%25C3%25A9_%25C3%25A9s_exkl%25C3%25A1v%25C3%25A9" title="Enklávé és exklávé – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enklávé és exklávé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AF%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BE_%25D6%2587_%25D5%25A7%25D6%2584%25D5%25BD%25D5%25AF%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BE" title="Անկլավ և էքսկլավ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկլավ և էքսկլավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave_ed_exclave" title="Enclave ed exclave – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enclave ed exclave" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A3%259B%25E5%259C%25B0" title="飛地 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="飛地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598" title="ანკლავი და ექსკლავი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანკლავი და ექსკლავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%259B%2594%25EA%25B2%25BD%25EC%25A7%2580" title="월경지 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="월경지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclavatura_et_exclavatura" title="Inclavatura et exclavatura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inclavatura et exclavatura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enklave_og_eksklave" title="Enklave og eksklave – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Enklave og eksklave" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enklave_og_eksklave" title="Enklave og eksklave – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enklave og eksklave" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2588_%25D8%25AA%25DB%2592_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2588" title="انکلیو تے ایکسکلیو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انکلیو تے ایکسکلیو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enklava_in_eksklava" title="Enklava in eksklava – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enklava in eksklava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enklava_dhe_eksklava" title="Enklava dhe eksklava – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Enklava dhe eksklava" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Енклава и ексклава – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енклава и ексклава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2581" title="ดินแดนแทรกและดินแดนส่วนแยก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดินแดนแทรกและดินแดนส่วนแยก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engklabo_at_eksklabo" title="Engklabo at eksklabo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Engklabo at eksklabo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anklav_ve_eksklav" title="Anklav ve eksklav – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anklav ve eksklav" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A3nh_th%25E1%25BB%2595_bao_b%25E1%25BB%258Dc_v%25C3%25A0_l%25C3%25A3nh_th%25E1%25BB%2595_t%25C3%25A1ch_r%25E1%25BB%259Di" title="Lãnh thổ bao bọc và lãnh thổ tách rời – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lãnh thổ bao bọc và lãnh thổ tách rời" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A3%259B%25E5%259C%25B0" title="飛地 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="飛地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25A3%259B%25E5%259C%25B0" title="飛地 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="飛地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" 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