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Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Military history of Canada</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Military_history_of_Canada" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1150407293">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>The military history of Canada comprises centuries of conflict within the territory, and interventions by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian military</a> in conflicts and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions worldwide. For millennia, the area comprising modern Canada saw sporadic conflicts among <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples</a>. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Canada was the site of several conflicts, including <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">four major colonial wars</a> between <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>. The conflicts spanned nearly 70 years and was fought between British and French forces, supported by their <a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">colonial militias</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_-_Tombe_du_Soldat_inconnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_-_Tombe_du_Soldat_inconnu.jpg/290px-Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_-_Tombe_du_Soldat_inconnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_-_Tombe_du_Soldat_inconnu.jpg/435px-Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_-_Tombe_du_Soldat_inconnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_-_Tombe_du_Soldat_inconnu.jpg/580px-Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_-_Tombe_du_Soldat_inconnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_Guard_(Canada)" title="Ceremonial Guard (Canada)">Ceremonial Guard</a> stand watch over <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">Canada's national memorial</a>, The Response, with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a> in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> In 1760, the British <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">conquered New France</a>, and its civilians, whom they hoped to assimilate, were subsequently declared British subjects. After the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> of 1774, Canadians received their first charter of rights under the new regime, resulting in the northern colonies abstention from joining the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and loyalty to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>. The US invaded in 1775 and again from 1812 to 1814 but were rebuffed each time. The threat of US invasion persisted into the 19th century, partially facilitating <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867. In 1871, the British Army withdrew from Canada, ceding defence responsibilities to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">Canadian militia</a>. In subsequent decades, the militia underwent changes that transformed it into a professional force. As a British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>, Canada participated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. In 1939, Canada issued its <a href="/wiki/Canadian_declaration_of_war_on_Germany" title="Canadian declaration of war on Germany">first declaration of war</a>, joining the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in support of the UK and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. Since then, Canada has shown support for <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a> through its peacekeeping efforts and participation in multinational <a href="/wiki/Military_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coalition">coalitions</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghan war</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Warfare_pre-contact">1 Warfare pre-contact</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#European_contact">1.1 European contact</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#17th_century">2 17th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Beaver_Wars">2.1 Beaver Wars</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#1609%E2%80%931667">2.1.1 1609–1667</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#1668%E2%80%931701">2.1.2 1668–1701</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_British-French_colonial_hostilities">2.2 Early British-French colonial hostilities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Acadian_Civil_War_and_its_subsequent_seizure">2.2.1 Acadian Civil War and its subsequent seizure</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Anglo-Dutch_Wars">2.3 Anglo-Dutch Wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Nine_Years'_War">2.4 Nine Years' War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#English-maritime_Algonquians_conflict">2.4.1 English-maritime Algonquians conflict</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#18th_century">3 18th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#War_of_Spanish_Succession">3.1 War of Spanish Succession</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Father_Rale's_War">3.2 Father Rale's War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Fox_Wars">3.3 Fox Wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#War_of_Austrian_Succession">3.4 War of Austrian Succession</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Father_Le_Loutre's_War">3.5 Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Seven_Years'_War">3.6 Seven Years' War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Early_French_success_and_Acadia">3.6.1 Early French success and Acadia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#British_conquest_of_New_France">3.6.2 British conquest of New France</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Pontiac's_War">3.7 Pontiac's War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#American_Revolutionary_War">3.8 American Revolutionary War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Quebec_and_Nova_Scotia">3.8.1 Quebec and Nova Scotia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Consequences">3.8.2 Consequences</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#French_Revolutionary_Wars">3.9 French Revolutionary Wars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#19th_century">4 19th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#War_of_1812">4.1 War of 1812</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#1813">4.1.1 1813</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#1814">4.1.2 1814</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Pemmican_War">4.2 Pemmican War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#British_forces_in_Canada_in_the_mid%E2%80%9319th_century">4.3 British forces in Canada in the mid–19th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Local_levies_and_recruitment">4.3.1 Local levies and recruitment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838">4.4 Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Conflicts_during_the_Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush">4.5 Conflicts during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#American_Civil_War">4.6 American Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Fenian_raids">4.7 Fenian raids</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#British_forces_in_Canada_in_the_late%E2%80%9319th_century">4.8 British forces in Canada in the late–19th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Canadian_enlistment_in_British_forces_after_1871">4.8.1 Canadian enlistment in British forces after 1871</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Canadian_militia_in_the_late%E2%80%9319th_century">4.9 Canadian militia in the late–19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Nile_Expedition">4.10 Nile Expedition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Late%E2%80%9319th_century_conflicts_in_western_Canada">4.11 Late–19th century conflicts in western Canada</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Riel_Rebellions">4.11.1 Riel Rebellions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#20th_century">5 20th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Boer_War">5.1 Boer War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Early_20th_century_military_developments">5.2 Early 20th century military developments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Creation_of_a_Canadian_navy">5.2.1 Creation of a Canadian navy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#First_World_War">5.3 First World War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-48"><a href="#Canadian_Expeditionary_Force">5.3.1 Canadian Expeditionary Force</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Air_and_sea_operations">5.3.2 Air and sea operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Conscription">5.3.3 Conscription</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Commemoration">5.3.4 Commemoration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Interwar_period">5.4 Interwar period</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Intervention_in_Russia">5.4.1 Intervention in Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#Establishing_an_air_force">5.4.2 Establishing an air force</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#Spanish_Civil_War">5.4.3 Spanish Civil War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Second_World_War">5.5 Second World War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-57"><a href="#Canadian_Army_operations">5.5.1 Canadian Army operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="#Naval_operations">5.5.2 Naval operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-59"><a href="#Air_operations">5.5.3 Air operations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-60"><a href="#Industry_and_research">5.5.4 Industry and research</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Cold_War">5.6 Cold War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-62"><a href="#Korean_War">5.6.1 Korean War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-63"><a href="#Forces_in_Europe">5.6.2 Forces in Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-64"><a href="#Unification_of_Canada's_military">5.6.3 Unification of Canada's military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-65"><a href="#October_Crisis">5.6.4 October Crisis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-66"><a href="#Vietnam_War">5.6.5 Vietnam War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-67"><a href="#Post-Cold_War">5.7 Post-Cold War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-68"><a href="#Oka_Crisis">5.7.1 Oka Crisis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-69"><a href="#Gulf_War">5.7.2 Gulf War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-70"><a href="#Somali_Civil_War">5.7.3 Somali Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-71"><a href="#Yugoslav_Wars">5.7.4 Yugoslav Wars</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-72"><a href="#21st_century">6 21st century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-73"><a href="#War_in_Afghanistan">6.1 War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-74"><a href="#Libyan_Civil_War">6.2 Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-75"><a href="#Mali_War">6.3 Mali War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-76"><a href="#War_against_the_Islamic_State">6.4 War against the Islamic State</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-77"><a href="#Peacekeeping_efforts">7 Peacekeeping efforts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-78"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-79"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-80"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-81"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Warfare_pre-contact">Warfare pre-contact</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Warfare pre-contact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Warfare existed in all regions and waxed in intensity, frequency and decisiveness. It was even common in <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> areas that had sufficient population density.<a href="#cite_note-ChaconMendoza2007-1">[1]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> groups in the extreme northern <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> typically avoided direct warfare due to their small populations, relying on <a href="/wiki/Inuit#Traditional_law" title="Inuit">traditional law</a> to resolve conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Gonz%C3%A1lez2010-2">[2]</a> Conflict was waged for economic and political reasons, such as asserting their tribal independence, securing resources and territory, exacting tribute, and controlling trade routes. Additionally, conflicts arose for personal and tribal honour, seeking revenge for perceived wrongs.<a href="#cite_note-Echo-Hawk2011-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-govcanwaprco-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements!_(24238925663).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements%21_%2824238925663%29.jpg/220px-Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements%21_%2824238925663%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements%21_%2824238925663%29.jpg/220px-Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements%21_%2824238925663%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements%21_%2824238925663%29.jpg/330px-Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements%21_%2824238925663%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements%21_%2824238925663%29.jpg/440px-Some_of_the_earliest_armaments_look_more_like_kitchen_implements%21_%2824238925663%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Indigenous weaponry on display at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History" title="Canadian Museum of History">Canadian Museum of History</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Precontact" class="mw-redirect" title="Precontact">pre-contact</a> Canada, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> warriors relied primarily on the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow and arrow</a>, having honed their archery skills through their hunting practices. Knives, hatchets/<a href="/wiki/Tomahawk" title="Tomahawk">tomahawks</a> and warclubs were used for hand-to-hand combat.<a href="#cite_note-govcanwaprco-4">[4]</a> Some conflicts took place over great distances, with a few military expeditions travelling as far as 1,200 to 1,600 kilometres (750 to 990 mi).<a href="#cite_note-govcanwaprco-4">[4]</a> Warfare tended to be formal and ritualistic, resulting in few casualties.<a href="#cite_note-JohansenPritzker2008-5">[5]</a> However, some violent conflicts occurred, including the complete genocide of some <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> groups by others, such as the displacement of the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorset (culture)">Dorset</a> of Newfoundland by the <a href="/wiki/Beothuk" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feest1999-6">[6]</a> The St. Lawrence Valley <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> were also almost completely displaced, likely due to warfare with their neighbours the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barr2006-7">[7]</a> The threat of conflict impacted how some groups lived, with <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian people">Algonquian</a> and Iroquois groups residing in fortified villages with layers of defences and wooden <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisades</a> at least 10-metre-tall (33 ft) by 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-govcanwaprco-4">[4]</a> Captives from battles were not always killed. Tribes frequently adopted them to replenish lost warriors or used them for <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchanges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cave2004tim-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-SchneiderSchneider2006-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muckle2007-10">[10]</a> Slavery was common among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Northwest Coast's Indigenous people</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a>, with around a quarter of the region's population being enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-Muckle2007-10">[10]</a> In certain societies, slavery was hereditary, with slaves and their descendants being <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muckle2007-10">[10]</a> Several First Nations also formed alliances with one another, like the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois League">Iroquois League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shannon2009vy-11">[11]</a> These existing <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliances</a> became important to the colonial powers in the struggle for North American hegemony during the 17th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Educational2010h-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact">European contact</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European contact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point,_Frobisher_Bay_(British_Museum)_(central_detail).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point%2C_Frobisher_Bay_%28British_Museum%29_%28central_detail%29.png/220px-John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point%2C_Frobisher_Bay_%28British_Museum%29_%28central_detail%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point%2C_Frobisher_Bay_%28British_Museum%29_%28central_detail%29.png/220px-John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point%2C_Frobisher_Bay_%28British_Museum%29_%28central_detail%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point%2C_Frobisher_Bay_%28British_Museum%29_%28central_detail%29.png/330px-John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point%2C_Frobisher_Bay_%28British_Museum%29_%28central_detail%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point%2C_Frobisher_Bay_%28British_Museum%29_%28central_detail%29.png/440px-John_White_%E2%80%93_The_skirmish_at_Bloody_Point%2C_Frobisher_Bay_%28British_Museum%29_%28central_detail%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skirmish between <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a>'s men and <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1577–78.</figcaption></figure> The first clash between Europeans and Indigenous peoples likely transpired around 1003, during <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse colonization of the Americas">Norse attempts to settle North America's northeastern coast</a>, such as at <a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Josephy1991-13">[13]</a> Although relations were initially peaceful, conflict arose between the Norse and local First Nations, or <a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6lings" class="mw-redirect" title="Skrælings">Skrælings</a>, possibly due to the Norse's refusal to sell weapons. Indigenous bows and clubs proved effective against <a href="/wiki/Viking_weaponry" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking weaponry">Norse weaponry</a>, and their canoes offered greater manoeuvrability in an environment they were familiar with. Outnumbered, the Norse abandoned the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-WilsonThompson1997-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a> The first European-Indigenous engagements to occur in Canada during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> took place during <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>'s third expedition to the Americas from 1541 to 1542. Between 1577 and 1578, the Inuit clashed with English explorers under <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a> near <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="17th_century">17th century</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Firearms began to make their way into Indigenous hands by the early 17th century, with significant acquisition starting in the 1640s.<a href="#cite_note-govcanwaprco-4">[4]</a> The arrival of firearms made fighting between Indigenous groups bloodier and more decisive,<a href="#cite_note-Given1994-16">[16]</a> especially as tribes got embroiled in the economic and military rivalries of European settlers. Unequal access to firearms and horses significantly amplified bloodshed in Indigenous conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Sturtevant1988-17">[17]</a> By the end of the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">eastern subarctic</a> rapidly transitioned to firearms, supplanting the bow.<a href="#cite_note-Starkey1998po-18">[18]</a> Though firearms predominated, the bow and arrow saw limited use into the early 18th century as a covert weapon for surprise attacks.<a href="#cite_note-govcanwaprco-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg/290px-QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg/290px-QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg/435px-QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg/580px-QueenAnnesWarBefore.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of European claims on North America at the end of the 17th century, with European forts and settlements also shown. English claims are coloured in pink, while French claims are coloured in blue. The English and French had conflicting claims around <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>.</figcaption></figure> Early <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonies</a> in Canada include the French settlement of <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a> in 1605 and the English settlement of <a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove" title="Cuper's Cove">Cuper's Cove</a> five years later.<a href="#cite_note-Major-19">[19]</a> French claims stretched to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> valley, where fur trappers and colonists established scattered settlements.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">French built a series of forts</a> to defend these settlements,<a href="#cite_note-Chartrand2013nh-21">[21]</a> although some were also used as trading posts.<a href="#cite_note-Chartrand2013nh-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>'s two main colonies, <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> on the Bay of Fundy and <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> on the St. Lawrence River, relied mainly on the fur trade.<a href="#cite_note-Eccles1983-22">[22]</a> These colonies grew slowly due to difficult geographical and climatic circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-BoyerJr.2008-23">[23]</a> By 1706, its population was around 16,000.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dale2004-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FindlingThackeray2011-26">[26]</a> By the mid-1700s, New France had about one-tenth of the population of the British <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-Davis2012-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-MiddletonLombard2011hg-28">[28]</a> In addition to the Thirteen Colonies, the English chartered seasonal fishing settlements in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland Colony</a> and claimed <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> and its drainage basin, known as <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC).<a href="#cite_note-Porter1994-29">[29]</a> The early <a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">military of New France</a> was made up of regulars from the <a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">French Royal Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">colonial militia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Choquette2009a-30">[30]</a> Initially composed of soldiers from France, New France's military evolved to include volunteers raised within the colony by 1690. Many French soldiers stationed in New France also chose to stay after their service, fostering a tradition of generational service and the creation of a military elite.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage1-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brault1986-32">[32]</a> By the 1750s, most New French <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">military officers</a> were born in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-Heritage1-31">[31]</a> New France's military also relied on <a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliance" title="Franco-Indian alliance">Indigenous allies</a> for support to mitigate the manpower advantage of the Thirteen Colonies.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> This relationship significantly impacted New French military practices, like the adoption of Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a> by its military professionals.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horn2011oo-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beaver_Wars">Beaver Wars</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beaver Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois,_1610.tif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois%2C_1610.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois%2C_1610.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="1924"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois%2C_1610.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois%2C_1610.tif.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois%2C_1610.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois%2C_1610.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois%2C_1610.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Attaque_d%27un_fort_Iroquois%2C_1610.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a>, French, and <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a> forces besiege a <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> fort during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorel" title="Battle of Sorel">Battle of Sorel</a> in 1610.</figcaption></figure> The Beaver Wars (1609–1701) were intermittent conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>, New France, and France's Indigenous allies.<a href="#cite_note-Raaflaub2007-35">[35]</a> By the 17th century, several First Nations' economies relied heavily on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">regional fur trade</a> with Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> The French quickly joined pre-existing Indigenous alliances such as the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a>-Algonquin alliance, bringing them into conflict with the Iroquois Confederacy,<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarrisMatthews1993-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-TuckerArnold2011-38">[38]</a> who initially aligned with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch colonists</a> and later with the <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt1967-39">[39]</a> As a result, the primary threat against New France in its early years were the Iroquois, particularly the easternmost <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk nation">Mohawks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonSmith2003-40">[40]</a> Conflict between the French and Iroquois likely arose from the latter's ambition to control the beaver pelt trade.<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> However, some scholars posit Iroquoian hegemonic ambitions as a factor, while others suggest these were "mourning wars" to replenish populations in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">epidemic that afflicted Indigenous peoples</a>. Regardless, Iroquois hostilities against First Nations of the St. Lawrence Valley and Great Lakes disrupted the fur trade and drew the French into the wider conflict.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1609–1667">1609–1667</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1609–1667" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="585"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Long_Sault_1660.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Iroquois warriors attack an Algonquin fort defended by a Franco-Indigenous force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Sault" title="Battle of Long Sault">Battle of Long Sault</a>, 1660</figcaption></figure> Initially, the French offered limited support to their Indigenous allies, providing iron arrowheads and knives, but few firearms.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brand%C3%A3o2000-41">[41]</a> Although France's Indigenous allies saw some success, the Iroquois gained the initiative after adopting tactics that integrated Indigenous hunting skills and terrain knowledge with firearms acquired from the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Cox1987-42">[42]</a> Access to firearms proved decisive, enabling the Iroquois to wage an effective guerrilla war.<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> After depleting the beaver population within their lands, the Iroquois launched several expansionist campaigns, raiding the Algonquin in the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley" title="Ottawa Valley">Ottawa Valley</a> and attacking the French in the 1630s and 1640s.<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> These attacks caused the dispersion of the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral people">Neutral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petun" title="Petun">Petun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huron_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron Confederacy">Huron Confederacy</a>, along with the systematic destruction of <a href="/wiki/Huronia_(region)" title="Huronia (region)">Huronia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> The string of Iroquois victories isolated the French from their Algonquin allies and left its settlements defenceless. Exploiting this, the Iroquois negotiated a favourable peace, requiring French Jesuits and soldiers to relocate to Iroquois villages so they could aid in their defence.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a> Hostilities resumed between the two sides in 1658 when the French withdrew their Iroquois missions.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a> After years of expansionist campaigns in the mid-1650s, the outbreak of a wider front in 1659 and 1660 strained the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> To secure a favourable peace, the French sent the <a href="/wiki/Carignan-Sali%C3%A8res_Regiment" title="Carignan-Salières Regiment">Carignan-Salières Regiment</a> in 1665,<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a> the first uniformed professional soldiers station in Canada, and whose members formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Compagnies_Franches_de_la_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnies Franches de la Marine">Compagnies Franches de la Marine</a> militia.<a href="#cite_note-MurrinJohnson2011bgt-43">[43]</a> The regiment's arrival led the Iroquois to agree to peace in 1667.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1668–1701">1668–1701</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1668–1701" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg/220px-Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1317"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 323px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg/220px-Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="323" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg/330px-Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg/440px-Frontenac_with_the_Indians.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>New France's governor general, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac" title="Louis de Buade de Frontenac">Louis de Buade de Frontenac</a>, with First Nations allies, 1690</figcaption></figure> After the 1667 peace, the French formed alliances with First Nations further west, most of whom conflicted with the Iroquois. The French provided them with firearms and encouraged them to attack the Iroquois. They also solidified ties with the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> in Acadia, who were harassed by the Iroquois. Conflict resumed in the 1680s when the Iroquois targeted French <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureurs de bois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illinois Confederation</a>, a French ally. French-allied expeditions were launched in 1684 and 1687, though only the latter saw some success.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-canengrpemo-44">[44]</a> In 1689, the Iroquois launched new attacks, including the <a href="/wiki/Lachine_massacre" title="Lachine massacre">Lachine massacre</a>, to support their English allies during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> and in retaliation for the 1687 expedition.<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> However, after a flurry of raids by France's western allies and a Franco-Indigenous expedition led by Governor General <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac" title="Louis de Buade de Frontenac">Louis de Buade de Frontenac</a> in 1696, the weakened Iroquois opted to negotiate peace.<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a> was signed in 1701 between the Iroquois, France, and 38 other First Nations. The terms saw the Iroquois agree to remain neutral in Anglo-French conflicts in return for trade benefits. This weakened the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Chain" title="Covenant Chain">Covenant Chain</a> between the Iroquois and English and weakened their trading relationship.<a href="#cite_note-canengrpemo-44">[44]</a> Although the Iroquois nations expanded their territories during the conflict, they did not achieve the prosperity initially envisioned.<a href="#cite_note-canenirwar-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_British-French_colonial_hostilities">Early British-French colonial hostilities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early British-French colonial hostilities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg/220px-Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg/220px-Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg/330px-Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg/440px-Incendie_Port-Royal_1613.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>English forces under <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Samuel Argall</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall#Raid_on_Acadia" title="Samuel Argall">raiding the French settlement of Port-Royal</a> in 1613.</figcaption></figure> English-French hostilities over colonial interests first escalated in 1613 when <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Samuel Argall</a> and his sailors <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall#Raid_on_Acadia" title="Samuel Argall">razed the French settlement of Port-Royal</a> with little resistance to secure the Bay of Fundy fisheries for the English <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">colony of Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Anglo-French War of 1627 to 1629</a>, the English authorized <a href="/wiki/David_Kirke" title="David Kirke">David Kirke</a> to settle Canada and conduct raids against the French there. In 1628, Kirke's forces <a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">seized a French supply fleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadoussac" title="Tadoussac">Tadoussac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Quebec" title="Surrender of Quebec">captured Quebec City</a> the next year.<a href="#cite_note-davidkirke-46">[46]</a> Scottish settlers founded settlements in seized French territories like Port-Royal and <a href="/wiki/Baleine,_Nova_Scotia" title="Baleine, Nova Scotia">Baleine</a>. However, French forces destroyed Baleine just two months after its founding in 1629.<a href="#cite_note-fortanne-47">[47]</a> In 1630, an Anglo-Scottish attack against <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Louis_(Shelburne_County,_Nova_Scotia)" title="Fort St. Louis (Shelburne County, Nova Scotia)">Fort St. Louis</a>, one of France's last remaining Acadian strongholds, was repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> French settlements that were seized during the war were returned in the 1632 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1632)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-davidkirke-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-fortanne-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acadian_Civil_War_and_its_subsequent_seizure">Acadian Civil War and its subsequent seizure</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Acadian Civil War and its subsequent seizure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></div> Acadia fell into <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> in the mid-17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Careless2011-49">[49]</a> After Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Isaac de Razilly</a> died in 1635, Acadia was split administratively. <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Menou_d%27Aulnay" title="Charles de Menou d'Aulnay">Charles de Menou d'Aulnay</a> ruled from Port-Royal and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_la_Tour" title="Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour">Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour</a> governed from <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenacciw-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brasseaux1997-51">[51]</a> Unclear boundaries overs administrative authority led to conflict between the two governors.<a href="#cite_note-canenacciw-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/220px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/220px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/330px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg/440px-Madame_La_Tour_Defending_Fort_St.Jean.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise-Marie_Jacquelin" title="Françoise-Marie Jacquelin">Françoise-Marie Jacquelin</a> defends Fort Sainte Marie with other supporters of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_la_Tour" title="Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour">Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour</a> during the decisive engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a> in 1645.</figcaption></figure> In 1640, La Tour forces attacked Port-Royal.<a href="#cite_note-Canada,_the_Empire_of_the_North-52">[52]</a> In response, d'Aulnay imposed a five-month blockade on Saint John. La Tour's forces overcame the blockade and retaliated with an attack on Port-Royal in 1643.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes2008psg-53">[53]</a> In April 1645, d'Aulney besieged and captured Saint John, after hearing of La Tour's departure to meet his supporters in New England.<a href="#cite_note-Jobb2005-54">[54]</a> d'Aulney governed all of Acadia from 1645 until he died in 1650, having gained favour with the French government by informing them of La Tour's attempt to seek aid from the English in New England.<a href="#cite_note-canenacciw-50">[50]</a> After d'Aulney's death, La Tour returned to France and regained his reputation and governorship over Acadia.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes2008psg-53">[53]</a> La Tour's governorship ended in 1654 when English forces under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sedgwick_(colonist)" title="Robert Sedgwick (colonist)">Robert Sedgwick</a> seized the territory exhausted by years of civil war and neglect by the French court.<a href="#cite_note-canenacciw-50">[50]</a> Sedgwick seized Acadia to secure its fur and fishing resources for New England and <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a>, having been authorized to retaliate against French <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> attacks on English ships.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglo-Dutch_Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anglo-Dutch Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg/220px-The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="670"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg/220px-The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg/330px-The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg/440px-The_Route_of_the_Dutch_Naval_Campaign_of_1672-1674.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Route of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Raid_on_North_America" title="Dutch Raid on North America">Dutch fleet raiding North America</a> from 1672 to 1674.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1665–1667) resulted from tensions between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, driven partly by competition over maritime dominance and trade routes. A year before the conflict, in September 1664, <a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Ruyter" title="Michiel de Ruyter">Michiel de Ruyter</a> was instructed to retaliate against the English seizures of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> assets in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> by attacking English ships.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1665, de Ruyter's fleet raided English merchant ships and settlements in the West Indies and Newfoundland, including <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Newfoundland_(1665)" title="Raid on Newfoundland (1665)">St. John's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The peace treaty that ended the conflict resulted in the English returning Acadia to the French, a region they seized in 1654.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1672–1674), in 1673, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Raid_on_North_America" title="Dutch Raid on North America">Dutch fleet raided English colonies in North America</a>, including fishing fleets and shore facilities at Ferryland on Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine_Years'_War">Nine Years' War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nine Years' War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></div> During the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), English and French forces clashed in North America in a conflict known as <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a>. Initially, Governor General Frontenac devised an invasion plan aimed at conquering the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a> to isolate the Iroquois. However, the scale of the plan was later reduced. In February 1690, three joint New French-First Nations military expeditions were dispatched to New England. One <a href="/wiki/Schenectady_massacre" title="Schenectady massacre">attacked Schenectady</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Salmon_Falls" title="Raid on Salmon Falls">raided Salmon Falls</a>, while a third <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falmouth_(1690)" title="Battle of Falmouth (1690)">besieged Fort Loyal</a>. New France also urged other First Nations allies to conduct smaller raids along the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">English American</a> frontier and promoted <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalpings</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebecbatteries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Quebecbatteries.jpg/220px-Quebecbatteries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="381"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Quebecbatteries.jpg/220px-Quebecbatteries.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Quebecbatteries.jpg/330px-Quebecbatteries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Quebecbatteries.jpg/440px-Quebecbatteries.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The batteries of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> bombard the English fleet during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1690)" title="Battle of Quebec (1690)">Battle of Quebec</a> in 1690.</figcaption></figure> Having faced several attacks by New France's petite guerre,<a href="#cite_note-UtleyWashburn2001-61">[61]</a> the English launched two retalitory expeditions against New France.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> The first naval expedition in 1690 was to capture Quebec City. However, it suffered from poor organization and arrived just before the St. Lawrence River froze in mid-October, leaving little time to achieve its objective.<a href="#cite_note-Eames2011-62">[62]</a> After a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1690)" title="Battle of Quebec (1690)">failed landing at Beauport</a>, English forces withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-TuckerArnold2011vfji-63">[63]</a> The second English expedition was repulsed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Prairie" title="Battle of La Prairie">Battle of La Prairie</a> in 1691.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> The English also attacked Acadia, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Nashwaak_(1696)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Nashwaak (1696)">besieging Fort Nashwaak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chignecto_(1696)" title="Raid on Chignecto (1696)">raiding Chignecto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chedabucto" title="Battle of Chedabucto">Chedabucto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Royal_(1690)" title="Battle of Port Royal (1690)">Port Royal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> was tasked with attacking English fishing stations in Newfoundland during the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Avalon Peninsula campaign">Avalon Peninsula campaign</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Marshall2005-65">[65]</a> and to expel the English from the island.<a href="#cite_note-Frost1852-66">[66]</a> Setting sail from <a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a>, the French administrative capital for the island,<a href="#cite_note-Frost1852-66">[66]</a> d'Iberville's squadron razed <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St John's</a> in November 1696 and destroyed English fisheries along Newfoundland's eastern shore. Smaller raiding parties razed and looted remote English hamlets and seized prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider2009-67">[67]</a> In four months of raiding, Iberville destroyed 36 settlements. By the end of March 1697, only <a href="/wiki/Bonavista,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador">Bonavista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbonear,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonear, Newfoundland and Labrador">Carbonear</a> remained in English control.<a href="#cite_note-Crump2010-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg/220px-Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg/220px-Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg/330px-Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg/440px-Les_Anglais_%C3%A9vacuant_le_Fort_Nelson_en_1697_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> garrison at <a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a> surrendering to French forces following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hudson%27s_Bay" title="Battle of Hudson's Bay">Battle of Hudson's Bay</a> in 1697.</figcaption></figure> During the war, the French strengthened their control over Hudson Bay, having already seized several HBC forts in <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition_(1686)" title="Hudson Bay expedition (1686)">an expedition two years before the war</a>. French attempts to capture <a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a>, HBC's only remaining fort around Hudson's Bay, included a failed effort in 1690 and its <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_York_Factory" title="Capture of York Factory">brief capture in 1694</a>, although the English later recaptured the fort. The French finally secured York Factory after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hudson%27s_Bay" title="Battle of Hudson's Bay">Battle of Hudson's Bay</a> in 1697.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The 1697 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a> ended the war, and required the return of territorial gains in North America. The HBC was also forced to surrender all but <a href="/wiki/Fort_Albany_(Ontario)" title="Fort Albany (Ontario)">one fort on Hudson Bay</a>. After the peace, the English and French reinforced their alliances and trade relations with Indigenous groups. It also paved the way for the negotiated peace of the Beaver Wars in 1701.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-CourvilleHoward2009-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English-maritime_Algonquians_conflict">English-maritime Algonquians conflict</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: English-maritime Algonquians conflict" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The English-French conflict intertwined with an ongoing conflict between the English and maritime Algonquians. Shortly before King William's War, the maritime Algonquians attacked several English settlements in retaliation for English encroachment on their territory. French missionaries and settlers living in Indigenous villages leveraged Algonquian-English hostilities to France's advantage. The French sabotaged peace talks in 1693 between the English and maritime Algonquians, encouraging their Indigenous allies to continue fighting. The French also encouraged the Abenaki and <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> to engage in privateering or <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneering</a> with the French Navy, taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Naval_battle_off_St._John_(1696)" title="Naval battle off St. John (1696)">naval battle off St. John</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pemaquid_(1696)" title="Siege of Pemaquid (1696)">second siege of Pemaquid in 1696</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 18th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sixty_Years%27_War" title="Sixty Years' War">Sixty Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/290px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/290px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/435px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/580px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of European claims on North America from the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a> in 1713 to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1763, with European forts and settlements also shown. British claims are in pink, while French claims are in blue. Purple areas were territories the French ceded to the British in 1713.</figcaption></figure> During the 18th century, the British–French struggle in Canada intensified as the rivalry worsened in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-MatthewsMoldofsky1998-72">[72]</a> The French government increased its military spending in its North American colonies, maintaining expansive garrisons at remote fur trading posts, improving the <a href="/wiki/Ramparts_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramparts of Quebec">fortifications in Quebec City</a>, and constructing a new fortified town on <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-Royale_(New_France)" title="Île-Royale (New France)">Île Royale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a>, dubbed the "Gibraltar of the North" or the "Dunkirk of America."<a href="#cite_note-Anderson2000addv-73">[73]</a> New France and the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a> engaged in three wars during the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-MatthewsMoldofsky1998-72">[72]</a> The first two of these conflicts, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>, stemmed from broader European conflicts—the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. The final conflict, the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, began in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a>, and evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadien</a> petite guerre tactics ravaged northern towns and villages of New England and travelled as far south as Virginia and the Hudson Bay shore.<a href="#cite_note-Granatstein2011sf-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chartrand2012ny-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_Spanish_Succession">War of Spanish Succession</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War of Spanish Succession" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a></div> Hostilities between the British and French during the War of Spanish Succession extended to their North American colonies in a conflict known as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–1713). The conflict primarily focused on Acadia and New England, as Canada and New York informally agreed to remain neutral. Initially neutral, the French-aligned Abenaki were drawn into the conflict due to English hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png/220px-MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="449"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png/220px-MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png/330px-MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png/440px-MassacreOfTheIndiansByOrderOfChurch.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The New England <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Raid on Grand Pré">raid on Grand Pré</a> in June 1704. The raid was carried out in retaliation for an earlier New French-First Nations <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">raid on Deerfield</a>.</figcaption></figure> Raids between Acadians and New Englanders took place throughout the war, including the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Raid on Grand Pré">raid on Grand Pré</a> in 1704 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1711)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1711)">Battle of Bloody Creek</a> in 1711.<a href="#cite_note-Peckham1965-76">[76]</a> The raid on Grand Pré, launched by New England forces, was in retaliation for a French-First Nations <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Deerfield" title="Raid on Deerfield">raid on Deerfield</a> in the British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a>. Similar raids in Massachusetts included the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Haverhill_(1708)" title="Raid on Haverhill (1708)">raid on Haverhill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> The French <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._John%27s" title="Siege of St. John's">besieging St. John's</a> in 1705 and captured the city after a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._John%27s" title="Battle of St. John's">battle in 1709</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenwrspasu-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Early_Settlement_of_St._John's-78">[78]</a> The French faced a significant setback when the British captured the Acadian capital of Port-Royal after besieging it three times during the conflict. Despite repelling <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1707)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1707)">two sieges in 1707</a>, Port-Royal fell to the British during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">third siege in 1710</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2004-79">[79]</a> Building on their success in Acadia, the British initiated the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_expedition_(1711)" title="Quebec expedition (1711)">Quebec Expedition</a> to capture the colonial capital of New France. However, the expedition was abandoned when its fleet was wrecked by the waters of the St. Lawrence River.<a href="#cite_note-canenwrspasu-77">[77]</a> The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a> saw the French surrender substantial North American territory. This included returning Hudson Bay lands to the HBC and relinquishing claims to Newfoundland and Acadia, though retaining fishing rights in parts of Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-FrancisFrancis2009-80">[80]</a> However, due to a dispute over the size of Acadia, the French maintained control over its western portion (present-day New Brunswick).<a href="#cite_note-canentreoutr-81">[81]</a> The French also continued its relationship with the Abenaki and Mi'kmaq in Acadia and encouraged them to attack the British.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> After the conflict, the French built the Fortress of Louisbourg to protect its remaining Acadian settlements on Île-Royale and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Jean" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Saint-Jean">Île Saint-Jean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-canentreoutr-81">[81]</a> while the British quickly built new outposts to secure its Acadian holdings.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_Rale's_War">Father Rale's War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Father Rale's War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Rale's War">Father Rale's War</a></div> Although British-French hostilities ended in 1713, conflict persisted between the maritime Algonquians and the British, with the Mi’kmaq seizing 40 British ships from 1715 to 1722.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miller1991iok-82">[82]</a> In May 1722 Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Doucett" title="John Doucett">John Doucett</a> took 22 Mi'kmaq hostages to <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a> to prevent the capital from being attacked.<a href="#cite_note-Grenier2008qw-83">[83]</a> In July, the Abenaki and Mi'kmaq initiated a blockade of Annapolis Royal, aiming to starve the capital.<a href="#cite_note-Murdoch1865-84">[84]</a> Due to increasing tensions, Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shute" title="Samuel Shute">Samuel Shute</a> declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> on July 22.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Early engagements during the war took place in the Nova Scotia.<a href="#cite_note-Grenier2008-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grenier2008imp-87">[87]</a> In July 1724, 60 Mi'kmaq and Maliseets raided Annapolis Royal.<a href="#cite_note-Faragher2006ll-88">[88]</a> The treaty that ended the war marked a major change in European relations with the maritime Algonquians, as it granted the British the right to settle in traditional Abenaki and Mi'kmaq lands.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> The treaty was also the first formal recognition by a European power that its control over Nova Scotia was dependent on negotiation with its Indigenous inhabitants. The treaty was invoked as recently as 1999 in the <a href="/wiki/R._v._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Marshall">Donald Marshall case</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wicken2002-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fox_Wars">Fox Wars</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fox Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">Fox Wars</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">Fox Wars</a>, was an intermittent conflict from 1712 to the 1730s between New France and its Indigenous allies against the <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-bccampfoxwars-90">[90]</a> The conflict highlighted how the New French military, supported by its allies, was able to inflict significant losses against enemies thousands of kilometres away from its Canadian core.<a href="#cite_note-bccampfoxwars-90">[90]</a> In response to Meskwaki raids on coureurs de bois and indigenous allies, particularly the Illinois, New French troops were deployed westward in 1716 to confront the Meskwaki. Despite initial success in forcing them to seek peace, the attacks continued. With diplomatic efforts failing in the 1720s, New France resolved to exterminate the Meskwaki. Subsequent campaigns, including an Illinois-led siege in 1730, led to the death or enslavement of many Meskwaki. A final punitive expedition by New France to present-day <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> in 1735 failed due to lack of support from Indigenous allies, who deemed the Meskwaki adequately punished.<a href="#cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_Austrian_Succession">War of Austrian Succession</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: War of Austrian Succession" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Austrian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Austrian Succession">War of Austrian Succession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png/220px-WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="557"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png/220px-WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png/330px-WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png/440px-WCJefferys_Battle_of_Grand_Pre.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The French-<a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">raid on Grand Pré</a> in 1747</figcaption></figure> British and French forces clashed in the War of Austrian Succession, with the North American theatre known as <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–1748). While maritime Algonquians swiftly allied with the French, many Indigenous groups in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a> hesitated to join, preferring to maintain trade ties with the British. These ties were deliberately fostered by the British prior to the war to weaken France's Indigenous alliances.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> Throughout the war, Acadians and Canadiens raided frontier settlements in Nova Scotia, New England, and New York.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaaussu-91">[91]</a> Attacks on Nova Scotia include those on <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Canso" title="Raid on Canso">Canso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Annapolis_Royal_(1744)" title="Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744)">Annapolis Royal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Pr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Pré">Grand Pré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LeaMilward2001sb-92">[92]</a> French-Mohawk also attacked New England and New York, such as the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Saratoga" title="Raid on Saratoga">raid on Saratoga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Massachusetts" title="Siege of Fort Massachusetts">siege of Fort Massachusetts</a>. However, the Mohawk were unwilling to join French excursions deeper into New York to avoid conflicts with other members of the Iroquois Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg/220px-Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg/220px-Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg/330px-Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg/440px-Prise_de_Louisbourg_en_1745_gravure_allemande_couleur.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">siege of Louisbourg</a> in 1745. The fortress was captured after several weeks.</figcaption></figure> In 1745, a British-New England force <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">besieiged and captured Louisbourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nester2000-93">[93]</a> The capture of Louisbourg significantly weakened Franco-Indigenous alliances around the Great Lakes by isolating Quebec City from France to interrupt trade. As a result, the price of goods skyrocketed and the French could not provide annual gifts to secure its alliances. This caused some Indigenous nations to end their support of the French war effort, with some nations viewing the absence of gifts as a breach of alliance terms.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> The French <a href="/wiki/Duc_d%27Anville_expedition" title="Duc d'Anville expedition">Duc d'Anville expedition</a> was launched in 1746, the largest military expedition to sail from Europe for the Americas at the time, aiming to recapture Louisbourg. However, it failed due to adverse weather and illness among troops before reaching Nova Scotia.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Although Louisbourg was captured, the British were unable to advance further into New France,<a href="#cite_note-canenwaaussu-91">[91]</a> with a British <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Port-la-Joye" title="Battle at Port-la-Joye">advance at Port-la-Joye</a> being defeated in 1746.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> ended the war in 1748, returning control of Louisbourg to the French in exchange for some wartime territorial gains in the Low Countries and India.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaaussu-91">[91]</a> The return of Louisbourg to the French outraged New Englanders. In response to the continued French presence, the British founded the military settlement of <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> and built <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Citadel Hill</a> in 1749.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_Le_Loutre's_War">Father Le Loutre's War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Father Le Loutre's War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg/220px-CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="905"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg/220px-CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg/330px-CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg/440px-CaptureOfAlcideAndLys.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_June_1755" title="Action of 8 June 1755">capture of the French ships Alcide and Lys</a> in 1755. The ships were carrying war supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> and Mi'kmaq.</figcaption></figure> Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755) occurred in Acadia and Nova Scotia, pitting the British and New Englanders, led by figures like <a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_(military_officer)" title="John Gorham (military officer)">John Gorham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)">Charles Lawrence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated9-96">[96]</a> against the Mi'kmaq and Acadians, under the leadership of French priest <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Le_Loutre" title="Jean-Louis Le Loutre">Jean-Louis Le Loutre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plank2003-97">[97]</a> Throughout the conflict, Mi'kmaq and Acadians attacked British fortifications and newly established Protestant settlements in Nova Scotia to hinder British expansion and aid France's Acadian resettlement scheme.<a href="#cite_note-History1993-98">[98]</a> After Halifax was established by the British, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Chignecto" title="Battle at Chignecto">attacked Chignecto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grand_Pre" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Grand Pre">Grand-Pré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Dartmouth_(1751)" title="Raid on Dartmouth (1751)">Dartmouth</a>, Canso, Halifax and <a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Mocodome" title="Attack at Mocodome">Country Harbour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wicken2002b-99">[99]</a> The French erected forts at present-day Saint John, Chignecto and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaspareaux" title="Fort Gaspareaux">Fort Gaspareaux</a>. The British responded by attacking the Mi'kmaq and Acadians at Mirligueche, Chignecto and <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_St._Croix" title="Battle at St. Croix">St. Croix</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ZedricDilley1996b-100">[100]</a> and building forts in Acadian communities at Windsor, Grand-Pré, and Chignecto.<a href="#cite_note-Lepage2009b-101">[101]</a> The conflict ended with the defeat of the British victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Battle of Fort Beauséjour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lepage2009b-101">[101]</a> Acadia and Nova Scotia experienced unprecedented fortification building and troop deployments.<a href="#cite_note-Plank2003-97">[97]</a> The region also saw unprecedented population movement, with <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Exodus" title="Acadian Exodus">Acadians and Mi'kmaq leaving Nova Scotia in an exodus</a> to the neighbouring French colonies of Île Saint-Jean and Île Royale.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston2008-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Years'_War">Seven Years' War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seven Years' War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_and_indian_war_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/French_and_indian_war_map.svg/290px-French_and_indian_war_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/French_and_indian_war_map.svg/290px-French_and_indian_war_map.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/French_and_indian_war_map.svg/435px-French_and_indian_war_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/French_and_indian_war_map.svg/580px-French_and_indian_war_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of North American military campaigns during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.</figcaption></figure> New French-British colonial hostilities culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Although formal hostilities between France and Britain began in 1756, fighting erupted in North America in 1754 in what became known as the French and Indian War (1754–1760).<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a> Disputes over the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> prompted the French to construct a series forts in 1753, sparking hostilities with neighbouring British colonies in 1754.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Most First Nations supported the French, largely due to their opposition to earlier British territorial policies. The British worked to undermine the Franco-Indigenous alliances by seeking the latter's neutrality through Iroquois intermediaries. The Iroquois Confederacy eventually entered the conflict as a British ally at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Battle of Fort Niagara">Battle of Fort Niagara</a> in 1759.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_French_success_and_Acadia">Early French success and Acadia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early French success and Acadia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1754, the British planned a four-pronged attack against New France, with attacks planned against <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric" title="Fort Saint-Frédéric">Fort Saint-Frédéric</a> on Lake Champlain, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a> on the Ohio River, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Fort Beauséjour">Fort Beauséjour</a> at the border of French-held Acadia. The plan fell apart as forces sent to capture Niagara and Saint-Frédéric abandoned their campaigns, and the <a href="/wiki/Braddock_Expedition" title="Braddock Expedition">Braddock Expedition</a> sent to capture Duquesne was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">defeated at Monongahela</a> by a New French-First Nations force.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2003-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-History2004-106">[106]</a> Although most of the plan had failed, the army sent to Acadia was successful at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Battle of Fort Beauséjour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a> After Beauséjour, the British worked to consolidate control over Acadia, neutralizing the Acadians military potency and disrupting supply lines to Louisbourg, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy_campaign" title="Bay of Fundy campaign">Bay of Fundy campaign</a> in 1755.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> These campaigns resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">forced relocation of over 12,000 Acadians from Acadia</a> during the war.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-108">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_View_of_Miramichi,_1760,_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/A_View_of_Miramichi%2C_1760%2C_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg/220px-A_View_of_Miramichi%2C_1760%2C_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/A_View_of_Miramichi%2C_1760%2C_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg/220px-A_View_of_Miramichi%2C_1760%2C_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/A_View_of_Miramichi%2C_1760%2C_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg/330px-A_View_of_Miramichi%2C_1760%2C_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/A_View_of_Miramichi%2C_1760%2C_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg/440px-A_View_of_Miramichi%2C_1760%2C_oil_painting_by_Francis_Swaine_after_a_view_by_Captain_Hervey_Smyth._Credit_National_Gallery_of_CanadaNo_4976.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A raid on an Acadian village during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_campaign_(1758)" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence campaign (1758)">Gulf of St. Lawrence campaign</a> in 1758. The conflict saw the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">forced removal of the Acadians</a> from Acadia.</figcaption></figure> In 1756, following the formal declaration of war between the British and French, the commander-in-chief of New France, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Rigaud,_marquis_de_Vaudreuil-Cavagnial" title="Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial">Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial</a>, devised a strategy to keep the British on the defensive and away from the populated areas of New France, like Canada. This resulted in French offensives like the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego" title="Battle of Fort Oswego">Battle of Fort Oswego</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_William_Henry" title="Siege of Fort William Henry">Siege of Fort William Henry</a>, and raids on British frontier settlements by the Canadian militia and First Nations allies. A small French army, supported by the militia and First Nations allies, effectively pinned down British forces at its frontier, prompting the dispatch of 20,000 additional soldiers to reinforce <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>. Despite early success in tying down British forces, the French were hindered by limited resources, as most of France's army was engaged the Europe, unable to reinforce its colony.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_conquest_of_New_France">British conquest of New France</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: British conquest of New France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">Conquest of New France</a></div> In July 1758, the British renewed its offensive against New France, although its initial invasion force of 15,000 soldiers were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">defeated by a force of 3,800 soldiers</a> near Fort Carillon.<a href="#cite_note-Riendeau2007-109">[109]</a> However, in the following weeks, the French faced significant setbacks. The British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">captured Louisbourg after a month-long siege</a> in June–July 1758 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Frontenac" title="Battle of Fort Frontenac">destroyed the French supply stock at Fort Frontenac</a> in August 1758.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black1999-110">[110]</a> During that time, the French were compelled to retreat from Fort Duquesne when some of their First Nations allies made a separate peace agreement with the British.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg/220px-Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg/220px-Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg/330px-Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg/440px-Vaisseaux_fran%C3%A7ais_en_feu_ou_captur%C3%A9s_au_si%C3%A8ge_de_Louisbourg_en_1758.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The British burn the French warship Prudent and capture <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bienfaisant_(1758)" title="HMS Bienfaisant (1758)">Bienfaisant</a> during the 1758 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">siege of Louisbourg</a></figcaption></figure> Following these victories, the British launched three campaigns against Canada: the first two targeted Niagara and Lake Champlain, while the third targeted Quebec City. After the French repelled the latter invasion force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beauport" title="Battle of Beauport">Battle of Beauport</a>, British commander Major-General <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a> opted to besiege Quebec City. The three-month siege culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a> in September 1759, where French general <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Louis-Joseph de Montcalm</a> led a numerically inferior force out of the walled city to face the British. The French were defeated, with both Wolfe and Montcalm killed in battle.<a href="#cite_note-McLeod2010-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2010-112">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitulation_Montreal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capitulation_Montreal.jpg/220px-Capitulation_Montreal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1060"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capitulation_Montreal.jpg/220px-Capitulation_Montreal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capitulation_Montreal.jpg/330px-Capitulation_Montreal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Capitulation_Montreal.jpg/440px-Capitulation_Montreal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surrender of the French Army in 1760, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Montreal">fall of Montreal</a>.</figcaption></figure> In April 1760, the French launched a campaign to retake Quebec City, defeating the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sainte-Foy" title="Battle of Sainte-Foy">Battle of Sainte-Foy</a>. After the battle, the British withdrew into the walls of Quebec City's. The French <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Quebec_(1760)" title="Siege of Quebec (1760)">besieged the city</a> until May, when a British naval force defeated a French naval unit supporting the siege at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pointe-aux-Trembles" title="Battle of Pointe-aux-Trembles">Battle of Pointe-aux-Trembles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker2009-113">[113]</a> The arrival of the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> left New France virtually isolated from France.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a> As a result, the remaining French Army retreated to Montreal and signed the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Capitulation_of_Montreal" title="Articles of Capitulation of Montreal">Articles of Capitulation of Montreal</a> on 8 September, marking the completion of the British conquest of New France.<a href="#cite_note-Marston2002a-114">[114]</a> A week later, the British made peace with the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Nations_of_Canada" title="Seven Nations of Canada">Seven Nations of Canada</a>, followed by France's maritime Algonquian allies in 1761.<a href="#cite_note-govcaimpwar-33">[33]</a> British naval supremacy was pivotal in the war's outcome, facilitating the capture of Louisbourg and Quebec City and blocking French reinforcements to the colony. This led to significant territorial concessions by France in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris of 1763</a>, including New France. However, the war burdened Britain with a massive financial debt. The absence of the French military threat also emboldened residents of the Thirteen Colonies, who no longer needed to rely on the British for military protection against the French.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pontiac's_War">Pontiac's War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pontiac's War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></div> After the Seven Years' War in 1763, rumours circulated of a First Nations offensive on the British frontier. An alliance of First Nations led by <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)" title="Pontiac (Odawa leader)">Pontiac</a> aimed to expel the British from the Great Lakes and Ohio Country. The alliance was forced to lay <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Detroit" title="Siege of Fort Detroit">siege to Fort Detroit</a> after learning the British were aware of their activities. The siege prompted other First Nations aligned with Odawa to attack British outposts in the region.<a href="#cite_note-govcadefho-115">[115]</a> In the conflict, a 300-strong battalion of French Canadians, led by former <a href="/wiki/Troupes_de_la_Marine" title="Troupes de la Marine">Troupes de la Marines</a>, was raised and sent to Fort Detroit as part of Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/John_Bradstreet" title="John Bradstreet">John Bradstreet</a>'s expedition.<a href="#cite_note-canmil1770-116">[116]</a> Despite its early success, the resistance waned when Pontiac failed to capture Fort Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a> Peace was eventually achieved through the distribution of traditional presents and the issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>. This proclamation established the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a>, while also granting First Nations various land rights.<a href="#cite_note-canenseyewa-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-govcadefho-115">[115]</a> These measures were implemented to protect the First Nations while facilitating the peaceful, "gradual settlement" of the frontier. However, it inadvertently made Britain into an obstacle against the territorial expansion of the Thirteen Colonies, a role previously held by France.<a href="#cite_note-govcadefho-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolutionary_War">American Revolutionary War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: American Revolutionary War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div> After the Seven Years' War, the Thirteen Colonies became restive over taxes imposed by the British Parliament, with many questioning its necessity when they no longer needed to pay for a large military force to counter the French.<a href="#cite_note-Stokesbury1993-117">[117]</a> American frustrations intensified following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a>, which restored Catholic rights in Quebec, much to the ire of the anti-Catholic Protestant-based Thirteen Colonies. The act also expanded Quebec's territory to include portions of the Indian Reserve, such as the Ohio Country, long desired by British colonies like <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenamreca-118">[118]</a> These tensions led to a <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">political revolution</a> in the Thirteen Colonies, and eventually, the American Revolutionary War (1775–1776), with American rebels aiming to break free from the British parliament, and assert their claim on the Ohio Country.<a href="#cite_note-SadriFlammia2011-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec_and_Nova_Scotia">Quebec and Nova Scotia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Quebec and Nova Scotia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Invasion of Quebec (1775)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia in the American Revolution</a></div> At the war's start, most people in Quebec and the Maritime colonies remained neutral, hesitant to join either the Americans or the British side.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Early in the war, revolutionaries launched a propaganda campaign in Canadian colonies, although it only attracted limited support. British attempts to raise a militia in Quebec also saw limited success, although they were able to rely on the French Canadian clergy, landowners, and other leading citizens for support.<a href="#cite_note-canenamreca-118">[118]</a> The British received support from the Seven Nations of Canada and the Iroquois Confederacy, though the latter attempted to remain neutral due to an internal civil conflict in the confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-govcadefho-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/220px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/220px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/330px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/440px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>British regulars and Canadian militia shatter the American column in fierce street fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec</a> in 1775.</figcaption></figure> In September 1775, American forces invaded Quebec, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Jean" title="Siege of Fort St. Jean">siege of Fort St. Jean</a> near Montreal. The siege prompted Governor <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a> to abandon Montreal for Quebec City. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> advanced towards Quebec City, where they were joined by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec" title="Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec">Benedict Arnold's expedition</a>. On New Year's Eve, they <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">attacked the city</a> but were repelled.<a href="#cite_note-canenamreca-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-SavasDameron2010-121">[121]</a> After the failed assault, the Americans besieged Quebec until spring 1776, when the Americans were routed by a British naval force sent to relieve Quebec. The Americans subsequently abandoned Montreal, and their remaining forces were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Trois-Rivières">Battle of Trois-Rivières</a> in June 1776. British forces, led by General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>, pursued the retreating Americans out of Quebec into New York in a counter-invasion.<a href="#cite_note-canenamreca-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions,_1781_(inset).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png/220px-The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png/220px-The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png/330px-The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png/440px-The_Departure_of_S.W._Prentice_and_Five_Others_from_their_Shipwrecked_Companions%2C_1781_%28inset%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Members of the British <a href="/wiki/84th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Royal_Highland_Emigrants)" title="84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)">84th Regiment of Foot</a> in Nova Scotia. The regiment was raised in the Canadian colonies for service during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the Canadien militia formed most of Quebec City's defenders during the invasion, they saw limited action beyond Quebec. British reluctance to deploy them elsewhere stemmed from uncertainty about their loyalty when faced with the French Army.<a href="#cite_note-canmil1770-116">[116]</a> Five <a href="/wiki/British_Colonial_Auxiliary_Forces" title="British Colonial Auxiliary Forces">British provincial corps</a>, augmented by additional unincorporated units and <a href="/wiki/Loyalists_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalists (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">associators</a>, were raised in the Canadian colonies to assist in its defence and to harass the American frontier.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> British First Nations allies, led by <a href="/wiki/Thayendanegea" class="mw-redirect" title="Thayendanegea">Thayendanegea</a>, also conducted raids against US border settlements from 1778 to war's end.<a href="#cite_note-govcadefho-115">[115]</a> New Englanders attempted to incite a revolt in Nova Scotia but were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Cumberland_(1776)" title="Battle of Fort Cumberland (1776)">battles of Fort Cumberland</a> in 1776 and <a href="/wiki/St._John_River_expedition" title="St. John River expedition">St. John</a> in 1777.<a href="#cite_note-canenamreca-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mays2009po-123">[123]</a> Although they failed to incite a revolt, Nova Scotia remained a target of American privateering throughout the war, with most coastal outposts being attacked.<a href="#cite_note-canenamreca-118">[118]</a> Attacks like the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(1782)" title="Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782)">1782 raid on Lunenburg</a> had a devastating effect on the colony's maritime economy.<a href="#cite_note-Leamon1995-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorwoodButts1988-126">[126]</a> American privateers seized 225 vessels departing from or arriving at Nova Scotian ports in total.<a href="#cite_note-Gwyn2003-127">[127]</a> The French Navy also <a href="/wiki/Action_of_21_July_1781" title="Action of 21 July 1781">attacked a British naval convoy</a> off Nova Scotia in July 1781.<a href="#cite_note-Akins2010-128">[128]</a> Conversely, the British captured many American privateers off Nova Scotia's coast, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Halifax_(1782)" title="Battle off Halifax (1782)">1782 battle off Halifax</a>. They also used the colony as a staging ground to launch attacks against New England, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Machias" title="Battle of Machias">Battle of Machias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg/220px-SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="524"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg/220px-SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg/330px-SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg/440px-SackofLunenburgByAJWrightNSARMno1979-147no64.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The American <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(1782)" title="Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782)">raid on Lunenburg</a> in 1782. Raids by American privateers devastated the maritime Nova Scotian economy.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consequences">Consequences</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Consequences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The revolutionaries' failure to seize the Canadian colonies and the continued loyalty of British colonists led to the fragmentation of Britain's North American empire.<a href="#cite_note-O'Shaughnessy2000-130">[130]</a> Despite successfully defending Quebec and Nova Scotia, British military defeats in the Thirteen Colonies led to their <a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Yorktown" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrender at Yorktown">surrender in 1781</a> and the subsequent recognition of the independent US republic in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris of 1783</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HarrisMatthews1993kk-131">[131]</a> Suspicions against the US persisted in the Canadian colonies for decades. Over 75,000 Loyalists, comprising 15 per cent of residents in the Thirteen Colonies who supported the Crown, migrated north to the remaining parts of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenamreca-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarrisMatthews1993kk-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fixico2008m-132">[132]</a> The British also ceded Indian Reserve south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States. As the area included the traditional Iroquois territory, the British offered land in Quebec to the Iroquois, hoping to establish new Iroquois communities that would serve as a barrier against the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-govcadefho-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolutionary_Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: French Revolutionary Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland expedition</a></div> In 1796, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Richery%27s_expedition" title="Richery's expedition">naval expedition</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Richery" title="Joseph de Richery">Joseph de Richery</a> planned to attack Newfoundland. However, de Richery opted to not attack the island's capital after his forces failed to unite with another naval squadron from Brest and the British mobilized its defences in St. John's.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Although St. John's was not attacked, de Richery's squadron disrupted the island's fisheries and razed <a href="/wiki/Bay_Bulls,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Bay Bulls, Newfoundland and Labrador">Bay Bulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petty_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Petty Harbour">Petty Harbour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frenchrev-134">[134]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> A form of compulsory military service was established in <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a> during the 19th century, instituted in Lower Canada in 1803 and Upper Canada in 1808.<a href="#cite_note-mariamil-135">[135]</a> The compulsory <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia#Sedentary_militias" title="Canadian Militia">sedentary militia</a> comprised male inhabitants aged 16 to 60 and was mobilized solely during emergencies. In peacetime, service involved a one to two-day annual muster parade.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-137">[137]</a> The role of the militia during the American Revolution and War of 1812 led to the "<a href="/wiki/Citizen_soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen soldier">citizen soldier</a>" becoming a unique symbol of adulation in 19th-century Canadian military culture. This veneration stands in contrast with the United States and other British settler colonies, and led to the "<a href="/wiki/Militia_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia myth">militia myth</a>" in the 19th-century Canadian zeitgeist, a belief that it did not need a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> for its defence, as it could rely on its inhabitants to mobilize into militias overnight. This belief created a tendency to ignore the need for rigorous militia training during peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: War of 1812" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reddition_de_D%C3%A9troit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reddition_de_D%C3%A9troit.jpg/220px-Reddition_de_D%C3%A9troit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reddition_de_D%C3%A9troit.jpg/220px-Reddition_de_D%C3%A9troit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Reddition_de_D%C3%A9troit.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The surrender of a US garrison at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Shelby_(Michigan)" title="Fort Shelby (Michigan)">Fort Detroit</a>, after British regulars, Canadian militiamen, and First Nation warriors <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">besieged the fort</a> in 1812</figcaption></figure> Animosity and suspicion persisted between the UK and the US decades after the American Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Dale2001-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> exacerbated Anglo-American tensions, as the UK's <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval blockade</a> of France and the <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> of American sailors the British claimed were deserters, aggravated the US.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> As the US lacked a navy capable of challenging the UK, an invasion of Canada was proposed as a feasible method to attack the British.<a href="#cite_note-Dale2001-139">[139]</a> Americans living in the western frontier also hoped an invasion would end British support for Indigenous resistances in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">American Northwest Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dale2001-139">[139]</a> Strong support for war from congressional <a href="/wiki/War_hawks" class="mw-redirect" title="War hawks">war hawks</a> and optimistic assessments over the feasibility of invading Canada from US officers, like Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a>, led the <a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_Kingdom" title="United States declaration of war on the United Kingdom">US to declare war on the UK</a> in June 1812.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> US strategy focused on a vulnerable <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, as the Maritime colonies were well-defended and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> deemed too distant and its capital too well-fortified.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> At the start of the war, Upper Canada had minimal defences, consisting of only 1,600 regular troops, Britain's Indigenous allies, and several <a href="/wiki/Canadian_units_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Canadian units of the War of 1812">Canadian units raised for the war</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Marine" title="Provincial Marine">Provincial Marine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fencibles" title="Fencibles">Fencibles</a>, and militia units like <a href="/wiki/Captain_Runchey%27s_Company_of_Coloured_Men" title="Captain Runchey's Company of Coloured Men">Captain Runchey's Company of Coloured Men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gough2006oiu-141">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Push_on,_brave_York_volunteers(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/220px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="1820"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/220px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/330px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg/440px-Push_on%2C_brave_York_volunteers%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Death of General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Regiment_of_York_Militia" title="2nd Regiment of York Militia">York Militia</a> moves forward during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Battle of Queenston Heights</a> in 1812.<a href="#cite_note-Turner2011-142">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> Believing a bold attack was needed to galvanize the local population and First Nations to defend the Upper Canada, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a> quickly ordered a British-First Nations <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">siege on Fort Mackinac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> In August 1812, Brock's force moved towards <a href="/wiki/Amherstburg" title="Amherstburg">Amherstburg</a> to confront an invading American army in Upper Canada, only to find that they had retreated to Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-Dale2001-139">[139]</a> The American retreat facilitated Brock's alliance with <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> and provided him with the excuse to abandon his orders to maintain a defensive posture within Upper Canada.<a href="#cite_note-KaufmannKaufmann2004-143">[143]</a> A British-First Nations force <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">besieged and captured Detroit</a>, providing them control over the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> and the Upper Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-Mahon1991x-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Libertytuy-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-HeidlerHeidler2004-146">[146]</a> In October 1812, a British-First Nations force thwarted an American crossing of the Niagara River at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Battle of Queenston Heights</a>. However, the battle resulted in the death of Brock.<a href="#cite_note-Malcomson2003-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanna2012-148">[148]</a> An American army sent to retake Detroit was defeated in January 1813, ending the threat of an American offensive into Canada that winter.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> Despite the success of Brock's offensives, his death prompted the British to adopt a defensive stance. Governor General <a href="/wiki/George_Prevost" title="George Prevost">George Prevost</a> prioritized conserving his forces, concentrating the strongest garrisons in Lower Canada. Conversely, Upper Canada was only reinforced when additional troops arrived from overseas.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1813">1813</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1813" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons,_1813.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg/220px-Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg/220px-Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg/330px-Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg/440px-Laura_Secord_warns_Fitzgibbons%2C_1813.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Loyalist <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord" title="Laura Secord">Laura Secord</a> warns the British of an impending American <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">attack on Beaver Dams</a>, 1813.</figcaption></figure> In April 1813, an American naval squadron defeated the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</a>, briefly occupying and burning parts of the Upper Canadian capital. They then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">captured Fort George</a> on May 27. However, the retreating British regrouped and defeated American forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">battles of Stoney Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a>. The Americans retreated across the Niagara River in December after setting <a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Ontario" title="Fort George, Ontario">Fort George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara</a> ablaze. In retaliation, the British razed parts of Buffalo during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Battle of Buffalo</a> and continued similar reprisals into 1814, most notably <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">in Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitch2000-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outdoor_life_and_Indian_stories_-_making_open_air_life_attractive_to_young_Americans_by_telling_them_all_about_woodcraft,_signs_and_signaling,_the_stars,_fishing,_camping_-_also_stories_of_noted_(14566564408).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Outdoor_life_and_Indian_stories_-_making_open_air_life_attractive_to_young_Americans_by_telling_them_all_about_woodcraft%2C_signs_and_signaling%2C_the_stars%2C_fishing%2C_camping_-_also_stories_of_noted_%2814566564408%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="2070"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Outdoor_life_and_Indian_stories_-_making_open_air_life_attractive_to_young_Americans_by_telling_them_all_about_woodcraft%2C_signs_and_signaling%2C_the_stars%2C_fishing%2C_camping_-_also_stories_of_noted_%2814566564408%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Outdoor_life_and_Indian_stories_-_making_open_air_life_attractive_to_young_Americans_by_telling_them_all_about_woodcraft%2C_signs_and_signaling%2C_the_stars%2C_fishing%2C_camping_-_also_stories_of_noted_%2814566564408%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Outdoor_life_and_Indian_stories_-_making_open_air_life_attractive_to_young_Americans_by_telling_them_all_about_woodcraft%2C_signs_and_signaling%2C_the_stars%2C_fishing%2C_camping_-_also_stories_of_noted_%2814566564408%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The death of <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> by US forces during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moraviantown" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Moraviantown">Battle of Moraviantown</a> in October 1813.</figcaption></figure> Although the British successfully defended the Niagara Peninsula in 1813, they faced significant setbacks in the western frontier. The British-First Nations force <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">failed to capture Fort Meigs</a>, and the British lost control of the Upper Great Lakes after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Battle of Lake Erie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> After the naval defeat, British-First Nations forces in the American Northwest Territory were forced to retreat, but were pursued and ultimately routed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moraviantown" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Moraviantown">Battle of Moraviantown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradford2003m-150">[150]</a> Tecumseh's death at the battle fractured <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_confederacy" title="Tecumseh's confederacy">his confederacy</a> and the alliance with the British.<a href="#cite_note-Malcomson2006-151">[151]</a> In late 1813, two American invasion attempts in Lower Canada. One was repelled by a British-First Nations force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Battle of the Chateauguay</a> in October, while the other was turned back by a British force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Battle of Crysler's Farm</a> in November.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes2006g-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1814">1814</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1814" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The final incursions into the Canadas took place in 1814. US forces crossed the Niagara River in July and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">captured Fort Erie</a>. The American advance led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Battle of Lundy's Lane</a>. While the battle ended in a stalemate, the exhausted Americans were compelled to retreat to Fort Erie. The Americans successfully defended Fort Erie against a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">British siege</a>, but the exhausted Americans withdrew to the US shortly after.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg/220px-HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1814"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg/220px-HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg/330px-HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg/440px-HMS_St_Lawrence_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_St_Lawrence_(1814)" title="HMS St Lawrence (1814)">HMS St Lawrence</a>, a <a href="/wiki/First-rate" title="First-rate">first-rate</a> ship of the line launched in September 1814. The St Lawrence provided the British an advantage in the latter stages for the <a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">battle for Lake Ontario</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1814, the British regained the initiative, securing control of Lake Huron after <a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">several engagements</a> and establishing effective <a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">control over Lake Ontario</a> with <a href="/wiki/HMS_St_Lawrence_(1814)" title="HMS St Lawrence (1814)">HMS St Lawrence</a>, a <a href="/wiki/First-rate" title="First-rate">first-rate</a> warship that deterred American naval actions from its launch in September to war's end.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In the Atlantic, British naval efforts were supported by Nova Scotian privateer ships raiding US shipping.<a href="#cite_note-Boileau2005-154">[154]</a> The most notable Nova Scotian privateer ship, the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Packet" title="Liverpool Packet">Liverpool Packet</a>, captured 50 ships by war's end.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis2009ol-155">[155]</a> The end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> led the British to shift their focus to their war with the US, with Lower Canada and Nova Scotia served as staging areas for the British. The British force gathered in Lower Canada invaded northern New York but was repelled at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Battle of Plattsburgh</a> in September. The force gathered in Halifax had greater success, capturing most of Maine's coastline by mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, signed on 24 December 1814, ended the conflict and restored the territorial status quo. However, fighting persisted into 1815 in areas unaware of the peace. The war fostered a sense of community in Canadian colonies and set the stage for Canada's future nationhood.<a href="#cite_note-canenwaof18-140">[140]</a> No side of the war can claim total victory, as neither fully achieved their war aims.<a href="#cite_note-Turner2000n-156">[156]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812#Indigenous_nations" title="War of 1812">historians commonly regard the First Nations as the "losers" of the conflict</a>, given the collapse of the Tecumseh's confederacy in 1813 and the British dropping their proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">First Nations buffer state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwestern US">midwestern US</a> during peace negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemmican_War">Pemmican War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pemmican War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg/220px-The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg/220px-The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg/330px-The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg/440px-The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a> in 1816, fought between Hudson's Bay Company officials and Métis <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a> trading with the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a></figcaption></figure> In 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> was established by the HBC despite opposition from the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> (NWC), who already operated the nearby trading post, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibraltar" title="Fort Gibraltar">Fort Gibraltar</a>. In January 1814, the colony issued the <a href="/wiki/Pemmican_Proclamation" title="Pemmican Proclamation">Pemmican Proclamation</a>, banning the export of pemmican and other provisions for a year to secure its growth. The NWC and local <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">voyageurs</a> that traded with the NWC opposed the ban, viewing it as a move by the HBC to control NWC traders' food supply.<a href="#cite_note-canenbaseoa-158">[158]</a> In June 1815, Métis leader and NWC clerk <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Grant" title="Cuthbert Grant">Cuthbert Grant</a> led a group to harass and steal supplies from the Red River settlement. In response, the HBC seized Fort Gibraltar in March 1816 to curb local pemmican trade. This led to the brief <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a> in June 1816 when HBC officials confronted Métis and First Nations voyageurs. After the confrontation, Grant briefly controlled the area, prompting the HBC and Red River settlers to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Norway_House" title="Norway House">Norway House</a>. HBC authority was restored in August when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Selkirk" title="Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk">Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk</a>, arrived with 90 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-canenbaseoa-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_forces_in_Canada_in_the_mid–19th_century">British forces in Canada in the mid–19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: British forces in Canada in the mid–19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg/220px-Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="645"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg/220px-Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg/330px-Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg/440px-Quebec_from_the_River_-_1827.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A steam engine moving stones up the <a href="/wiki/Promontory_of_Quebec" title="Promontory of Quebec">promontory of Quebec</a> for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec" title="Citadelle of Quebec">Citadelle of Quebec</a>, 1827</figcaption></figure> Fear of an American invasion of the Canadas persisted for at least the next half-century, prompting the retention of a sizable British garrison in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-RickettsMaitland2004-159">[159]</a> From the 1820s to the 1840s, the British built up several fortifications to serve as strong defensive points against potential invasions, including the <a href="/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec" title="Citadelle of Quebec">citadel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramparts_of_Quebec_City" title="Ramparts of Quebec City">ramparts in Quebec City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Henry, Ontario">Fort Henry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Hill_(Fort_George)#Halifax_Defence_Complex" title="Citadel Hill (Fort George)">Halifax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RickettsMaitland2004-159">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a> was built to provide a northern waterway from Montreal to Kingston during wartime,<a href="#cite_note-Conroy2002-160">[160]</a> bypassing the St. Lawrence River, a waterway that was also the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93US_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada–US border">Canada–US border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conroy2002-160">[160]</a> By the 1850s, fears of an American invasion had waned, prompting the British to downsize their garrison. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian-American_Reciprocity_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty">Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty</a> of 1854 further alleviated concerns.<a href="#cite_note-Cotter2008yut-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_levies_and_recruitment">Local levies and recruitment</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Local levies and recruitment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG/220px-100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1075"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG/220px-100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG/330px-100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG/440px-100th_Regiment_Prince_of_Wales_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/100th_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Royal_Canadian)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot">100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot</a> receiving their regimental colours from <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, 1859</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> levied and recruited from the local population to form new units or to replace individuals lost to enemy action, sickness, or desertion. Examples of this practice include the War of 1812, the Rebellions of 1837–1838, the Fenian Raids, and the Wolseley expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009136-162">[162]</a> British Army units raised in Canadian colonies during this period include the <a href="/wiki/40th_(the_2nd_Somersetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot">40th Regiment of Foot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/100th_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Royal_Canadian)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot">100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Rifle_Regiment" title="Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment">Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment</a>. Several Canadians served in the British military during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Welsford-Parker_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsford-Parker Monument">Welsford-Parker Monument</a> in Halifax the sole Crimean War monument in North America.<a href="#cite_note-Cornall1998-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roberts_Dunn" title="Alexander Roberts Dunn">Alexander Roberts Dunn</a>, the first Canadian recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>, earned the medal for his actions during the <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Birrell2000-164">[164]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hall_(VC)" title="William Hall (VC)">William Nelson Hall</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotian" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Nova Scotian">Black Nova Scotian</a> to receive the medal, having been awarded it for his actions at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">Siege of Lucknow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-MagocsiOntario1999poiujm-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellions_of_1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rebellions of 1837–1838" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG/220px-Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="435"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG/220px-Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG/330px-Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG/440px-Battle_of_Saint-Eustache.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache" title="Battle of Saint-Eustache">Battle of Saint-Eustache</a> in 1837, a decisive engagement during the first uprising of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a>.</figcaption></figure> Two armed uprisings broke out from 1837 to 1838 in the Canadas.<a href="#cite_note-GreenwoodWright2003-167">[167]</a> Calls for responsible government and an economic depression in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> led to protests and, subsequently, an armed insurrection led by the radical <a href="/wiki/Patriote_movement" title="Patriote movement">Patriote movement</a>. The uprising, which erupted in November 1837, was the more significant and violent insurgency between the two rebellions.<a href="#cite_note-Vardalos2009-168">[168]</a> The other armed uprising occurred in Upper Canada shortly thereafter, its leaders inspired by the events in Lower Canada.<a href="#cite_note-canenreb1837-169">[169]</a> The inaugural uprising in Lower Canada began in November 1837. British regulars and Canadian militia fought Patriote rebels in a series of skirmishes, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1837)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1837)">battles of Saint-Denis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Charles" title="Battle of Saint-Charles">Saint-Charles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache" title="Battle of Saint-Eustache">Saint-Eustache</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GrantDoughty2011o-170">[170]</a> The disorganized rebels were defeated, with their leadership escaping to the US. Following this, anglophone militias pillaged and burned French Canadian settlements. A second uprising in Lower Canada commenced in November 1838 with aid from American volunteers, but it was poorly organized and quickly put down. The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> resulted in 325 deaths, predominantly among the rebels, while the British recorded 27 fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-canenreb1837-169">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg/220px-Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg/220px-Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg/330px-Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg/440px-Montgomery%27s_Tavern.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern" title="Battle of Montgomery's Tavern">Battle of Montgomery's Tavern</a> on 5 December 1837, the first confrontation of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a>, primarily comprised disaffected American-origin farmers who opposed the preferential treatment of British settlers in the colony's land grant system.<a href="#cite_note-Dent1885-171">[171]</a> The first confrontation occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgomery%27s_Tavern" title="Battle of Montgomery's Tavern">Battle of Montgomery's Tavern</a> in Toronto on 5 December 1837. Most rebels dispersed after the battle, although a small faction remained until Loyalist and <a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a> militias attacked the tavern three days later. Mackenzie later seized <a href="/wiki/Navy_Island" title="Navy Island">Navy Island</a>, declaring it the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Canada" title="Republic of Canada">Republic of Canada</a>, but fled to the US after the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_affair" title="Caroline affair">rebel ship Caroline was burned by Canadian volunteers</a>. The Upper Canada Rebellion resulted in three deaths—two rebels and one loyalist.<a href="#cite_note-canenreb1837-169">[169]</a> For the rest of 1838, Mackenzie's followers and <a href="/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges" title="Hunters' Lodges">US sympathizers</a> conducted a series of raids against Upper Canada known as the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a>. The rebellions led to the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Durham Report</a>, which recommended uniting the Canadas. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a> united Upper and Lower Canada into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> and paved the way for the introduction of responsible government in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-canenreb1837-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_during_the_Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush">Conflicts during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Conflicts during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The influx of gold <a href="/wiki/Prospectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospectors">prospectors</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon" title="Fraser Canyon">Fraser Canyon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Gold Rush">Fraser Gold Rush</a> led to several conflicts between prospectors and local First Nations. The <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_War" title="Fraser Canyon War">Fraser Canyon War</a> in 1858 saw the <a href="/wiki/Nlaka%27pamux" title="Nlaka'pamux">Nlaka'pamux</a> and prospectors clash at the start of the gold rush. The Nlaka'pamux attacked several newly arrived American prospectors in defence of their territory, prompting the prospectors to form military companies to carry out reprisals. Responding to the violence, the British formed the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">colony of British Columbia</a> on August 2 and sent gunboats to the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> to reestablish order. However, as British military capabilities in the region were limited, they were unable to quickly assert control, leading to open conflict on August 9. A truce was brokered on 21 August, and the arrival of a British contingent by month's end stabilized the area. Around 36 Nlakaʼpamux, including five chiefs, died during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_War" title="Chilcotin War">Chilcotin War</a> was another conflict that broke out in the area in April 1864, when the Tsilhqot'in killed 21 prospectors and construction workers who crossed into their territory. The attacks sparked a month-long armed standoff in the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">British Columbia Interior</a>, after a group predominantly made up of American prospectors marched from the colonial capital of <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a> to quell the resistance in the Crown's name. The conflict ended with the mistaken arrest of a Tsilhqot'in peace delegation. Six delegates were convicted and hanged for murder, despite the Tsilhqot'in maintaining its actions were an act of war rather than murder. In 2018, the Canadian government exonerated the six individuals and issued an apology to the Tsilhqot'in, recognizing "that they acted in accordance with their laws and traditions" for war.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: American Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Canada and the American Civil War">Canada and the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform,_circa_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform%2C_circa_1863.jpg/170px-Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform%2C_circa_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 291px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform%2C_circa_1863.jpg/170px-Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform%2C_circa_1863.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="291" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform%2C_circa_1863.jpg/255px-Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform%2C_circa_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform%2C_circa_1863.jpg/340px-Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott_in_army_uniform%2C_circa_1863.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Ruffin_Abbott" title="Anderson Ruffin Abbott">Anderson Ruffin Abbott</a> in 1863. Abbott was one of many Canadians who volunteered with the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the American Civil War.</figcaption></figure> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), the British Empire declared neutrality, although its colonies in British North America sold weapons to both sides of the war. Although some Canadian newspapers sympathized with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> due to its alignment with colonial "security interests," the vast majority of the 40,000 Canadians who volunteered to fight in the Civil War did so with the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman2009-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-canenamciwa-175">[175]</a> Most Canadians fought as volunteers, although some were coerced into service by American recruiters or "<a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">crimpers</a>". By the war's end, 29 Canadian Union Army officers were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenamciwa-175">[175]</a> Incidents like the <a href="/wiki/Trent_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trent affair">Trent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Affair" title="Chesapeake Affair">Chesapeake</a> affairs strained Anglo-American relations.<a href="#cite_note-KRMS-176">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>, the most serious incident of the war, occurred in 1861 when a US gunboat stopped the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Trent" title="RMS Trent">RMS Trent</a> to seize two Confederate officials en route to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Bourne1967-177">[177]</a> The British demanded an apology and the release of the passengers. War appeared imminent in the months after, with the British reinforcing its North American garrison from 4,000 to 18,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Bourne1967-177">[177]</a> However, the crisis abated after an apology was issued.<a href="#cite_note-canenamciwa-175">[175]</a> The Empire was also criticized by Americans for allowing its subjects, including those in Canada, to engage in <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade running</a>. According to one historian, these actions undermined the <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union blockade against the Confederacy</a> and prolonged the war by two years.<a href="#cite_note-KRMS-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> When the Union Army regained the initiative in 1863, Confederate agent, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thompson" title="Jacob Thompson">Jacob Thompson</a>, was tasked with creating a northern front from Canada. With Confederate activities tolerated by Canadian authorities and citizens,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Thompson set up bases in Montreal and Toronto. His plans included raiding prison camps to free Confederate prisoners and attacking Union ships in the Great Lakes. In 1864, Confederate raiders from Montreal <a href="/wiki/St._Albans_Raid" title="St. Albans Raid">raided St. Albans</a> in Vermont, but they were defeated and were subsequently arrested at the border by British soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-canenamciwa-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fenian_raids">Fenian raids</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Fenian raids" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold,_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold%2C_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png/220px-Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold%2C_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="673"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold%2C_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png/220px-Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold%2C_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold%2C_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png/330px-Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold%2C_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold%2C_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png/440px-Canadian_volunteers_at_Thorold%2C_during_the_Fenian_excursion_of_June_1866.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Volunteers of the Canadian militia who were mobilized during the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a> in June 1866.</figcaption></figure> In the mid-1860s, <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish American</a> veterans of the Union Army who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Brotherhood" title="Fenian Brotherhood">Fenian Brotherhood</a>, supported raiding British North America to force <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Senior1991-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris2009-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithSmith2002-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Granatstein2011-184">[184]</a> The Fenians incorrectly assumed that <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a> would support their invasion. However, the majority of Irish settlers in <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a> were Protestant, mainly of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ulster-Scots_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster-Scots people">Ulster-Scot</a> descent, and largely loyal to the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-Senior1991-181">[181]</a> Nonetheless, the threat prompted British and Canadian agents in the US to redirect their focus from Confederate sympathizers to the Fenians in 1865. Upon learning of the Fenians' planned attack, 10,000 volunteers of the Canadian militia were mobilized in 1866, a number that later increased to 14,000, and then to 20,000.<a href="#cite_note-canenfenrad-185">[185]</a> The first raid took place in April 1866, as Fenians landed on <a href="/wiki/Campobello_Island" title="Campobello Island">Campobello Island</a> and razed several buildings. The largest raid occurred on June 2 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ridgeway" title="Battle of Ridgeway">Battle of Ridgeway</a>, where 750–800 Fenians repelled nearly 900 Canadian militiamen, largely due to the latter's inexperience. However, the Fenians withdrew to the US shortly after, anticipating additional British and Canadian reinforcements. In the same month, another party of 200 Fenians was defeated near <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_Hill_(St._Armand)" title="Pigeon Hill (St. Armand)">Pigeon Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfenrad-185">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="382"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Eccles_Hill.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Members of the 50th Canadian Battalion engage the <a href="/wiki/Fenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenians">Fenians</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eccles_Hill" title="Battle of Eccles Hill">Battle of Eccles Hill</a> in 1870</figcaption></figure> The threat of raids in 1870 led the government to mobilize 13,000 volunteers. Fenian raiding parties were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eccles_Hill" title="Battle of Eccles Hill">battles of Eccles Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trout_River" title="Battle of Trout River">Trout River</a> in May 1870. In October 1871, 40 Fenians occupied a customs house near the Manitoba-Minnesota border, hoping to elicit support from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> and the Métis, but Riel raised volunteers to repel them. The US Army later intervened and arrested the Fenians, with the US not wanting to risk war with the UK.<a href="#cite_note-canenfenrad-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> While the militia prevented the Fenian from accomplishing its goals, the raids exposed deficiencies in its leadership, structure, and training, prompting subsequent reforms within it.<a href="#cite_note-canenfenrad-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_forces_in_Canada_in_the_late–19th_century">British forces in Canada in the late–19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: British forces in Canada in the late–19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the mid-1860s, British North American colonies faced mounting pressure to assume their own defences as the UK sought to alleviate themselves of the cost of defending them and to redeploy troops to more strategic areas. British pressure and the American Civil War prompted various colonies to consider forming a single federation. Although some questioned the need to unite post-American Civil War, subsequent raids by Fenians made more people in British North America favourable to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a>, which was eventually realized in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-canenamciwa-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore2011-187">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg/220px-Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2248" data-file-height="1530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg/220px-Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg/330px-Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg/440px-Depart_des_troupes_de_l_armee_britannique_le_11_novembre_1871.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Departure of British forces from Quebec City in 1871. British forces withdrew from most of Canada in 1871, several years after <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1869, American grievances over British transgressions during the American Civil War became an issue, as the US <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">demanded payment for said transgressions</a>. A British delegation, including Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">Treaty of Washington</a> in 1871 to settle the issue.<a href="#cite_note-canenamciwa-175">[175]</a> By 1871, most British North American colonies joined Canadian Confederation, and US grievances were settled. Consequently, British forces withdrew from Canada, except for Halifax and Esquimalt, where garrisons of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Station" title="Pacific Station">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North America and West Indies</a> stations remained for reasons of imperial strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Borden2005-188">[188]</a> The Royal Navy continued to provide for Canada's maritime defence, with the understanding that they would provide additional aid in emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-FidellSullivan2002-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_enlistment_in_British_forces_after_1871">Canadian enlistment in British forces after 1871</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Canadian enlistment in British forces after 1871" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Canadian enlistment in the British military continued after Confederation and the British Army's withdrawal in 1871. Several Canadians opted for British service over the Canadian militia, as the latter showed little interest in <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary combat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009137-190">[190]</a> The British Army specifically targeted Canadians for recruitment to replenish certain units, like the 100th Regiment of Foot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009136-162">[162]</a> Canadians continued joining the British Army's <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">enlisted ranks</a> into the First World War, with several thousand Canadians serving in British units during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009144-191">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_18,_first_cadets_@_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_18%2C_first_cadets_%40_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg/220px-Old_18%2C_first_cadets_%40_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_18%2C_first_cadets_%40_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg/220px-Old_18%2C_first_cadets_%40_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_18%2C_first_cadets_%40_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg/330px-Old_18%2C_first_cadets_%40_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_18%2C_first_cadets_%40_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg/440px-Old_18%2C_first_cadets_%40_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_1878.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first graduating class of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> in 1878. Cadets were recruited into the British military and the Canadian militia in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> The British <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> also reserved officer commissions for Canadian "gentlemen and journeymen" to fill vacancies and bolster the British officer corps.<a href="#cite_note-warmusrmc-192">[192]</a> The recruitment of Canadians into the British officer corps was encouraged by the War Office as a way to promote military interoperability between Canada and the UK, and to make the Canadian government more amicable to the idea of its military participating in British overseas campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009138-193">[193]</a> By 1892, about two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> (RMC) graduates who received commissions opted to join the British military rather than the Canadian militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009139-194">[194]</a> By 1900, RMC graduates in the British military had participated in 27 campaigns across Africa, Burma, India, and China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009141-195">[195]</a> From 1880 and 1918, around a quarter of RMC graduates accepted commissions in the British military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009144-191">[191]</a> Recruitment of RMC officer cadets into the British military declined in the early 20th century due to efforts by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Borden" title="Frederick William Borden">Frederick William Borden</a>, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_militia_and_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of militia and defence">minister of militia and defence</a>. As a result, from 1911 to 1914, over half of all graduates pursuing military careers joined the Canadian militia rather than the British military.<a href="#cite_note-warmusrmc-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_militia_in_the_late–19th_century">Canadian militia in the late–19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Canadian militia in the late–19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="History of the Canadian Army">History of the Canadian Army</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Canadian_Militia,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="337"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/330px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg/440px-The_Canadian_Militia%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Uniforms used by the Canadian Militia in the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> By the mid-19th century, the militia system in the Province of Canada was organized into two classes, sedentary and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_militia#Active_militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian militia">Active</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cananmilact-196">[196]</a> The sedentary militia, later called the "Reserve Militia," was the traditional compulsory militia mobilized solely during emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke-137">[137]</a> The Active Militia consisted initially of volunteer service battalions tasked with transport and operational duties.<a href="#cite_note-cananmilact-196">[196]</a> The Active Militia began as an unpaid voluntary service but evolved into a paid part-time service under the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1855" title="Militia Act of 1855">Militia Act of 1855</a>, comprising the Volunteer Militia, the Regular Militia, and the Marine Militia. The Volunteer Militia included artillery, cavalry, and infantry units. The Regular Militia comprised former serving men eligible for emergency service through balloting. The Marine Militia consisted of individuals employed to navigate Canada's waterways.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a> In 1862, proposed legislation to enhance the sedentary militia ignited a debate over whether the colony should rely on a compulsory or voluntary service. Following the 1863 general election, a new Militia Act was passed, shifting the burden of defence to the Active Militia while also preserving the sedentary militia.<a href="#cite_note-cananmilact-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-mariamil-135">[135]</a> The militia system was adopted into the Canadian federation through the 1868 Militia Act.<a href="#cite_note-mariamil-135">[135]</a> After the British Army's departure in 1871, the Canadian militia shouldered the main responsibility for its defence.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg/220px-Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2004"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg/220px-Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg/330px-Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg/440px-Yukon_Field_Force_in_Vancouver.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Field_Force" title="Yukon Field Force">Yukon Field Force</a> in Vancouver in 1898. The Yukon Field Force was a garrison of the Active Militia's <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Active Militia underwent professionalization in the 1870s and 1880s, with the establishment of two professional artillery batteries in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-Granatstein2011mnk-197">[197]</a> The Active Militia expanded under the 1883 Militia Act, authorizing a new cavalry troop, an additional artillery battery, and three infantry companies.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a> These were intended to provide the professional backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent Force</a>, a full-time "continuous service" component of the Active Militia.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Granatstein2011mnk-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> While the Active Militia's professional elements grew in the 1870s and 1880s, its marine component dwindled, with the last marine militia unit disbanded in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a> The sedentary militia also fell into disuse during this period as annual musters became less frequent. By 1883, the sedentary militia was nearly non-existent, with the requirement for annual musters stricken from legislation.<a href="#cite_note-mariamil-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nile_Expedition">Nile Expedition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Nile Expedition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nile_Expedition" title="Nile Expedition">Nile Expedition</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> in 1884, the British requested aid from Canada for skilled boatmen to assist Major-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles Gordon's</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">besieged forces</a> in Khartoum.<a href="#cite_note-MacLaren1978-199">[199]</a> The government's reluctance led <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a> to dispatch only 386 voyageurs, commanded by Canadian militia officers.<a href="#cite_note-Morton2007i-200">[200]</a> This force, known as the Nile Voyageurs, served in Sudan and became the first Canadian force to serve outside North America.<a href="#cite_note-MacLaren1978x-201">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon,_from_The_Graphic,_29_November_1894.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon%2C_from_The_Graphic%2C_29_November_1894.png/220px-The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon%2C_from_The_Graphic%2C_29_November_1894.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="279"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon%2C_from_The_Graphic%2C_29_November_1894.png/220px-The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon%2C_from_The_Graphic%2C_29_November_1894.png" data-width="220" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon%2C_from_The_Graphic%2C_29_November_1894.png/330px-The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon%2C_from_The_Graphic%2C_29_November_1894.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon%2C_from_The_Graphic%2C_29_November_1894.png/440px-The_Nile_Expedition_for_the_Relief_of_General_Gordon%2C_from_The_Graphic%2C_29_November_1894.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nile_Expedition" title="Nile Expedition">Nile Expedition</a> travelling by boat to relieve the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum" title="Siege of Khartoum">siege of Khartoum</a></figcaption></figure> Arriving in Asyut in October 1884, the voyageurs transported 5,000 British troops upstream to Khartoum using wooden whaling boats. They arrived two days after the city's capture by Mahdist forces. Canadian militia officers overseeing the voyageurs took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirbekan" title="Battle of Kirbekan">Battle of Kirbekan</a> weeks later, although the voyageurs themselves did not partake. After Kirbekan, the expedition withdrew to Egypt, departing in April 1885.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Sixteen members of the Canadian contingent died during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-MacLaren1978x-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late–19th_century_conflicts_in_western_Canada">Late–19th century conflicts in western Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Late–19th century conflicts in western Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In October 1870, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, one of the last major battles occurred between the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Belly_River" title="Battle of the Belly River">Battle of the Belly River</a>. In the battle, Cree war party engaged a <a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani Nation</a> camp but was defeated, unaware that members of the <a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai Nation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Piegan Blackfeet</a> were also there. The Blackfoot's use of <a href="/wiki/Revolving_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolving rifle">revolving rifles</a> likely aided in their victory.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> However their victory was <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">pyrrhic</a>, as their losses made them vulnerable to attack. Both sides lost as many as 300 warriors during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riel_Rebellions">Riel Rebellions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Riel Rebellions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg/220px-FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="393"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg/220px-FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg/330px-FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg/440px-FAH_Red_River_Expedition.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_expedition" title="Wolseley expedition">Wolseley expedition</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kakabeka_Falls" title="Kakabeka Falls">Kakabeka Falls</a>. The British-Canadian military expedition was undertaken in 1870 to retake <a href="/wiki/Upper_Fort_Garry" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Fort Garry">Upper Fort Garry</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the late 19th century, Louis Riel spearheaded two <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance movements">resistances</a> against the Canadian government amid its efforts to settle <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">western Canada</a> and negotiate <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">land transfer treaties</a> with multiple First Nations. The first resistance led by Riel, the Red River Rebellion (1869–1870), occurred before the <a href="/wiki/Deed_of_Surrender" title="Deed of Surrender">transfer of Rupert's Land</a> from the HBC to Canada. In December 1869, Riel and Métis settlers of the Red River Colony seized <a href="/wiki/Upper_Fort_Garry" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Fort Garry">Upper Fort Garry</a> to negotiate favourable terms for the colony's entry into Canadian confederation.<a href="#cite_note-canenrerire-205">[205]</a> After an English-speaking settler was executed, a <a href="/wiki/Wolseley_expedition" title="Wolseley expedition">military expedition</a> made up of 400 British regulars and 800 Canadian militiamen was organized to retake the fort.<a href="#cite_note-canenrerire-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Riel and his followers fled to the US before the arrival of the expedition in August 1870. Although they fled, the resistance achieved its major objectives, with the federal government recognizing the rights of the Red River settlers through the establishment of the province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenrerire-205">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1083"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Batoche_Print_by_Seargent_Grundy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">Battle of Batoche</a> in 1885 was a decisive engagement during the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a> where Canadian soldiers defeated a force of indigenous and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis people</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1884, Riel returned from the US and rallied local Métis in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">North-West Territories</a> to press their grievances against the Canadian government. By March 1885, a Métis armed force established the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Saskatchewan" title="Provisional Government of Saskatchewan">Provisional Government of Saskatchewan</a>, with Riel as president. A three-month insurgency, known as the North-West Rebellion, began later that month after Métis forces defeated a contingent of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> (NWMP) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duck_Lake" title="Battle of Duck Lake">Battle of Duck Lake</a>. The battle emboldened the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Cree people">Plains Cree</a> under <a href="/wiki/Big_Bear" title="Big Bear">Big Bear</a>, leading to attacks on <a href="/wiki/Looting_of_Battleford" title="Looting of Battleford">Battleford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_Massacre" title="Frog Lake Massacre">Frog Lake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pitt" title="Battle of Fort Pitt">Fort Pitt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McMillan2004-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-canennowere-208">[208]</a> In response, the Canadian government mobilized 3,000 militiamen to quell the resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Wishart2004-209">[209]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Dobson_Middleton" title="Frederick Dobson Middleton">Frederick Middleton</a> initially planned for the 3,000-person force to travel together by rail, but attacks at Battleford and Frog Lake forced him to send a 900-person force ahead of the main contingent. However, after the forward force was repelled at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek" title="Battle of Fish Creek">Battle of Fish Creek</a>, Middleton chose to wait for the rest of the contingent before successfully besieging Riel's outnumbered forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche" title="Battle of Batoche">Battle of Batoche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canennowere-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-GrantDoughty2011j-210">[210]</a> Although Riel was captured at Batoche in May, resistance from Big Bear's followers persisted until 3 June at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loon_Lake" title="Battle of Loon Lake">Battle of Loon Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canennowere-208">[208]</a> Canadian militia and NWMP casualties during the conflict include 58 killed and 93 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Howard1994-211">[211]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boer_War">Boer War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Boer War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg/220px-Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="2744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg/220px-Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg/330px-Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg/440px-Royal_Canadian_Troops_at_the_Battle_of_Paardeberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Troops from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Regiment_of_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry">Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry</a> prepare to attack Boer position during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a> in 1900.</figcaption></figure> The issue of Canadian military participation in British imperial campaigns arose again when the British requested Canadian assistance in the Second Boer War (1899–1902).<a href="#cite_note-Vandervort1998ahu-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horn2006-213">[213]</a> Most of <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a> supported participation, while near-universal opposition came from French Canadians and other groups.<a href="#cite_note-Miller1998-214">[214]</a> This split the governing <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>, who's political base comprised both pro-imperial Anglo-Canadians and anti-imperial Franco-Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[215]</a> Laurier aimed for a compromise to preserve Anglo-French relations,<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[215]</a> but faced pressure from his imperial-minded cabinet to send a token force of 1,000 soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Regiment_of_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry">Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaxerLaxer1977-216">[216]</a> Two additional contingents followed, one comprising 6,000 volunteers from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Dragoons" title="Royal Canadian Dragoons">Royal Canadian Dragoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mounted_Rifles" title="Canadian Mounted Rifles">Canadian Mounted Rifles</a>, and the third, <a href="/wiki/Strathcona%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Strathcona's Horse">Strathcona's Horse</a>, was financed by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">The Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Badsey2008iz-217">[217]</a> Many Canadians also served in the British Army's <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constabulary" title="South African Constabulary">South African Constabulary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canencasabw-218">[218]</a> Canadian forces arrived in South Africa after the initial phase of the conflict, which included British setbacks during <a href="/wiki/Black_Week" title="Black Week">Black Week</a>. They earned praise for leading the final night attack that led to the Boers suddender at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paardeberg" title="Battle of Paardeberg">Battle of Paardeberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canencasabw-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buckner2008m-219">[219]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leliefontein" title="Battle of Leliefontein">Battle of Leliefontein</a> in November 1900, three members of the Royal Canadian Dragoons were awarded the Victoria Cross for protecting the rear of a retreating force,<a href="#cite_note-Lennox2009-220">[220]</a> marking the only occasion when a Canadian unit received three Victoria Crosses in a single action.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> One of the last major battles involving Canadian units was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hart%27s_River" title="Battle of Hart's River">Battle of Hart's River</a> in March 1902.<a href="#cite_note-canencasabw-218">[218]</a> During the conflict, Canadian forces played a role in maintaining <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War_concentration_camps" title="Second Boer War concentration camps">British-run concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LouisPorter2001-222">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miss_Minnie_Affleck,_Nursing_Sister,_1st_Canadian_Contingent,_So._African,_1899-1902_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Miss_Minnie_Affleck%2C_Nursing_Sister%2C_1st_Canadian_Contingent%2C_So._African%2C_1899-1902_War.jpg/220px-Miss_Minnie_Affleck%2C_Nursing_Sister%2C_1st_Canadian_Contingent%2C_So._African%2C_1899-1902_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Miss_Minnie_Affleck%2C_Nursing_Sister%2C_1st_Canadian_Contingent%2C_So._African%2C_1899-1902_War.jpg/220px-Miss_Minnie_Affleck%2C_Nursing_Sister%2C_1st_Canadian_Contingent%2C_So._African%2C_1899-1902_War.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Miss_Minnie_Affleck%2C_Nursing_Sister%2C_1st_Canadian_Contingent%2C_So._African%2C_1899-1902_War.jpg/330px-Miss_Minnie_Affleck%2C_Nursing_Sister%2C_1st_Canadian_Contingent%2C_So._African%2C_1899-1902_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Miss_Minnie_Affleck%2C_Nursing_Sister%2C_1st_Canadian_Contingent%2C_So._African%2C_1899-1902_War.jpg/440px-Miss_Minnie_Affleck%2C_Nursing_Sister%2C_1st_Canadian_Contingent%2C_So._African%2C_1899-1902_War.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Injured Canadian soldiers and a nursing sister in South Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, 1901.</figcaption></figure> Around 8,600 Canadians volunteered for service during the Boer War.<a href="#cite_note-civilization.ca-223">[223]</a> About 7,400 Canadians,<a href="#cite_note-Perry1988-224">[224]</a> including 12 <a href="/wiki/Military_nurse" title="Military nurse">nursing sisters</a>, served in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-canencasabw-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-BatesDodd2005-225">[225]</a> Of these, 224 died, 252 were wounded, and five were awarded the Victoria Cross.<a href="#cite_note-canencasabw-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horn2008z-226">[226]</a> A wave of celebrations swept the country after the war, marked by many towns erecting their first <a href="/wiki/Canadian_war_memorials" title="Canadian war memorials">war memorials</a>. However, the public debate over Canada's role in the conflict strained relations between English and French Canada.<a href="#cite_note-canencasabw-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century_military_developments">Early 20th century military developments</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Early 20th century military developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:417_-_War_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/417_-_War_Museum.JPG/220px-417_-_War_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/417_-_War_Museum.JPG/220px-417_-_War_Museum.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/417_-_War_Museum.JPG/330px-417_-_War_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/417_-_War_Museum.JPG/440px-417_-_War_Museum.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An exhibit of infantry equipment used by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900s</figcaption></figure> Discussions about reforming the Canadian Militia into a fully professional army arose during the Second Boer War.<a href="#cite_note-Godefroy-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Cochrane,_12th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Dundonald</a>, the final British Army <a href="/wiki/General_Officer_Commanding_the_Canadian_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Officer Commanding the Canadian Militia">General Officer Commanding the Canadian Militia</a>, implemented reforms that granted Canada its own technical and support branches.<a href="#cite_note-Preston1991g-228">[228]</a> This included the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Military_Engineers" title="Canadian Military Engineers">Engineer Corps</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Canadian Corps of Signals">Signalling Corps</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Service_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Army Service Corps">Service Corps</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Ordnance_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps">Ordnance Stores Corps</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(Canada)" title="Corps of Guides (Canada)">Corps of Guides</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps">Medical Corps</a> (1904), <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Military_Staff_Clerks" title="Corps of Military Staff Clerks">Staff Clerks</a> (1905), and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Pay_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Army Pay Corps">Army Pay Corps</a> (1906).<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Additional corps would be created in the years before and during the First World War, including the first separate <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Dental_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Dental Corps">military dental corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2004-230">[230]</a> At the turn of the century, Canada asserted greater control over its defences with the passage of a new Militia Act in 1904, appointing a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="Commander of the Canadian Army">Chief of the General Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a> Additionally, control of the Imperial fortress of Halifax and <a href="/wiki/Esquimalt_Royal_Navy_Dockyard" title="Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard">Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard</a> was transferred to Canada by the British military in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The Militia Act of 1904 also formally acknowledged the obsolescence of the sedentary Reserve Militia by removing the provision that designated male inhabitants of military age as members, replacing it with a provision theoretically making them "liable to serve in the militia".<a href="#cite_note-mariamil-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Creation_of_a_Canadian_navy">Creation of a Canadian navy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Creation of a Canadian navy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">History of the Royal Canadian Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg/220px-HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1879"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg/220px-HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg/330px-HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg/440px-HMCS_Rainbow_at_Vancouver_1910.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Rainbow_(1891)" title="HMCS Rainbow (1891)">HMCS Rainbow</a> in Vancouver, shortly after its recommissioning with the Canadian Naval Service in 1910.</figcaption></figure> Canada initially maintained a small fishing protection force under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Marine_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Marine and Fisheries">Department of Marine and Fisheries</a> but depended on the UK for maritime defence. However, as the British engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">naval arms race with Germany</a>, it looked to its dominions to assist with Imperial naval strategy in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-Milner2010-232">[232]</a> The Conservative Party advocated for Canada to contribute funds solely for the purchase and maintenance of Royal Navy vessels.<a href="#cite_note-Milner2010-232">[232]</a> Some French Canadian nationalists opposed sending any aid, while others proposed establishing an independent Canadian navy capable of assisting the British when necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Milner2010-232">[232]</a> Prime Minister Laurier adopted a compromised position, leading to the creation of the Canadian Naval Service in 1910, later designated as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> (RCN) in August 1911.<a href="#cite_note-Cox2011-233">[233]</a> To appease imperialists, the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Act" title="Naval Service Act">Naval Service Act</a> included a provision allowing the RCN to be transferred to the British in emergency cases.<a href="#cite_note-Milner2010q-234">[234]</a> The bill aimed to build a fleet of five <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> and six <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FrancisFrancs2009-235">[235]</a> The first two ships, <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Niobe" class="mw-redirect" title="HMCS Niobe">Niobe</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Rainbow_(1891)" title="HMCS Rainbow (1891)">Rainbow</a>, were somewhat outdated vessels purchased from the British.<a href="#cite_note-Buckner2005sss-236">[236]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">election of a Conservative government in 1911</a> led to a reduction in funding, although later increased during the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-Lavery2006-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: First World War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War I">Military history of Canada during World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buy_Victory_Bonds,_Canada_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Buy_Victory_Bonds%2C_Canada_1918.jpg/220px-Buy_Victory_Bonds%2C_Canada_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1021"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Buy_Victory_Bonds%2C_Canada_1918.jpg/220px-Buy_Victory_Bonds%2C_Canada_1918.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Buy_Victory_Bonds%2C_Canada_1918.jpg/330px-Buy_Victory_Bonds%2C_Canada_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Buy_Victory_Bonds%2C_Canada_1918.jpg/440px-Buy_Victory_Bonds%2C_Canada_1918.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Canadian postcard from 1918 encouraging the purchase of <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">Victory Bonds</a>. It depicts a soldier standing in a poppy field and includes a line from the <a href="/wiki/War_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="War poem">war poem</a> "<a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a>".</figcaption></figure> On August 5, 1914, the British Empire, including Canada, entered the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–1918) as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Entente_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente powers">Entente powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CimentRussell2007-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> As a dominion of the Empire, Canada had control over its contributions to the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-CimentRussell2007-238">[238]</a> During the war, Canadian military spending rose considerably, with its financing being supported by the introduction of income taxes and <a href="/wiki/Victory_Loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Loan">Victory Loan</a> campaigns. Canada also sold munitions to Britain after it <a href="/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915" title="Shell Crisis of 1915">experienced a shell shortage</a>, prompting the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Munitions_Board" title="Imperial Munitions Board">Imperial Munitions Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> A total of 619,636 people served in the Canadian military during the war. Of those, 59,544 were killed and 154,361 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Godefroy-227">[227]</a> The conflict provided Canada with a greater degree of autonomy within the British Empire and a modest diplomatic presence at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_Expeditionary_Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Canadian Expeditionary Force" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a></div> The Canadian Militia was not mobilized. Instead, an separate <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a> (CEF) was raised for the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Hart2001-240">[240]</a> The CEF comprised infantry battalions and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cavalry_Brigade" title="Canadian Cavalry Brigade">Canadian Cavalry Brigade</a>, with recruitment handled by the militia. Canada also established the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forestry_Corps" title="Canadian Forestry Corps">Canadian Forestry Corps</a> to harvest wood from France and Scotland for the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg/220px-Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="494"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg/220px-Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg/330px-Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg/440px-Kitcheners%27_Wood.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Canadian forces repelling a German attack during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kitcheners%27_Wood" title="Battle of Kitcheners' Wood">Battle of Kitcheners' Wood</a>, an engagement during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a> in April 1915.</figcaption></figure> The first Canadian contingent departed for Europe on October 3, 1914.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> The CEF's first large engagement was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a> from April–May 1915. At Ypres, Canadian soldiers withstood the first large-scale use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">poison gas</a> in history.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> In September 1915, after Ypres, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a> was formed with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division" title="2nd Canadian Division">2nd Canadian Division</a> in France, consolidating the CEF.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-242">[242]</a> The corps expanded with the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Division</a> joining in December 1915, followed by the <a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division" title="4th Canadian Division">4th Canadian Division</a> in August 1916.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-242">[242]</a> The <a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Division" title="5th Canadian Division">5th Canadian Division</a>, formed in February 1917, never fully formed and was disbanded in February 1918.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-242">[242]</a> In early 1916, Canadian divisions participated in local actions like the <a href="/wiki/Actions_of_St_Eloi_Craters" title="Actions of St Eloi Craters">Actions of St Eloi Craters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_Sorrel" title="Battle of Mont Sorrel">Battle of Mont Sorrel</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/Somme_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Somme Offensive">Somme Offensive</a> began on July 1, where <a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">on its first day</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Regiment</a> was annihilated. Canadian divisions were deployed to the Somme in August 1916.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> After the Somme Offensive, Canadian leaders advocated for the corps to operate as a unified force rather than being dispersed among different British units.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-242">[242]</a> The Canadian Corps, comprising four divisions, was consolidated for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a>, a crucial phase of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Battle of Arras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg/220px-Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="466"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg/220px-Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg/330px-Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg/440px-Canadian_troops_on_Arras-_Cambrai_road-1918.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Canadian troops advance up a road during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">Battle of Cambrai</a> in 1918</figcaption></figure> After Vimy Ridge, Canadian Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Currie" title="Arthur Currie">Arthur Currie</a> assumed command of the corps. Under his leadership, the corps fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_70" title="Battle of Hill 70">Battle of Hill 70</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a> in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> In 1918, the corps was sent to <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> to bolster the lines during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>. Throughout the war's later stages, the corps earned a reputation as one of the most capable and esteemed formations on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Godefroy-227">[227]</a> Throughout this period, the Canadian Corps participated in key battles such as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Amiens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1918)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1918)">Cambrai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> The Canadian Corps' rapid advance from Amiens in August to <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice on November 11th</a>, is known as <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Hundred_Days" title="Canada's Hundred Days">Canada's Hundred Days</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-cook-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_and_sea_operations">Air and sea operations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Air and sea operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the war, the RCN primarily conducted coastal submarine patrols as part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic U-boat campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> Canada suffered from several maritime disasters during the war. The <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Explosion" title="Halifax Explosion">Halifax Explosion</a> occurred on December 6, 1917, when a <a href="/wiki/Ship_collision" title="Ship collision">ship collision</a> involving a munition ship loaded with explosives caused one of the largest human-made explosions before the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">detonation of the first atomic bomb</a>. The disaster saw 11,000 casualties, including 2,000 dead, and the entire north end of the city destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The sinking of <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Llandovery_Castle" title="HMHS Llandovery Castle">HMHS Llandovery Castle</a> by a U-boat in June 1918 marks the deadliest Canadian <a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters_in_World_War_I" title="List of maritime disasters in World War I">naval disaster of the war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tennyson2013h-246">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BillyBishop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BillyBishop.jpg/220px-BillyBishop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="2228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BillyBishop.jpg/220px-BillyBishop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BillyBishop.jpg/330px-BillyBishop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BillyBishop.jpg/440px-BillyBishop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bishop" title="Billy Bishop">Billy Bishop</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Nieuport_17" title="Nieuport 17">Nieuport 17</a>. Bishop was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_aces_from_Canada" title="List of World War I aces from Canada">war's top flying ace from Canada</a> and the British Empire.</figcaption></figure> Besides the Canadian military, Canadians served in British forces such as the Royal Navy and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>. By war's end, nearly a quarter of all Royal Flying Corps pilots were Canadian, including the Empire's leading <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">flying ace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bishop" title="Billy Bishop">Billy Bishop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conscription">Conscription</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Conscription" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although enthusiasm to enlist was strong in 1914, by 1916, enthusiasm had waned.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> At the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Cabinet" title="Imperial War Cabinet">Imperial War Cabinet</a>, Britain urged its dominions to alleviate manpower shortages caused by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Russian Empire">collapse of the Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1917_French_Army_mutinies" title="1917 French Army mutinies">French Army mutinies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> To maintain Canada's contributions, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> advocated for <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">conscription</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917 federal election</a>, sparking a <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">national debate and crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KelleyTrebilcock2010-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morton1994-248">[248]</a> The debate highlighted divisions between English and French Canada,<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1974-249">[249]</a> with English Canada largely supporting it, while French Canadians, some English-speaking farmers, trade union leaders, pacifists, and Indigenous leaders opposing it.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grenville2005hh-250">[250]</a> Borden's <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist Party</a>, a coalition of pro-conscription Conservatives and Liberals, won the election and passed the <a href="/wiki/Military_Service_Act,_1917" title="Military Service Act, 1917">Military Service Act, 1917</a>, although it included various exemption provisions.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> After conscription was implemented in 1918, over 400,000 were called up, but 380,510 appealed for exemption. Ultimately, only 24,132 conscripts were sent to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Commemoration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">World War I memorials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg/220px-Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg/220px-Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg/330px-Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg/440px-Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> unveiling the Mother of Canada on the <a href="/wiki/Vimy_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimy Memorial">Vimy Memorial</a> in 1936. The memorial was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">CEF</a> personnel killed during World War I.</figcaption></figure> The war's impact led to the construction of war memorials in Canada. The <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">Canadian National War Memorial</a> was unveiled in 1939 and has since been used to honour Canadian war dead for other conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-natmemor-252">[252]</a> The monument has since been used to honour Canadian war dead for other conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-natmemor-252">[252]</a> There are also eight memorials in France and Belgium to honour Canada's war dead from the war, like the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial" title="Canadian National Vimy Memorial">Canadian National Vimy Memorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HayesBechthold2007hh-253">[253]</a> Distinct memorials honour the contributions of Newfoundland soldiers, then a <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">separate British dominion</a>. The largest Newfoundland memorials include the <a href="/wiki/Beaumont-Hamel_Newfoundland_Memorial" title="Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial">Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial</a> in France and the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_National_War_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland National War Memorial">Newfoundland National War Memorial</a> in St. John's.<a href="#cite_note-BuschAssociation2003-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Interwar period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the First World War, the Canadian Expeditionary Force dissolved, and its lineage perpetuated through the Canadian militia. In 1921, the Active Militia was restructured, forming the Permanent Active Militia from Permanent Force, and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Non-Permanent Active Militia">Non-Permanent Active Militia</a> from its <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserve component</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Act" title="National Defence Act">National Defence Act</a> of 1922 consolidated the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Militia_and_Defence" title="Department of Militia and Defence">Department of Militia and Defence</a> with Air and Naval Services under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcanlinhis-136">[136]</a> The greater degree of autonomy Canada saw after the First World War, coupled with public reluctance to participate in further imperial conflicts, led the Canadian government to refuse a British request for military aid during the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intervention_in_Russia">Intervention in Russia</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Intervention in Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg/220px-Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="388"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg/220px-Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg/330px-Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg/440px-Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force_in_Vladivostok_1919.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force</a> with a truck, 1919</figcaption></figure> The Canadian government sent around 6,000 soldiers to aid the Allied intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> in mid-1918 in response to a British request for assistance.<a href="#cite_note-canenrcw-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kinvig2007-257">[257]</a> Around 4,200 soldiers were deployed to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Siberian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force</a> (CSEF) stationed in <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, while another Canadian contingent joined the Allied <a href="/wiki/North_Russian_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="North Russian Expeditionary Force">North Russian Expeditionary Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">northwest Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canencsef-258">[258]</a> Canadian soldiers were deployed to northwest Russia in May 1918,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958126-259">[259]</a> while CSEF was deployed to Vladivastok in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958129-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-canencsef-258">[258]</a> Shortly after the end of the First World War, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a> debated the continued military presence in Russia. A decision was made to extend the commitment until spring 1919, although they limited the use of its forces, requiring their explicit consent for their use.<a href="#cite_note-canencsef-258">[258]</a> While some Canadians participated in combat in northwest Russia and as pilots over the Black Sea,<a href="#cite_note-canenrcw-256">[256]</a> the majority of Canadian soldiers stationed in Russia, attached to the CSEF in Vladivostok, experienced minimal combat before their withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> CSEF soldiers began their withdrawal from Russia in April 1919.<a href="#cite_note-canencsef-258">[258]</a> The 16th Canadian Field Artillery Brigade withdrew from northwest Russia in June 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958146-262">[262]</a> In total, 21 Canadians died in the Russia intervention, the majority from disease or accidents.<a href="#cite_note-canencsef-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishing_an_air_force">Establishing an air force</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Establishing an air force" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Canadian Air Force">History of the Royal Canadian Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolphin_(Canadian_Air_Force).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dolphin_%28Canadian_Air_Force%29.jpg/220px-Dolphin_%28Canadian_Air_Force%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="172"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dolphin_%28Canadian_Air_Force%29.jpg/220px-Dolphin_%28Canadian_Air_Force%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dolphin_%28Canadian_Air_Force%29.jpg/330px-Dolphin_%28Canadian_Air_Force%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Dolphin_%28Canadian_Air_Force%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)">Canadian Air Force of 1918</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Upper_Heyford" title="RAF Upper Heyford">RAF Upper Heyford</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Dolphin" title="Sopwith Dolphin">Sopwith Dolphins</a> as part of the No. 1 Fighter Squadron</figcaption></figure> The First World War spurred the formation of Canada's air force. Initially, Canada lacked an independent air force, although many Canadians served with the British Royal Flying Corps and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grey2008-263">[263]</a> In 1914, the Canadian government authorized the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aviation_Corps" title="Canadian Aviation Corps">Canadian Aviation Corps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boyne2002-264">[264]</a> tasked to accompany the Canadian Expeditionary Force to Europe with one aircraft, a <a href="/wiki/Burgess-Dunne" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgess-Dunne">Burgess-Dunne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCaffery2000-265">[265]</a> However, the corps was disbanded in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Gray2000-266">[266]</a> In 1918, the British Air Ministry established a Canadian bomber and fighter squadron in Europe, marking a second attempt at forming a Canadian air force. The Canadian government later assumed control of these two squadrons, forming the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)">Canadian Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_War_I:_A_-_D.-267">[267]</a> This air force, however, never saw service and was completely disbanded by 1921.<a href="#cite_note-World_War_I:_A_-_D.-267">[267]</a> During the 1920s, the British government urged Canada to establish a peacetime air force, offering surplus aircraft. In 1920, the Canadian Air Force (CAF) was created under the <a href="/wiki/Air_Board_(Canada)" title="Air Board (Canada)">Air Board</a>, serving as a part-time or militia service for flying refresher training.<a href="#cite_note-DouglasGreenhous1995-268">[268]</a> After a reorganization the CAF became responsible for all flying operations in Canada, including civil aviation. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> (RCAF) took over civil flying responsibilities from the Air Board and CAF after its creation in April 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Boyne2002-264">[264]</a> The Second World War saw the RCAF become a true military service.<a href="#cite_note-Boyne2002-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilkka_Company.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ilkka_Company.jpg/220px-Ilkka_Company.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="276"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ilkka_Company.jpg/220px-Ilkka_Company.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ilkka_Company.jpg/330px-Ilkka_Company.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ilkka_Company.jpg/440px-Ilkka_Company.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Ikka Machine Gun Company of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1937–38</figcaption></figure> Canada was a <a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">non-belligerent</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939). However, over 1,500 Canadians volunteered to fight for the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican faction</a>. Most volunteers were recent immigrants, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Canada" title="Communist Party of Canada">Communist Party of Canada</a> members, and individuals forced into <a href="/wiki/Relief_Camp_Workers%27_Union" title="Relief Camp Workers' Union">relief camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenmacpap-269">[269]</a> Canadian volunteers initially joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a>, although 40 Canadians also joined the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Battalion" title="Lincoln Battalion">Lincoln Battalion</a> or the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Battalion">George Washington Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenmacpap-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Virtue2008-270">[270]</a> In July 1937, the primarily Canadian <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a> was mustered into the <a href="/wiki/XV_International_Brigade" title="XV International Brigade">XV International Brigade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenmacpap-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petrou2008-271">[271]</a> The Canadian unit fought in five major campaigns, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teruel" title="Battle of Teruel">Battle of Teruel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aragon_Offensive" title="Aragon Offensive">Aragon Offensive</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro" title="Battle of the Ebro">Battle of the Ebro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenmacpap-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rayner2011-272">[272]</a> Around 400 to 721 Canadian volunteers died during the war.<a href="#cite_note-canenmacpap-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gough2010-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Second World War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada during World War II">Canada during World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Military history of Newfoundland during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg/220px-British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg/220px-British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg/330px-British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg/440px-British_Columbia_Regiment_1940.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wait_for_Me,_Daddy" title="Wait for Me, Daddy">Wait for Me, Daddy</a>, taken by <a href="/wiki/Claude_P._Dettloff" title="Claude P. Dettloff">Claude P. Dettloff</a>, in October 1940. The photo depicts the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Regiment_(Duke_of_Connaught%27s_Own_Rifles)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own Rifles)">British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own Rifles)</a>, marching to embark onto SS Princess Joan.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–1945) began on September 1, 1939, with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>. Canada issued a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_declaration_of_war_on_Germany" title="Canadian declaration of war on Germany">declaration of war against Germany</a> on September 10.<a href="#cite_note-Kipp2005-274">[274]</a> Although Canada was a significant contributor to the war, it played no major role in its strategic planning, as Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> refrained from involvement. The <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">fall of Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> to Germany in June 1940 led Canada to drastically expand its military spending and armed forces, and implement conscription for home defence.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> Like the First World War, conscription for overseas service was a divisive issue, with some English Canadians supporting it and French Canadians opposing it.<a href="#cite_note-FrancisFrancis2009fh-276">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a> saw Mackenzie King pressured to accept conscription for overseas service.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> Hostilities ceased in September 1945. Canada participated in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties of 1947</a>, and signed peace treaties with Finland, Italy, Hungary, and Romania. In 1951, Canada issued a <a href="/wiki/Royal_proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal proclamation">royal proclamation</a> to end the state of war with Germany, and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a> to end hostilities with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> Around 1.1 million Canadians served in the military during the war, with over 45,000 casualties and 55,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler2002-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_Army_operations">Canadian Army operations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Canadian Army operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Canadian Militia (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> in November 1940)<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> saw minimal action early in the war, with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Division" title="1st Canadian Division">1st Canadian Division</a> only briefly deploying alongside the <a href="/wiki/Second_British_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Second British Expeditionary Force">Second British Expeditionary Force</a> during the fall of France in June 1940.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> After the British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">withdrawal from Dunkirk</a>, the 1st Canadian Division was one of few fully intact formations left in the UK in terms of equipment and manpower. By late 1940, multiple Canadian units were stationed in the UK to defend against a <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Britain">potential German invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-vetbatbr-281">[281]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/220px-Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/220px-Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/330px-Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/440px-Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers on exercise in Hong Kong prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Japanese invasion of the colony</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> In December 1941, <a href="/wiki/C_Force" title="C Force">two Canadian battalions</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BercusonWise1994-282">[282]</a> while the 2nd Canadian Division led the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> in August 1942.<a href="#cite_note-English1991kk-283">[283]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> was also formed in 1942, to prepare for the invasion of northwest Europe.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> In July 1943, the 1st and 5th Canadian Divisions took part in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">British Eighth Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goddard2007-285">[285]</a> They also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>, facing intense combat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ortona" title="Battle of Ortona">Battle of Ortona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moro_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro River Campaign">Moro River Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zuehlke2004-286">[286]</a> In spring 1944, Canadian units under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/E._L._M._Burns" title="E. L. M. Burns">E. L. M. Burns</a> played a leading role in breaking through the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Line" title="Hitler Line">Hitler Line</a>, and later breached the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Battle of Rimini</a>. In total, 92,757 Canadian soldiers served in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a>, with 5,764 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/220px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="2161"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/220px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/330px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/440px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A landing craft with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Rifles" title="Royal Winnipeg Rifles">Royal Winnipeg Rifles</a> heads for <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> in June 1944</figcaption></figure> On June 6, 1944, during the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a>, the 3rd Canadian Division and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade" title="2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade">2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade</a> secured <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Saunders2004-287">[287]</a> supported by earlier landings of <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Parachute_Battalion" title="1st Canadian Parachute Battalion">Canadian airborne troops</a> behind the beaches.<a href="#cite_note-HallHall2004-288">[288]</a> The Canadians led the breakout from the Normandy bridgehead, notably at the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a>. Afterwards, the First Canadian Army conducted campaigns to clear coastal fortress, like <a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> From October to November, the Canadians <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">fought a series of battles</a> to secure the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> and open <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> to Allied shipping.<a href="#cite_note-Goddard2005-289">[289]</a> In early 1945, Canadian units fought in the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a>, clearing a path to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and enabling Allied offensives further beyond the river.<a href="#cite_note-Delaney2012ii-290">[290]</a> After the campaign, the First Canadian Army participated in the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of the Netherlands">liberation of the Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western Allied invasion of Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-291">[291]</a> Around 237,000 Canadian soldiers served in <a href="/wiki/North_West_Europe_campaign" title="North West Europe campaign">North West Europe campaign</a> in 1944 and 1945, among whom 11,336 died.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naval_operations">Naval operations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Naval operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg/220px-QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg/220px-QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg/330px-QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg/440px-QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Royal Canadian Navy sailors man a gun aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kempenfelt_(I18)" title="HMS Kempenfelt (I18)">HMCS Assiniboine</a>, while escorting an <a href="/wiki/HX_convoys" title="HX convoys">HX convoy</a> to the UK</figcaption></figure> The RCN expanded significantly during the war, with 99,688 servicemen, around 6,500 servicewomen, and 471 combat ships by war's end.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> The navy protected supply and troop convoys from <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolfpacks</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BellElleman2003-292">[292]</a> After the Atlantic Convoy Conference in 1943, all Allied convoys north of New York City were coordinated through the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northwest_Atlantic" title="Canadian Northwest Atlantic">Canadian Northwest Atlantic Command</a>. RCN warships sank 33 enemy U-boats during the war.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> In addition to the Atlantic campaign, the RCN participated in the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Allied landing in North Africa</a>, and the Normandy landings.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The light cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Uganda_(66)" title="HMS Uganda (66)">HMCS Uganda</a> also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> The navy lost 24 warships during the war, the largest being the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Athabaskan_(G07)" title="HMCS Athabaskan (G07)">HMCS Athabaskan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> In addition to the RCN, Canadians also served with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Merchant_Navy" title="Canadian Merchant Navy">Canadian Merchant Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston2008oik-295">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_operations">Air operations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Air operations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick,_Scotland,_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1772"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg/330px-Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg/440px-Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pilots of <a href="/wiki/401_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron" title="401 Tactical Fighter Squadron">No. 1 Squadron RCAF</a> in the UK, October 1940. The squadron was deployed to the UK in June 1940, shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> The RCAF also contributed to the war effort, although its manpower was initially hindered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a> (BCATP), which trained aircrews for the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> While Canada hosted most BCATP facilities and funded three-quarters of the costs, the British expected graduates to join the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF). However, intervention from Mackenzie King allowed some Canadian graduates to join the RCAF instead.<a href="#cite_note-canenbrcoatp-296">[296]</a> As a result of the earlier arrangement, many Canadian BCATP graduates served in RAF units like <a href="/wiki/No._242_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 242 Squadron RAF">No. 242 (Canadian) Squadron RAF</a>, instead of RCAF units.<a href="#cite_note-vetbatbr-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> At its peak, BCATP included 107 schools and 184 ancillary units across Canada. By the end of 1945, 131,553 pilots graduated from BCATP in Canada, serving with the RAF, RCAF, or other Allied air forces.<a href="#cite_note-canenbrcoatp-296">[296]</a> Although the BCATP initially delayed the RCAF's deployment overseas, by war's end, 48 RCAF squadrons were stationed abroad. They participated in campaigns like the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CosgroveBilling2003-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> By the war's end, Canadian airmen served in every major theatre, including <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a>, Italy, northwest Europe, and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-CoppNielsen1996ee-298">[298]</a> Caadian airmen in Canada participated in the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> and conducted anti-submarine operations in the Atlantic. Throughout the war, 232,632 men and 17,030 women served in the RCAF, with 17,101 dead.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> By the end of the war, the RCAF was the fourth-largest Allied air force.<a href="#cite_note-McCreery2007pws-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industry_and_research">Industry and research</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Industry and research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg/220px-News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="626"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg/220px-News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg/330px-News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg/440px-News._Girls_of_the_Air_Force_BAnQ_P48S1P07085.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Women%27s_Division" title="Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division">Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division</a>. During the Second World War, women were recruited into the military to fill non-combat roles.</figcaption></figure> Canadian industries produced 815,729 units of war materials during the conflict, including small arms, warships, aircraft, and vehicles. Over half of Canada's output was sent to the UK, facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Gift_and_Mutual_Aid" title="Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid">Billion Dollar Gift</a> package. Labour shortages prompted many women to enter the workforce for the first time, filling roles left by enlisted men.<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Canadian Women's Army Corps">Canadian Women's Army Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Women%27s_Division" title="Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division">RCAF Women's Division</a> were created to relieve servicemen for frontline duties.<a href="#cite_note-Wadge1946-300">[300]</a> Canada also supported British and American efforts to develop an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. In 1942, the Canadian government acquired the <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_Mine_(Northwest_Territories)" title="Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories)">Eldorado Mine</a> to mine uranium,<a href="#cite_note-canensewowa-275">[275]</a> and formed a nuclear research partnership with the UK, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal Laboratory</a> to house the British <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-canencamapr-301">[301]</a> The British and Americans agreed to cooperate on nuclear weapons development during the <a href="/wiki/First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">First Quebec Conference</a> in 1943, and the Montreal Laboratory was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canencamapr-301">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Canada in the Cold War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces_at_the_end_of_the_Cold_War" title="Outline of the Canadian Armed Forces at the end of the Cold War">Outline of the Canadian Armed Forces at the end of the Cold War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png/220px-Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="789"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png/220px-Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png/330px-Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png/440px-Continental_Defense_Warning_Systems.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map depicting the early warning systems for North America. Three <a href="/wiki/Early-warning_radar" title="Early-warning radar">early-warning radar</a> lines in Canada were built during the 1950s to detect incoming Soviet bombers heading for the continent.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">defection of a Soviet cipher clerk in Ottawa</a> in September 1945 and subsequent allegations of a Soviet spy ring marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Knight2007i-302">[302]</a> As a founding <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member and <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a> signatory, Canada was aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">Communist bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bothwell2007-303">[303]</a> In the 1950s, Canada partnered with the U.S. to establish <a href="/wiki/Early-warning_radar" title="Early-warning radar">early-warning radar</a> systems, including the <a href="/wiki/Pinetree_Line" title="Pinetree Line">Pinetree Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-Canada_Line" title="Mid-Canada Line">Mid-Canada Line</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/DEW_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="DEW Line">DEW Line</a>, to defend against Soviet attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Bercuson2002-304">[304]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>, Canada recognized its military constraints and embraced <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>, making its military contributions dependent upon being part of a larger multilateral coalition.<a href="#cite_note-JamesKasoff2008-305">[305]</a> As a result, it refrained from direct involvement in conflicts like the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, despite the involvement of close allies.<a href="#cite_note-Gaffen1995azu-306">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Korean War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Canada in the Korean War</a></div> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953), Canada quickly backed the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> military force to liberate South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-canenkorwar-307">[307]</a> Canadian units in Korea were integrated into the larger <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Forces_Korea" title="British Commonwealth Forces Korea">British Commonwealth Forces Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2011a-308">[308]</a> Canada initially contributed three RCN destroyers and the <a href="/wiki/No._426_Squadron_RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 426 Squadron RCAF">No. 426 Squadron</a>, a RCAF military transport squadron, to support the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-canenkorwar-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-IssermanBowman2003unq-309">[309]</a> Eight RCN ships rotated duties in Korean waters during the war, protecting the UN fleet and supporting onshore operations.<a href="#cite_note-canenkorwar-307">[307]</a> In Korea, 22 RCAF fighter pilots also flew jets on exchange duty with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF).<a href="#cite_note-canenkorwar-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melady2012fhj-310">[310]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_(8682608811).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_%288682608811%29.jpg/220px-Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_%288682608811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="477"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_%288682608811%29.jpg/220px-Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_%288682608811%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_%288682608811%29.jpg/330px-Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_%288682608811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_%288682608811%29.jpg/440px-Two_snipers_in_Korea_Deux_tireurs_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9lite_en_Cor%C3%A9e_%288682608811%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two snipers of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry" title="Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry">Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry</a> in Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.</figcaption></figure> Having undergone rapid demilitarization after the Second World War, the Canadian Army required several months to mobilize back to wartime strength.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-311">[311]</a> Domestic pressure for a larger commitment led the Canadian Army to form Special Force (later renamed the <a href="/wiki/25th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="25th Canadian Infantry Brigade">25th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a>) for deployment in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-canenkorwar-307">[307]</a> The first Canadian Army units arrived in Korea in December 1950, joining the conflict after its early campaigns and when the attrition phase began.<a href="#cite_note-canenkorwar-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jessup1998-312">[312]</a> For army units, the war was characterized as a "war of patrols" in mountainous terrain. Battles the Canadian Army fought in include the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kapyong" title="Battle of Kapyong">Kapyong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kowang-san" title="Battle of Kowang-san">Kowang-san</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canenkorwar-307">[307]</a> Canada sent 26,791 troops to fight in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Rottman2002-313">[313]</a> There were 1,558 Canadian casualties, including 516 dead.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008-314">[314]</a> Hostilities ceased with the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-315">[315]</a> Following the armistice, Canada stationed a garrison in the region to patrol the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> until 1955. The last Canadian soldiers under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> departed the region in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-canenkorwar-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forces_in_Europe">Forces in Europe</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Forces in Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Europe" title="Canadian Forces Europe">Canadian Forces Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va,_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg/220px-Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2859"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg/220px-Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg/330px-Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg/440px-Canadese_landtroepen_van_de_27e_Infanterie-brigade_voor_het_Atlantische_leger_va%2C_Bestanddeelnr_904-8328.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="27th Canadian Infantry Brigade">27th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a>, a brigade created for service in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, disembark in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, 1951</figcaption></figure> During the Cold War, Canada deployed its military abroad for the first time during peacetime, maintaining units in Western Europe from the early 1950s to 1993. Around 100,000 Canadian military personnel served in France and West Germany as part of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Europe" title="Canadian Forces Europe">Canadian Forces Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canencafeurcw-316">[316]</a> In adherence to NATO obligations, Canada formed the <a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="27th Canadian Infantry Brigade">27th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> (27CIBG), later designated as 4 Combat Group and 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade, for service in West Germany.<a href="#cite_note-HornBalasevicius2007-317">[317]</a> It initially comprised 6,700 soldiers organized into several units, including three infantry battalions, an armoured regiment, and <a href="/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John" title="MGR-1 Honest John">MGR-1 Honest John</a> nuclear missile batteries. The brigade was reorganized following a 1970 defence review, losing its nuclear capability and reducing its size. By 1977, it transitioned from a frontline role as a part of the British commitment in northern Germany to a rear area reserve force in the south.<a href="#cite_note-canencafeurcw-316">[316]</a> In addition to the 27CIBG, Canada contributed two infantry battalion groups to NATO's <a href="/wiki/Quick_reaction_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick reaction force">quick reaction force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied_Command_Europe_Mobile_Force" title="Allied Command Europe Mobile Force">Allied Command Europe Mobile Force</a>, in 1964. However, by the late 1960s, the commitment was reduced to one battalion.<a href="#cite_note-canencafeurcw-316">[316]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air-Sea_Transportable_Brigade_Group" title="Canadian Air-Sea Transportable Brigade Group">Canadian Air-Sea Transportable Brigade Group</a> (CAST), comprising 5,000 personnel, was another unit formed in 1968 to support Canada's European commitments. Though stationed in Canada, CAST was able to deploy to Norway within 30 days. CAST only deployed once for a military exercise in 1986 before disbandment in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-canencafeurcw-316">[316]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg/220px-CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="412"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg/220px-CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg/330px-CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg/440px-CF-100s_423_Sqn.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">RCAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-100_Canuck" title="Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck">CF-100 Canucks</a> from <a href="/wiki/RCAF_Station_Grostenquin" title="RCAF Station Grostenquin">RCAF Station Grostenquin</a> fly over <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> in 1962</figcaption></figure> In 1951, Canada formed the <a href="/wiki/1_Canadian_Air_Division" title="1 Canadian Air Division">1 Air Division</a> to fulfil NATO air defence obligations.<a href="#cite_note-Pigott2002-318">[318]</a> Initially a <a href="/wiki/Day_fighter" title="Day fighter">day</a>/<a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">all-weather</a> interception squadron, its role shifted to nuclear strike and reconnaissance in 1962, and then solely to reconnaissance in 1966. The 1 Air Division initially comprised two wings in France and two in Germany, although RCAF assets in France were relocated to Germany after the <a href="/wiki/French_withdrawal_from_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="French withdrawal from NATO">French withdrawal from NATO</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-canencafeurcw-316">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unification_of_Canada's_military">Unification of Canada's military</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Unification of Canada's military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces">Unification of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></div> Canada began exploring military unification in the 1930s, having unified some administrative aspects and its military colleges by the 1940s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-canenuncaf-319">[319]</a> In the 1960s, Canada pursued full military unification to reduce costs and eliminate service duplication.<a href="#cite_note-MurrayViotti1994pl-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milberry1984-321">[321]</a> In 1964, the National Defence Act was amended to create a unified command structure under a single <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Canada)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)">Chief of the Defence Staff</a>. The Canadian Forces Reorganization Act, 1968 then merged the Army, RCN, and RCAF into a singular <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> (CAF), ending their existence as separate entities.<a href="#cite_note-canenuncaf-319">[319]</a> The unification of Canada's military was only partly successful, with support services and headquarters commands being successfully unified, and its cost-cutting measures praised. However, changes the move to a unified ranking structure and service uniforms faced resistance from CAF personnel and the public. Due to ongoing resistance from the army, air force, and navy, many of those changes were reversed by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-canenuncaf-319">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October_Crisis">October Crisis</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: October Crisis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier-and-child-octcri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Soldier-and-child-octcri.jpg/170px-Soldier-and-child-octcri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Soldier-and-child-octcri.jpg/170px-Soldier-and-child-octcri.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Soldier-and-child-octcri.jpg/255px-Soldier-and-child-octcri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Soldier-and-child-octcri.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A soldier in Montreal during the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> in 1970</figcaption></figure> The October Crisis was instigated by the Montreal-based <a href="/wiki/Front_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Front de libération du Québec">Front de libération du Québec</a>'s (FLQ) kidnapping of two government officials.<a href="#cite_note-canenoctcri-322">[322]</a> On October 15, 1970, five days after the second kidnapping, the Quebec government requested military aid under the National Defence Act, with soldiers deployed to strategic locations in Montreal hours later.<a href="#cite_note-canenoctcri-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-octcrihumri-323">[323]</a> The following day, the federal government invoked the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a> to confront the "apprehended insurrection," marking its only peacetime use.<a href="#cite_note-canenoctcri-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nischik2008-324">[324]</a> Under the War Measures Act, the FLQ was banned and civil liberties were suspended. Troops were deployed to Quebec until January 1971. Ultimately, 12,500 Canadian Forces troops were stationed in Quebec, with 7,500 in Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2011b-325">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-Granatstein2011cdgh-326">[326]</a> The federal government's use of the War Measures Act sparked controversy due to the unjust detention of the majority of those arrested. This played a role in its replacement with the more restrained <a href="/wiki/Emergencies_Act" title="Emergencies Act">Emergencies Act</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-canenoctcri-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-octcrihumri-323">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Vietnam War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal,_Loc_Ninh,_13_March_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal%2C_Loc_Ninh%2C_13_March_1973.jpg/220px-ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal%2C_Loc_Ninh%2C_13_March_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal%2C_Loc_Ninh%2C_13_March_1973.jpg/220px-ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal%2C_Loc_Ninh%2C_13_March_1973.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal%2C_Loc_Ninh%2C_13_March_1973.jpg/330px-ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal%2C_Loc_Ninh%2C_13_March_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal%2C_Loc_Ninh%2C_13_March_1973.jpg/440px-ICCS_members_interview_repatriation_refusal%2C_Loc_Ninh%2C_13_March_1973.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POW</a> is interviewed by a Canadian officer with the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Control_and_Supervision" title="International Commission of Control and Supervision">ICCS</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">Provisional Revolutionary Government</a> official in 1973.</figcaption></figure> Canada was a non-belligerent during the Vietnam War (1955–1975), and took part in two international truce commissions, the <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Control_and_Supervision" title="International Commission of Control and Supervision">International Commission of Control and Supervision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SmithSmith2010-327">[327]</a> Canada's military involvement in the conflict was minimal, with a small contingent deployed in 1973 to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harvardcitizen-328">[328]</a> Throughout the conflict, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Vietnam War resisters in Canada">Canada became a haven for American Vietnam War resisters</a>, with around 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Vietnam draft dodgers</a> and 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Military_deserter" class="mw-redirect" title="Military deserter">military deserters</a> seeking refuge in the country.<a href="#cite_note-canenviewar-329">[329]</a> However, in a countercurrent to the movement of American draft dodgers and deserters to Canada, around 12,000 Canadians and Canadian-American <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizens">dual citizens</a> enlisted with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> and served in combat roles in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> Between 110 and 134 Canadians died during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-canenviewar-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malley-Morrison2009-331">[331]</a> In 2009, seven remained listed as <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malley-Morrison2009-331">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Cold_War">Post-Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Post-Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 1990s, the CAF participated in multinational missions responding to international crises. The CAF also provided aid within Canada after several <a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters">natural disasters</a>, deploying over 8,500 military personnel to Manitoba after the <a href="/wiki/1997_Red_River_flood" title="1997 Red River flood">1997 Red River flood</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> over 16,000 to aid in New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec after the <a href="/wiki/North_American_ice_storm_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="North American ice storm of 1998">North American ice storm of 1998</a>. The 1998 ice storm marked the largest-ever Canadian military response to a domestic natural disaster and the largest operational deployment since the Korean War.<a href="#cite_note-B.)Head2009-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miskel2008-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peregrine-335">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oka_Crisis">Oka Crisis</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Oka Crisis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg/220px-Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="810"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 101px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg/220px-Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg/330px-Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg/440px-Crise_d%27Oka_-_SQ_et_forces_canadiennes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Canadian Forces personnel pictured behind two civilians of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Sûreté du Québec">Sûreté du Québec</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a> in 1990.</figcaption></figure> The Oka Crisis was a <a href="/wiki/Land_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Land rights">land dispute</a> between a group of Mohawk and <a href="/wiki/Oka,_Quebec" title="Oka, Quebec">Oka, Quebec</a>, from July 11 to September 26, 1990. Quebec Premier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a> invoked Section 275 of the National Defence Act on August 8, requesting military support in "aid of the civil power",<a href="#cite_note-Zellen2009pol-336">[336]</a> after one police officer and two Mohawk were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Riordon2005-337">[337]</a> Around 4,000 regular and reserve troops from Quebec were mobilized to support provincial authorities.<a href="#cite_note-canenoka-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swain2011-339">[339]</a> Troops and equipment were mobilized at staging areas around <a href="/wiki/Kanesatake" title="Kanesatake">Kanesatake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake">Kahnawake</a>, while reconnaissance aircraft conducted missions over Mohawk territory to gather intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-canenoka-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riordon2005-337">[337]</a> A month after the military's deployment, the crisis ended with the departure of land defenders from the disputed grounds.<a href="#cite_note-canenoka-338">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gulf_War">Gulf War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Gulf War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Operation Friction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg/220px-HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2762" data-file-height="1813"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg/220px-HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg/330px-HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg/440px-HMCS_Protecteur_during_Operation_Friction.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Protecteur_(AOR_509)" title="HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509)">HMCS Protecteur</a> supporting coalition forces during the Gulf War</figcaption></figure> Canada quickly joined the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">US-led UN coalition</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HadleyHuebert1996-340">[340]</a> Over 5,100 CAF personnel served, with 2,700 in theatre at its peak. Operations were coordinated under <a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Operation Friction</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> marked the first time female CAF members served in combat roles.<a href="#cite_note-canenpeguwa-341">[341]</a> A Canadian naval task force was sent to support the coalition, comprising destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Terra_Nova" title="HMCS Terra Nova">HMCS Terra Nova</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Athabaskan_(DDG_282)" title="HMCS Athabaskan (DDG 282)">HMCS Athabaskan</a>, and the supply ship <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Protecteur_(AOR_509)" title="HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509)">HMCS Protecteur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HadleyHuebert1996-340">[340]</a> The Canadian Task Group led the coalition maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-MorinGimblett1997plq-342">[342]</a> Canadian warships conducted about a quarter of all inspections of vessels suspected of breaching the coalition blockade.<a href="#cite_note-canenpeguwa-341">[341]</a> Another destroyer, <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Huron_(DDG_281)" title="HMCS Huron (DDG 281)">HMCS Huron</a>, arrived after hostilities ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-MorinGimblett1997plq-342">[342]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg/220px-United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg/220px-United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg/330px-United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg/440px-United_States_Armed_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF1058.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A formation of coalition aircraft flying over Saudi Arabia during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, 1991. A Canadian <a href="/wiki/CF-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="CF-18 Hornet">CF-18 Hornet</a> is visible in the right foreground.</figcaption></figure> The CAF also deployed a <a href="/wiki/CF-18_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="CF-18 Hornet">CF-18 Hornet</a> and <a href="/wiki/CH-124_Sea_King" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-124 Sea King">CH-124 Sea King</a> squadron.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">air campaign</a> began, 24 Canadian CF-18s joined coalition forces in providing air cover and targeting ground assets, including assisting in the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Navy" title="Iraqi Navy">Iraqi Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bubiyan" title="Battle of Bubiyan">Battle of Bubiyan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorinGimblett1997xc-344">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> The air war in Iraq was the first offensive combat operation Canadian military personnel took part in since the Korean War.<a href="#cite_note-canenpeguwa-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-MorinGimblett1997xc-344">[344]</a> A 530-person military field hospital was also deployed by the CAF, attached to a larger British unit.<a href="#cite_note-canenpeguwa-341">[341]</a> In 1991, photographs of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Military_Engineers" title="Canadian Military Engineers">Canadian Military Engineers</a> posing with dismembered bodies in a Kuwaiti minefield led to the unit being investigated.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_Civil_War">Somali Civil War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Somali Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_%281%29.jpg/220px-Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_%281%29.jpg/220px-Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_%281%29.jpg/330px-Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_%281%29.jpg/440px-Left-side-profile-of-a-canadian-forces-soldier-manning-a-m60-machine-gun-in-1cf1de_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A security checkpoint operated by Canadian soldiers at Belet Huen Field in Somalia, 1993</figcaption></figure> The CAF supported <a href="/wiki/UNOSOM_I" class="mw-redirect" title="UNOSOM I">UNOSOM I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nossal2002um-347">[347]</a> aiding in security, humanitarian relief, and ceasefire monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-Serafino2005plm-348">[348]</a> In December 1992, the first US-led, UN-sanctioned force, <a href="/wiki/UNITAF" class="mw-redirect" title="UNITAF">UNITAF</a>, arrived in Somalia. UNITAF involved 23 countries, including Canada, which contributed around 1,400 soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Airborne_Regiment" title="Canadian Airborne Regiment">Canadian Airborne Regiment</a> and the naval support ship <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Preserver_(AOR_510)" title="HMCS Preserver (AOR 510)">HMCS Preserver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canencsompck-349">[349]</a> In May 1993 the operation came under UN command and was renamed <a href="/wiki/UNOSOM_II" class="mw-redirect" title="UNOSOM II">UNOSOM II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rutherford2008f-350">[350]</a> Due to resistance from certain local factions, UNOSOM II struggled to end the conflict, enforce a ceasefire, or secure cooperation from local warlords. Consequently, it focused on protecting food and medical aid distribution sites rather than restoring order.<a href="#cite_note-canencsompck-349">[349]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_paratroopers_from_the_2nd_Commando_Canadian_Airborne_Regiment,_Canadian_Forces_Base,_Petawawa,_Ontario,_fly_their_battle_flag_over_their_foxholes_after_seizing_the_airstrip_-_DPLA_-_3c1d5306a96d1a8fdba4c3825cd729a9.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canadian_paratroopers_from_the_2nd_Commando_Canadian_Airborne_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Forces_Base%2C_Petawawa%2C_Ontario%2C_fly_their_battle_flag_over_their_foxholes_after_seizing_the_airstrip_-_DPLA_-_3c1d5306a96d1a8fdba4c3825cd729a9.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="943"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canadian_paratroopers_from_the_2nd_Commando_Canadian_Airborne_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Forces_Base%2C_Petawawa%2C_Ontario%2C_fly_their_battle_flag_over_their_foxholes_after_seizing_the_airstrip_-_DPLA_-_3c1d5306a96d1a8fdba4c3825cd729a9.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canadian_paratroopers_from_the_2nd_Commando_Canadian_Airborne_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Forces_Base%2C_Petawawa%2C_Ontario%2C_fly_their_battle_flag_over_their_foxholes_after_seizing_the_airstrip_-_DPLA_-_3c1d5306a96d1a8fdba4c3825cd729a9.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Canadian_paratroopers_from_the_2nd_Commando_Canadian_Airborne_Regiment%2C_Canadian_Forces_Base%2C_Petawawa%2C_Ontario%2C_fly_their_battle_flag_over_their_foxholes_after_seizing_the_airstrip_-_DPLA_-_3c1d5306a96d1a8fdba4c3825cd729a9.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Airborne_Regiment" title="Canadian Airborne Regiment">Canadian Airborne Regiment</a> member in a <a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">foxhole</a> in Somalia. The conduct of the regiment in the country became a <a href="/wiki/Somalia_affair" title="Somalia affair">national scandal in Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> Based primarily in Beledweyne, Canadian forces rebuilt infrastructure, cleared landmines, and guarded aid convoys.<a href="#cite_note-canencsompck-349">[349]</a> However, the mission became a political disaster for Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Dawson2007asd-351">[351]</a> Canadian soldiers were frequently harassed and their base often targeted by looters. In response, their commander authorized looters to be shot in the leg if they ran. Another officer later allowed thieves to be "captured and abused."<a href="#cite_note-canensomaff-352">[352]</a> In March 1993, members of the airborne unit were involved in two <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a>. The first involved a civilian who was shot while fleeing after breaking into their base for supplies, and the second involved a youth who was tortured and killed after breaking into the encampment.<a href="#cite_note-canencsompck-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-Razack2004-353">[353]</a> Cover-up attempts by senior officials at the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a> sparked a <a href="/wiki/Somalia_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia Affair">national scandal in Canada</a>. A federal inquiry into the matter saw the end of several officers' careers, court-martials, and the airborne regiment's disbandment.<a href="#cite_note-canencsompck-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coombs2008-354">[354]</a> The scandal damaged Canada's international reputation and was heralded as "the darkest era in the history of the Canadian military" since the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-canensomaff-352">[352]</a> The UN mission itself failed to restore order, with mounting casualties prompting the US to withdraw its forces after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">Battle of Mogadishu</a>. This experience largely halted the use of robust multinational military forces from <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western countries</a> for humanitarian aid during civil conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-canencsompck-349">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yugoslav_Wars">Yugoslav Wars</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Yugoslav Wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg/220px-CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg/220px-CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg/330px-CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg/440px-CF-18_Aviano_Italy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two CF-18s with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Echo" title="Operation Echo">Operation Echo</a> depart <a href="/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base" title="Aviano Air Base">Aviano Air Base</a> in Italy in 2000, in support of the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>.</figcaption></figure> Since 1991, about 40,000 CAF personnel and civilian police, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>, participated in Balkans <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> missions, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Mission_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="European Union Monitoring Mission in the former Yugoslavia">European Community Monitoring Mission in the Former Yugoslavia</a> in 1991. This involvement spanned UN missions like <a href="/wiki/UNCRO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCRO">UNCRO</a> in Croatia, <a href="/wiki/UNMIBH" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMIBH">UNMIBH</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina, <a href="/wiki/UNMIK" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMIK">UNMIK</a> in Kosovo, and <a href="/wiki/UNPREDEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNPREDEP">UNPREDEP</a> in North Macedonia. Additionally, they contributed to NATO missions such as <a href="/wiki/IFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="IFOR">IFOR</a> and <a href="/wiki/SFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="SFOR">SFOR</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a>, and task forces <a href="/wiki/Operation_Essential_Harvest" title="Operation Essential Harvest">Harvest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Amber_Fox" title="Operation Amber Fox">Fox</a> in North Macedonia, as well as EU missions like <a href="/wiki/EUFOR_Concordia" class="mw-redirect" title="EUFOR Concordia">EUFOR Concordia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Althea" title="Operation Althea">Operation Althea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canencpb-355">[355]</a> In September 1993, the largest battle involving Canadian military personnel since the Korean War occurred when Canadian and French peacekeepers under <a href="/wiki/UNPROFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNPROFOR">UNPROFOR</a> fought Croat forces for 15 hours.<a href="#cite_note-canenopmap-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-WindsorCharters2010-357">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horn2009ul-358">[358]</a> The Canadian-French contingent was tasked with securing the Medak pocket, a strategic salient between Croat and Serb forces when <a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a> was launched by Croat forces.<a href="#cite_note-canenopmap-356">[356]</a> Initially targeting Serb positions, on September 15, Croat forces besieged the Canadian-French position at Medak pocket, prompting them to respond.<a href="#cite_note-canenopmap-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-WindsorCharters2010-357">[357]</a> The Canadian government reported 27 Croatian soldiers killed and four Canadians wounded during the exchange.<a href="#cite_note-canenopmap-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-.forces.gc.ca-359">[359]</a> The CAF also contributed warships to NATO's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sharp_Guard" title="Operation Sharp Guard">maritime blockade of the region</a>, and 18 CF-18 Hornets to support the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a> in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-canencpb-355">[355]</a> During the bombing campaign, Canadian CF-18s flew 678 sorties, about 10 per cent of all NATO strike missions.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg/220px-Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg/220px-Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg/330px-Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg/440px-Canadian_Naval_Officer_Smooths_Transition_From_American_to_Pakistani_Led_Task_Force_DVIDS76824.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Charlottetown_(FFH_339)" title="HMCS Charlottetown (FFH 339)">HMCS Charlottetown</a> after it conducted a boarding of a vessel in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> in 2008. Charlottetown was deployed in support of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Altair" title="Operation Altair">Operation Altair</a>, a naval anti-terrorism operation</figcaption></figure> During the early 21st century, Canada participated in multiple missions in support of the <a href="/wiki/Global_war_on_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Global war on terror">global war on terror</a>, including the US-led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a>. This included security operations conducted in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman from 2001 to 2012. This deployment marked the Canadian navy's largest since World War II, with 15 warships dispatched. At its peak in January 2002, six Canadian warships and 1,500 personnel were in the region, conducting patrols and intercepting suspected terrorists and illegal drug shipments.<a href="#cite_note-canencawaaf-361">[361]</a> While Canada participated in several multinational missions in the early 2000s, it abstained from joining the US-led <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing_(Iraq_war)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition of the willing (Iraq war)">coalition of the willing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lennox2009uy-362">[362]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Canada was not directly involved in the Iraq War</a>, its forces did help to relieve US naval assets during that conflict by expanding the CAF's role in <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_151" title="Combined Task Force 151">Combined Task Force 151</a>, a multinational task force combating <a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">piracy off the coast of Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey2004iumh-363">[363]</a> Several Canadians, serving as <a href="/wiki/Exchange_officer" title="Exchange officer">exchange officers</a> with British and US units, also participated in the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gollom-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlisle2007hgp-365">[365]</a> Conversely, some <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">US military personnel who opposed the Iraq War sought refuge in Canada</a> after deserting to avoid deployment.<a href="#cite_note-LauferSolomon2006-366">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: War in Afghanistan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_role_in_the_Afghanistan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada's role in the Afghanistan War">Canada's role in the Afghanistan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg/220px-Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="326"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg/220px-Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg/330px-Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg/440px-Princess_Patricia_Light_Infantry_in_Kandahar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers on their way to provide security for a site in northeast <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> in April 2002</figcaption></figure> Weeks after the <a href="/wiki/September_11th_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11th attacks">September 11th attacks</a>, Canada committed to joining the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">US-led war in Afghanistan</a> (2001–2021). Canadian special forces participated in the initial <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invasion of Afghanistan</a> in 2001, with an additional Canadian infantry battle group of 1,200 soldiers deployed to Kandahar in February 2002 to combat <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> forces and support humanitarian efforts.<a href="#cite_note-canencawaaf-361">[361]</a> Following the invasion, Canadian units operated within NATO's <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF). The CAF contributed a 2,000-strong infantry battle group, alongside armoured, artillery, and aerial support, to ISAF. The battle group was stationed in Kabul from 2003 to 2005, tasked with providing security and disarming Afghan militias.<a href="#cite_note-canencawaaf-361">[361]</a> In November 2005, the CAF launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Archer" title="Operation Archer">Operation Archer</a>, shifting its focus from Kabul to Kandahar.<a href="#cite_note-Innovation2007-367">[367]</a> After its relocation to Kandahar, the battle group oversaw counter-insurgency operations and the province's <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Team" title="Provincial Reconstruction Team">Provincial Reconstruction Team</a>. In Kandahar, the battle group achieved a series of victories including <a href="/wiki/Operation_Medusa" title="Operation Medusa">Operation Medusa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panjwaii" title="Battle of Panjwaii">Battle of Panjwaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HornHillier2010ik-368">[368]</a> However, they were unable to root out all insurgents in the region, who took refuge on the Pakistani side of the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan-Pakistan_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan-Pakistan border">Afghanistan-Pakistan border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canencawaaf-361">[361]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LAV3patrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LAV3patrol.jpg/220px-LAV3patrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LAV3patrol.jpg/220px-LAV3patrol.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LAV3patrol.jpg/330px-LAV3patrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/LAV3patrol.jpg/440px-LAV3patrol.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers of the Kandahar <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Team" title="Provincial Reconstruction Team">Provincial Reconstruction Team</a> on patrol in 2008.</figcaption></figure> Public support for the war in Canada waned as casualties mounted in late 2006.<a href="#cite_note-canencawaaf-361">[361]</a> This contributed to the selection of "the Canadian soldier" as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a>' <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Newsmaker_of_the_Year" title="Canadian Newsmaker of the Year">Canadian Newsmaker of the Year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> Support for the war dropped further after <a href="/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_2" title="Joint Task Force 2">Joint Task Force 2</a> members were photographed <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Afghan_detainee_issue" title="Canadian Afghan detainee issue">handing over detainees to Afghan security forces, who were subsequently tortured</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> Despite mounting public opposition, the government remained committed to the war until 2011, partly due to the CAF's portrayal of the war as a success. In 2011, Canada ended its combat operations in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-canencawaaf-361">[361]</a> However, some Canadian soldiers remained until March 2014 to train the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Army">Afghan National Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Police" title="Afghan National Police">National Police</a> under <a href="/wiki/NATO_Training_Mission-Afghanistan" title="NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan">NATO Training Mission-Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Special_Operations_Forces_Command" title="Canadian Special Operations Forces Command">Canadian Special Operations Forces Command</a> personnel were briefly redeployed to Afghanistan during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a> to evacuate Canadian citizens, close its embassy, and assist with the <a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift" title="2021 Kabul airlift">Kabul airlift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> Over 40,000 Canadian soldiers served in Afghanistan. The 12-year mission marked Canada's longest military campaign, with 165 Canadians killed, including 158 soldiers and seven civilians.<a href="#cite_note-canencawaaf-361">[361]</a> The conflict marked the first instance a female CAF member was killed in combat, Captain <a href="/wiki/Nichola_Goddard" title="Nichola Goddard">Nichola Goddard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Horse_Artillery" title="Royal Canadian Horse Artillery">Royal Canadian Horse Artillery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collective-373">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_Civil_War">Libyan Civil War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Libyan Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mobile" title="Operation Mobile">Operation Mobile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy,_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy%2C_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg/220px-Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy%2C_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="3600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy%2C_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg/220px-Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy%2C_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy%2C_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg/330px-Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy%2C_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy%2C_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg/440px-Canadian_F-18_aircraft_awaiting_refuelling_from_a_Royal_Air_Force_VC10_K3_tanker_of_101_Squadron_RAF_during_Op_Ellamy%2C_2011_MOD_45155224.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>RCAF CF-18 Hornets waiting to refuel from a British tanker, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a> in 2011.</figcaption></figure> On 25 February 2011, the CAF launched Operation Mobile, an evacuation mission in response to the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govcanopmo-374">[374]</a> On March 19, the operation expanded to include air and maritime combat missions to support the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a> to enforce <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 1973">UN Security Council Resolution 1973</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unscres1973-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-PollackAl-Turk2011-376">[376]</a> NATO assumed command of the multinational coalition through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a>, with Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bouchard" title="Charles Bouchard">Charles Bouchard</a> of the RCAF appointed as operational commander.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-377">[377]</a> The coalition enforced a <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zone</a> to prevent pro-<a href="/wiki/Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> forces from conducting air attacks on <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaddafi_forces" title="Anti-Gaddafi forces">anti-Gaddafi forces</a> and civilian areas.<a href="#cite_note-PollackAl-Turk2011-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-unscres1973-375">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-NATOPressRelease-378">[378]</a> At its peak, 655 Canadians were deployed on Operation Mobile, including seven CF-18 fighter jets stationed in Italy. The frigate <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Charlottetown_(FFH_339)" title="HMCS Charlottetown (FFH 339)">HMCS Charlottetown</a>, already deployed in the Mediterranean as part of <a href="/wiki/Standing_NATO_Maritime_Group_1" title="Standing NATO Maritime Group 1">Standing NATO Maritime Group 1</a>, also patrolled Libya's coast. In May 2011, Charlottetown came under hostile fire from a shore battery, marking the first attack on a Canadian warship since the Korean War.<a href="#cite_note-govcanopmo-374">[374]</a> In October 28, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> declared the successful end of the mission.<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mali_War">Mali War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Mali War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></div> In 2012, insurgent groups took control of parts of Mali, prompting the Malian government to request military aid from France in January 2013. France sought assistance from NATO allies to support its <a href="/wiki/Operation_Serval" title="Operation Serval">operation in Mali</a>, including Canada, which initially provided a <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a> transport aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_News-380">[380]</a> From 2015 to 2022, the CAF supported <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barkhane" title="Operation Barkhane">French counter-insurgency operations in the Sahel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> deploying over 1,250 personnel for helicopter medical evacuations from 2018 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> The CAF started a phased withdrawal from Mali in 2019 as the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a> assumed responsibility of helicopter medevacs for the operation.<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a> All CAF personnel were withdrawan from Mali in November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_against_the_Islamic_State">War against the Islamic State</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: War against the Islamic State" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">Operation Impact</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg/220px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4591" data-file-height="2708"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg/220px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg/330px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg/440px-Operation_Inherent_Resolve_150304-F-MG591-297.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A RCAF CF-18 Hornet breaks away from a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135 Stratotanker">KC-135 Stratotanker</a>, while on mission in support of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">Operation Impact</a>.</figcaption></figure> In September 2014, Canada joined a global <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">coalition against the Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> From November 2014 to February 2016, Canadian CF-18s conducted 251 airstrikes in Iraq and five in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a> In February 2016, the CAF reoriented its mission from combat operations to training,<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-opimptrain-389">[389]</a> reducing the size of its mission.<a href="#cite_note-ctvopimp-390">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> The mission deployments are based at a logistics hub in Kuwait and include training missions in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-ctvopimp-390">[390]</a> Canadian special forces were deployed to support the training mission.<a href="#cite_note-opimptrain-389">[389]</a> In 2021, they participated in two <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a> operations in non-combat roles.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-macspecfo-393">[393]</a> Another Canadian special forces operator was involved in <a href="/wiki/Talon_Anvil" class="mw-redirect" title="Talon Anvil">Talon Anvil</a>, a 20-person USAF special operations group criticized for bypassing rules intended to safeguard civilians, resulting in hundreds of non-combatant deaths.<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> The CAF's increased use of special forces reflects a shift in military thinking, increasingly relying on these units over conventional forces to address <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric threats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">grey-zone</a> operations. A 2017 defense policy review acknowledged this trend and anticipated it would continue in the foreseeable future.<a href="#cite_note-macspecfo-393">[393]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Peacekeeping_efforts">Peacekeeping efforts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Peacekeeping efforts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canadian peacekeeping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN-Marty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="a person in a military uniform wearing a United Nations blue helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/220px-UN-Marty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1397"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 251px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/220px-UN-Marty.jpg" data-alt="a person in a military uniform wearing a United Nations blue helmet" data-width="220" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/330px-UN-Marty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UN-Marty.jpg/440px-UN-Marty.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Canadian peacekeeper in 1976 wearing the distinctive <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">flag of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_beret" title="Blue beret">UN blue helmet</a></figcaption></figure> Canada has participated in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN effort from its inception to 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Rudderham_2008_pp._359%E2%80%93384-395">[395]</a> Over 125,000 Canadians served as peacekeepers, with around 130 Canadians having died during these operations.<a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_2013_y796-396">[396]</a> Canada's support for multilateralism and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a> are closely tied to its peacekeeping efforts.<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-Munton_Keating_2001_pp._517%E2%80%93549-399">[399]</a> Canada's role in the development of and participation in <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping during the 20th century</a> shaped its reputation as a positive middle power.<a href="#cite_note-Chapnick2011a-400">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gabry%C5%9B_Soroka_2017_p._39-401">[401]</a> Canada's successful mediation of the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> gave it credibility as a country committed to the common good.<a href="#cite_note-Donaghy_2016_pp._313%E2%80%93327-402">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a> The Canadian public increasingly identified peacekeeping as the country's foremost contribution to international affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Anker_2005_j845-404">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2016_pp._167%E2%80%93176-405">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murray_Gecelovsky_2021_p._187-406">[406]</a> Canada faced controversy over its involvement in some peacekeeping missions, prompting a military reassessment in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_2008_v869-407">[407]</a> By the 21st century, Canadian involvement in UN peacekeeping greatly declined, with its peacekeeping efforts reallocated to UN-sanctioned <a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_operations" title="List of NATO operations">operations through NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McQuaig2010bt-408">[408]</a> This shift resulted in more militarized and lethal peacekeeping operations, rather than traditional peacekeeping duties.<a href="#cite_note-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._177-409">[409]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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of the Acadians">Military history of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq">Military history of the Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Military history of Nova Scotia</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ChaconMendoza2007-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ChaconMendoza2007_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._ChaconRubén_G._Mendoza2007" class="citation book cs1">Richard J. Chacon; Rubén G. Mendoza (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LANhCIxlKM8C&pg=PA55">North American Indigenous Warfare and Ritual Violence</a>. University of Arizona Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2532-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2532-4"><bdi>978-0-8165-2532-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Indigenous+Warfare+and+Ritual+Violence&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2532-4&rft.au=Richard+J.+Chacon&rft.au=Rub%C3%A9n+G.+Mendoza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLANhCIxlKM8C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-González2010-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Gonz%C3%A1lez2010_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberto_J._González2010" class="citation book cs1">Roberto J. González (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG8W9TfdUjkC&pg=PA25">Militarizing Culture: Essays on the Warfare State</a>. Left Coast Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-560-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59874-560-3"><bdi>978-1-59874-560-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militarizing+Culture%3A+Essays+on+the+Warfare+State&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59874-560-3&rft.au=Roberto+J.+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZG8W9TfdUjkC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Echo-Hawk2011-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Echo-Hawk2011_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Echo-Hawk2011" class="citation book cs1">Walter Echo-Hawk (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov5WBhy-TGMC&pg=PA220">In the Courts of the Conqueror</a>. Fulcrum. pp. 220–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-0276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4596-0276-2"><bdi>978-1-4596-0276-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Courts+of+the+Conqueror&rft.pages=220-&rft.pub=Fulcrum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4596-0276-2&rft.au=Walter+Echo-Hawk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOv5WBhy-TGMC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-govcanwaprco-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govcanwaprco_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcanwaprco_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcanwaprco_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcanwaprco_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcanwaprco_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcanwaprco_4-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/warfare-pre-columbian-north-america.html">"Warfare In Pre-Columbian North America"</a>. www.canada.ca. Government of Canada. March 15, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324062210/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/warfare-pre-columbian-north-america.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Warfare+In+Pre-Columbian+North+America&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fdepartment-national-defence%2Fservices%2Fmilitary-history%2Fhistory-heritage%2Fpopular-books%2Faboriginal-people-canadian-military%2Fwarfare-pre-columbian-north-america.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohansenPritzker2008-5"><a href="#cite_ref-JohansenPritzker2008_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_E._JohansenBarry_Pritzker2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Johansen" title="Bruce E. Johansen">Bruce E. Johansen</a>; Barry Pritzker (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGKL6E9_J6IC&pg=PA1066">Encyclopedia of American Indian history</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1066. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-817-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-817-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Indian+history&rft.pages=1066&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-817-0&rft.au=Bruce+E.+Johansen&rft.au=Barry+Pritzker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGKL6E9_J6IC%26pg%3DPA1066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feest1999-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Feest1999_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_F._Feest1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_F._Feest" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian F. Feest">Christian F. Feest</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianseurope00chri/page/64">Indians and Europe: an interdisciplinary collection of essays</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianseurope00chri/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6897-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6897-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-6897-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indians+and+Europe%3A+an+interdisciplinary+collection+of+essays&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6897-5&rft.au=Christian+F.+Feest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianseurope00chri%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr2006-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Barr2006_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_P._Barr2006" class="citation book cs1">Daniel P. Barr (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unconquerediroqu00barr_0/page/24">Unconquered: the Iroquois League at War in Colonial America</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unconquerediroqu00barr_0/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98466-3"><bdi>978-0-275-98466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconquered%3A+the+Iroquois+League+at+War+in+Colonial+America&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98466-3&rft.au=Daniel+P.+Barr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funconquerediroqu00barr_0%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cave2004tim-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Cave2004tim_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_A._Cave2004" class="citation book cs1">Alfred A. Cave (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiZoWyv77qQC&pg=PA33">The French and Indian war</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32168-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+and+Indian+war&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32168-9&rft.au=Alfred+A.+Cave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiZoWyv77qQC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchneiderSchneider2006-9"><a href="#cite_ref-SchneiderSchneider2006_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorothy_SchneiderCarl_J._Schneider2006" class="citation book cs1">Dorothy Schneider; Carl J. Schneider (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&pg=PA216">Slavery in America</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6241-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6241-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-6241-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+America&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6241-6&rft.au=Dorothy+Schneider&rft.au=Carl+J.+Schneider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQlemwRTsY20C%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muckle2007-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muckle2007_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muckle2007_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muckle2007_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_James_Muckle2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert James Muckle (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11ii63EytIYC&pg=PA60">The First Nations of British Columbia: An Anthropological Survey</a>. UBC Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-4010-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-4010-1"><bdi>978-0-7748-4010-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Nations+of+British+Columbia%3A+An+Anthropological+Survey&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-4010-1&rft.au=Robert+James+Muckle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11ii63EytIYC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shannon2009vy-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Shannon2009vy_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_J._Shannon2009" class="citation book cs1">Timothy J. Shannon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_Zte_nv634C&pg=PT22">Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier</a>. Penguin. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311529-8"><bdi>978-0-14-311529-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iroquois+Diplomacy+on+the+Early+American+Frontier&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311529-8&rft.au=Timothy+J.+Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_Zte_nv634C%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Educational2010h-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Educational2010h_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Educational2010" class="citation book cs1">Britannica Educational (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bnabh4i3ppMC&pg=PA182">Native American History</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-265-9"><bdi>978-1-61530-265-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+History&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-265-9&rft.au=Britannica+Educational&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnabh4i3ppMC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephy1991-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Josephy1991_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvin_M._Josephy1991" class="citation book cs1">Alvin M. Josephy (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianheritageof0000jose">The Indian heritage of America</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianheritageof0000jose/page/295">295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-57320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-57320-4"><bdi>978-0-395-57320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+heritage+of+America&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-395-57320-4&rft.au=Alvin+M.+Josephy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianheritageof0000jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilsonThompson1997-14"><a href="#cite_ref-WilsonThompson1997_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_S._WilsonLloyd_M._Thompson1997" class="citation book cs1">Wendy S. Wilson; Lloyd M. Thompson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs0HFU2ZR0IC&pg=PA14">Native Americans: A Thematic Unit on Converging Cultures</a>. Walch Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8251-3332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8251-3332-9"><bdi>978-0-8251-3332-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Americans%3A+A+Thematic+Unit+on+Converging+Cultures&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Walch+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8251-3332-9&rft.au=Wendy+S.+Wilson&rft.au=Lloyd+M.+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHs0HFU2ZR0IC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-govcatharofeu-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govcatharofeu_15-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/arrival-europeans-17th-century-wars.html">"The Arrival of the Europeans: 17th Century Wars"</a>. www.canada.ca. Government of Canada. April 19, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130183325/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/arrival-europeans-17th-century-wars.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved March 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=The+Arrival+of+the+Europeans%3A+17th+Century+Wars&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fdepartment-national-defence%2Fservices%2Fmilitary-history%2Fhistory-heritage%2Fpopular-books%2Faboriginal-people-canadian-military%2Farrival-europeans-17th-century-wars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Given1994-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Given1994_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_James_Given1994" class="citation book cs1">Brian James Given (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7UaB74a5HGQC&pg=PA107">A most pernicious thing: gun trading and native warfare in the early contact period</a>. McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP). p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-223-2"><bdi>978-0-88629-223-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+most+pernicious+thing%3A+gun+trading+and+native+warfare+in+the+early+contact+period&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-88629-223-2&rft.au=Brian+James+Given&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7UaB74a5HGQC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sturtevant1988-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Sturtevant1988_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_C._Sturtevant1988" class="citation book cs1">William C. Sturtevant (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQRpEgEzYd4C&pg=PA357">Handbook of North American Indians: History of Indian-White relations</a>. Government Printing Office. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-004583-7"><bdi>978-0-16-004583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians%3A+History+of+Indian-White+relations&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-16-004583-7&rft.au=William+C.+Sturtevant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQRpEgEzYd4C%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starkey1998po-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Starkey1998po_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong_Starkey1998" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong Starkey (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeannativeam0000star">European and Native American warfare, 1675–1815</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeannativeam0000star/page/21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3075-0"><bdi>978-0-8061-3075-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+and+Native+American+warfare%2C+1675%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3075-0&rft.au=Armstrong+Starkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeannativeam0000star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Major_19-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Major" title="Kevin Major">Kevin Major</a>, As Near to Heaven by Sea: A History of Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027864-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027864-8">0-14-027864-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/samuelhearne.asp">"Our History: People"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114080505/http://www.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/samuelhearne.asp">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History%3A+People&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbc.com%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fexplorers%2Fsamuelhearne.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chartrand2013nh-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chartrand2013nh_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chartrand2013nh_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRene_Chartrand2013" class="citation book cs1">Rene Chartrand (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihSrWOl-zsIC&pg=PT3">French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans</a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0317-7"><bdi>978-1-4728-0317-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Fortresses+in+North+America+1535%E2%80%931763%3A+Quebec%2C+Montreal%2C+Louisbourg+and+New+Orleans&rft.pages=3-5&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0317-7&rft.au=Rene+Chartrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihSrWOl-zsIC%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eccles1983-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Eccles1983_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_John_Eccles1983" class="citation book cs1">William John Eccles (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EksQ2jB5__UC&pg=PA217">The Canadian frontier, 1534–1760</a>. UNM Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0706-4"><bdi>978-0-8263-0706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+frontier%2C+1534%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0706-4&rft.au=William+John+Eccles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEksQ2jB5__UC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoyerJr.2008-23"><a href="#cite_ref-BoyerJr.2008_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_S._BoyerClifford_E._Clark,_Jr.Joseph_F._KettNeal_Salisbury2008" class="citation book cs1">Paul S. Boyer; Clifford E. Clark, Jr.; Joseph F. Kett; Neal Salisbury; Harvard Sitkoff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=964N-Xou5xkC&pg=PA84">The enduring vision: a history of the American people</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-05211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-05211-3"><bdi>978-0-547-05211-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enduring+vision%3A+a+history+of+the+American+people&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-547-05211-3&rft.au=Paul+S.+Boyer&rft.au=Clifford+E.+Clark%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Joseph+F.+Kett&rft.au=Neal+Salisbury&rft.au=Harvard+Sitkoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D964N-Xou5xkC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm">"Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present"</a>. Statistics Canada. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105184945/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimated+population+of+Canada%2C+1605+to+present&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Fpub%2F98-187-x%2F4151287-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale2004-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Dale2004_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_J._Dale2004" class="citation book cs1">Ronald J. Dale (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZmpn3g3UFQC&pg=PR2">The Fall of New France: How the French Lost a North American Empire 1754–1763</a>. James Lorimer & Company. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-840-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-840-7"><bdi>978-1-55028-840-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+New+France%3A+How+the+French+Lost+a+North+American+Empire+1754%E2%80%931763&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55028-840-7&rft.au=Ronald+J.+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZmpn3g3UFQC%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FindlingThackeray2011-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FindlingThackeray2011_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._FindlingFrank_W._Thackeray2011" class="citation book cs1">John E. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-621-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Happened%3F%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Events+that+Changed+America+Forever&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-621-8&rft.au=John+E.+Findling&rft.au=Frank+W.+Thackeray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2YSI904ZNsC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart-Davis2012-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Hart-Davis2012_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hart-Davis2012" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hart-Davis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCouMhrlDzYC&pg=PA483">History: From the Dawn of Civilization to the Present Day</a>. DK Publishing. p. 483. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9858-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-9858-4"><bdi>978-0-7566-9858-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%3A+From+the+Dawn+of+Civilization+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-9858-4&rft.au=Adam+Hart-Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCouMhrlDzYC%26pg%3DPA483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddletonLombard2011hg-28"><a href="#cite_ref-MiddletonLombard2011hg_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_MiddletonAnne_Lombard2011" class="citation book cs1">Richard Middleton; Anne Lombard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT88">Colonial America: A History to 1763</a>. 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Government of Canada. April 26, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312210345/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/imperial-wars.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-697-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-697-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indian+Wars%2C+1607%E2%80%931890%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-697-8&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft.au=James+Arnold&rft.au=Roberta+Wiener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsM4A0GSO34C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt1967-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt1967_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_T._Hunt1967" class="citation book cs1">George T. Hunt (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdIgzZdTuEUC&pg=PA69">The wars of the Iroquois: a study in intertribal trade relations</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-00164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-00164-3"><bdi>978-0-299-00164-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+wars+of+the+Iroquois%3A+a+study+in+intertribal+trade+relations&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-299-00164-3&rft.au=George+T.+Hunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdIgzZdTuEUC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsonSmith2003-40"><a href="#cite_ref-JohnsonSmith2003_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_JohnsonJonathan_Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael Johnson; Jonathan Smith (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVPz-EbFShQC&pg=PA3">Tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy</a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 3–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-490-0"><bdi>978-1-84176-490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribes+of+the+Iroquois+Confederacy&rft.pages=3-17&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-490-0&rft.au=Michael+Johnson&rft.au=Jonathan+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVPz-EbFShQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandão2000-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Brand%C3%A3o2000_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_António_Brandão2000" class="citation book cs1">José António Brandão (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qi5hMqyPXLYC&pg=PA100">Your Fyre Shall Burn No More: Iroquois Policy Toward New France and Its Native Allies to 1701</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6177-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6177-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-6177-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Fyre+Shall+Burn+No+More%3A+Iroquois+Policy+Toward+New+France+and+Its+Native+Allies+to+1701&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6177-8&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Ant%C3%B3nio+Brand%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqi5hMqyPXLYC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox1987-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Cox1987_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Alden_Cox1987" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Alden Cox (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZTBawkiwBgC&pg=PA7">Native people, native lands: Canadian Indians, Inuit and Métis</a>. McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP). p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-062-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88629-062-7"><bdi>978-0-88629-062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+people%2C+native+lands%3A+Canadian+Indians%2C+Inuit+and+M%C3%A9tis&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-88629-062-7&rft.au=Bruce+Alden+Cox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZTBawkiwBgC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MurrinJohnson2011bgt-43"><a href="#cite_ref-MurrinJohnson2011bgt_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._MurrinPaul_E._JohnsonJames_M._McPhersonAlice_Fahs2011" class="citation book cs1">John M. Murrin; Paul E. Johnson; James M. McPherson; Alice Fahs; Gary Gerstle (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CADtJymgzk4C&pg=PT85">Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91587-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91587-4"><bdi>978-0-495-91587-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Volume+1%3A+To+1877&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-91587-4&rft.au=John+M.+Murrin&rft.au=Paul+E.+Johnson&rft.au=James+M.+McPherson&rft.au=Alice+Fahs&rft.au=Gary+Gerstle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCADtJymgzk4C%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canengrpemo-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canengrpemo_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canengrpemo_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaenenMcIntosh2019" class="citation web cs1">Jaenen, Cornelius J.; McIntosh, Andrew (November 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peace-of-montreal-1701">"Great Peace of Montreal, 1701"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225084410/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/peace-of-montreal-1701">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Great+Peace+of+Montreal%2C+1701&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft.aulast=Jaenen&rft.aufirst=Cornelius+J.&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpeace-of-montreal-1701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lermuseum.org/new-france-1600-1730/1600-1649/destruction-of-port-royal-1613">"Destruction of Port Royal: 1613"</a>. www.lermuseum.org. The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Museum. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927114829/https://lermuseum.org/new-france-1600-1730/1600-1649/destruction-of-port-royal-1613">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lermuseum.org&rft.atitle=Destruction+of+Port+Royal%3A+1613&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lermuseum.org%2Fnew-france-1600-1730%2F1600-1649%2Fdestruction-of-port-royal-1613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidkirke-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidkirke_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidkirke_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2020" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Celine (January 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-david-kirke">"Sir David Kirke"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923214644/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-david-kirke">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Sir+David+Kirke&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Celine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsir-david-kirke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fortanne-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fortanne_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fortanne_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/fortanne/culture/charles-fort/histoire-history">"Fort Anne National Historic Site"</a>. parks.canada.ca. Government of Canada. November 26, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927002426/https://parks.canada.ca/lhn-nhs/ns/fortanne/culture/charles-fort/histoire-history">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parks.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Fort+Anne+National+Historic+Site&rft.date=2022-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Flhn-nhs%2Fns%2Ffortanne%2Fculture%2Fcharles-fort%2Fhistoire-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Kathy (October 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/cape-sable-historical-society-new-stewards-of-property-surrounding-national-historic-site-in-port-latour-100651625/">"Cape Sable Historical Society new stewards of property surrounding national historic site in Port LaTour"</a>. www.saltwire.com. SaltWire Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926194108/https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/cape-sable-historical-society-new-stewards-of-property-surrounding-national-historic-site-in-port-latour-100651625/">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saltwire.com&rft.atitle=Cape+Sable+Historical+Society+new+stewards+of+property+surrounding+national+historic+site+in+Port+LaTour&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saltwire.com%2Fatlantic-canada%2Fnews%2Fcape-sable-historical-society-new-stewards-of-property-surrounding-national-historic-site-in-port-latour-100651625%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless2011-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Careless2011_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._M._S._Careless2011" class="citation book cs1">J. M. S. Careless (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mARx1-EGwR0C&pg=PA57">Canada: A Story of Challenge</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-67581-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-67581-0"><bdi>978-1-107-67581-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+A+Story+of+Challenge&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-67581-0&rft.au=J.+M.+S.+Careless&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmARx1-EGwR0C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenacciw-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenacciw_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenacciw_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenacciw_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenacciw_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2015" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, James H. (July 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/civil-war-in-acadia-feature">"Acadian Civil War"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225011445/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/civil-war-in-acadia-feature">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Acadian+Civil+War&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcivil-war-in-acadia-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brasseaux1997-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Brasseaux1997_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_A._Brasseaux1997" class="citation book cs1">Carl A. Brasseaux (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3xaRPSluLsC&pg=PA7">The founding of New Acadia: the beginnings of Acadian life in Louisiana, 1765–1803</a>. LSU Press. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2099-6"><bdi>978-0-8071-2099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+founding+of+New+Acadia%3A+the+beginnings+of+Acadian+life+in+Louisiana%2C+1765%E2%80%931803&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2099-6&rft.au=Carl+A.+Brasseaux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3xaRPSluLsC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada,_the_Empire_of_the_North-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Canada,_the_Empire_of_the_North_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mkEI8g0_Rx0C&pg=PA65">Canada, the Empire of the North</a>. Forgotten Books. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4510-0695-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4510-0695-7"><bdi>978-1-4510-0695-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%2C+the+Empire+of+the+North&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-4510-0695-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmkEI8g0_Rx0C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes2008psg-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes2008psg_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes2008psg_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Hayes2008" class="citation book cs1">Derek Hayes (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA29">Canada: an illustrated history</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-259-5"><bdi>978-1-55365-259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-259-5&rft.au=Derek+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhrkq7t_4080C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jobb2005-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Jobb2005_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean_Jobb2005" class="citation book cs1">Dean Jobb (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gc6OplM0jsAC&pg=PT33">The Acadians: a people's story of exile and triumph</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-83610-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-83610-1"><bdi>978-0-470-83610-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acadians%3A+a+people%27s+story+of+exile+and+triumph&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-470-83610-1&rft.au=Dean+Jobb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgc6OplM0jsAC%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sedgwick_robert_1E.html">"Sedgwick, Robert"</a>. www.biographi.ca. University of Toronto/Université Laval. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926194108/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/sedgwick_robert_1E.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biographi.ca&rft.atitle=Sedgwick%2C+Robert&rft.date=2023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fsedgwick_robert_1E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruijn1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaap_R._Bruijn" title="Jaap R. Bruijn">Bruijn, J. R.</a> (1993). The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. 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Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501706677" title="Special:BookSources/9781501706677"><bdi>9781501706677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Moment%3A+War%2C+Trade%2C+and+Settlement+in+the+Seventeenth-Century+Atlantic+World&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781501706677&rft.aulast=Kloster&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writern.d." class="citation web cs1">Staff writer (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128204612/http://www.nlgeotourism.com/content/city-of-st-johns/nflF255940DE7B62E652">"History of St. John's"</a>. 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(June 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-breda">"Treaty of Breda"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224232507/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-breda">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2023. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107118911" title="Special:BookSources/9781107118911"><bdi>9781107118911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advancing+Empire+English+Interests+and+Overseas+Expansion%2C+1613-1688&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107118911&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=L.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UtleyWashburn2001-61"><a href="#cite_ref-UtleyWashburn2001_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Marshall_UtleyWilcomb_E._Washburn2001" class="citation book cs1">Robert Marshall Utley; Wilcomb E. Washburn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cc3l29gVaHkC&pg=PA63">Indian wars</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15464-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15464-7"><bdi>978-0-618-15464-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+wars&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-618-15464-7&rft.au=Robert+Marshall+Utley&rft.au=Wilcomb+E.+Washburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcc3l29gVaHkC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eames2011-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Eames2011_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Eames2011" class="citation book cs1">Steven Eames (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yE9RnGTlcC&pg=PA3">Rustic Warriors: Warfare and the Provincial Soldier on the New England Frontier, 1689–1748</a>. NYU Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2270-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2270-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-2270-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rustic+Warriors%3A+Warfare+and+the+Provincial+Soldier+on+the+New+England+Frontier%2C+1689%E2%80%931748&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2270-1&rft.au=Steven+Eames&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3yE9RnGTlcC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TuckerArnold2011vfji-63"><a href="#cite_ref-TuckerArnold2011vfji_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._TuckerJames_ArnoldRoberta_Wiener2011" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker; James Arnold; Roberta Wiener (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PR41">The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-697-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-697-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indian+Wars%2C+1607%E2%80%931890%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-697-8&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft.au=James+Arnold&rft.au=Roberta+Wiener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsM4A0GSO34C%26pg%3DPR41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-64"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._TuckerJames_ArnoldRoberta_Wiener2011" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker; James Arnold; Roberta Wiener (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C&pg=PA306">The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-697-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-697-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indian+Wars%2C+1607%E2%80%931890%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-697-8&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft.au=James+Arnold&rft.au=Roberta+Wiener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsM4A0GSO34C%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall2005-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall2005_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Marshall2005" class="citation book cs1">Bill Marshall (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C&pg=PA593">France and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 593. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-411-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Americas%3A+culture%2C+politics%2C+and+history%3A+a+multidisciplinary+encyclopedia&rft.pages=593&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-411-0&rft.au=Bill+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djfq5Tp0nq98C%26pg%3DPA593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frost1852-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frost1852_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frost1852_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Frost1852" class="citation book cs1">John Frost (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRMTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA151">Indian wars of the United States, from the discovery to the present time: With accounts of the origin, manners, superstitions, &c., of the aborigines. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-83500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-83500-5"><bdi>978-0-470-83500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iced%3A+The+Story+of+Organized+Crime+in+Canada&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-470-83500-5&rft.au=Stephen+Schneider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZO8jKSn25DAC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crump2010-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Crump2010_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Crump2010" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer Crump (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadaunderattac0000crum">Canada Under Attack</a>. Dundurn Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadaunderattac0000crum/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-731-6"><bdi>978-1-55488-731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+Under+Attack&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-731-6&rft.au=Jennifer+Crump&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadaunderattac0000crum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannekoekScottFilice2023" class="citation web cs1">Pannekoek, Frits; Scott, Jeff; Filice, Michelle (January 23, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-hudson-bay">"Battle of Hudson Bay"</a>. www.thecanadianencylopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312224255/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-hudson-bay">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencylopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Hudson+Bay&rft.date=2023-01-23&rft.aulast=Pannekoek&rft.aufirst=Frits&rft.au=Scott%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Filice%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbattle-of-hudson-bay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2023" class="citation web cs1">Sutherland, Stuart R.J. (January 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-ryswick">"Treaty of Ryswick"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224231758/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-ryswick">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2023. 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UBC Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1426-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1426-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-1426-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec%3A+A+Historical+Geography&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1426-3&rft.au=Serge+Courville&rft.au=Richard+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDDs1HJWfOQC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatthewsMoldofsky1998-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewsMoldofsky1998_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MatthewsMoldofsky1998_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_J._MatthewsByron_Moldofsky1998" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey J. Matthews; Byron Moldofsky (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw39BoD0-6cC&pg=PA74">Concise historical atlas of Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4203-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4203-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-4203-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+historical+atlas+of+Canada&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4203-3&rft.au=Geoffrey+J.+Matthews&rft.au=Byron+Moldofsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDw39BoD0-6cC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2000addv-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2000addv_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Anderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Fred Anderson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC&pg=PA250">Crucible of war: the Seven Years' War and the fate of empire in British North America, 1754–1766</a>. Random House Digital. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70636-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70636-3"><bdi>978-0-375-70636-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+war%3A+the+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+fate+of+empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70636-3&rft.au=Fred+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFO2clqJCqMC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granatstein2011sf-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Granatstein2011sf_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Granatstein2011" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Granatstein (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7E-j1UWuOMC&pg=PA28">Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 28–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1178-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1178-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-1178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Army%3A+Waging+War+and+Keeping+the+Peace&rft.pages=28-52&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1178-8&rft.au=J.+L.+Granatstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7E-j1UWuOMC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chartrand2012ny-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Chartrand2012ny_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRene_Chartrand2012" class="citation book cs1">Rene Chartrand (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZLrTFSuCGgC&pg=PA10">Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758</a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-564-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-564-9"><bdi>978-1-84908-564-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tomahawk+and+Musket+%E2%80%93+French+and+Indian+Raids+in+the+Ohio+Valley+1758&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-564-9&rft.au=Rene+Chartrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZLrTFSuCGgC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peckham1965-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Peckham1965_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_H._Peckham1965" class="citation book cs1">Howard H. 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University of Chicago Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65314-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-65314-3"><bdi>978-0-226-65314-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+colonial+wars%2C+1689%E2%80%931762&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-226-65314-3&rft.au=Howard+H.+Peckham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjZyOVdjmiIC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenwrspasu-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenwrspasu_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenwrspasu_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvy2017" class="citation web cs1">Ogilvy, James A. (September 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/war-of-the-spanish-succession">"War of the Spanish Succession"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226003045/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/war-of-the-spanish-succession">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/stjohns.html">the original</a> on January 6, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Early+Settlement+of+St.+John%27s&rft.pub=Heritage.nf.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Fexploration%2Fstjohns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid2004-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid2004_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_G._Reid2004" class="citation book cs1">John G. Reid (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MqJ9qFqWK4IC&pg=PA22">The "conquest" of Acadia, 1710: imperial, colonial, and aboriginal constructions</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8538-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8538-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-8538-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22conquest%22+of+Acadia%2C+1710%3A+imperial%2C+colonial%2C+and+aboriginal+constructions&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8538-2&rft.au=John+G.+Reid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMqJ9qFqWK4IC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrancisFrancis2009-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FrancisFrancis2009_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._D._FrancisDonald_B._SmithRichard_Jones2009" class="citation book cs1">R. D. Francis; Donald B. Smith; Richard Jones (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PA81">Journeys: A History of Canada</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6"><bdi>978-0-17-644244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys%3A+A+History+of+Canada&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-17-644244-6&rft.au=R.+D.+Francis&rft.au=Donald+B.+Smith&rft.au=Richard+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbbZRIOKclsC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canentreoutr-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canentreoutr_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canentreoutr_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2015" class="citation web cs1">Sutherland, Stuart R. (June 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-utrecht">"Treaty of Utrecht"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217155220/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-of-utrecht">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-6818-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-6818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+promises%3A+a+reader+on+Indian-white+relations+in+Canada&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-6818-7&rft.au=James+Rodger+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUc-sAvji6QC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenier2008qw-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Grenier2008qw_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Grenier2008" class="citation book cs1">John Grenier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PA56">The far reaches of empire: war in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+far+reaches+of+empire%3A+war+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.au=John+Grenier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVG5h6G5fWMC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murdoch1865-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch1865_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeamish_Murdoch1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beamish_Murdoch" title="Beamish Murdoch">Beamish Murdoch</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorynovasco00murdgoog">A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie</a>. Vol. I. Halifax: J. Barnes. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorynovasco00murdgoog/page/n363">339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nova-Scotia%2C+Or+Acadie&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=J.+Barnes&rft.date=1865&rft.au=Beamish+Murdoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorynovasco00murdgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker (September 19, 2011). The encyclopedia of North American Indian wars, 1607–1890. ABC-CLIO. p. 559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-603-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-603-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-603-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indian+wars%2C+1607%E2%80%931890&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-603-9&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenier2008-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Grenier2008_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Grenier2008" class="citation book cs1">John Grenier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PA75">The far reaches of empire: war in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+far+reaches+of+empire%3A+war+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.au=John+Grenier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVG5h6G5fWMC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenier2008imp-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Grenier2008imp_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Grenier2008" class="citation book cs1">John Grenier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PA62">The far reaches of empire: war in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+far+reaches+of+empire%3A+war+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.au=John+Grenier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVG5h6G5fWMC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faragher2006ll-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Faragher2006ll_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Mack_Faragher2006" class="citation book cs1">John Mack Faragher (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara/page/164">A great and noble scheme: the tragic story of the expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland</a>. W.W Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara/page/164">164–165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32827-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32827-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32827-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+great+and+noble+scheme%3A+the+tragic+story+of+the+expulsion+of+the+French+Acadians+from+their+American+Homeland&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=W.W+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32827-1&rft.au=John+Mack+Faragher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatnoblescheme00fara%2Fpage%2F164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wicken2002-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Wicken2002_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Wicken2002" class="citation book cs1">William Wicken (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0MEQyYggQE8C&pg=PA21">Mi'kmaq treaties on trial: history, land and Donald Marshall Junior</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7665-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7665-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-7665-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%27kmaq+treaties+on+trial%3A+history%2C+land+and+Donald+Marshall+Junior&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7665-6&rft.au=William+Wicken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0MEQyYggQE8C%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bccampfoxwars-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bccampfoxwars_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bccampfoxwars_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelshaw2015" class="citation journal cs1">Belshaw, John Douglas (April 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation/chapter/4-9-war-in-the-pays-den-haut/">"4.9 War in the Pays d'en Haut"</a>. Canadian History: Pre-Confederation. BCcampus Open Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318044302/https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation/chapter/4-9-war-in-the-pays-den-haut/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2024. 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Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226020316/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/war-of-the-austrian-succession">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. 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Psychology Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-118-6"><bdi>978-1-85743-118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+political+chronology+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-118-6&rft.au=David+Lea&rft.au=Colette+Milward&rft.au=Annamarie+Rowe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPeSL2xVjUYC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nester2000-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Nester2000_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Nester2000" class="citation book cs1">William R. Nester (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxFc_DoR0yIC&pg=PA48">The first global war: Britain, France, and the fate of North America, 1756–1775</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96771-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96771-0"><bdi>978-0-275-96771-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+global+war%3A+Britain%2C+France%2C+and+the+fate+of+North+America%2C+1756%E2%80%931775&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96771-0&rft.au=William+R.+Nester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxFc_DoR0yIC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hmhps.ca/sites/birch-cove-and-duc-danville">"Birch Cove and Duc D'Anville Expedition"</a>. hmhps.ca. Halifax Military Heritage Preservation Society. Retrieved April 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hmhps.ca&rft.atitle=Birch+Cove+and+Duc+D%27Anville+Expedition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhmhps.ca%2Fsites%2Fbirch-cove-and-duc-danville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-95"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Cole_HarrisGeoffrey_J._Matthews1993" class="citation book cs1">Richard Cole Harris; Geoffrey J. Matthews (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itsTLSnw8qgC&pg=PA76">Historical atlas of Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2495-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2495-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-2495-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+atlas+of+Canada&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2495-4&rft.au=Richard+Cole+Harris&rft.au=Geoffrey+J.+Matthews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitsTLSnw8qgC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated9-96"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated9_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Grenier2008" class="citation book cs1">John Grenier (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PA139">The far reaches of empire: war in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3876-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+far+reaches+of+empire%3A+war+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1710%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3&rft.au=John+Grenier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVG5h6G5fWMC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plank2003-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plank2003_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plank2003_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Plank2003" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Plank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWwtrvUzceIC&pg=PA99">An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1869-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1869-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-1869-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unsettled+Conquest%3A+The+British+Campaign+Against+the+Peoples+of+Acadia&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1869-5&rft.au=Geoffrey+Plank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWwtrvUzceIC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History1993-98"><a href="#cite_ref-History1993_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Acadiensis. 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McFarland. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4477-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4477-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-4477-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Fortifications%2C+1715%E2%80%931815%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4477-9&rft.au=Jean-Denis+G.G.+Lepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaeVAPShsbTMC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston2008-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston2008_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_John_Bayly_Johnston2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrew John Bayly Johnston (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m73Le-o2NygC&pg=PA39">Endgame 1758: the promise, the glory, and the despair of Louisbourg's last decade</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6009-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-6009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame+1758%3A+the+promise%2C+the+glory%2C+and+the+despair+of+Louisbourg%27s+last+decade&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6009-2&rft.au=Andrew+John+Bayly+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm73Le-o2NygC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenseyewa-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenseyewa_103-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEcclesMarshall2021" class="citation web cs1">Eccles, William John; Marshall, Tabitha (March 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-years-war">"Seven Years' War"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. 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"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749–61: A Study in Political Interaction". In P. Buckner; G. Campbell; D. Frank (eds.). The Acadiensis Reader. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-411-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-411-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-411-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Americas%3A+culture%2C+politics%2C+and+history%3A+a+multidisciplinary+encyclopedia&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-411-0&rft.au=Bill+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djfq5Tp0nq98C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riendeau2007-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Riendeau2007_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_E._Riendeau2007" class="citation book cs1">Roger E. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6335-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6335-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-6335-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Canada&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6335-2&rft.au=Roger+E.+Riendeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFWy0EfzlX0C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black1999-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Black1999_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Black1999" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Black (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5E2yDg4VekC&pg=PA140">Britain as a military power, 1688–1815</a>. Psychology Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-772-1"><bdi>978-1-85728-772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+as+a+military+power%2C+1688%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-772-1&rft.au=Jeremy+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5E2yDg4VekC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLeod2010-111"><a href="#cite_ref-McLeod2010_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Peter_McLeod2010" class="citation book cs1">D. 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Renouf Publishing Company. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-315-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-315-8"><bdi>978-1-55365-315-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Armageddon%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Plains+of+Abraham&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Renouf+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-315-8&rft.au=D.+Peter+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtTHESU6iI_IC%26pg%3DPP25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2010-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2010_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_Tucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Spencer Tucker (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC&pg=PA240">Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-429-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+That+Changed+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Conflict&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-429-0&rft.au=Spencer+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHpVn68GCogC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2009-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2009_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_Tucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer Tucker (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA786">A global chronology of conflict: from the ancient world to the modern Middle East</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 786. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-667-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+global+chronology+of+conflict%3A+from+the+ancient+world+to+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=786&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-667-1&rft.au=Spencer+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marston2002a-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Marston2002a_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Marston2002" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Marston (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBEIRFiAvYkC&pg=PA84">The French-Indian War, 1754–1760</a>. 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Government of Canada. April 19, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315205955/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/popular-books/aboriginal-people-canadian-military/defence-homelands.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2023. 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McClelland & Stewart. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5519-9140-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5519-9140-5"><bdi>978-1-5519-9140-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Canada&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-5519-9140-5&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stokesbury1993-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Stokesbury1993_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._Stokesbury1993" class="citation book cs1">James L. 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N.; Foot, Richard; Filice, Michelle (January 24, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/american-revolution">"American Revolution and Canada"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531110449/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/american-revolution">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2022. 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Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0309-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0309-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-0309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intercultural+Communication%3A+A+New+Approach+to+International+Relations+and+Global+Challenges&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0309-3&rft.au=Houman+A.+Sadri&rft.au=Madelyn+Flammia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkK0YqB4cfQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester_D._Langley2010" class="citation book cs1">Lester D. Langley (2010). America and the Americas: the United States in the Western Hemisphere (2nd ed.). University of Georgia Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2888-1"><bdi>978-0-8203-2888-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+and+the+Americas%3A+the+United+States+in+the+Western+Hemisphere&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2888-1&rft.au=Lester+D.+Langley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SavasDameron2010-121"><a href="#cite_ref-SavasDameron2010_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_P._SavasJ._David_Dameron2010" class="citation book cs1">Theodore P. Savas; J. David Dameron (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRRSfy7eVoIC&pg=PA36">A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution</a>. Casemate Publishers. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-94-4"><bdi>978-1-932714-94-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Battles+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-932714-94-4&rft.au=Theodore+P.+Savas&rft.au=J.+David+Dameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRRSfy7eVoIC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryer1980" class="citation book cs1">Fryer, Mary Beacock (1980). King's Men: The Soldier Founders of Ontario. Dundurn. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780919670518" title="Special:BookSources/9780919670518"><bdi>9780919670518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King%27s+Men%3A+The+Soldier+Founders+of+Ontario&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780919670518&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beacock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mays2009po-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Mays2009po_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_M._Mays2009" class="citation book cs1">Terry M. Mays (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3CvVcvmxUQC&pg=PR29">Historical dictionary of the American Revolution</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6066-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6066-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6066-7&rft.au=Terry+M.+Mays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3CvVcvmxUQC%26pg%3DPR29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leamon1995-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Leamon1995_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_S._Leamon1995" class="citation book cs1">James S. 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University of Massachusetts Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutiondownea0000leam/page/102">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-959-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87023-959-5"><bdi>978-0-87023-959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+Downeast%3A+The+War+for+American+Independence+in+Maine&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87023-959-5&rft.au=James+S.+Leamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutiondownea0000leam%2Fpage%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-125"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Cole_HarrisGeoffrey_J._Matthews1993" class="citation book cs1">Richard Cole Harris; Geoffrey J. Matthews (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itsTLSnw8qgC&pg=PA51">Historical atlas of Canada</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2495-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2495-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-2495-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+atlas+of+Canada&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2495-4&rft.au=Richard+Cole+Harris&rft.au=Geoffrey+J.+Matthews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitsTLSnw8qgC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorwoodButts1988-126"><a href="#cite_ref-HorwoodButts1988_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_HorwoodEd_Butts1988" class="citation book cs1">Harold Horwood; Ed Butts (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgNtAz4KQhQC&pg=PA39">Bandits and Privateers: Canada in the Age of Gunpowder</a>. Formac Publishing Company. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-157-0"><bdi>978-0-88780-157-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bandits+and+Privateers%3A+Canada+in+the+Age+of+Gunpowder&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88780-157-0&rft.au=Harold+Horwood&rft.au=Ed+Butts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgNtAz4KQhQC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwyn2003-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Gwyn2003_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Gwyn2003" class="citation book cs1">Julian Gwyn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzV49UC6mnkC">Frigates and foremasts: the North American Squadron in Nova Scotia waters, 1745–1815</a>. UBC Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0911-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0911-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-0911-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frigates+and+foremasts%3A+the+North+American+Squadron+in+Nova+Scotia+waters%2C+1745%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0911-5&rft.au=Julian+Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzV49UC6mnkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akins2010-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Akins2010_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_B._Akins2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomas B. Akins (2010). History of Halifax City. Nabu Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-177-66568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-177-66568-1"><bdi>978-1-177-66568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Halifax+City&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-177-66568-1&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Akins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_Gwyn2003" class="citation book cs1">Julian Gwyn (2003). Frigates and foremasts the North American Squadron in Nova Scotia waters, 1745–1815. UBC Press. pp. 56–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0911-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0911-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-0911-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frigates+and+foremasts+the+North+American+Squadron+in+Nova+Scotia+waters%2C+1745%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=56-65&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0911-5&rft.au=Julian+Gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Shaughnessy2000-130"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Shaughnessy2000_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Jackson_O'Shaughnessy2000" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6nBco25gogC&pg=PR12">An empire divided: the American Revolution and the British Caribbean</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1732-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1732-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-1732-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+empire+divided%3A+the+American+Revolution+and+the+British+Caribbean&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1732-2&rft.au=Andrew+Jackson+O%27Shaughnessy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk6nBco25gogC%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarrisMatthews1993kk-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarrisMatthews1993kk_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarrisMatthews1993kk_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Cole_HarrisGeoffrey_J._Matthews1993" class="citation book cs1">Richard Cole Harris; Geoffrey J. 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Government of Canada. March 7, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319043229/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/regiments.html#ori">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023. 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UBC Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774817653" title="Special:BookSources/9780774817653"><bdi>9780774817653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militia+Myths+Ideas+of+the+Canadian+Citizen+Soldier%2C+1896-1921&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780774817653&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale2001-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dale2001_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dale2001_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dale2001_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dale2001_139-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_J._Dale2001" class="citation book cs1">Ronald J. 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Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306202105/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/war-of-1812">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=War+of+1812&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Berton%2C+Pierre&rft.au=de+Bruin%2C+Tabitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwar-of-1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gough2006oiu-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Gough2006oiu_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_M._Gough2006" class="citation book cs1">Barry M. Gough (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/throughwatericef00goug/page/43">Through water, ice & fire: schooner Nancy of the War of 1812</a>. Dundurn Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/throughwatericef00goug/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-569-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-569-9"><bdi>978-1-55002-569-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+water%2C+ice+%26+fire%3A+schooner+Nancy+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-569-9&rft.au=Barry+M.+Gough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthroughwatericef00goug%2Fpage%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner2011-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner2011_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley_B._Turner2011" class="citation book cs1">Wesley B. Turner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t8vuLBX6XwsC&pg=PA184">The Astonishing General: The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-777-4"><bdi>978-1-55488-777-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Astonishing+General%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Sir+Isaac+Brock&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-777-4&rft.au=Wesley+B.+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8vuLBX6XwsC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaufmannKaufmann2004-143"><a href="#cite_ref-KaufmannKaufmann2004_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._E._KaufmannH._W._Kaufmann2004" class="citation book cs1">J. E. Kaufmann; H. W. Kaufmann (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306812941/page/157">Fortress America: the forts that defended America, 1600 to the present</a>. Da Capo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306812941/page/157">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81294-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81294-1"><bdi>978-0-306-81294-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+America%3A+the+forts+that+defended+America%2C+1600+to+the+present&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81294-1&rft.au=J.+E.+Kaufmann&rft.au=H.+W.+Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780306812941%2Fpage%2F157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahon1991x-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahon1991x_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_K._Mahon1991" class="citation book cs1">John K. Mahon (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wcp6UTcp8OEC&pg=PA52">The War of 1812</a>. Da Capo Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80429-8"><bdi>978-0-306-80429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80429-8&rft.au=John+K.+Mahon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwcp6UTcp8OEC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libertytuy-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Libertytuy_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBbwXmC9y3oC&pg=PA211">Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People</a>. Cengage Learning. January 1, 2010. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91038-1"><bdi>978-0-495-91038-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-495-91038-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnBbwXmC9y3oC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeidlerHeidler2004-146"><a href="#cite_ref-HeidlerHeidler2004_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Stephen_HeidlerJeanne_T._Heidler2004" class="citation book cs1">David Stephen Heidler; Jeanne T. Heidler (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_c09EJgek50C&pg=PA534">Encyclopedia of the War of 1812</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 534. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-362-8"><bdi>978-1-59114-362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-362-8&rft.au=David+Stephen+Heidler&rft.au=Jeanne+T.+Heidler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_c09EJgek50C%26pg%3DPA534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcomson2003-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Malcomson2003_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Malcomson2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Malcomson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YGWUWbhAK8C&pg=PA294">A very brilliant affair: the battle of Queenston Heights, 1812</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-022-1"><bdi>978-1-59114-022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+very+brilliant+affair%3A+the+battle+of+Queenston+Heights%2C+1812&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-022-1&rft.au=Robert+Malcomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YGWUWbhAK8C%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanna2012-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanna2012_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hanna2012" class="citation book cs1">David Hanna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cluGfx48L8MC&pg=PT124">Knights of the Sea: The True Story of the Boxer and the Enterprise and the War of 1812</a>. Penguin. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55947-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-55947-5"><bdi>978-1-101-55947-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+of+the+Sea%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Boxer+and+the+Enterprise+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-101-55947-5&rft.au=David+Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcluGfx48L8MC%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitch2000-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitch2000_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_S._Pitch2000" class="citation book cs1">Anthony S. Pitch (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kV2FjjIVTqcC&pg=PA71">The burning of Washington: the British invasion of 1814</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-425-8"><bdi>978-1-55750-425-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+burning+of+Washington%3A+the+British+invasion+of+1814&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-425-8&rft.au=Anthony+S.+Pitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkV2FjjIVTqcC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford2003m-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford2003m_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Bradford2003" class="citation book cs1">James C. Bradford (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9zYgseL_AYC&pg=PA44">Atlas of American military history</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521661-5"><bdi>978-0-19-521661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+American+military+history&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521661-5&rft.au=James+C.+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9zYgseL_AYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcomson2006-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Malcomson2006_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Malcomson2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert Malcomson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRqpoBEEoloC&pg=PA452">Historical dictionary of the War of 1812</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5499-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-5499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5499-4&rft.au=Robert+Malcomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRqpoBEEoloC%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes2006g-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes2006g_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Hayes2006" class="citation book cs1">Derek Hayes (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhGVK1SPIJEC&pg=PA132">Historical atlas of the United States, with original maps</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-205-2"><bdi>978-1-55365-205-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+atlas+of+the+United+States%2C+with+original+maps&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-205-2&rft.au=Derek+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyhGVK1SPIJEC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2014" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, James H. (October 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hms-st-lawrence-british-warship-of-the-war-of-1812">"HMS St Lawrence (British Warship of the War of 1812)"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306202103/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hms-st-lawrence-british-warship-of-the-war-of-1812">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=HMS+St+Lawrence+%28British+Warship+of+the+War+of+1812%29&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhms-st-lawrence-british-warship-of-the-war-of-1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boileau2005-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Boileau2005_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Boileau2005" class="citation book cs1">John Boileau (2005). Half-Hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia, New England and the War of 1812. Formac Publishing Company. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-657-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88780-657-5"><bdi>978-0-88780-657-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half-Hearted+Enemies%3A+Nova+Scotia%2C+New+England+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88780-657-5&rft.au=John+Boileau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis2009ol-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis2009ol_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_H._Ellis2009" class="citation book cs1">James H. Ellis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1rPwtSISAcC&pg=PA97">A ruinous and unhappy war: New England and the War of 1812</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-691-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-691-8"><bdi>978-0-87586-691-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+ruinous+and+unhappy+war%3A+New+England+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-691-8&rft.au=James+H.+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1rPwtSISAcC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner2000n-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner2000n_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley_B._Turner2000" class="citation book cs1">Wesley B. Turner (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhBCeh8f7WUC&pg=PA9">The War of 1812: the war that both sides won</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-336-7"><bdi>978-1-55002-336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1812%3A+the+war+that+both+sides+won&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-336-7&rft.au=Wesley+B.+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhBCeh8f7WUC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._Allen1992" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Allen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9T6y_zk5B0C&pg=PA150">His Majesty's Indian Allies: British Indian Policy in the Defence of Canada, 1774–1815</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-175-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-175-2"><bdi>978-1-55002-175-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Majesty%27s+Indian+Allies%3A+British+Indian+Policy+in+the+Defence+of+Canada%2C+1774%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-175-2&rft.au=Robert+S.+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9T6y_zk5B0C%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenbaseoa-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenbaseoa_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenbaseoa_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkwell2018" class="citation web cs1">Barkwell, Lawrence (July 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-oaks-incident">"Battle of Seven Oaks"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321200731/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-oaks-incident">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved March 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Seven+Oaks&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=Barkwell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fseven-oaks-incident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RickettsMaitland2004-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RickettsMaitland2004_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RickettsMaitland2004_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon_RickettsLeslie_MaitlandJacqueline_Hucker2004" class="citation book cs1">Shannon Ricketts; Leslie Maitland; Jacqueline Hucker (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-f2MYzP6IWAC&pg=PA22">A guide to Canadian architectural styles</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-546-7"><bdi>978-1-55111-546-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+Canadian+architectural+styles&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-546-7&rft.au=Shannon+Ricketts&rft.au=Leslie+Maitland&rft.au=Jacqueline+Hucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-f2MYzP6IWAC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conroy2002-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conroy2002_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conroy2002_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Conroy2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Conroy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07RL62rkhhkC&pg=PA1">Our canal: the Rideau Canal in Ottawa</a>. General Store Publishing House. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894263-63-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894263-63-4"><bdi>978-1-894263-63-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+canal%3A+the+Rideau+Canal+in+Ottawa&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=General+Store+Publishing+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-894263-63-4&rft.au=Peter+Conroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07RL62rkhhkC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotter2008yut-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Cotter2008yut_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Marie_Mooney_Cotter2008" class="citation book cs1">Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RECqDmth57oC&pg=PA194">Just a number: an international legal analysis on age discrimination</a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7206-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-7206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+a+number%3A+an+international+legal+analysis+on+age+discrimination&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7206-7&rft.au=Anne-Marie+Mooney+Cotter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRECqDmth57oC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009136-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009136_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009136_162-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodefroy2009">Godefroy 2009</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornall1998-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Cornall1998_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Cornall1998" class="citation book cs1">James Cornall (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuYhRIn1SB0C&pg=PA53">Halifax: South End</a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-7272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-7272-7"><bdi>978-0-7385-7272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halifax%3A+South+End&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-7272-7&rft.au=James+Cornall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuYhRIn1SB0C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birrell2000-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Birrell2000_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Birrell2000" class="citation book cs1">Dave Birrell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OaB-yf_MJXMC&pg=PA27">50 Roadside Panoramas in the Canadian Rockies</a>. Rocky Mountain Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921102-65-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-921102-65-6"><bdi>978-0-921102-65-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Roadside+Panoramas+in+the+Canadian+Rockies&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Rocky+Mountain+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-921102-65-6&rft.au=Dave+Birrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOaB-yf_MJXMC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette22225" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22225/page/414">"No. 22225"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. February 1, 1859. p. 414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+22225&rft.pages=414&rft.date=1859-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F22225%2Fpage%2F414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MagocsiOntario1999poiujm-166"><a href="#cite_ref-MagocsiOntario1999poiujm_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._MagocsiMulticultural_History_Society_of_Ontario1999" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Magocsi; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA165">Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2938-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-2938-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Canada%27s+Peoples&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6&rft.au=Paul+R.+Magocsi&rft.au=Multicultural+History+Society+of+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbUuX0mnvQMC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenwoodWright2003-167"><a href="#cite_ref-GreenwoodWright2003_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Murray_GreenwoodBarry_WrightOsgoode_Society_for_Canadian_Legal_History2003" class="citation book cs1">Frank Murray Greenwood; Barry Wright; Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3lZn-hkbjg8C&pg=PA33">Canadian State Trials: Rebellion and invasion in the Canadas, 1837–1839</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3748-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-3748-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+State+Trials%3A+Rebellion+and+invasion+in+the+Canadas%2C+1837%E2%80%931839&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3748-0&rft.au=Frank+Murray+Greenwood&rft.au=Barry+Wright&rft.au=Osgoode+Society+for+Canadian+Legal+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3lZn-hkbjg8C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vardalos2009-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Vardalos2009_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarianne_Vardalos2009" class="citation book cs1">Marianne Vardalos (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rq6c2PCK7g0C&pg=PA292">Engaging Terror: A Critical and Interdisciplinary Approach</a>. Universal-Publishers. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-453-8"><bdi>978-1-59942-453-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+Terror%3A+A+Critical+and+Interdisciplinary+Approach&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59942-453-8&rft.au=Marianne+Vardalos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drq6c2PCK7g0C%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenreb1837-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenreb1837_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenreb1837_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenreb1837_169-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenreb1837_169-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFootMcIntosh2019" class="citation web cs1">Foot, Richard; McIntosh, Andrew (October 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rebellions-of-1837">"Rebellion of 1837–38"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228022111/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/rebellions-of-1837">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Rebellion+of+1837%E2%80%9338&rft.date=2019-10-04&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Frebellions-of-1837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrantDoughty2011o-170"><a href="#cite_ref-GrantDoughty2011o_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._G._GrantRobert_Doughty2011" class="citation book cs1">R. G. Grant; Robert Doughty (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA575">1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History</a>. Random House Digital. p. 575. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2233-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2233-3"><bdi>978-0-7893-2233-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Battles+That+Changed+the+Course+of+World+History&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7893-2233-3&rft.au=R.+G.+Grant&rft.au=Robert+Doughty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4njwZGrZg4C%26pg%3DPA575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dent1885-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Dent1885_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Charles_Dent1885" class="citation book cs1">John Charles Dent (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyuppercanad04dentgoog">The story of the Upper Canadian rebellion: largely derived from original sources and documents</a>. C.B. Robinson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyuppercanad04dentgoog/page/n310">296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+the+Upper+Canadian+rebellion%3A+largely+derived+from+original+sources+and+documents&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=C.B.+Robinson&rft.date=1885&rft.au=John+Charles+Dent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryuppercanad04dentgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2019" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Eric (September 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fraser-canyon-war">"Fraser Canyon War"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024185751/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fraser-canyon-war">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Fraser+Canyon+War&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffraser-canyon-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopper2018" class="citation web cs1">Hopper, Tristan (March 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/what-really-happened-in-the-chilcotin-war-the-1864-conflict-that-just-prompted-an-exoneration-from-trudeau">"What really happened in the Chilcotin War, the 1864 conflict that just prompted an exoneration from Trudeau?"</a>. nationalpost.com. Postmedia Network. Retrieved March 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalpost.com&rft.atitle=What+really+happened+in+the+Chilcotin+War%2C+the+1864+conflict+that+just+prompted+an+exoneration+from+Trudeau%3F&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft.aulast=Hopper&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwhat-really-happened-in-the-chilcotin-war-the-1864-conflict-that-just-prompted-an-exoneration-from-trudeau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman2009-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman2009_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Andrew_Kaufman2009" class="citation book cs1">Jason Andrew Kaufman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC6piY4KaLQC&pg=PA182">The origins of Canadian and American political differences</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03136-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Canadian+and+American+political+differences&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03136-4&rft.au=Jason+Andrew+Kaufman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC6piY4KaLQC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenamciwa-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenamciwa_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenamciwa_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenamciwa_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenamciwa_175-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenamciwa_175-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenamciwa_175-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/american-civil-war">"American Civil War and Canada"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. June 2, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117224409/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/american-civil-war/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=American+Civil+War+and+Canada&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Famerican-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KRMS-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KRMS_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KRMS_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Klein2020" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Klein (February 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15jLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland's Freedom</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7805-2543-4016" title="Special:BookSources/9-7805-2543-4016"><bdi>9-7805-2543-4016</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021014254/https://books.google.com/books?id=15jLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Irish+Invaded+Canada%3A+The+Incredible+True+Story+of+the+Civil+War+Veterans+Who+Fought+for+Ireland%27s+Freedom&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft.isbn=9-7805-2543-4016&rft.au=Christopher+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15jLDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourne1967-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne1967_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne1967_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Bourne1967" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Bourne (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britainbalanceo00bour">Britain and the Balance of Power in North America, 1815–1908</a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britainbalanceo00bour/page/206">206</a>, 259. GGKEY:3L4SN26UB05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Balance+of+Power+in+North+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931908&rft.pages=206%2C+259&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Kenneth+Bourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritainbalanceo00bour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Keys2014" class="citation news cs1">David Keys (June 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/historians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html">"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408152902/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/historians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Historians+reveal+secrets+of+UK+gun-running+which+lengthened+the+American+civil+war+by+two+years&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.au=David+Keys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Farchaeology%2Fhistorians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hendren1933" class="citation web cs1">Paul Hendren (April 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1933/april/confederate-blockade-runners">"The Confederate Blockade Runners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326231456/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1933/april/confederate-blockade-runners">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Blockade+Runners&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1933-04&rft.au=Paul+Hendren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1933%2Fapril%2Fconfederate-blockade-runners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Kross2015" class="citation web cs1">Peter Kross (Fall 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-confederate-spy-ring-spreading-terror-to-the-union/">"The Confederate Spy Ring: Spreading Terror to the Union"</a>. Warfare History network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415110827/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-confederate-spy-ring-spreading-terror-to-the-union/">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved May 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Confederate+Spy+Ring%3A+Spreading+Terror+to+the+Union&rft.pub=Warfare+History+network&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Peter+Kross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-confederate-spy-ring-spreading-terror-to-the-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Senior1991-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Senior1991_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senior1991_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHereward_Senior1991" class="citation book cs1">Hereward Senior (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wmwi_6dS-UQC&pg=PA131">The last invasion of Canada: the Fenian raids, 1866–1870</a>. Dundurn Press. pp. 131–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-085-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-085-4"><bdi>978-1-55002-085-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+invasion+of+Canada%3A+the+Fenian+raids%2C+1866%E2%80%931870&rft.pages=131-134&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-085-4&rft.au=Hereward+Senior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWmwi_6dS-UQC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris2009-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris2009_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole_Harris2009" class="citation book cs1">Cole Harris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRInXF4ikhcC&pg=PA450">The Reluctant Land: Society, Space, and Environment in Canada Before Confederation</a>. UBC Press. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1450-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1450-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-1450-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reluctant+Land%3A+Society%2C+Space%2C+and+Environment+in+Canada+Before+Confederation&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1450-8&rft.au=Cole+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRInXF4ikhcC%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithSmith2002-183"><a href="#cite_ref-SmithSmith2002_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackie_G._SmithJackie_SmithHank_Johnston2002" class="citation book cs1">Jackie G. Smith; Jackie Smith; Hank Johnston (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UGLVh4JifkC&pg=PA62">Globalization and resistance: transnational dimensions of social movements</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1990-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1990-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-1990-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+resistance%3A+transnational+dimensions+of+social+movements&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1990-9&rft.au=Jackie+G.+Smith&rft.au=Jackie+Smith&rft.au=Hank+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UGLVh4JifkC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granatstein2011-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Granatstein2011_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Granatstein2011" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Granatstein (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7E-j1UWuOMC&pg=PA21">Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1178-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1178-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-1178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Army%3A+Waging+War+and+Keeping+the+Peace&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1178-8&rft.au=J.+L.+Granatstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7E-j1UWuOMC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenfenrad-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenfenrad_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfenrad_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfenrad_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfenrad_185-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrodzinskiVronskyMcIntosh2021" class="citation web cs1">Grodzinski, John R.; Vronsky, Peter; McIntosh, Andrew (March 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fenian-raids">"Fenian Raids"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302001205/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fenian-raids">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Fenian+Raids&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft.aulast=Grodzinski&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Vronsky%2C+Peter&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffenian-raids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Jenkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Brian Jenkins (2008). The Fenian problem: insurgency and terrorism in a liberal state, 1858–1874. McGill-Queen's University Press (MQUP). pp. 62–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3426-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-3426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fenian+problem%3A+insurgency+and+terrorism+in+a+liberal+state%2C+1858%E2%80%931874&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3426-1&rft.au=Brian+Jenkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2011-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore2011_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Moore2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Moore_(Canadian_historian)" title="Christopher Moore (Canadian historian)">Christopher Moore</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmgBsaRJbTQC&pg=PT161">1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal</a>. Random House Digital. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55199-483-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55199-483-3"><bdi>978-1-55199-483-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1867%3A+How+the+Fathers+Made+a+Deal&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55199-483-3&rft.au=Christopher+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmgBsaRJbTQC%26pg%3DPT161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borden2005-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Borden2005_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Laird_Borden2005" class="citation book cs1">Robert Laird Borden (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQLrnQ8ZV0QC&pg=PA97">Canadian constitutional studies: the Marfleet lectures, University of Toronto, October 1921</a>. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-586-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-586-7"><bdi>978-1-58477-586-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+constitutional+studies%3A+the+Marfleet+lectures%2C+University+of+Toronto%2C+October+1921&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-586-7&rft.au=Robert+Laird+Borden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQLrnQ8ZV0QC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FidellSullivan2002-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FidellSullivan2002_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_R._FidellDwight_Hall_Sullivan2002" class="citation book cs1">Eugene R. Fidell; Dwight Hall Sullivan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3tYljWV_zEC&pg=PA234">Evolving military justice</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-292-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-292-6"><bdi>978-1-55750-292-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolving+military+justice&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-292-6&rft.au=Eugene+R.+Fidell&rft.au=Dwight+Hall+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3tYljWV_zEC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009137-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009137_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodefroy2009">Godefroy 2009</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009144-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009144_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009144_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodefroy2009">Godefroy 2009</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-warmusrmc-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warmusrmc_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warmusrmc_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/the-royal-military-college-of-canada-1876-to-the-present/#tabs">"The Royal Military College of Canada: 1876 to the Present"</a>. www.warmuseum.ca. Canadian War Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217203253/https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/the-royal-military-college-of-canada-1876-to-the-present/#tabs">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.warmuseum.ca&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Military+College+of+Canada%3A+1876+to+the+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmuseum.ca%2Flearn%2Fdispatches%2Fthe-royal-military-college-of-canada-1876-to-the-present%2F%23tabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009138-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009138_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodefroy2009">Godefroy 2009</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009139-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009139_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodefroy2009">Godefroy 2009</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009141-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodefroy2009141_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGodefroy2009">Godefroy 2009</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-cananmilact-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cananmilact_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cananmilact_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cananmilact_196-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2015" class="citation web cs1">Preston, Richard A. (January 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/militia-acts">"Militia Acts"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929012852/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/militia-acts">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2023. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1178-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1178-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-1178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Army%3A+Waging+War+and+Keeping+the+Peace&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1178-8&rft.au=J.+L.+Granatstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7E-j1UWuOMC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSendzikas2011" class="citation book cs1">Sendzikas, Aldona (2011). Stanley Barracks: Toronto's Military Legacy. Toronto, Ontario: Natural Heritage Books. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781554887880" title="Special:BookSources/9781554887880"><bdi>9781554887880</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley+Barracks%3A+Toronto%27s+Military+Legacy&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Natural+Heritage+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781554887880&rft.aulast=Sendzikas&rft.aufirst=Aldona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLaren1978-199"><a href="#cite_ref-MacLaren1978_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_MacLaren1978" class="citation book cs1">Roy MacLaren (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmCXB-9XLlEC&pg=PA62">Canadians on the Nile, 1882–1898: being the adventures of the voyageurs on the Khartoum Relief Expedition and other exploits</a>. UBC Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0094-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-0094-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadians+on+the+Nile%2C+1882%E2%80%931898%3A+being+the+adventures+of+the+voyageurs+on+the+Khartoum+Relief+Expedition+and+other+exploits&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0094-5&rft.au=Roy+MacLaren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmCXB-9XLlEC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton2007i-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Morton2007i_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond_Morton2007" class="citation book cs1">Desmond Morton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O769_p5E05sC&pg=PT118">A Military History of Canada</a>. Random House Digital. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6481-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6481-4"><bdi>978-0-7710-6481-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Canada&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-6481-4&rft.au=Desmond+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO769_p5E05sC%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLaren1978x-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacLaren1978x_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacLaren1978x_201-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_MacLaren1978" class="citation book cs1">Roy MacLaren (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmCXB-9XLlEC&pg=PA125">Canadians on the Nile, 1882–1898: being the adventures of the voyageurs on the Khartoum Relief Expedition and other exploits</a>. UBC Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0094-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-0094-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadians+on+the+Nile%2C+1882%E2%80%931898%3A+being+the+adventures+of+the+voyageurs+on+the+Khartoum+Relief+Expedition+and+other+exploits&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0094-5&rft.au=Roy+MacLaren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmCXB-9XLlEC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyko2023" class="citation web cs1">Boyko, John (July 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nile-expedition">"Nile Expedition"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. 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The Lethbridge Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312065100/https://lethbridgeherald.com/news/lethbridge-news/2022/10/26/battle-of-the-belly-river-examined-through-virtual-reality-lens/">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023. 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Thompson Rivers University. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+Indigenous+Peoples+and+Canada&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Thompson+Rivers+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Belshaw&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Nickel%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Horton%2C+Chelsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenrerire-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenrerire_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenrerire_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenrerire_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumstedFootYarhiMcIntosh2021" class="citation web cs1">Bumsted, J. M.; Foot, Richard; Yarhi, Eli; McIntosh, Andrew (July 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-river-rebellion">"Red River Resistance"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230303071849/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-river-rebellion">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2023. 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Douglas & McIntyre. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-053-9"><bdi>978-1-55365-053-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+peoples+in+Canada&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-053-9&rft.au=Alan+Daniel+McMillan&rft.au=Eldon+Yellowhorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtvSrEUFH3vkC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canennowere-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canennowere_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canennowere_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canennowere_208-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealMacleodFootYarhi2021" class="citation web cs1">Beal, Bob; Macleod, Rod; Foot, Richard; Yarhi, Eli (July 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-rebellion">"Red River Resistance"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901073157/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-rebellion">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Red+River+Resistance&rft.date=2021-07-08&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Macleod%2C+Rod&rft.au=Foot%2C+Richard&rft.au=Yarhi%2C+Eli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnorth-west-rebellion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wishart2004-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Wishart2004_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Wishart2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wishart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wishart (page does not exist)">David J. Wishart</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtRFyFO4hpEC&pg=PA557">Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 557. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4787-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-4787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Great+Plains&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4787-1&rft.au=David+J.+Wishart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtRFyFO4hpEC%26pg%3DPA557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrantDoughty2011j-210"><a href="#cite_ref-GrantDoughty2011j_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._G._GrantRobert_Doughty2011" class="citation book cs1">R. G. Grant; Robert Doughty (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA670">1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History</a>. Random House Digital. p. 670. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2233-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2233-3"><bdi>978-0-7893-2233-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Battles+That+Changed+the+Course+of+World+History&rft.pages=670&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7893-2233-3&rft.au=R.+G.+Grant&rft.au=Robert+Doughty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4njwZGrZg4C%26pg%3DPA670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard1994-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Howard1994_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Kinsey_Howard1994" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Kinsey Howard (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6pae2d_28GYC&pg=PA500">Strange empire: a narrative of the Northwest</a>. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87351-298-5"><bdi>978-0-87351-298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+empire%3A+a+narrative+of+the+Northwest&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87351-298-5&rft.au=Joseph+Kinsey+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6pae2d_28GYC%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vandervort1998ahu-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Vandervort1998ahu_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Vandervort1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Vandervort (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0eNgUeSBTi0C&pg=PA39">Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-487-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-487-4"><bdi>978-1-85728-487-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+imperial+conquest+in+Africa%2C+1830%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-487-4&rft.au=Bruce+Vandervort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0eNgUeSBTi0C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horn2006-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Horn2006_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernd_Horn2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernd Horn (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqI4r3-PX5sC&pg=PA137">The Canadian way of war: serving the national interest</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-612-2"><bdi>978-1-55002-612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+way+of+war%3A+serving+the+national+interest&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-612-2&rft.au=Bernd+Horn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqI4r3-PX5sC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1998-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller1998_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarman_Miller1998" class="citation book cs1">Carman Miller (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6E1qI16qa1MC&pg=PA27">Painting the map red: Canada and the South African War, 1899–1902</a>. McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP). p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1750-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1750-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-1750-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+the+map+red%3A+Canada+and+the+South+African+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931902&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1750-9&rft.au=Carman+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6E1qI16qa1MC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_215-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bothwell, Robert (2004). "Back to the Future: Canada and Empires". International Journal. 52 (2): 407–418, page 411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Back+to+the+Future%3A+Canada+and+Empires&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=407-418%2C+page+411&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaxerLaxer1977-216"><a href="#cite_ref-LaxerLaxer1977_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_LaxerRobert_M._Laxer1977" class="citation book cs1">James Laxer; Robert M. Laxer (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalideaofcan0000laxe">The Liberal idea of Canada: Pierre Trudeau and the question of Canada's survival</a>. James Lorimer & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalideaofcan0000laxe/page/158">158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88862-124-5"><bdi>978-0-88862-124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberal+idea+of+Canada%3A+Pierre+Trudeau+and+the+question+of+Canada%27s+survival&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-88862-124-5&rft.au=James+Laxer&rft.au=Robert+M.+Laxer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliberalideaofcan0000laxe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badsey2008iz-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Badsey2008iz_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Badsey2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Badsey (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdvBgUlO2qgC&pg=PA96">Doctrine and reform in the British cavalry 1880–1918</a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6467-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-6467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+reform+in+the+British+cavalry+1880%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6467-3&rft.au=Stephen+Badsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdvBgUlO2qgC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canencasabw-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canencasabw_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencasabw_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencasabw_218-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencasabw_218-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencasabw_218-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencasabw_218-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bruin2020" class="citation web cs1">de Bruin, Tabitha (July 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-african-war">"Canada and the South African War (Boer War)"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301070956/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-african-war">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2023. 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Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927164-1"><bdi>978-0-19-927164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927164-1&rft.au=Phillip+Alfred+Buckner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmXnLGX7FvEC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lennox2009-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Lennox2009_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Lennox2009" class="citation book cs1">Doug Lennox (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-hcSnYut8wQC&pg=PA20">Now You Know Canada's Heroes</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-444-5"><bdi>978-1-55488-444-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Now+You+Know+Canada%27s+Heroes&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-444-5&rft.au=Doug+Lennox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-hcSnYut8wQC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmfmag.ca/history/royal-canadian-dragoons-mark-117th-anniversary-of-the-battle-of-leliefontein/">"Royal Canadian Dragoons mark 117th anniversary of the Battle of Leliefontein"</a>. www.cmfmag.ca. November 6, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220185318/https://www.cmfmag.ca/history/royal-canadian-dragoons-mark-117th-anniversary-of-the-battle-of-leliefontein/">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cmfmag.ca&rft.atitle=Royal+Canadian+Dragoons+mark+117th+anniversary+of+the+Battle+of+Leliefontein&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmfmag.ca%2Fhistory%2Froyal-canadian-dragoons-mark-117th-anniversary-of-the-battle-of-leliefontein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LouisPorter2001-222"><a href="#cite_ref-LouisPorter2001_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Roger_LouisAndrew_PorterAlaine_Low2001" class="citation book cs1">William Roger Louis; Andrew Porter; Alaine Low (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC&pg=PA618">The Oxford History of the British Empire: The nineteenth century</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 618. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924678-6"><bdi>978-0-19-924678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire%3A+The+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=618&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924678-6&rft.au=William+Roger+Louis&rft.au=Andrew+Porter&rft.au=Alaine+Low&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doo3F2X8IDeEC%26pg%3DPA618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-civilization.ca-223"><a href="#cite_ref-civilization.ca_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_War_Museum2008" class="citation web cs1">Canadian War Museum (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/boer/boerwarhistory_e.shtml">"Canada and The South African War, 1899–1902"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118071205/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/boer/boerwarhistory_e.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2008. 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Manchester University Press ND. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2595-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2595-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-2595-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commonwealth+armies%3A+manpower+and+organisation+in+two+world+wars&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+ND&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2595-2&rft.au=Frederick+William+Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yENAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BatesDodd2005-225"><a href="#cite_ref-BatesDodd2005_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_BatesDianne_Elizabeth_DoddNicole_RousseauCanadian_Museum_of_Civilization2005" class="citation book cs1">Christina Bates; Dianne Elizabeth Dodd; Nicole Rousseau; Canadian Museum of Civilization (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6dtAMcgeAC&pg=PA156">On all frontiers: four centuries of Canadian nursing</a>. University of Ottawa Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0591-3"><bdi>978-0-7766-0591-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+all+frontiers%3A+four+centuries+of+Canadian+nursing&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-0591-3&rft.au=Christina+Bates&rft.au=Dianne+Elizabeth+Dodd&rft.au=Nicole+Rousseau&rft.au=Canadian+Museum+of+Civilization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuJ6dtAMcgeAC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horn2008z-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Horn2008z_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernd_Horn2008" class="citation book cs1">Bernd Horn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofOU4wq-_wsC&pg=PA338">Establishing a Legacy: The History of the Royal Canadian Regiment 1883–1953</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-817-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-817-1"><bdi>978-1-55002-817-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Establishing+a+Legacy%3A+The+History+of+the+Royal+Canadian+Regiment+1883%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-817-1&rft.au=Bernd+Horn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofOU4wq-_wsC%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godefroy-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godefroy_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godefroy_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godefroy_227-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Godefroy2006" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Godefroy (2006). 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University of Ottawa Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0327-8"><bdi>978-0-7766-0327-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+serve+Canada%3A+a+history+of+the+Royal+Military+College+since+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-0327-8&rft.au=Richard+Arthur+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D953E0vPpvOEC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernier_SergeJean_Pariseau1988" class="citation book cs1">Bernier Serge; Jean Pariseau (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515084110/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/gh-hg/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=16">French Canadians and Bilingualism in the Canadian Forces</a>. Department of National Defence, Directorate of History. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-13616-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-13616-5"><bdi>978-0-660-13616-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/gh-hg/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=16">the original</a> on May 15, 2013. 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Jaypee Brothers Publishers. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8061-418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8061-418-7"><bdi>978-81-8061-418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Dentistary&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Jaypee+Brothers+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-8061-418-7&rft.au=Paramjit+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJV9faMuBPoC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/reports/militia-reports/militia-council-dominion-canada-report-1906-12-31.pdf">"Annual Report of the Militia Council for the Year Ending December 31, 1906"</a> (PDF). 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Dundurn Press. p. 286. GGKEY:SZEF160DUZ8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Call+to+the+Colours%3A+Tracing+Your+Canadian+Military+Ancestors&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ken+Cox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTdNo_2NzIQC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milner2010q-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Milner2010q_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Milner2010" class="citation book cs1">Marc Milner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afOEdO8mh1gC&pg=PA22">Canada's Navy: The First Century</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9604-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9604-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-9604-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Navy%3A+The+First+Century&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9604-3&rft.au=Marc+Milner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafOEdO8mh1gC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrancisFrancs2009-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FrancisFrancs2009_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._D._FrancisDonald_B._SmithRichard_Jones2009" class="citation book cs1">R. D. Francis; Donald B. Smith; Richard Jones (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PA320">Journeys: A History of Canada</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6"><bdi>978-0-17-644244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys%3A+A+History+of+Canada&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-17-644244-6&rft.au=R.+D.+Francis&rft.au=Donald+B.+Smith&rft.au=Richard+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbbZRIOKclsC%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckner2005sss-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Buckner2005sss_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_Alfred_Buckner2005" class="citation book cs1">Phillip Alfred Buckner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27IggObUC9kC&pg=PA273">Canada and the end of empire</a>. UBC Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0916-0"><bdi>978-0-7748-0916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+end+of+empire&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0916-0&rft.au=Phillip+Alfred+Buckner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27IggObUC9kC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavery2006-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Lavery2006_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Lavery2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian Lavery (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJmVNzXqKucC&pg=PA55">Churchill's navy: the ships, men and organisation, 1939–1945</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-035-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-035-7"><bdi>978-1-84486-035-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+navy%3A+the+ships%2C+men+and+organisation%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84486-035-7&rft.au=Brian+Lavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJmVNzXqKucC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CimentRussell2007-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CimentRussell2007_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CimentRussell2007_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_CimentThaddeus_Russell2007" class="citation book cs1">James Ciment; Thaddeus Russell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0P04JuMSM8C&pg=PA423">The home front encyclopedia: United States, Britain, and Canada in World Wars I and II</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-849-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-849-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-849-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+home+front+encyclopedia%3A+United+States%2C+Britain%2C+and+Canada+in+World+Wars+I+and+II&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-849-5&rft.au=James+Ciment&rft.au=Thaddeus+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0P04JuMSM8C%26pg%3DPA423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenfiwowa-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenfiwowa_239-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortonde_BruinFootGallant2021" class="citation web cs1">Morton, Desmond; de Bruin, Tabitha; Foot, Richard; Gallant, David (August 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-world-war-wwi">"First World War (WWI)"</a>. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308102604/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-world-war-wwi">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+World+War+%28WWI%29&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft.au=de+Bruin%2C+Tabitha&rft.au=Foot%2C+Richard&rft.au=Gallant%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffirst-world-war-wwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart2001-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Hart2001_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Hart2001" class="citation book cs1">Russell Hart (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofarmshowal00hart_1/page/39">Clash of arms: how the allies won in Normandy</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofarmshowal00hart_1/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-947-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-947-1"><bdi>978-1-55587-947-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clash+of+arms%3A+how+the+allies+won+in+Normandy&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-947-1&rft.au=Russell+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclashofarmshowal00hart_1%2Fpage%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyFoot2018" class="citation web cs1">Roy, R. H.; Foot, Richard (December 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-ypres">"Canada and the Second Battle of Ypres"</a>. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308102605/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/battle-of-ypres">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+Second+Battle+of+Ypres&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2018-12-08&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Foot%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbattle-of-ypres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_242-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_242-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_242-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._W._L._Nicholson1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._L._Nicholson" title="G. W. L. Nicholson">G. W. L. Nicholson</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cobwfa.ca/images/CEF_e.pdf">Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War</a> (PDF). Queen's Printer. pp. 101–111, 165, 207–210. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320192439/http://www.cobwfa.ca/images/CEF_e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Expeditionary+Force+1914%E2%80%931919%3A+Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=101-111%2C+165%2C+207-210&rft.pub=Queen%27s+Printer&rft.date=1964&rft.au=G.+W.+L.+Nicholson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobwfa.ca%2Fimages%2FCEF_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/canadas-hundred-days">"Canada's Hundred Days"</a>. Historica Canada. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308102604/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/canadas-hundred-days">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Hundred+Days&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Fcollection%2Fcanadas-hundred-days&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cook-244"><a href="#cite_ref-cook_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Cook1999" class="citation journal cs1">Tim Cook (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327164336/http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%208/Issue%202/Cook%20-%20A%20Proper%20Slaughter%20-%20The%20March%201917%20Gas%20Attack%20at%20Vimy%20Ridge.pdf">"'A Proper Slaughter': The March 1917 Gas Raid at Vimy"</a> (PDF). Canadian Military History. 8 (2): 7–24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%208/Issue%202/Cook%20-%20A%20Proper%20Slaughter%20-%20The%20March%201917%20Gas%20Attack%20at%20Vimy%20Ridge.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved April 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Military+History&rft.atitle=%27A+Proper+Slaughter%27%3A+The+March+1917+Gas+Raid+at+Vimy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-24&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Tim+Cook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlu.ca%2Flcmsds%2Fcmh%2Fback%2520issues%2FCMH%2Fvolume%25208%2FIssue%25202%2FCook%2520-%2520A%2520Proper%2520Slaughter%2520-%2520The%2520March%25201917%2520Gas%2520Attack%2520at%2520Vimy%2520Ridge.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernaghanFoot2022" class="citation web cs1">Kernaghan, Lois; Foot, Richard (May 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/halifax-explosion">"Halifax Explosion"</a>. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308102609/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/halifax-explosion">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halifax+Explosion&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft.aulast=Kernaghan&rft.aufirst=Lois&rft.au=Foot%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhalifax-explosion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tennyson2013h-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Tennyson2013h_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Tennyson2013" class="citation book cs1">Brian Tennyson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b458joZ7F8wC&pg=PA481">The Canadian Experience of the Great War: A Guide to Memoirs</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8680-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8680-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-8680-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Experience+of+the+Great+War%3A+A+Guide+to+Memoirs&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8680-3&rft.au=Brian+Tennyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db458joZ7F8wC%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KelleyTrebilcock2010-247"><a href="#cite_ref-KelleyTrebilcock2010_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNinette_KelleyMichael_J._Trebilcock2010" class="citation book cs1">Ninette Kelley; Michael J. Trebilcock (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IHyRvsCiKMC&pg=PA176">The making of the mosaic: a history of Canadian immigration policy</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9536-7"><bdi>978-0-8020-9536-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+mosaic%3A+a+history+of+Canadian+immigration+policy&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7&rft.au=Ninette+Kelley&rft.au=Michael+J.+Trebilcock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IHyRvsCiKMC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton1994-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Morton1994_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond_Morton1994" class="citation book cs1">Desmond Morton (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MW_SE8qsBkQC&pg=PA64">When Your Number's Up: The Canadian Soldier in the First World War</a>. Random House of Canada. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-22388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-22388-9"><bdi>978-0-394-22388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Your+Number%27s+Up%3A+The+Canadian+Soldier+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Random+House+of+Canada&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-394-22388-9&rft.au=Desmond+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMW_SE8qsBkQC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong1974-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong1974_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Armstrong1974" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Armstrong (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNbybmjraNoC&pg=PA152">The Crisis of Quebec, 1914–1918</a>. McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP). p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-9774-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-9774-4"><bdi>978-0-7710-9774-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Quebec%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-9774-4&rft.au=Elizabeth+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNbybmjraNoC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenville2005hh-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Grenville2005hh_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ashley_Soames_Grenville2005" class="citation book cs1">John Ashley Soames Grenville (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsmhdpARfGoC&pg=PA375">A history of the world from the 20th to the 21st century</a>. Routledge. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28954-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28954-2"><bdi>978-0-415-28954-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+world+from+the+20th+to+the+21st+century&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28954-2&rft.au=John+Ashley+Soames+Grenville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsmhdpARfGoC%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/life-at-home-during-the-war/recruitment-and-conscription/conscription-1917/">"Recruitment and Conscription - Conscription, 1917"</a>. Canada and the First World War. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411155157/https://www.warmuseum.ca/firstworldwar/history/life-at-home-during-the-war/recruitment-and-conscription/conscription-1917/">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved April 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+and+the+First+World+War&rft.atitle=Recruitment+and+Conscription+-+Conscription%2C+1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmuseum.ca%2Ffirstworldwar%2Fhistory%2Flife-at-home-during-the-war%2Frecruitment-and-conscription%2Fconscription-1917%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natmemor-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natmemor_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natmemor_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshThomas2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Marsh, James H.; Thomas, Nicki (March 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-war-memorial">"National war Memorial"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030174312/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-war-memorial">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+war+Memorial&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Nicki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnational-war-memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HayesBechthold2007hh-253"><a href="#cite_ref-HayesBechthold2007hh_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_HayesMichael_BechtholdLaurier_Centre_for_Military,_Strategic_and_Disarmament_Studies2007" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Hayes; Michael Bechthold; Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf5y7sehRwAC&pg=PA280">Vimy Ridge: a Canadian reassessment</a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-508-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-508-6"><bdi>978-0-88920-508-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vimy+Ridge%3A+a+Canadian+reassessment&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-508-6&rft.au=Geoffrey+Hayes&rft.au=Michael+Bechthold&rft.au=Laurier+Centre+for+Military%2C+Strategic+and+Disarmament+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPf5y7sehRwAC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuschAssociation2003-254"><a href="#cite_ref-BuschAssociation2003_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriton_Cooper_BuschWestern_Front_Association2003" class="citation book cs1">Briton Cooper Busch; Western Front Association (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLKqAyUl6TAC&pg=PA150">Canada and the Great War: Western Front Association papers</a>. McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP). p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2570-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2570-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-2570-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+Great+War%3A+Western+Front+Association+papers&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2570-2&rft.au=Briton+Cooper+Busch&rft.au=Western+Front+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLKqAyUl6TAC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmerFootMcIntosh2021" class="citation web cs1">Hillmer, Norman; Foot, Richard; McIntosh, Andrew (February 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chanak-affair">"Chanak Affair"</a>. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308102605/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/chanak-affair">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chanak+Affair&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2021-02-20&rft.aulast=Hillmer&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Foot%2C+Richard&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fchanak-affair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenrcw-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenrcw_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenrcw_256-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclaren2007" class="citation web cs1">Maclaren, Roy (February 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-intervention-in-the-russian-civil-war">"Canadian Intervention in the Russian Civil War"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220094919/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-intervention-in-the-russian-civil-war">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+Intervention+in+the+Russian+Civil+War&rft.date=2007-02-25&rft.aulast=Maclaren&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcanadian-intervention-in-the-russian-civil-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinvig2007-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinvig2007_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_Kinvig2007" class="citation book cs1">Clifford Kinvig (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKGspZ8XmNYC&pg=PA63">Churchill's Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-021-6"><bdi>978-1-84725-021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Crusade%3A+The+British+Invasion+of+Russia%2C+1918%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-021-6&rft.au=Clifford+Kinvig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKGspZ8XmNYC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canencsef-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canencsef_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencsef_258-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencsef_258-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencsef_258-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencsef_258-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoileau2021" class="citation web cs1">Boileau, John (August 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-siberian-expeditionary-force">"Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220094920/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-siberian-expeditionary-force">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+Siberian+Expeditionary+Force&rft.date=2021-08-19&rft.aulast=Boileau&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcanadian-siberian-expeditionary-force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958126-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958126_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrakhovsky1958">Strakhovsky 1958</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958129-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958129_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrakhovsky1958">Strakhovsky 1958</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_Isitt2010" class="citation web cs1">Benjamin Isitt (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siberianexpedition.ca/learning_resources/resources/Siberian_Expedition_slides.pdf">"From Victoria to Vladivostok: Canada's Siberian Expedition, 1917–19"</a> (PDF). UBC Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828084500/http://www.siberianexpedition.ca/learning_resources/resources/Siberian_Expedition_slides.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Victoria+to+Vladivostok%3A+Canada%27s+Siberian+Expedition%2C+1917%E2%80%9319&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Benjamin+Isitt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siberianexpedition.ca%2Flearning_resources%2Fresources%2FSiberian_Expedition_slides.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958146-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrakhovsky1958146_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrakhovsky1958">Strakhovsky 1958</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grey2008-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Grey2008_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Grey2008" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey Grey (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RF4a1rm0an8C&pg=PA118">A military history of Australia</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87523-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87523-3"><bdi>978-0-521-87523-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+military+history+of+Australia&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87523-3&rft.au=Jeffrey+Grey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRF4a1rm0an8C%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyne2002-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyne2002_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyne2002_264-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyne2002_264-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_J._Boyne2002" class="citation book cs1">Walter J. Boyne (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FW_50wm8VnMC&pg=PA116">Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia: M–Z</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-345-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Warfare%3A+an+International+Encyclopedia%3A+M%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-345-2&rft.au=Walter+J.+Boyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFW_50wm8VnMC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCaffery2000-265"><a href="#cite_ref-McCaffery2000_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_McCaffery2000" class="citation book cs1">Dan McCaffery (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwZkh0HBC7YC&pg=PA7">Canada's Warplanes: Unique Aircraft in Canada's Aviation Museums</a>. James Lorimer & Company. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-699-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55028-699-1"><bdi>978-1-55028-699-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Warplanes%3A+Unique+Aircraft+in+Canada%27s+Aviation+Museums&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55028-699-1&rft.au=Dan+McCaffery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwZkh0HBC7YC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray2000-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Gray2000_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Gray2000" class="citation book cs1">Larry Gray (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BP270v66H_UC&pg=PA198">We are the Dead</a>. General Store Publishing House. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894263-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894263-24-5"><bdi>978-1-894263-24-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+are+the+Dead&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=General+Store+Publishing+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-894263-24-5&rft.au=Larry+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBP270v66H_UC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_War_I:_A_-_D.-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_War_I:_A_-_D._267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_War_I:_A_-_D._267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA255">World War I: A–D</a>. ABC-CLIO. 2005. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+A%E2%80%93D.&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YqjfHLyyj8C%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouglasGreenhous1995-268"><a href="#cite_ref-DouglasGreenhous1995_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Alexander_Binny_DouglasBrereton_Greenhous1995" class="citation book cs1">William Alexander Binny Douglas; Brereton Greenhous (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outofshadowscana0000doug_u2z6">Out of the shadows: Canada in the Second World War</a>. Dundurn Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outofshadowscana0000doug_u2z6/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-151-6"><bdi>978-1-55002-151-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+shadows%3A+Canada+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-151-6&rft.au=William+Alexander+Binny+Douglas&rft.au=Brereton+Greenhous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutofshadowscana0000doug_u2z6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenmacpap-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenmacpap_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenmacpap_269-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenmacpap_269-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenmacpap_269-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenmacpap_269-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowardde_Bruin2021" class="citation web cs1">Howard, Victor; de Bruin, Tabitha (November 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mackenzie-papineau-battalion">"Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226114843/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mackenzie-papineau-battalion">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Mackenzie-Papineau+Battalion&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=de+Bruin%2C+Tabitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmackenzie-papineau-battalion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virtue2008-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Virtue2008_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Virtue2008" class="citation book cs1">John Virtue (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtXLtAGbZBgC&pg=PA70">Fred Taylor: brother in the shadows</a>. McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP). p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3359-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3359-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-3359-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fred+Taylor%3A+brother+in+the+shadows&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3359-2&rft.au=John+Virtue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtXLtAGbZBgC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrou2008-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Petrou2008_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Petrou2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Petrou (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renegadescanadia0000petr">Renegades: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War</a>. UBC Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renegadescanadia0000petr/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1418-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1418-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-1418-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renegades%3A+Canadians+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1418-8&rft.au=Michael+Petrou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenegadescanadia0000petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayner2011-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Rayner2011_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Rayner2011" class="citation book cs1">William Rayner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s91HjbxUaGYC&pg=PA44">Canada on the Doorstep: 1939</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-993-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-993-8"><bdi>978-1-55488-993-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+on+the+Doorstep%3A+1939&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-993-8&rft.au=William+Rayner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds91HjbxUaGYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gough2010-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Gough2010_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_M._Gough2010" class="citation book cs1">Barry M. Gough (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA261">Historical Dictionary of Canada</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5496-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5496-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-5496-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Canada&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5496-3&rft.au=Barry+M.+Gough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4xK6CasigkC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kipp2005-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Kipp2005_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_D._Kipp2005" class="citation book cs1">Charles D. Kipp (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBdy3AjuACoC&pg=PA9">Because We Are Canadians: A Battlefield Memoir</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-112-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-112-3"><bdi>978-1-55365-112-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Because+We+Are+Canadians%3A+A+Battlefield+Memoir&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-112-3&rft.au=Charles+D.+Kipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBdy3AjuACoC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canensewowa-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canensewowa_275-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaceyFoot2021" class="citation web cs1">Stacey, C. P.; Foot, Richard (August 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/second-world-war-wwii">"Second World War (WWII)"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025153715/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/second-world-war-wwii">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Second+World+War+%28WWII%29&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft.au=Foot%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsecond-world-war-wwii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrancisFrancis2009fh-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FrancisFrancis2009fh_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._D._FrancisDonald_B._SmithRichard_JonesDonald_B._Smith2009" class="citation book cs1">R. D. Francis; Donald B. Smith; Richard Jones; Donald B. Smith (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbbZRIOKclsC&pg=PA428">Journeys: A History of Canada</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-644244-6"><bdi>978-0-17-644244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys%3A+A+History+of+Canada&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-17-644244-6&rft.au=R.+D.+Francis&rft.au=Donald+B.+Smith&rft.au=Richard+Jones&rft.au=Donald+B.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbbZRIOKclsC%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandler2002-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Sandler2002_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Sandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Sandler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PA159">Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-344-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-344-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ground+warfare%3A+an+international+encyclopedia&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-344-5&rft.au=Stanley+Sandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_xxOM85bD8C%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey1955" class="citation web cs1">Stacey, Charles Perry (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1955-army-ww2-1-en.pdf">"The Army Programme for 1941"</a> (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War Volume I: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific. Ministry of National Defence (Canada). p. 89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629194056/https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1955-army-ww2-1-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 29, 2020. 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King's Printer for Ontario. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309010923/http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/d_day/joining.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.archives.gov.on.ca&rft.atitle=Joining+Up&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov.on.ca%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fonline%2Fd_day%2Fjoining.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vetbatbr-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vetbatbr_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vetbatbr_281-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/second-world-war/canada-and-the-second-world-war/battle-of-britain">"The Battle of Britain"</a>. www.veterans.gc.ca. Government of Canada. November 16, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309010924/https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/wars-and-conflicts/second-world-war/canada-and-the-second-world-war/battle-of-britain">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.veterans.gc.ca&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Britain&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fremembrance%2Fwars-and-conflicts%2Fsecond-world-war%2Fcanada-and-the-second-world-war%2Fbattle-of-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BercusonWise1994-282"><a href="#cite_ref-BercusonWise1994_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Jay_BercusonSydney_F._Wise1994" class="citation book cs1">David Jay Bercuson; <a href="/wiki/Sydney_F._Wise" title="Sydney F. Wise">Sydney F. Wise</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/valourhorrorrevi0000unse/page/110">The Valour and the horror revisited</a>. McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/valourhorrorrevi0000unse/page/110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1271-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1271-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-1271-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valour+and+the+horror+revisited&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1271-9&rft.au=David+Jay+Bercuson&rft.au=Sydney+F.+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvalourhorrorrevi0000unse%2Fpage%2F110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-English1991kk-283"><a href="#cite_ref-English1991kk_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Alan_English1991" class="citation book cs1">John Alan English (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j7YFRkIQ8H0C&pg=PA75">The Canadian Army and the Normandy campaign: a study of failure in high command</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93019-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-93019-6"><bdi>978-0-275-93019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Army+and+the+Normandy+campaign%3A+a+study+of+failure+in+high+command&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-275-93019-6&rft.au=John+Alan+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7YFRkIQ8H0C%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisMarshall2021" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Stephen; Marshall, Tabitha (January 3, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-canadian-army">"First Canadian Army"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401151221/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-canadian-army">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=First+Canadian+Army&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Tabitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ffirst-canadian-army&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard2007-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Goddard2007_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLance_Goddard2007" class="citation book cs1">Lance Goddard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SK61lK1JplIC&pg=PA61">Hell & high water: Canada and the Italian campaign</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-728-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-728-0"><bdi>978-1-55002-728-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+%26+high+water%3A+Canada+and+the+Italian+campaign&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-728-0&rft.au=Lance+Goddard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSK61lK1JplIC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuehlke2004-286"><a href="#cite_ref-Zuehlke2004_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Zuehlke2004" class="citation book cs1">Mark Zuehlke (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzL7VE3o24wC&pg=PA4">Ortona: Canada's Epic World War II Battle</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-557-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55054-557-9"><bdi>978-1-55054-557-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ortona%3A+Canada%27s+Epic+World+War+II+Battle&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55054-557-9&rft.au=Mark+Zuehlke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzL7VE3o24wC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders2004-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders2004_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Saunders2004" class="citation book cs1">Tim Saunders (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Am6a3NnzKY4C&pg=PA8">Juno Beach: 3rd Canadian & 79th armoured divisions</a>. McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP). p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2792-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-2792-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juno+Beach%3A+3rd+Canadian+%26+79th+armoured+divisions&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+%28MQUP%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2792-8&rft.au=Tim+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAm6a3NnzKY4C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HallHall2004-288"><a href="#cite_ref-HallHall2004_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_HallTony_Hall2004" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Hall; Tony Hall (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFZ8G-SmVk0C&pg=PA126">D-Day: Operation Overlord Day by Day</a>. Zenith Imprint. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1607-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1607-8"><bdi>978-0-7603-1607-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3A+Operation+Overlord+Day+by+Day&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-1607-8&rft.au=Anthony+Hall&rft.au=Tony+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFZ8G-SmVk0C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard2005-289"><a href="#cite_ref-Goddard2005_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLance_Goddard2005" class="citation book cs1">Lance Goddard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjVaApRR1g0C&pg=PA105">Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands, May 1945</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-547-7"><bdi>978-1-55002-547-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+liberation+of+the+Netherlands%2C+May+1945&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-547-7&rft.au=Lance+Goddard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjVaApRR1g0C%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delaney2012ii-290"><a href="#cite_ref-Delaney2012ii_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_E._Delaney2012" class="citation book cs1">Douglas E. Delaney (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3xSRrY2kYgC&pg=PA167">Corps Commanders: Five British and Canadian Generals at War, 1939–45</a>. UBC Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2090-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2090-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-2090-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corps+Commanders%3A+Five+British+and+Canadian+Generals+at+War%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-2090-5&rft.au=Douglas+E.+Delaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS3xSRrY2kYgC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-291"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLance_Goddard2005" class="citation book cs1">Lance Goddard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjVaApRR1g0C&pg=PA130">Canada and the liberation of the Netherlands, May 1945</a>. Dundurn Press. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-547-7"><bdi>978-1-55002-547-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+liberation+of+the+Netherlands%2C+May+1945&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-547-7&rft.au=Lance+Goddard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjVaApRR1g0C%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BellElleman2003-292"><a href="#cite_ref-BellElleman2003_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_M._BellBruce_A._Elleman2003" class="citation book cs1">Christopher M. Bell; Bruce A. Elleman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalmutiniesoft00cbel/page/246">Naval mutinies of the twentieth century: an international perspective</a>. Frank Cass. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navalmutiniesoft00cbel/page/246">246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5460-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5460-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-5460-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+mutinies+of+the+twentieth+century%3A+an+international+perspective&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5460-7&rft.au=Christopher+M.+Bell&rft.au=Bruce+A.+Elleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavalmutiniesoft00cbel%2Fpage%2F246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2017" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Catherine (August 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macleans.ca/culture/dunkirk-the-canadian-heritage-minute-that-wasnt/">"How Dunkirk's Canadian hero 'fell through the cracks' of history"</a>. macleans.ca. St. Joseph Communications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320173555/https://macleans.ca/culture/dunkirk-the-canadian-heritage-minute-that-wasnt/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=macleans.ca&rft.atitle=How+Dunkirk%27s+Canadian+hero+%27fell+through+the+cracks%27+of+history&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacleans.ca%2Fculture%2Fdunkirk-the-canadian-heritage-minute-that-wasnt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2022" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Sharon (May 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legionmagazine.com/en/hmcs-uganda-the-ship-that-voted-its-way-home/">"HMCS Uganda: the ship that voted its way home"</a>. legionmagazine.com. Canvet Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320173556/https://legionmagazine.com/en/hmcs-uganda-the-ship-that-voted-its-way-home/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legionmagazine.com&rft.atitle=HMCS+Uganda%3A+the+ship+that+voted+its+way+home&rft.date=2022-05-03&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegionmagazine.com%2Fen%2Fhmcs-uganda-the-ship-that-voted-its-way-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston2008oik-295"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston2008oik_295-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_Johnston2008" class="citation book cs1">Mac Johnston (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig-A36yZ4rMC&pg=PT24">Corvettes Canada: convoy veterans of WWII tell their true stories</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15429-8"><bdi>978-0-470-15429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corvettes+Canada%3A+convoy+veterans+of+WWII+tell+their+true+stories&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-15429-8&rft.au=Mac+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIg-A36yZ4rMC%26pg%3DPT24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenbrcoatp-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenbrcoatp_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenbrcoatp_296-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmerHatchMyersPanneton2021" class="citation web cs1">Hillmer, Norman; Hatch, Fred J.; Myers, Patricia; Panneton, Daniel; Marshall, Tabitha (September 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/british-commonwealth-air-training-plan">"British Commonwealth Air Training Plan"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308222548/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/british-commonwealth-air-training-plan">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=British+Commonwealth+Air+Training+Plan&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft.aulast=Hillmer&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Hatch%2C+Fred+J.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Panneton%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Tabitha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbritish-commonwealth-air-training-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CosgroveBilling2003-297"><a href="#cite_ref-CosgroveBilling2003_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_CosgroveBrick_Billing2003" class="citation book cs1">Edmund Cosgrove; Brick Billing (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8J9twhBtuwC&pg=PA21">Canada's Fighting Pilots</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919614-97-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919614-97-0"><bdi>978-0-919614-97-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Fighting+Pilots&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-919614-97-0&rft.au=Edmund+Cosgrove&rft.au=Brick+Billing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8J9twhBtuwC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoppNielsen1996ee-298"><a href="#cite_ref-CoppNielsen1996ee_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._T._CoppRichard_Nielsen1996" class="citation book cs1">J. T. Copp; Richard Nielsen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGps_LOKRVIC&pg=PA103">No price too high: Canadians and the Second World War</a>. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-552713-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-552713-8"><bdi>978-0-07-552713-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+price+too+high%3A+Canadians+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Ryerson&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-07-552713-8&rft.au=J.+T.+Copp&rft.au=Richard+Nielsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGps_LOKRVIC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCreery2007pws-299"><a href="#cite_ref-McCreery2007pws_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_McCreery2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_McCreery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher McCreery (page does not exist)">Christopher McCreery</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-4fTjgteikC&pg=PA109">The Maple Leaf and the White Cross: A History of St. John Ambulance and the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in Canada</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-740-2"><bdi>978-1-55002-740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maple+Leaf+and+the+White+Cross%3A+A+History+of+St.+John+Ambulance+and+the+Most+Venerable+Order+of+the+Hospital+of+St.+John+of+Jerusalem+in+Canada&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-740-2&rft.au=Christopher+McCreery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-4fTjgteikC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wadge1946-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Wadge1946_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Collett_Wadge1946" class="citation book cs1">D. Collett Wadge (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_5I4ENEHOIC&pg=PA257">Women in uniform</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901623-61-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901623-61-1"><bdi>978-1-901623-61-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+uniform&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Imperial+War+Museum&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-1-901623-61-1&rft.au=D.+Collett+Wadge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_5I4ENEHOIC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canencamapr-301">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canencamapr_301-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canencamapr_301-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoakes2020" class="citation web cs1">Noakes, Taylor C. (August 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-the-manhattan-project">"Canada and the Manhattan Project"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308222546/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-the-manhattan-project">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Canada+and+the+Manhattan+Project&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.aulast=Noakes&rft.aufirst=Taylor+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcanada-and-the-manhattan-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight2007i-302"><a href="#cite_ref-Knight2007i_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Knight2007" class="citation book cs1">Amy Knight (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=msaESCg9lgAC&pg=PA15">How the Cold War Began</a>. Basic Books. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1938-9"><bdi>978-0-7867-1938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Cold+War+Began&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1938-9&rft.au=Amy+Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmsaESCg9lgAC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bothwell2007-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Bothwell2007_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Bothwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert Bothwell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PXdDze0yxwwC&pg=PA214">Alliance and illusion: Canada and the world, 1945–1984</a>. UBC Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1368-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1368-6"><bdi>978-0-7748-1368-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliance+and+illusion%3A+Canada+and+the+world%2C+1945%E2%80%931984&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1368-6&rft.au=Robert+Bothwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPXdDze0yxwwC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bercuson2002-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Bercuson2002_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Bercuson2002" class="citation book cs1">David J. Bercuson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCizi80V1M0C&pg=PA48">Blood on the Hills: The Canadian Army in the Korean War</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8516-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8516-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-8516-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+on+the+Hills%3A+The+Canadian+Army+in+the+Korean+War&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8516-0&rft.au=David+J.+Bercuson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCizi80V1M0C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesKasoff2008-305"><a href="#cite_ref-JamesKasoff2008_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_JamesMark_J._Kasoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Patrick James; Mark J. Kasoff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_LHcv89nW4C&pg=PA265">Canadian studies in the new millennium</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9468-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9468-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-9468-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+studies+in+the+new+millennium&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9468-1&rft.au=Patrick+James&rft.au=Mark+J.+Kasoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_LHcv89nW4C%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaffen1995azu-306"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaffen1995azu_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_Gaffen1995" class="citation book cs1">Fred Gaffen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXDba-2TaNIC&pg=PR8">Cross-border warriors: Canadians in American forces, Americans in Canadian forces: from the Civil War to the Gulf</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-225-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-225-4"><bdi>978-1-55002-225-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-border+warriors%3A+Canadians+in+American+forces%2C+Americans+in+Canadian+forces%3A+from+the+Civil+War+to+the+Gulf&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-225-4&rft.au=Fred+Gaffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXDba-2TaNIC%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canenkorwar-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canenkorwar_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenkorwar_307-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenkorwar_307-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenkorwar_307-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenkorwar_307-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenkorwar_307-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenkorwar_307-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canenkorwar_307-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerd2021" class="citation web cs1">Herd, Alex (January 18, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/korean-war">"Korean War"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228085915/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/korean-war">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2023. 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Random House Digital. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55199-587-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55199-587-8"><bdi>978-1-55199-587-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=While+Canada+Slept%3A+How+We+Lost+Our+Place+in+the+World&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55199-587-8&rft.au=Andrew+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU916ZPBzengC%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IssermanBowman2003unq-309"><a href="#cite_ref-IssermanBowman2003unq_309-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_IssermanJohn_Stewart_Bowman2003" class="citation book cs1">Maurice Isserman; John Stewart Bowman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarupdated0000isse/page/52">Korean War</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarupdated0000isse/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4939-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4939-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-4939-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+War&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4939-4&rft.au=Maurice+Isserman&rft.au=John+Stewart+Bowman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanwarupdated0000isse%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melady2012fhj-310"><a href="#cite_ref-Melady2012fhj_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Melady2012" class="citation book cs1">John Melady (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo0dZa9Y6nQC&pg=PA178">Korea: Canada's Forgotten War</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0132-8"><bdi>978-1-4597-0132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Canada%27s+Forgotten+War&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-0132-8&rft.au=John+Melady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQo0dZa9Y6nQC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-311"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Sandler2002" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Sandler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_xxOM85bD8C&pg=PA149">Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-344-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-344-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ground+warfare%3A+an+international+encyclopedia&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-344-5&rft.au=Stanley+Sandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_xxOM85bD8C%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jessup1998-312"><a href="#cite_ref-Jessup1998_312-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Jessup1998" class="citation book cs1">John E. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28112-9"><bdi>978-0-313-28112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+encyclopedic+dictionary+of+conflict+and+conflict+resolution%2C+1945%E2%80%931996&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28112-9&rft.au=John+E.+Jessup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhP7jJAkTd9MC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rottman2002-313"><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman2002_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_L._Rottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon L. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97835-8"><bdi>978-0-275-97835-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+War+order+of+battle%3A+United+States%2C+United+Nations%2C+and+Communist+Ground%2C+Naval%2C+and+Air+Forces%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97835-8&rft.au=Gordon+L.+Rottman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpOp2OO1-DAC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen2008-314"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen2008_314-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Cohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Cohen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyBrNgMJELIC&pg=PT99">Extraordinary Canadians: Lester B. 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Dundurn Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-694-8"><bdi>978-1-55002-694-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casting+light+on+the+shadows%3A+Canadian+perspectives+on+special+operations+forces&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-694-8&rft.au=Bernd+Horn&rft.au=Tony+Balasevicius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2ReYRiHmMQC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pigott2002-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Pigott2002_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Pigott2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Pigott (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wingsacrosscanad00pigo_0/page/126">Wings across Canada: an illustrated history of Canadian aviation</a>. 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Historica Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Canada+and+the+War+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft.aulast=Azzi&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Foot%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Finternational-campaign-against-terrorism-in-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lennox2009uy-362"><a href="#cite_ref-Lennox2009uy_362-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Lennox2009" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Lennox (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EiHkgmCcxicC&pg=PA108">At home and abroad: the Canada-US relationship and Canada's place in the world</a>. UBC Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1705-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1705-9"><bdi>978-0-7748-1705-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+home+and+abroad%3A+the+Canada-US+relationship+and+Canada%27s+place+in+the+world&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1705-9&rft.au=Patrick+Lennox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEiHkgmCcxicC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey2004iumh-363"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey2004iumh_363-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_P._Harvey2004" class="citation book cs1">Frank P. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7129-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-7129-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+War&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7129-6&rft.au=Rodney+P.+Carlisle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkQE6rJl5sEC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LauferSolomon2006-366"><a href="#cite_ref-LauferSolomon2006_366-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_LauferNorman_Solomon2006" class="citation book cs1">Peter Laufer; Norman Solomon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missionrejectedu00lauf/page/16">Mission Rejected: U.S. Soldiers Who Say No to Iraq</a>. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/missionrejectedu00lauf/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933392-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933392-04-2"><bdi>978-1-933392-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+Rejected%3A+U.S.+Soldiers+Who+Say+No+to+Iraq&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933392-04-2&rft.au=Peter+Laufer&rft.au=Norman+Solomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmissionrejectedu00lauf%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innovation2007-367"><a href="#cite_ref-Innovation2007_367-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre_for_International_Governance_Innovation2007" class="citation book cs1">Centre for International Governance Innovation (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XgaJjjT4sUoC&pg=PA152">Exporting good governance: temptations and challenges in Canada's aid program</a>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-029-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-029-3"><bdi>978-1-55458-029-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exporting+good+governance%3A+temptations+and+challenges+in+Canada%27s+aid+program&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-029-3&rft.au=Centre+for+International+Governance+Innovation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXgaJjjT4sUoC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HornHillier2010ik-368"><a href="#cite_ref-HornHillier2010ik_368-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernd_HornR._J._Hillier2010" class="citation book cs1">Bernd Horn; R. 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Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240210170912/http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo6/no2/public-eng.asp">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peacekeeping+and+Public+Opinion&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada%2C+National+Defence%2C+Canadian+Defence+Academy&rft.date=2005-06-20&rft.aulast=Anker&rft.aufirst=Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal.forces.gc.ca%2Fvo6%2Fno2%2Fpublic-eng.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_2016_pp._167–176-405"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2016_pp._167%E2%80%93176_405-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2016" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Michael K (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">"Peacekeeping: Canada's past, but not its present and future?"</a>. International Journal. 71 (1). [Sage Publications, Ltd., Canadian International Council]: 167–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020702015619857">10.1177/0020702015619857</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7020">0020-7020</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">44631172</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228173148/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44631172">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=Peacekeeping%3A+Canada%27s+past%2C+but+not+its+present+and+future%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=167-176&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0020-7020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44631172%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020702015619857&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Michael+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44631172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray_Gecelovsky_2021_p._187-406"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_Gecelovsky_2021_p._187_406-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayGecelovsky2021" class="citation book cs1">Murray, R.W.; Gecelovsky, P. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBcsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs</a>. Canada and International Affairs. Springer International Publishing. pp. 187–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-67770-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-67770-1"><bdi>978-3-030-67770-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Canada+in+International+Affairs&rft.series=Canada+and+International+Affairs&rft.pages=187-189&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-67770-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft.au=Gecelovsky%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnBcsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Nations_2008_v869-407"><a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations_2008_v869_407-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/events/peacekeepersday/2008/60years.shtml">"Honouring 60 Years of United Nations Peacekeeping"</a>. United Nations. May 29, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honouring+60+Years+of+United+Nations+Peacekeeping&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fpeacekeepersday%2F2008%2F60years.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McQuaig2010bt-408"><a href="#cite_ref-McQuaig2010bt_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_McQuaig2010" class="citation book cs1">Linda McQuaig (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT50">Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire</a>. Random House Digital. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-67297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-67297-9"><bdi>978-0-385-67297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holding+the+Bully%27s+Coat%3A+Canada+and+the+U.S.+Empire&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-67297-9&rft.au=Linda+McQuaig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9g4Xd12rIGYC%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._177-409"><a href="#cite_ref-James_Michaud_OReilly_2006_p._177_409-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesMichaudO'Reilly2006" class="citation book cs1">James, P.; Michaud, N.; O'Reilly, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTk2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA177">Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy</a>. Lexington Books. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5580-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-5580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-5580-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Michaud%2C+N.&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTk2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_military_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian military history">Bibliography of Canadian military history</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Jeremy2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC">Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35660-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35660-4"><bdi>978-0-253-35660-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+America%3A+The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+North+America%2C+1519%E2%80%931871&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35660-4&rft.au=Black%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIst_CSWOqIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cook, Tim. Warlords: Borden, Mackenzie King and Canada's World Wars (2012) 472pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warlordsbordenma0000cook">online</a>, on the prime ministers in the world wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_W._A._B." class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas, W. A. B.">Douglas, W. A. B.</a> The RCN in Transition, 1910–1985 (1988), Navy</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodefroy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Godefroy, Andrew B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44232821">"For Queen, King and Empire: Canadians recruited into the British Army, 1858–1944"</a>. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 87 (350): 135–149. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44232821">44232821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=For+Queen%2C+King+and+Empire%3A+Canadians+recruited+into+the+British+Army%2C+1858%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=350&rft.pages=135-149&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44232821%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Godefroy&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44232821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Granatstein, J. L., and Dean F. Oliver. The Oxford Companion to Canadian Military History, (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=34352">online review</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn,_Bernd2008" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Bernd (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fnqUG2Hv960C">Show No Fear: Daring Actions in Canadian Military History</a>. Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-816-4"><bdi>978-1-55002-816-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Show+No+Fear%3A+Daring+Actions+in+Canadian+Military+History&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-816-4&rft.au=Horn%2C+Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfnqUG2Hv960C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton,_Desmond1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morton_(historian)" title="Desmond Morton (historian)">Morton, Desmond</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadawarmilitar0000mort">Canada and war: a military and political history</a>. Butterworths. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-409-85240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-409-85240-0"><bdi>978-0-409-85240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+war%3A+a+military+and+political+history&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-409-85240-0&rft.au=Morton%2C+Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadawarmilitar0000mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shaw, Susan Evans, and Jean Crankshaw. Canadians at War Vol. 1: A Guide to the Battlefields and Memorials of World War I; Vol. 2: A Guide to the Battlefields and Memorials of World War II (2014)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrakhovsky1958" class="citation journal cs1">Strakhovsky, Leonid I. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr-039-02-02">"The Canadian Artillery Brigade in North Russia, 1918–1919"</a>. Canadian Historical Review. 39 (2): 125–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr-039-02-02">10.3138/chr-039-02-02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162335176">162335176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Artillery+Brigade+in+North+Russia%2C+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-146&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fchr-039-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162335176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Strakhovsky&rft.aufirst=Leonid+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%252Fchr-039-02-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke,_Mark2006" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyNlm8SuplEC">Canadian Military Atlas: Four Centuries of Conflict from New France to Kosovo</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-209-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-209-0"><bdi>978-1-55365-209-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Military+Atlas%3A+Four+Centuries+of+Conflict+from+New+France+to+Kosovo&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-209-0&rft.au=Zuehlke%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyNlm8SuplEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Historiography</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography of Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Douglas, W.A.B. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1985798">Marching to Different Drums: Canadian Military History</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Military_History" title="The Journal of Military History">The Journal of Military History</a> (1992) 56#2 pp 245–260.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmhg.gc.ca/cmh-pmc/page-1-eng.aspx">Canadian Military History Gateway</a> – Government of Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/military/025002-1010-e.html">Canadian Military History</a> – <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&oldid=1256493027">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&oldid=1256493027</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Canada&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 10 November 2024, at 05:10 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تاريخ كندا العسكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ كندا العسكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_militar_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Història militar del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història militar del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_militar_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Historia militar de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia militar 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href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="היסטוריה צבאית של קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה צבאית של קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Военная история Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военная история Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="加拿大军事史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大军事史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 05:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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[\"CITEREFGimblettMarshall2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodefroy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon_L._Rottman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant_Dawson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrodzinskiVronskyMcIntosh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_HorwoodEd_Butts1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisMarshall2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarry_Swain2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerd2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHereward_Senior1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillmerFootMcIntosh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillmerHatchMyersPanneton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopper2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn,_Bernd2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouman_A._SadriMadelyn_Flammia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward_Coombs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward_H._Peckham1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardde_Bruin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._E._KaufmannH._W._Kaufmann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._L._Granatstein2011\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFJ._M._S._Careless2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._T._CoppRichard_Nielsen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackie_G._SmithJackie_SmithHank_Johnston2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaenenMcIntosh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesMichaudO\u0026#039;Reilly2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_C._Bradford2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_CimentThaddeus_Russell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Cornall1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_F._Miskel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_H._Ellis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_L._Stokesbury1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_LaxerRobert_M._Laxer1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Rodger_Miller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_S._Leamon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJason_Andrew_Kaufman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Denis_G.G._Lepage2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_H._MorinRichard_Howard_Gimblett1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_Grey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer_Crump2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Black1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Alan_English1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Ashley_Soames_Grenville2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Boileau2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Charles_Dent1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_E._FindlingFrank_W._Thackeray2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_E._Jessup1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Frost1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_G._Reid2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Grenier2008\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_K._Mahon1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_M._MurrinPaul_E._JohnsonJames_M._McPhersonAlice_Fahs2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Mack_Faragher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Melady2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Stewart_Bowman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Virtue2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Kinsey_Howard1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_L._Peyser1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosé_António_Brandão2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_Gwyn2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKathleen_Malley-Morrison2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKen_Cox2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKen_Rutherford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_Bourne1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_M._PollackAkram_Al-TurkMichael_S._DoranDaniel_L._Byman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKernaghanFoot2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Richard_Nossal2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKloster2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurt_A._Raaflaub2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLance_Goddard2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLance_Goddard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLance_Q._ZedricMichael_F._Dilley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_Gray2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_Milberry1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_WindsorDavid_ChartersBrent_Wilson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie_CHOQUETTELeslie_Choquette2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLester_D._Langley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevantTattrie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinda_McQuaig2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMac_Johnston2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclaren2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarc_Milner2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarianne_Vardalos2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Gollom2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Zuehlke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshBertonde_Bruin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshThomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurice_IssermanJohn_Stewart_Bowman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntoshCooper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_HeadScott_Mann2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_JohnsonJonathan_Smith2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_L._HadleyRobert_Neil_HuebertFred_W._Crickard1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Petrou2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Riordon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton,_Desmond1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortonde_BruinFootGallant2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuntonKeating2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayGecelovsky2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNina_M._Serafino2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNinette_KelleyMichael_J._Trebilcock2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoakes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgilvy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPannekoekScottFilice2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParamjit_Singh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrottMarshall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_JamesMark_J._Kasoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Lennox2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Hendren1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_R._MagocsiMulticultural_History_Society_of_Ontario1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_S._BoyerClifford_E._Clark,_Jr.Joseph_F._KettNeal_Salisbury2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Conroy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Kross2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_LauferNorman_Solomon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Pigott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillip_Alfred_Buckner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillip_Alfred_Buckner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugliese2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._D._FrancisDonald_B._SmithRichard_Jones2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFR._D._FrancisDonald_B._SmithRichard_JonesDonald_B._Smith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._G._GrantRobert_Doughty2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFReingard_M._Nischik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRene_Chartrand2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRene_Chartrand2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Arthur_Preston1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Cole_HarrisGeoffrey_J._Matthews1993\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_J._ChaconRubén_G._Mendoza2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_MiddletonAnne_Lombard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Bothwell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_James_Muckle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Laird_Borden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Malcomson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Malcomson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Marshall_UtleyWilcomb_E._Washburn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_S._Allen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberto_J._González2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodney_P._Carlisle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_E._Riendeau2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_J._Dale2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_J._Dale2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoper2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyFoot2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_MacLaren1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRudderham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell_Hart2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaskatoon_Women\u0026#039;s_Calendar_Collective\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSendzikas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSensStoett2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerge_CourvilleRichard_Howard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShannon_RickettsLeslie_MaitlandJacqueline_Hucker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherene_Razack2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_C._TuckerJames_ArnoldRoberta_Wiener2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_Tucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_Tucker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpragueFootFilice2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStacey1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaceyFoot2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_writern.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley_Sandler2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Badsey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_E._Patterson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Schneider2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Eames2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrakhovsky1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSydney_Percival_SmithDavid_Scott_Smith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerry_M._Mays2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodore_P._SavasJ._David_Dameron2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_B._Akins2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Park2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTim_Cook1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTim_Saunders2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimothy_J._Shannon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Echo-Hawk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_J._Boyne2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_S._WilsonLloyd_M._Thompson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesley_B._Turner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesley_B._Turner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Alexander_Binny_DouglasBrereton_Greenhous1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_C._Sturtevant1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_John_Eccles1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_R._Nester2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Rayner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Roger_LouisAndrew_PorterAlaine_Low2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Wicken2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYork2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuehlke,_Mark2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Bruin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Bruin2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Canadian Forces\"] = 1,\n [\"Canadian military history\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 273,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 109,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Evolution of the Military of Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"HMCS\"] = 11,\n [\"HMHS\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"If mobile\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 39,\n [\"Military history of Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"North America in topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper 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