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AbdulRazzaq Hussein</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Ehab AbdulRazzaq Hussein"> <meta name="keywords" content="Ehab AbdulRazzaq Hussein"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Ehab AbdulRazzaq Hussein"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 212</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Ehab AbdulRazzaq Hussein</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">212</span> Secure Optical Communication System Using Quantum Cryptography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20AbdulRazzaq%20Hussein">Ehab AbdulRazzaq Hussein</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Quantum cryptography (QC) is an emerging technology for secure key distribution with single-photon transmissions. In contrast to classical cryptographic schemes, the security of QC schemes is guaranteed by the fundamental laws of nature. Their security stems from the impossibility to distinguish non-orthogonal quantum states with certainty. A potential eavesdropper introduces errors in the transmissions, which can later be discovered by the legitimate participants of the communication. In this paper, the modeling approach is proposed for QC protocol BB84 using polarization coding. The single-photon system is assumed to be used in the designed models. Thus, Eve cannot use beam-splitting strategy to eavesdrop on the quantum channel transmission. The only eavesdropping strategy possible to Eve is the intercept/resend strategy. After quantum transmission of the QC protocol, the quantum bit error rate (QBER) is estimated and compared with a threshold value. If it is above this value the procedure must be stopped and performed later again. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title="security">security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=key%20distribution" title=" key distribution"> key distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptography" title=" cryptography"> cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantum%20protocols" title=" quantum protocols"> quantum protocols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quantum%20Cryptography%20%28QC%29" title=" Quantum Cryptography (QC)"> Quantum Cryptography (QC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quantum%20Key%20Distribution%20%28QKD%29." title=" Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)."> Quantum Key Distribution (QKD).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2413/secure-optical-communication-system-using-quantum-cryptography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2413.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">211</span> Heat Transfer and Turbulent Fluid Flow over Vertical Double Forward-Facing Step</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuqa%20Abdulrazzaq">Tuqa Abdulrazzaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Togun"> Hussein Togun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20A.%20Ariffin"> M. K. A. Ariffin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20N.%20Kazi"> S. N. Kazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Badarudin"> A. Badarudin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20M.%20Adam"> N. M. Adam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Masuri"> S. Masuri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical study of heat transfer and fluid flow over vertical double forward facing step were presented. The k-w model with finite volume method was employed to solve continuity, momentum, and energy equations. Different step heights were adopted for range of Reynolds number varied from 10000 to 40000, and range of temperature varied from 310K to 340 K. The straight side of duct is insulated while the side of double forward facing step is heated. The result shows augmentation of heat transfer due to the recirculation region created after and before steps. Effect of step length and Reynolds number observed on increase of local Nusselt number particularly at recirculation regions. Contour of streamline velocity is plotted to show recirculation regions after and before steps. Numerical simulation in this paper done by used ANSYS Fluent 14. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20flow" title="turbulent flow">turbulent flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20forward" title=" double forward"> double forward</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=separation%20flow" title=" separation flow"> separation flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5255/heat-transfer-and-turbulent-fluid-flow-over-vertical-double-forward-facing-step" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">461</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">210</span> Numerical Study of Heat Transfer and Laminar Flow over a Backward Facing Step with and without Obstacle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Togun">Hussein Togun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuqa%20Abdulrazzaq"> Tuqa Abdulrazzaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20N.%20Kazi"> S. N. Kazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Badarudin"> A. Badarudin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20A.%20Ariffin"> M. K. A. Ariffin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20N.%20M.%20Zubir"> M. N. M. Zubir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heat transfer and laminar fluid flow over backward facing step with and without obstacle numerically studied in this paper. The finite volume method adopted to solve continuity, momentum and energy equations in two dimensions. Backward facing step without obstacle and with different dimension of obstacle were presented. The step height and expansion ratio of channel were 4.8mm and 2 respectively, the range of Reynolds number varied from 75 to 225, constant heat flux subjected on downstream of wall was 2000W/m2, and length of obstacle was 1.5, 3, and 4.5mm with width 1.5mm. The separation length noticed increase with increase Reynolds number and height of obstacle. The result shows increase of heat transfer coefficient for backward facing step with obstacle in compared to those without obstacle. The maximum enhancement of heat transfer observed at 4.5mm of height obstacle due to increase recirculation flow after the obstacle in addition that at backward. Streamline of velocity showing the increase of recirculation region with used obstacle in compared without obstacle and highest recirculation region observed at obstacle height 4.5mm. The amount of enhancement heat transfer was varied between 3-5% compared to backward without obstacle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=separation%20flow" title="separation flow">separation flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=backward%20facing%20step" title=" backward facing step"> backward facing step</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laminar%20flow" title=" laminar flow"> laminar flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5254/numerical-study-of-heat-transfer-and-laminar-flow-over-a-backward-facing-step-with-and-without-obstacle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">209</span> The Image of Saddam Hussein and Collective Memory: The Semiotics of Ba'ath Regime's Mural in Iraq (1980-2003)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Pirdehghan">Maryam Pirdehghan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the Ba'ath Party's rule in Iraq, propaganda was utilized to justify and to promote Saddam Hussein's image in the collective memory as the greatest Arab leader. Consequently, urban walls were routinely covered with images of Saddam. Relying on these images, the regime aimed to provide a basis for evoking meanings in the public opinion, which would supposedly strengthen Saddam’s power and reconstruct facts to legitimize his political ideology. Nonetheless, Saddam was not always portrayed with common and explicit elements but in certain periods of his rule, the paintings depicted him in an unusual context, where various historical and contemporary elements were combined in a narrative background. Therefore, an understanding of the implied socio-political references of these elements is required to fully elucidate the impact of these images on forming the memory and collective unconscious of the Iraqi people. To obtain such understanding, one needs to address the following questions: a) How Saddam Hussein is portrayed in mural during his rule? b) What of elements and mythical-historical narratives are found in the paintings? c) Which Saddam's political views were subject to the collective memory through mural? Employing visual semiotics, this study reveals that during Saddam Hussein's regime, the paintings were initially simple portraits but gradually transformed into narrative images, characterized by a complex network of historical, mythical and religious elements. These elements demonstrate the transformation of a secular-nationalist politician into a Muslim ruler who tried to instill three major policies in domestic and international relations i.e. the arabization of Iraq, as well as the propagation of pan-arabism ideology (first period), the implementation of anti-Israel policy (second period) and the implementation of anti-American-British policy (last period). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ba%27ath%20Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saddam%20Hussein" title=" Saddam Hussein"> Saddam Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mural" title=" mural"> mural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iraq" title=" Iraq"> Iraq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propaganda" title=" propaganda"> propaganda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collective%20memory" title=" collective memory"> collective memory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76678/the-image-of-saddam-hussein-and-collective-memory-the-semiotics-of-baath-regimes-mural-in-iraq-1980-2003" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76678.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">208</span> Faculty and Students Perspectives of E-Learning at the University of Bahrain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amira%20Abdulrazzaq">Amira Abdulrazzaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is studying the opinion of faculty members and students about the future of education (e-learning) at the University of Bahrain. Through quantitative analysis a distribution of two surveys, one targeting students of IT College, and College of Arts and the other targeting Faculty members of both Colleges. Through the above survey, the paper measures the following factors: awareness and acceptance, satisfaction, usability, and usefulness. Results indicate positive reactions of all above factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-learning" title="e-learning">e-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moodle" title=" moodle"> moodle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WebCT" title=" WebCT "> WebCT </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20273/faculty-and-students-perspectives-of-e-learning-at-the-university-of-bahrain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">466</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">207</span> Preparation of Ceramic Membranes from Syrian Sand Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles for Water Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrazzaq%20Hammal">Abdulrazzaq Hammal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, Syrian sand was used to create ceramic membranes. The process of preparing the membranes involved several steps, starting with the purification of the studied sand using hydrochloric acid, sorting according to granular size, and mixing the sand with liquid sodium silicates as a binder. Next, the effects of binder ratio, pressure formation, treatment temperature, and sand grain size were studied. Further, nanoparticles of silver were added to the formed membranes to improve their ability to purify bacterially polluted water. Prepared membranes were quite successful in removing bacteria and chemicals from water, and the water's requirements were brought up to level with Syrian drinking water standards. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic" title="ceramic">ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane" title=" membrane"> membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water" title=" water"> water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title=" wastewater"> wastewater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173567/preparation-of-ceramic-membranes-from-syrian-sand-loaded-with-silver-nanoparticles-for-water-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173567.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">206</span> The OQAM-OFDM System Using WPT/IWPT Replaced FFT/IFFT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20H.%20Thabet">Alaa H. Thabet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20F.%20Badran"> Ehab F. Badran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moustafa%20H.%20Aly"> Moustafa H. Aly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the rapid expand of wireless digital communications, demand for wireless systems that are reliable and have a high spectral efficiency have increased too. FBMC scheme based on the OFDM/OQAM has been recognized for its good performance to achieve high data rates. Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) has been used to produce the orthogonal sub-carriers. Due to the drawbacks of OFDM -FFT based system which are the high peak-to-average ratio (PAR) and the synchronization. In this paper, Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) is used in the place of FFT, and show better performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OQAM-OFDM" title="OQAM-OFDM">OQAM-OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20packet%20transform" title=" wavelet packet transform"> wavelet packet transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAPR" title=" PAPR"> PAPR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FFT" title=" FFT"> FFT</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28850/the-oqam-ofdm-system-using-wptiwpt-replaced-fftifft" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28850.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">205</span> Stress Analysis of Vertebra Using Photoelastic and Finite Element Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamal%20A.%20Hassan">Jamal A. Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Q.%20Abdulrazzaq"> Ali Q. Abdulrazzaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadiq%20J.%20Abass"> Sadiq J. Abass </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, both the photoelastic, as well as the finite element methods, are used to study the stress distribution within human vertebra (L4) under forces similar to those that occur during normal life. Two & three dimensional models of vertebra were created by the software AutoCAD. The coordinates obtained were fed into a computer numerical control (CNC) tensile machine to fabricate the models from photoelastic sheets. Completed models were placed in a transmission polariscope and loaded with static force (up to 1500N). Stresses can be quantified and localized by counting the number of fringes. In both methods the Principle stresses were calculated at different regions. The results noticed that the maximum von-mises stress on the area of the extreme superior vertebral body surface and the facet surface with high normal stress (σ) and shear stress (τ). The facets and other posterior elements have a load-bearing function to help support the weight of the upper body and anything that it carries, and are also acted upon by spinal muscle forces. The numerical FE results have been compared with the experimental method using photoelasticity which shows good agreement between experimental and simulation results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoelasticity" title="photoelasticity">photoelasticity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=load" title=" load"> load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element"> finite element</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44131/stress-analysis-of-vertebra-using-photoelastic-and-finite-element-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44131.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">204</span> The Diglossia and the Bilingualism: Concept, Problems, and Solutions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdou%20Mahmoud%20Abdou%20Hussein">Abdou Mahmoud Abdou Hussein </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We attempt, in this paper, to spot the light on the difference between the two concepts (diglossia and bilingualism). Thus, we will show the definition of these two concepts among various perspectives. On the other hand, we will emphasize and highlight 'diglossa' in The Arabic language historically. Furthermore, we will illustrate the factors of the diglossia, the impact of diglossia on the learners of Arabic (native and non native speakers) and finally the suggested solutions for this issue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20linguistics" title="Arabic linguistics">Arabic linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diglossia" title=" diglossia"> diglossia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingualism" title=" bilingualism"> bilingualism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=native%20and%20non-native%20speakers" title=" native and non-native speakers"> native and non-native speakers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1773/the-diglossia-and-the-bilingualism-concept-problems-and-solutions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1773.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">203</span> Reconciling the Modern Standard Arabic with the Local Dialects in Writing Literary Texts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20M.%20Ghaleb">Ahmed M. Ghaleb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20S.%20Al-Nuzaili"> Ehab S. Al-Nuzaili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper attempts to shed light on the question of the choice between standard Arabic and the vernacular in writing literary texts. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) has long been the formal language of writing education, administration, and media, shred across the Arab countries. In the mid-20th century, some writers have begun to write their literary works in local dialects claiming that they can be more realistic. On the other hand, other writers have opposed this new trend as it can be a threat to the Standard Arabic or MSA that unify all Arabs. However, some other writers, like Tawfiq al-Hakim, Hamed Damanhouri, Najib Mahfouz, and Hanna Mineh, attempted to solve this problem by using what W. M. Hutchins called a 'hybrid language', a middle language between the standard and the vernacular. It is also termed 'a third language'. The paper attempts to examine some of the literary texts in which a combination of the standard and the colloquial is employed. Thus, the paper attempts to find out a solution by proposing a third language, a form that can combine the MSA and the colloquial, and the possibility of using it in writing literary texts. Therefore, the paper can bridge the gap between the different levels of Arabic. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modern%20standard%20arabic" title="modern standard arabic">modern standard arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dialect%20or%20vernacular" title=" dialect or vernacular"> dialect or vernacular</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diglossia" title=" diglossia"> diglossia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=third%20language" title=" third language"> third language</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134121/reconciling-the-modern-standard-arabic-with-the-local-dialects-in-writing-literary-texts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">202</span> Information Technology Governance Implementation and Its Determinants in the Egyptian Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nariman%20O.%20Kandil">Nariman O. Kandil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20K.%20Abou-Elkheir"> Ehab K. Abou-Elkheir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amr%20M.%20Kotb"> Amr M. Kotb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effective IT governance guarantees the strategic alignment of IT and business goals, risk mitigation control, and better IT and business performance. This study seeks to examine empirically the extent of IT governance implementation within the firms listed on the Egyptian stock exchange (EGX30) and its determinants. Accordingly, 18 semi-structured interviews face to face, phone, and video-conferencing interviews using various tools (e.g., WebEx, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams) were undertaken at the interviewees’ offices in Egypt between the end of November 2019 and the end of August 2020. Results suggest that there are variances in the extent of IT Governance (ITG) implementation within the firms listed on the Egyptian stock exchange (EGX30), mainly caused by the industry type and internal and external triggers. The results also suggest that the organization size, the type of auditor, the criticality of the industry, the effective processes & KPIs, and the information intensity expertise of the CIO have a significant impact on IT governance implementation within the firms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20IT%20governance" title="effective IT governance">effective IT governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egyptian%20market" title=" Egyptian market"> Egyptian market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20security" title=" information security"> information security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20controls" title=" risk controls"> risk controls</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155186/information-technology-governance-implementation-and-its-determinants-in-the-egyptian-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155186.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">201</span> Potential Energy Expectation Value for Lithium Excited State (1s2s3s)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalil%20H.%20Al-Bayati">Khalil H. Al-Bayati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Nasma"> G. Nasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Ban%20H.%20Adel"> Hussein Ban H. Adel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of the present work is to calculate the expectation value of potential energy <V> for different spin states (ααα ≡ βββ, αβα ≡ βαβ) and compare it with spin states (αββ, ααβ ) for lithium excited state (1s2s3s) and Li-like ions (Be+, B+2) using Hartree-Fock wave function by partitioning technique. The result of inter particle expectation value shows linear behaviour with atomic number and for each atom and ion the <V> shows the trend ααα < ααβ < αββ < αβα. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium%20excited%20state" title="lithium excited state">lithium excited state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential%20energy" title=" potential energy"> potential energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=1s2s3s" title=" 1s2s3s"> 1s2s3s</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20physics" title=" mathematical physics "> mathematical physics </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5085/potential-energy-expectation-value-for-lithium-excited-state-1s2s3s" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">200</span> Developing a New Relationship between Undrained Shear Strength and Over-Consolidation Ratio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wael%20M%20Albadri">Wael M Albadri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassnen%20M%20Jafer"> Hassnen M Jafer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20H%20Sfoog"> Ehab H Sfoog</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Relationship between undrained shear strength (Su) and over consolidation ratio (OCR) of clay soil (marine clay) is very important in the field of geotechnical engineering to estimate the settlement behaviour of clay and to prepare a small scale physical modelling test. In this study, a relationship between shear strength and OCR parameters was determined using the laboratory vane shear apparatus and the fully automatic consolidated apparatus. The main objective was to establish non-linear correlation formula between shear strength and OCR and comparing it with previous studies. Therefore, in order to achieve this objective, three points were chosen to obtain 18 undisturbed samples which were collected with an increasing depth of 1.0 m to 3.5 m each 0.5 m. Clay samples were prepared under undrained condition for both tests. It was found that the OCR and shear strength are inversely proportional at similar depth and at same undrained conditions. However, a good correlation was obtained from the relationships where the R2 values were very close to 1.0 using polynomial equations. The comparison between the experimental result and previous equation from other researchers produced a non-linear correlation which has a similar pattern with this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20strength" title="shear strength">shear strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=over-consolidation%20ratio" title=" over-consolidation ratio"> over-consolidation ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vane%20shear%20test" title=" vane shear test"> vane shear test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clayey%20soil" title=" clayey soil"> clayey soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55043/developing-a-new-relationship-between-undrained-shear-strength-and-over-consolidation-ratio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55043.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">199</span> Small Fixed-Wing UAV Physical Based Modeling, Simulation, and Validation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebrahim%20H.%20Kapeel">Ebrahim H. Kapeel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20Safwat"> Ehab Safwat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossam%20Hendy"> Hossam Hendy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20M.%20Kamel"> Ahmed M. Kamel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yehia%20Z.%20Elhalwagy"> Yehia Z. Elhalwagy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Motivated by the problem of the availability of high-fidelity flight simulation models for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This paper focuses on the geometric-mass inertia modeling and the actuation system modeling for the small fixed-wing UAVs. The UAV geometric parameters for the body, wing, horizontal and vertical tail are physically measured. Pendulum experiment with high-grade sensors and data analysis using MATLAB is used to estimate the airplane moment of inertia (MOI) model. Finally, UAV’s actuation system is modeled by estimating each servo transfer function by using the system identification, which uses experimental measurement for input and output angles through using field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Experimental results for the designed models are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the methodology. It also gives a very promising result to finalize the open-loop flight simulation model through modeling the propulsion system and the aerodynamic system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmanned%20aerial%20vehicle" title="unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometric-mass%20inertia%20model" title=" geometric-mass inertia model"> geometric-mass inertia model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20identification" title=" system identification"> system identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simulink" title=" Simulink"> Simulink</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142165/small-fixed-wing-uav-physical-based-modeling-simulation-and-validation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">198</span> Developing a Group Guidance Framework: A Review of Literature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Rawuf%20Hussein">Abdul Rawuf Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rusnani%20Abdul%20Kadir"> Rusnani Abdul Kadir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Adlina%20Binti%20Adanan"> Mona Adlina Binti Adanan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Guidance program has been an essential approach in helping professions from many institutions of learning as well as communities, organizations, and clinical settings. Although the term varies depending on the approaches, objectives, and theories, the core and central element is typically developmental in nature. In this conceptual paper, the researcher will review literature on the concept of group guidance, its impact on students’ and individual’s development, developing a guidance module and proposing a synthesised framework for group guidance program. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concept" title="concept">concept</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=framework" title=" framework"> framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group%20guidance" title=" group guidance"> group guidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=module%20development" title=" module development"> module development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25764/developing-a-group-guidance-framework-a-review-of-literature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25764.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">528</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">197</span> The Effect of Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles on the Optical Properties of (PVP-PEG) Blend</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Hakim">Hussein Hakim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zainab%20Al-Ramadhan"> Zainab Al-Ramadhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Hashim"> Ahmed Hashim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polymer nano composites of polyvinylpyrrolidone and poly-ethylene glycol with different concentrations of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nano particles have been prepared by solution cast method. The optical characterizations have been done by analyzing the absorption (A) spectra in the 300–800 nm spectral region. It was found that the optical energy gap decreases with the increasing of Al2O3 nano particles content. The optical constants (refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant) are changing with increasing aluminum oxide nano particle concentrations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocomposites" title="nanocomposites">nanocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyvinylpyrrolidone" title=" polyvinylpyrrolidone"> polyvinylpyrrolidone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20constants" title=" optical constants"> optical constants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymers" title=" polymers"> polymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blend" title=" blend"> blend</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32971/the-effect-of-aluminum-oxide-nanoparticles-on-the-optical-properties-of-pvp-peg-blend" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32971.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">196</span> A Comparative Study of Photo and Electro-Fenton Reactions Efficiency in Degradation of Cationic Dyes Mixture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bouafia%20Chergui">S. Bouafia Chergui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nihal%20Oturan"> Nihal Oturan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Khalaf"> Hussein Khalaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20A.%20Oturan"> Mehmet A. Oturan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this work was to compare the degradation of a mixture of three cationic dyes by advanced oxidation processes (electro-Fenton, photo-Fenton) in aqueous solution. These processes are based on the in situ production of hydroxyl radical, a highly strong oxidant, which allows the degradation of organic pollutants until their mineralization into CO2 and H2O. Under optimal operating conditions, the evolution of total organic carbon (TOC) and electrical energy efficiency have been investigated for the two processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photo-fenton" title="photo-fenton">photo-fenton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electro-fenton" title=" electro-fenton"> electro-fenton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20treatment" title=" water treatment"> water treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32037/a-comparative-study-of-photo-and-electro-fenton-reactions-efficiency-in-degradation-of-cationic-dyes-mixture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32037.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">511</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">195</span> An UHPLC (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography) Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Norfloxacin, Metronidazole, and Tinidazole Using Monolithic Column-Stability Indicating Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20Mandour">Asmaa Mandour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramzia%20El-Bagary"> Ramzia El-Bagary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20El-Zaher"> Asmaa El-Zaher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20Elkady"> Ehab Elkady</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: An UHPLC (ultra high performance liquid chromatography) method for the simultaneous determination of norfloxacin (NOR), metronidazole (MET) and tinidazole (TNZ) using monolithic column is presented. Purpose: The method is considered an environmentally friendly method with relatively low organic composition of the mobile phase. Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed using Phenomenex® Onyex Monolithic C18 (50mmx 20mm) column. An elution program of mobile phase consisted of 0.5% aqueous phosphoric acid : methanol (85:15, v/v). Where elution of all drugs was completed within 3.5 min with 1µL injection volume. The UHPLC method was applied for the stability indication of NOR in the presence of its acid degradation product ND. Results: Retention times were 0.69, 1.19 and 3.23 min for MET, TNZ and NOR, respectively. While ND retention time was 1.06 min. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were acceptable over the concentration range of 5-50µg mL-1for all drugs. Conclusions: The method is simple, sensitive and suitable for the routine quality control and dosage form assay of the three drugs and can also be used for the stability indication of NOR in the presence of its acid degradation product. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial" title="antibacterial">antibacterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monolithic%20cilumn" title=" monolithic cilumn"> monolithic cilumn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simultaneous%20determination" title=" simultaneous determination"> simultaneous determination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UHPLC" title=" UHPLC"> UHPLC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52684/an-uhplc-ultra-high-performance-liquid-chromatography-method-for-the-simultaneous-determination-of-norfloxacin-metronidazole-and-tinidazole-using-monolithic-column-stability-indicating-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52684.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">194</span> Experimental Study on Temperature Splitting of a Counter-Flow Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hany.%20A.%20Mohamed">Hany. A. Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Attalla"> M. Attalla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Salem"> M. Salem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20M.%20Mghrabie"> Hussein M. Mghrabie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Specht"> E. Specht</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experiment al investigation is made to determine the effects of the nozzle dimensions and the inlet pressure on the heating and cooling performance of the counter flow Ranque–Hilsch vortex tube when air used as a working fluid. The all results were taking under inlet pressures were adjusted from 200 kPa to 600 kPa with 100 kPa increments. The conventional tangential generator with number of nuzzle of 6 was used and inner diameter of 7.5 mm. During the experiments, a vortex tube is used with an L/D ratio varied from 10 to 30. Finally, it is observed that the effect of the nuzzle aspect ratio on the energy separation changes according to the value of L/D. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranque-Hilsch" title="Ranque-Hilsch">Ranque-Hilsch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20tube" title=" vortex tube"> vortex tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aspect%20ratio" title=" aspect ratio"> aspect ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20separation" title=" energy separation "> energy separation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20897/experimental-study-on-temperature-splitting-of-a-counter-flow-ranque-hilsch-vortex-tube" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20897.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">193</span> Possible Protective Role of Angiotensin II Antagonist on Bacterial Endotoxin Induced Acute Lung Injury: Morphological Study on Adult Male Albino Rat</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Bakry%20Mohamed%20Ali">Mohamed Bakry Mohamed Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ehab%20El-Din%20Mustafa"> Mohamed Ehab El-Din Mustafa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Naiem%20Sabet%20Aziz"> Joseph Naiem Sabet Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Mahmoud%20Ali%20Kaooh"> Sarah Mahmoud Ali Kaooh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the major challenges in intensive care medicine. The most common extrapulmonary cause of ALI is sepsis, accounting more than 30% of the cases in humans. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has gained wide acceptance as a clinically relevant model of ALI. Lipopolysaccharide is a glycoprotein forming the major constituent of bacterial endotoxin. Losartan is angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists. It is widely used for management of hypertension. It was recently suggested that losartan protects against septic ALI. It would thereby prevent LPS-induced ALI. Aim of the work and design of the experiment: This work investigated the injurious effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ALI on adult male albino rat at 24 hours and 14 days of LPS administration and the possible protective role of losartan pretreatment. LPS has deteriorated animal survival and behavior. It increased lung weight and induced lung histological damage. These changes could be much reduced by the losartan pretreatment. Conclusion: Administration of losartan before LPS could largely reduce these LPS/ ALI induced short and long term alterations. It could be recommended that patients susceptible to developing ALI, as in ICU, should receive a protective dose of angitensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker as losartan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20lung%20injury%20%28ALI%29" title="acute lung injury (ALI)">acute lung injury (ALI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipopolysaccharide%20%28LPS%29" title=" lipopolysaccharide (LPS)"> lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=losartan" title=" losartan "> losartan </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24421/possible-protective-role-of-angiotensin-ii-antagonist-on-bacterial-endotoxin-induced-acute-lung-injury-morphological-study-on-adult-male-albino-rat" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">607</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">192</span> Novel Microstrip MIMO Antenna for 3G/4G Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandro%20Samir%20Nasief">Sandro Samir Nasief</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Hamed%20Ghouz"> Hussein Hamed Ghouz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Fathy"> Mohamed Fathy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A compact ultra-wide band micro-strip MIMO antenna is introduced. The antenna consists of two elements each of size 24X24 mm2 (square millimetre) while the total MIMO size is 58X24 mm2 after the spacing between MIMO elements and adding a decouple circuit. The first one covers from 3.29 to 6.9 GHZ using digital ground and the second antenna covers from 8.76 to 13.27 GHZ using defective ground. This type of antenna is used for 3G and 4G applications. The introduction for the antenna structure and the parametric study (reflection coefficients, gain, coupling and decoupling) will be introduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-strip%20antenna" title="micro-strip antenna">micro-strip antenna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MIMO" title=" MIMO"> MIMO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20ground" title=" digital ground"> digital ground</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defective%20ground" title=" defective ground"> defective ground</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decouple%20circuit" title=" decouple circuit"> decouple circuit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bandwidth" title=" bandwidth"> bandwidth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4377/novel-microstrip-mimo-antenna-for-3g4g-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">191</span> Emerging Technology for 6G Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaseein%20S.%20Hussein">Yaseein S. Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20P.%20Gil%20Jim%C3%A9nez"> Victor P. Gil Jiménez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulmajeed%20Al-Jumaily"> Abdulmajeed Al-Jumaily</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the rapid advancement of technology, there is an increasing demand for wireless connections that are both fast and reliable, with minimal latency. New wireless communication standards are developed every decade, and the year 2030 is expected to see the introduction of 6G. The primary objectives of 6G network and terminal designs are focused on sustainability and environmental friendliness. The International Telecommunication Union-Recommendation division (ITU-R) has established the minimum requirements for 6G, with peak and user data rates of 1 Tbps and 10-100 Gbps, respectively. In this context, Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) technology is the most promising candidate to meet these requirements. This article will explore the various advantages, features, and potential applications of Li-Fi technology, and compare it with 5G networking, to showcase its potential impact among other emerging technologies that aim to enable 6G networks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=6G%20networks" title="6G networks">6G networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence%20%28AI%29" title=" artificial intelligence (AI)"> artificial intelligence (AI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Fi%20technology" title=" Li-Fi technology"> Li-Fi technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terahertz%20%28THz%29%20communication" title=" Terahertz (THz) communication"> Terahertz (THz) communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visible%20light%20communication%20%28VLC%29" title=" visible light communication (VLC)"> visible light communication (VLC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167153/emerging-technology-for-6g-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167153.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">190</span> A Novel Idea to Benefit of the Load Side’s Harmonics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Al-bayaty">Hussein Al-bayaty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a novel idea to show the ability to benefit of the harmonic currents which are produced on the load side of the power grid. The proposed circuit contributes in reduction of the total harmonic distortion (THD) percentage through adding a high pass filter to draw harmonic currents with 150 Hz and multiple frequencies a and convert them to DC current and then reconvert it to AC current with 50 Hz frequency in order to feed different loads. The circuit has been designed, investigated and simulated in the MATLAB, Simulink program; the results will be assessed and compared the two cases: firstly, the system without adding the new circuit. Secondly, with adding the high pas filter circuit to the power system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonics%20elimination" title="harmonics elimination">harmonics elimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=passive%20filters" title=" passive filters"> passive filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Total%20Harmonic%20Distortion%20%28THD%29" title=" Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)"> Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20circuit" title=" filter circuit"> filter circuit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14148/a-novel-idea-to-benefit-of-the-load-sides-harmonics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">189</span> Routing in IP/LEO Satellite Communication Systems: Past, Present and Future</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Hussein">Mohammed Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abualseoud%20Hanani"> Abualseoud Hanani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellation system, routing data from the source all the way to the destination constitutes a daunting challenge because LEO satellite constellation resources are spare and the high speed movement of LEO satellites results in a highly dynamic network topology. This situation limits the applicability of traditional routing approaches that rely on exchanging topology information upon change or setup of a connection. Consequently, in recent years, many routing algorithms and implementation strategies for satellite constellation networks with Inter Satellite Links (ISLs) have been proposed. In this article, we summarize and classify some of the most representative solutions according to their objectives, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, with a look into the future, we present some of the new challenges and opportunities for LEO satellite constellations in general and routing protocols in particular. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LEO%20satellite%20constellations" title="LEO satellite constellations">LEO satellite constellations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20topology" title=" dynamic topology"> dynamic topology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IP%20routing" title=" IP routing"> IP routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inter-satellite-links" title=" inter-satellite-links"> inter-satellite-links</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54344/routing-in-ipleo-satellite-communication-systems-past-present-and-future" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54344.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">188</span> Bi-Lateral Comparison between NIS-Egypt and NMISA-South Africa for the Calibration of an Optical Time Domain Reflectometer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20Terra">Osama Terra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariesa%20Nel"> Mariesa Nel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatem%20Hussein"> Hatem Hussein</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Calibration of Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) has a crucial role for the accurate determination of fault locations and the accurate calculation of loss budget of long-haul optical fibre links during installation and repair. A comparison has been made between the Egyptian National Institute for Standards (NIS-Egypt) and the National Metrology institute of South Africa (NMISA-South Africa) for the calibration of an OTDR. The distance and the attenuation scales of a transfer OTDR have been calibrated by both institutes using their standards according to the standard IEC 61746-1 (2009). The results of this comparison have been compiled in this report. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OTDR%20calibration" title="OTDR calibration">OTDR calibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recirculating%20loop" title=" recirculating loop"> recirculating loop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concatenated%20method" title=" concatenated method"> concatenated method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=standard%20fiber" title=" standard fiber"> standard fiber</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56991/bi-lateral-comparison-between-nis-egypt-and-nmisa-south-africa-for-the-calibration-of-an-optical-time-domain-reflectometer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56991.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">448</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">187</span> Preparation of Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2b with High Antiviral Activity Using Linear 20 KDa Polyethylene Glycol Derivative</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehab%20El-Dabaa">Ehab El-Dabaa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omnia%20Ali"> Omnia Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Abd%20El-Hady"> Mohamed Abd El-Hady</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Osman"> Ahmed Osman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recombinant human interferon alpha 2 (rhIFN-α2) is FDA approved for treatment of some viral and malignant diseases. Approved pegylated rhIFN-α2 drugs have highly improved pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutic efficiency compared to native protein. In this work, we studied the pegylation of purified properly refolded rhIFN-α2b using linear 20kDa PEG-NHS (polyethylene glycol- N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester) to prepare pegylated rhIFN-α2b with high stability and activity. The effect of different parameters like rhIFN-α2b final concentration, pH, rhIFN-α2b/PEG molar ratios and reaction time on the efficiency of pegylation (high percentage of monopegylated rhIFN-α2b) have been studied in small scale (100µl) pegylation reaction trials. Study of the percentages of different components of these reactions (mono, di, polypegylated rhIFN-α2b and unpegylated rhIFN-α2b) indicated that 2h is optimum time to complete the reaction. The pegylation efficiency increased at pH 8 (57.9%) by reducing the protein concentration to 1mg/ml and reducing the rhIFN-α2b/PEG ratio to 1:2. Using larger scale pegylation reaction (65% pegylation efficiency), ion exchange chromatography method has been optimized to prepare and purify the monopegylated rhIFN-α2b with high purity (96%). The prepared monopegylated rhIFN-α2b had apparent Mwt of approximately 65 kDa and high in vitro antiviral activity (2.1x10⁷ ± 0.8 x10⁷ IU/mg). Although it retained approximately 8.4 % of the antiviral activity of the unpegylated rhIFN-α2b, its activity is high compared to other pegylated rhIFN-α2 developed by using similar approach or higher molecular weight branched PEG. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antiviral%20activity" title="antiviral activity">antiviral activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhIFN-%CE%B12b" title=" rhIFN-α2b"> rhIFN-α2b</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pegylation" title=" pegylation"> pegylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pegylation%20efficiency" title=" pegylation efficiency"> pegylation efficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82826/preparation-of-pegylated-interferon-alpha-2b-with-high-antiviral-activity-using-linear-20-kda-polyethylene-glycol-derivative" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82826.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">186</span> Human Behavior Modeling in Video Surveillance of Conference Halls </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nour%20Charara">Nour Charara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20Charara"> Hussein Charara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Abou%20Khaled"> Omar Abou Khaled</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hani%20Abdallah"> Hani Abdallah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elena%20Mugellini"> Elena Mugellini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a human behavior modeling approach in videos scenes. This approach is used to model the normal behaviors in the conference halls. We exploited the Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis technique (PLSA), using the 'Bag-of-Terms' paradigm, as a tool for exploring video data to learn the model by grouping similar activities. Our term vocabulary consists of 3D spatio-temporal patch groups assigned by the direction of motion. Our video representation ensures the spatial information, the object trajectory, and the motion. The main importance of this approach is that it can be adapted to detect abnormal behaviors in order to ensure and enhance human security. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activity%20modeling" title="activity modeling">activity modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clustering" title=" clustering"> clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLSA" title=" PLSA"> PLSA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20representation" title=" video representation"> video representation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70466/human-behavior-modeling-in-video-surveillance-of-conference-halls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70466.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">185</span> Optimal Design of Substation Grounding Grid Based on Genetic Algorithm Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Z.%20Gabr">Ahmed Z. Gabr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Helal"> Ahmed A. Helal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20E.%20Said"> Hussein E. Said</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the incessant increase of power systems capacity and voltage grade, the safety of grounding grid becomes more and more prominent. In this paper, the designing substation grounding grid is presented by means of genetic algorithm (GA). This approach purposes to control the grounding cost of the power system with the aid of controlling grounding rod number and conductor lengths under the same safety limitations. The proposed technique is used for the design of the substation grounding grid in Khalda Petroleum Company “El-Qasr” power plant and the design was simulated by using CYMGRD software for results verification. The result of the design is highly complying with IEEE 80-2000 standard requirements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title="genetic algorithm">genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20grounding%20grid%20design" title=" optimum grounding grid design"> optimum grounding grid design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system%20analysis" title=" power system analysis"> power system analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system%20protection" title=" power system protection"> power system protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20layer%20model" title=" single layer model"> single layer model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substation" title=" substation"> substation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51818/optimal-design-of-substation-grounding-grid-based-on-genetic-algorithm-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">534</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">184</span> Umm Arrazam, Libyan Driling Fluid Resistivity Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Hussein%20El%20Ayadi">Omar Hussein El Ayadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Mustafa%20Alkekly"> Ali Mustafa Alkekly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nader%20Ahmad%20Musa"> Nader Ahmad Musa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Search and evaluate locale source of raw material which can be used as drilling fluid is one of most important economical target. Hopefully, to use Libyan clay that cost less than importing it from outside. Resistivity measurement and control is of primary concern in connection with electrical logging. The influences of resistivity utilizing Umm Arrazam clay were laboratory investigated at ambient condition (room temperature, atmospheric pressure) to fulfill the aim of the study. Several tests were carried-out on three sets of mud mixture with different densities (8.7, 9.0, and 9.3 ppg) as base mud. The resistivity of mud, mud filtrate, and mud cake were measured using resistivity- meter. Mud water losses were also measured. Several results obtained to describe the relationship between the resistivity ratios of mud filtrate to the mud, and the mud cake to mud. The summary of conclusion is that there are no great differences were obtained during comparison of resistivity and water loss of Umm Arrazam and Wyoming Clay. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum" title="petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling" title=" drilling"> drilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mug" title=" mug"> mug</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geological%20engineering" title=" geological engineering"> geological engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39547/umm-arrazam-libyan-driling-fluid-resistivity-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">474</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">183</span> Bi-Lateral Comparison between NIS-Egypt and NMISA-South Africa for the Calibration of an Optical Spectrum Analyzer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osama%20Terra">Osama Terra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatem%20Hussein"> Hatem Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adriaan%20Van%20Brakel"> Adriaan Van Brakel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology requires tight specification and therefore measurement of wavelength accuracy and stability of the telecommunication lasers. Thus, calibration of the used Optical Spectrum Analyzers (OSAs) that are used to measure wavelength is of a great importance. Proficiency testing must be performed on such measuring activity to insure the accuracy of the measurement results. In this paper, a new comparison scheme is introduced to test the performance of such calibrations. This comparison scheme is implemented between NIS-Egypt and NMISA-South Africa for the calibration of the wavelength scale of an OSA. Both institutes employ reference gas cell to calibrate OSA according to the standard IEC/ BS EN 62129 (2006). The result of this comparison is compiled in this paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OSA%20calibration" title="OSA calibration">OSA calibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HCN%20gas%20cell" title=" HCN gas cell"> HCN gas cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DWDM%20technology" title=" DWDM technology"> DWDM technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelength%20measurement" title=" wavelength measurement"> wavelength measurement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77979/bi-lateral-comparison-between-nis-egypt-and-nmisa-south-africa-for-the-calibration-of-an-optical-spectrum-analyzer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 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